The image and characteristics of Yuri Zhivago in Dr. Zhivago parsnip essay. From whom did parsnip write off the main characters of the novel Yuri Andreevich Zhivago doctor the main character of the novel

Pasternak's novels show the problems of life at that time.

"Doctor Zhivago" main characters

• Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - doctor, protagonist of the novel
• Antonina Alexandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) - Yuri's wife
• Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova (Guichard) - Antipov's wife
• Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) - Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar
• Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko - Antonina's parents
• Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago - major general, half-brother of Yuri
• Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin - uncle of Yuri Andreevich
• Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky - Moscow lawyer
• Katenka Antipova - daughter of Larisa
• Mikhail Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov - Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium
• Osip Gimazetdinovich Galiullin - white general
• Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov - lawyer, Bolshevik
• Livery Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade Lesnykh) - Leader of the Forest Brothers
• Marina - third common-law wife of Yuri
• Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov - workers of the Brest railway, political prisoners
• Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) - Yuri's mother
• Prov Afanasyevich Sokolov - acolyte
• Shura Schlesinger - friend of Antonina Alexandrovna
• Marfa Gavrilovna Tiverzina - mother of Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzin
• Sofia Malakhova - savelia's friend
• Markel - janitor in the old house of the Zhivago family, Marina's father

Yuri Zhivago is a little boy who is experiencing the death of his mother: “We walked and walked and sang“ Eternal Memory ”...”. Yura is the descendant of a wealthy family who made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations. The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of the mother.

Orphaned Yura will be given shelter for a while by his uncle who lives in the south of Russia. Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be adopted as a native into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko.

The exclusivity of Yuri becomes apparent quite early - even as a young man, he manifests himself as a talented poet. But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his foster father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, is the daughter of his benefactors - Tonya Gromeko.

Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.

At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be connected into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who is trying with all her might and cannot escape from the captivity of his "protection". Lara has a childhood friend - Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his last name to Strelnikov. At the end of the Civil War, he plans to reunite with his family, but this wish will never come true.

Fate brings Yuri Zhivago and Lara in different ways during the First World War in the front-line settlement of Melyuzeevo, where the protagonist of the work is drafted to war as a military doctor, and Antipova is voluntarily a nurse, trying to find her missing husband Pavel. Subsequently, the lives of Zhivago and Lara intersect again in the provincial Yuriatin-on-Rynva (a fictional city in the Urals, the prototype of which was Perm), where they vainly seek refuge from the revolution that destroys everything and everything. Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love with each other. But soon poverty, hunger and repression will separate both the family of Doctor Zhivago and Larina's family. For a year and a half, Zhivago would disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor as a prisoner of the Red partisans. Having escaped, he will walk back to the Urals - to Yuriatin, where he will meet Lara again. His wife Tonya, together with the children and Yuri's father-in-law, while in Moscow, writes about the imminent forced expulsion abroad. Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned estate of Varykino. Soon an unexpected guest arrives - Komarovsky, who received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East. He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go east with him, promising to send them abroad. Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.

Gradually, he begins to go crazy with loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Degraded and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreevich that Lara loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a shot from a rifle. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (still under Tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually descends, abandons his scientific and literary activities, and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on his way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara come to say goodbye to his coffin, who will go missing soon after.

Ahead will be the Second World War, and the Kursk Bulge, and the washerwoman Tanya, who will tell the gray-haired childhood friends of Yuri Andreevich - Innokenty Dudorov and Mikhail Gordon, who survived the Gulag, arrests and repressions of the late 30s, the story of his life; it turns out that this is the illegitimate daughter of Yuri and Lara, and Yuri's brother Major General Evgraf Zhivago will take her under his care. He will also compile a collection of Yuri's works - a notebook that Dudorov and Gordon read in the last scene of the novel. The novel ends with 25 poems by Yuri Zhivago.

Yuri Andreevich is a spontaneous, creative person, and his uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich, matches him. Although perhaps I did not express myself quite accurately and it makes sense to clarify this idea. Yuri Zhivago is spontaneous, not in the sense that he controls life, subdues him. No, on the contrary, the element captures him. The actions of the hero are spontaneous, often thoughtless precisely because he is subject to these elements, depends on them.

It is they who manage his life, throw him back and forth, endow the hero with creative upsurges, love. But in Yuri Andreevich there is a spiritual fire, and perhaps that is why the element of inspiration chose it as a means of its expression, through Doctor Zhivago it shows its power and beauty. And the hero feels this: “At such moments, Yuri Andreevich felt that it was not he himself who did the main work, but what was above him, what was above him and controlled him, namely: the state of world thought and poetry, and what destined for the future, the next step in order to be taken in its historical development. And he felt himself only a pretext and a reference point for her to come into this movement.

Yuri is a spokesman for this element, but Nikolai Nikolayevich is no less creative, gifted person. Their meetings, conversations are like a kind of thunder discharge, a flash of lightning. This is how he describes their meeting

and although the past arose and began to live a second life, memories flooded in and the circumstances that occurred during the time of separation surfaced, but as soon as the main thing was discussed, about things known to people of a creative warehouse, when all connections disappeared, except for this one, there was no uncle, no nephew, no difference in age, but only the proximity of the elements with the elements, energy with energy, beginning and beginning.

And with the same energy, fervor, spontaneously, he writes after leaving

Larisa Feodorovna and Katenka. And again, his creative inspiration lifts him to unimaginable heights, lifts him above everything gloomy, above the doctor's pain, and brings consolation. “Thus, the bloody, smoking, and uncooled were squeezed out of the poems, and instead of the bleeding and disease-producing, a pacified breadth appeared in them, raising the particular case to the generality of the familiar to everyone. He did not achieve this goal, but this breadth itself came as a consolation personally sent to him ... "

The novel, in my opinion, is completely based on the interweaving of the elements. But the main one, commanding all the rest, is the element of revolution, the element of war. The heroes understand that the war and the revolution, this reorganization of society, drove everyone from their homes, mixed them up, alienated some, brought others closer together. It is this spontaneous reorganization that dictates its will to people. “Am I, a weak woman, to explain to you, so smart, what is being done now with life in general, with human life in Russia, and why families are falling apart, including yours and mine? - says Larisa Fedorovna to Yuri Andreevich. - Ah, as if the matter is in people, in the similarity and dissimilarity of characters, in love and dislike. Everything derivative, organized, everything related to everyday life, human nest and order, all this went to dust along with the upheaval of the whole society and its reorganization. All household items were overturned and destroyed. There was only one non-domestic, immutable force of a naked, stripped-down spirituality, for which nothing has changed, because at all times it shivered, trembled and reached for the nearest one, just as naked and lonely. You and I are like the first two people, Adam and Eve, who had nothing to hide behind at the beginning of the world, and now we are just as naked and homeless at the end of it. And you and I are the last memory of all that incalculably great that has been done in the world for many thousands of years between them and us, and in memory of these disappeared miracles we breathe and love, and cry, and hold on to each other and cling to each other. .

And indeed, it was this element, this war and revolution, that brought Yuri and Lara together, united them. If there hadn’t been a war, maybe Lara would have remained in Yuri’s memory as that young girl-woman whom he saw only twice: in a hotel room when her mother was poisoned, and on the Christmas tree at the Svetnitskys, when Lara shot at Komarovsky. But now the war again pushes them together, and the heroes get to know each other. Tonya already then, according to Yuri Andreevich's letter, felt, felt that thin, transparent, like a gossamer, but already strong inner connection between Yuri and Lara. With her instinct alone, Antonina Alexandrovna realized that Yuri Andreevich and Larisa Fedorovna were destined to be together. Their life is connected by some kind of coincidence. And Tonya knows this and writes about it to Yuri, who still does not understand this, does not believe, and resists. The duty of fidelity and love still overpowers this connection. “In this letter, in which sobs broke the construction of periods, and traces of tears and blots served as dots, Antonina Alexandrovna urged her husband not to return to Moscow, but to follow straight to the Urals for this amazing sister, walking through life accompanied by such signs and coincidence of circumstances, with which her, Tonin's, modest life path cannot be compared.

Yuri Andreevich did not take this seriously. But the revolution again pushes them together by some supernatural coincidence. What is predetermined cannot be avoided. Doctor Zhivago was destined to be with Lara Antipova. And the war, the revolution pushes them to each other. The elements so wanted it, it was useless to resist.

“He loved Tonya to adoration. The peace of her soul, her tranquility were dearer to him than anything in the world. He stood up for her honor, more than her own father and than she herself. In defense of her wounded pride, he would have torn the offender to pieces with his own hands. And that offender was himself.” Doctor Zhivago tried to figure it out, to resist this, hoping that something would break this connection. "What will happen next? - sometimes he asked himself and, not finding an answer, he hoped for something unrealizable, for the intervention of some unforeseen, bringing resolution, circumstances. And these circumstances intervened, but not at all in the way that Yuri thought. At that moment, when the doctor decides to open up to Tonya and break with Lara, he is taken to the partisan detachment, and when he returns, Tonya has already left. The choice, so difficult for Yuri Andreevich, no longer exists, life, fate, the elements themselves solved this puzzle, not allowing the hero to break the connection with Larisa Fedorovna.

War, revolution played a huge role in the life of this generation. Rather, it was not the war and the revolution that played, but the people played their role, assigned to each by the elements in this drama of madness. The element of bloodshed mixed all the values, all the shrines, the whole way of life.

“Now I am sure,” Lara says to Yuri, “that it [the war] was the fault of everything, all the misfortunes that followed, until now befell our generation. I remember my childhood well. I still found a time when the concepts of a peaceful previous century were in force. It was customary to trust the voice of reason. What conscience prompted was considered natural and necessary. The death of a person at the hands of another was a rarity, an extraordinary, out of the ordinary phenomenon ... And suddenly this leap from serene, innocent regularity into blood and screams, general madness and savagery of everyday and hourly, legalized and praised murder. Probably, this never goes in vain ... Immediately everything began to fall into destruction. The movement of trains, the supply of cities with food, the basics of the household, the moral foundations of consciousness.

The elements broke the way of life, the system of values, the people themselves. Most have lost their own opinion, lost faith in themselves, in their rightness. The elements have taken possession of the minds of people, their hearts, imposing their standards, their ideas on them. “The main trouble, the root of the future evil was the loss of faith in the value of one's own opinion. They imagined that the time when they followed the suggestions of moral instinct had passed, that now they had to sing from a common

voices and live by other people's ideas imposed on everyone. The dominance of the phrase began to grow, first monarchist - then revolutionary. This public delusion was all-encompassing, sticky.” And after all, the heroes know that their life is subject to a certain element. They don't resist, they don't grumble, they just wait for her will. “I have a presentiment that we will soon be carried away somewhere further,” - these are the words of Lara. She knows that their temporary peace in Varykino is short-lived, it will soon end at the whim of the elements, and the heroes will again be blown in different directions. Until we meet again, though this meeting will be for one of them - for Lara. She will see Yuri only after his death. But the elements so wanted ...

"Doctor Zhivago" is a novel by Boris Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago" was created over ten years, from 1955 to 1955, and is the pinnacle of his work as a prose writer. The novel is accompanied by poems by the protagonist - Yuri Andreevich Zhivago.

Drawing a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of a dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the Great Patriotic War, through the prism of the biography of the doctor-poet, the book touches on the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, the intelligentsia and the revolution, Christianity, and Jewry.

The book was sharply negatively received by the Soviet official literary environment and rejected from publication due to the author's ambiguous position in relation to the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent life of the country.

Main characters

• Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - doctor, protagonist of the novel
• Antonina Alexandrovna Zhivago (Gromeko) - Yuri's wife
• Larisa Fyodorovna Antipova (Guichard) - Antipov's wife
• Pavel Pavlovich Antipov (Strelnikov) - Lara's husband, revolutionary commissar
• Alexander Alexandrovich and Anna Ivanovna Gromeko - Antonina's parents
• Evgraf Andreevich Zhivago - major general, half-brother of Yuri
• Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin - uncle of Yuri Andreevich
• Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky - Moscow lawyer
• Katenka Antipova - daughter of Larisa
• Mikhail Gordon and Innokenty Dudorov - Yuri's classmates at the gymnasium
• Osip Gimazetdinovich Galliulin - white general
• Anfim Efimovich Samdevyatov - lawyer, Bolshevik
• Livery Averkievich Mikulitsyn (Comrade Lesnykh) - Leader of the Forest Brothers
• Marina - third common-law wife of Yuri
• Kipriyan Savelyevich Tiverzin and Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov - workers of the Brest railway, political prisoners
• Maria Nikolaevna Zhivago (Vedenyapina) - Yuri's mother
• Prov Afanasyevich Sokolov - acolyte
• Shura Schlesinger - friend of Antonina Alexandrovna
• Marfa Gavrilovna Tiverzina - savely's wife

Plot

The protagonist of the novel, Yuri Zhivago, appears to the reader as a little boy on the first pages of the work describing the funeral of his mother: “We walked and walked and sang“ Eternal Memory ”...”. Yura is the descendant of a wealthy family who made a fortune in industrial, commercial and banking operations. The marriage of the parents was not happy: the father left the family before the death of the mother.

Orphaned Yura will be given shelter for a while by his uncle who lives in the south of Russia. Then numerous relatives and friends will send him to Moscow, where he will be adopted as a native into the family of Alexander and Anna Gromeko.

The exclusivity of Yuri becomes apparent quite early - even as a young man, he manifests himself as a talented poet. But at the same time, he decides to follow in the footsteps of his foster father Alexander Gromeko and enters the medical department of the university, where he also proves himself as a talented doctor. The first love, and later the wife of Yuri Zhivago, is the daughter of his benefactors - Tonya Gromeko.

Yuri and Tony had two children, but then fate separated them forever, and the doctor never saw his youngest daughter, who was born after the separation.

At the beginning of the novel, new faces constantly appear before the reader. All of them will be connected into a single ball by the further course of the story. One of them is Larisa, the slave of the elderly lawyer Komarovsky, who is trying with all her might and cannot escape from the captivity of his "protection". Lara has a childhood friend - Pavel Antipov, who will later become her husband, and Lara will see her salvation in him. Having married, he and Antipov cannot find their happiness, Pavel will leave his family and go to the front of the First World War. Subsequently, he would become a formidable revolutionary commissar, changing his last name to Strelnikov. At the end of the Civil War, he plans to reunite with his family, but this wish will never come true.

Fate will bring Yuri Zhivago and Lara together in different ways in the provincial Yuryatin-on-Rynva (a fictional city in the Urals, the prototype of which was Perm), where they vainly seek refuge from the revolution that destroys everything and everything. Yuri and Larisa will meet and fall in love with each other. But soon poverty, hunger and repression will separate both the family of Doctor Zhivago and Larina's family. For more than two years, Zhivago would disappear in Siberia, serving as a military doctor as a prisoner of the Red partisans. Having escaped, he will walk back to the Urals - to Yuriatin, where he will meet Lara again. His wife Tonya, together with the children and Yuri's father-in-law, while in Moscow, writes about the imminent forced expulsion abroad. Hoping to wait out the winter and the horrors of the Yuryatinsky Revolutionary Military Council, Yuri and Lara take refuge in the abandoned estate of Varykino. Soon an unexpected guest arrives - Komarovsky, who received an invitation to head the Ministry of Justice in the Far Eastern Republic, proclaimed on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Russian Far East. He persuades Yuri Andreevich to let Lara and her daughter go east with him, promising to send them abroad. Yuri Andreevich agrees, realizing that he will never see them again.

Gradually, he begins to go crazy with loneliness. Soon Lara's husband, Pavel Antipov (Strelnikov), comes to Varykino. Degraded and wandering across the expanses of Siberia, he tells Yuri Andreyevich about his participation in the revolution, about Lenin, about the ideals of Soviet power, but, having learned from Yuri Andreyevich that Lara has loved and loves him all this time, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Strelnikov commits suicide with a shot from a rifle. After Strelnikov's suicide, the doctor returns to Moscow in the hope of fighting for his future life. There he meets his last woman - Marina, the daughter of the former (still under Tsarist Russia) Zhivagovsky janitor Markel. In a civil marriage with Marina, they have two girls. Yuri gradually descends, abandons his scientific and literary activities, and, even realizing his fall, cannot do anything about it. One morning, on his way to work, he becomes ill on the tram and dies of a heart attack in the center of Moscow. His half-brother Evgraf and Lara come to say goodbye to his coffin, who will go missing soon after.

The beginning of work on the novel coincided with Pasternak's completion of the translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet. (February 1946 dates from the first version of the poem "Hamlet", which opens the "Notebook of Yuri Zhivago").

Prototype of Doctor Zhivago

Olga Ivinskaya testifies that the very name "Zhivago" arose from Pasternak, when he accidentally "stumbled upon a round cast-iron tile with the" autograph "of the manufacturer -" Zhivago "... and decided that let him be like this, unknown, not that from a merchant, not that from a semi-intellectual milieu; this man will be his literary hero."

About the prototype of Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak himself reports the following:

“I am currently writing a long novel in prose about a man who constitutes a kind of resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky and Yesenin, perhaps). He will die in 1929. What remains of him is a book of poems, which forms one of the chapters of the second part. The time embraced by the novel is 1903-1945. In spirit, this is something between the Karamazovs and Wilhelm Meister.

Publication history

In the spring of 1956, B. L. Pasternak offered the manuscript of the newly completed novel Doctor Zhivago to two leading literary and artistic magazines Novy Mir and Znamya and the almanac Literaturnaya Moskva.

In the summer of 1956, Pasternak, not hoping for an early publication of the novel in the USSR, gave a copy of the manuscript to the Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli through the journalist Sergio D'Angelo.

In September 1956, Pasternak received a reply from Novy Mir magazine:

In August 1957, Pasternak told the Italian Slavist Vittorio Strada how he had recently been forced to sign a telegram under pressure from government officials to stop the Italian publication. He asked to convey to D. Feltrinelli a request not to take into account new "bans" on his part on the publication of the novel, "so that the book comes out at all costs".

On November 23, 1957, the novel was published in Milan by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. According to Ivan Tolstoy, the publication was published with the assistance of the US CIA.

On October 25, 1958, the editors of the journal Novy Mir asked Literaturnaya Gazeta to publish a letter sent in September 1956 by members of the then editorial board of the journal personally to B. L. Pasternak regarding the manuscript of his novel Doctor Zhivago:

In February 1977, Konstantin Simonov, in an open letter to the German writer A. Andersch, wrote that in connection with the political controversy that had arisen:

In the USSR, the novel was distributed in samizdat for three decades and was published only during the “perestroika” period.

Nobel Prize

On October 23, 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize with the wording "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel." The authorities of the USSR, headed by N. S. Khrushchev, perceived this event with indignation, since they considered the novel to be anti-Soviet. Due to the persecution that unfolded in the USSR, Pasternak was forced to refuse to receive the award. Only on December 9, 1989, the Nobel diploma and medal were awarded in Stockholm to the son of the writer Yevgeny Pasternak.

Because this man overcame what all the other writers in the Soviet Union could not overcome. For example, Andrei Sinyavsky sent his manuscripts to the West under the pseudonym Abram Tertz. In the USSR in 1958 there was only one person who, raising his visor, said: “I am Boris Pasternak, I am the author of the novel Doctor Zhivago. And I want it to come out in the form in which it was created. And this man was awarded the Nobel Prize. I believe that this highest award was given to the most correct person at that time on Earth.

Bullying

The persecution of Pasternak because of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" became one of the reasons for his serious illness and premature death in. The persecution began immediately after the Nobel Prize was awarded to the novel at the end of October 1958. The tone was set by Nikita Khrushchev, who, in the circle of party and state officials, said very rudely about Pasternak: “Even a pig does not shit where it eats.” Soon, "pig" analogies, at the direction of Khrushchev, were used in a report dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol, the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee Vladimir Semichastny. In a TASS statement dated November 2, 1958, it was stated that in "his anti-Soviet essay, Pasternak slandered the social system and the people." The head of the department of culture of the Central Committee of the party D. A. Polikarpov became the direct coordinator of public and newspaper persecution. The fact that the book was published abroad was presented by the authorities as a betrayal and anti-Soviet, while the condemnation of the book by the “working people” was presented as a manifestation of universal solidarity with the authorities. In a resolution of the Union of Writers of October 28, 1958, Pasternak was called a narcissistic aesthete and decadent, a slanderer and a traitor. Lev Oshanin accused Pasternak of cosmopolitanism, Boris Polevoy called him "literary Vlasov", Vera Inber persuaded the joint venture to apply to the government with a request to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. Then Pasternak was “exposed” for several months in a row in major newspapers such as Pravda and Izvestia, magazines, on radio and television, forcing him to refuse the Nobel Prize awarded to him. His novel, which no one read in the USSR, was condemned at rallies organized by the authorities during the working day in institutes, ministries, factories, factories, and collective farms. Speakers called Pasternak - a slanderer, a traitor, a renegade of society; offered to judge and expel from the country. Collective letters were published in newspapers, read on the radio. Both people who had nothing to do with literature (they were weavers, collective farmers, workers) and professional writers were involved as accusers. So, Sergei Mikhalkov wrote a fable about "a certain cereal, which was called parsnips." Later, the campaign to defame Pasternak received the capacious sarcastic title “I didn’t read it, but I condemn it! ". These words often figured in the speeches of public prosecutors, many of whom did not take books at all. The persecution, which had declined at one time, intensified again after the publication on February 11, 1959 in the British Daily Mail newspaper of Pasternak's poem "The Nobel Prize" with a commentary by correspondent Anthony Brown about the ostracism of the Nobel laureate in his homeland.

The publication of the novel and the awarding of the Nobel Prize to the author led, in addition to persecution, to the exclusion of Pasternak from the Writers' Union of the USSR (posthumously reinstated in). The Moscow organization of the Union of Writers of the USSR, following the Board of the Union of Writers, demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the Soviet Union and the deprivation of his Soviet citizenship. In 1960, Alexander Galich wrote a poem on the death of Pasternak, which contains the following lines:

We will not forget this laughter, And this boredom! We will remember by name everyone who raised their hand!

Among the writers who demanded the expulsion of Pasternak from the USSR were L. I. Oshanin, A. I. Bezymensky, B. A. Slutsky, S. A. Baruzdin, B. N. Polevoy, K. M. Simonov and many others. Publicly no one raised his voice in defense of Pasternak at that moment. However, they refused to participate in the persecution and sympathized with the disgraced poet from the writers of the older generation - Veniamin Kaverin and Vsevolod Ivanov, from the young writers - Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko, Bella Akhmadulina, Bulat Okudzhava.

• It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuriatin from " Doctor Zhivago» is Perm.

  “Fifty years ago, at the end of 1957, the first edition of Doctor Zhivago came out in Milan. In Perm, on this occasion, the Yuryatin Foundation even issued a wall calendar “Zhivago Time”, and in it there is an annual list of anniversary events.” (see Conversation about life and death. To the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Zhivago").

Pasternak spent the winter of 1916 in the Urals, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, Perm province, accepting an invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants B. I. Zbarsky as an assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial reporting. In the same year, the poet visited the Berezniki soda plant on the Kama. In a letter to S.P. Bobrov dated June 24, 1916, Boris calls the soda plant "Lubimov, Solvay and K" and the European-style settlement attached to it "a small industrial Belgium."

• E. G. Kazakevich, after reading the manuscript, stated: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it”, K. M. Simonov, editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, also reacted by refusing to publish the novel: "You can't give a tribune to Pasternak!"

• The French edition of the novel (Gallimard,) was illustrated by the Russian artist and animator Alexander Alekseev (-) using the “needle screen” technique he developed.

Screen adaptations

dramatizations

- Pasternak's novel, which was based on the description of the main character's perception of a turbulent time. The work where the writer shows the generalized life of the intelligentsia during the years of the revolution and the Civil War. The whole work is permeated with philosophy, where the author, through the system of images of the novel Doctor Zhivago, raises the themes of life and death, love, reveals the secrets of the human soul. All the characters in the work are not minor participants, and each of them plays an important role. Here we will meet the images of Lara and Tony, Antipov, Strelnikov, the image of Komarovsky. The writer will also show the image of the revolution in the work of Doctor Zhivago. However, the author highlights the image of Doctor Zhivago, who is the main character of the work.

The image of Doctor Zhivago

The fate of Doctor Zhivago was not the best. Yuri was orphaned early, lived with distant relatives, where he made friends. Yura married the daughter of his benefactors, with whom they spent all their childhood side by side. It was Tonya, with whom they had children, but our hero experienced true love when he saw Lara Guichard. Constant love torments now haunt Yuri Zhivago, and only when he gets into a partisan detachment does he get rid of torments. The wife and children leave for France, but despite her husband's adventures, she continues to love him. Fate will bring Yura and Lara together more than once. They confess their feelings, but they will never be together. They will be deceived by Komarovsky, the negative hero of the novel, and Zhivago will leave for Moscow, where he will die of a heart attack in a tram car.

In the image of Yura Zhivago, the writer showed the hero of his time. This is a smart, creative person, educated and intelligent. He had to live in turbulent times, and captured by the whirlpool of events, he cannot join either side. He simply does not interfere in the course of events. Floats with the flow. Can't decide what's more important to him. At the same time, he cannot be determined not only in political views, but also in love. After reading the novel, we notice that despite the events, despite the reality and the horrors that surrounded the hero, he remained pure in soul. Evidence of this are Zhivago's poems, which are permeated with peace and happiness and complement his image.

In the work of Pasternak, we also meet female images. Lara, Tonya, Marina are those women who met on the life path of the protagonist.

Tonya is Yuri's first wife. In her face, the writer created the image of a simple, reliable, kind and sincere woman. She was a support for Zhivago and Yuri loved her in his own way. It was reading, let's even say, grateful love for a woman who shared part of his life with Yura. That's just in his life there is another woman - Lara. The image of Lara in the novel is completely different. For the hero, she was the light, the element of love, creativity and all life. Lara was the embodiment of nature, femininity, she was an ideal for Zhivago. She was not only a beautiful woman, but also a good mother, who, sensing the approach of trouble, took care of her daughter. The end of this woman's life is not the best. Once she left the house, she never returned.

Zhivago's third wife is Marina. In her image I found some compromise solution for Zhivago. With Marina Zhivago, although he did not acquire true love, he received a cozy existence, which is sometimes most needed in a person's life. The woman herself was submissive and supported Zhivago in everything, forgiving all his oddities.

Three women and three female images. By character, these were different heroines, but each of them gave Zhivago love, gave support, becoming a companion at a certain period of his life.

Christian images in the novel

For the writer, the revolution was an important event, because he believed that after that the spiritual awakening of the people would definitely come. It was his novel Doctor Zhivago that became a kind of step towards this awakening, where the writer resorts to Christian images and motives. The work of the writer became his revelation, where he evaluates human life, where he is concerned about the theme of God and faith, the theme of Christianity and its motives. With the help of his novel, Pasternak is trying to convey to the reader a vision of faith and religion, where the author speaks of eternity, that there is no death. As the writer says, the resurrection is already in our birth. At the same time, the author does not impose anything, only shares a new vision of life and death, a new perception of Christ, and the reader himself draws his own conclusions and conclusions.

The system of images in the novel "Doctor Zhivago"

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The 20th century, with its tragic events, has become a time of severe trials for many people. It was especially hard for the representatives of the intelligentsia, who saw the whole horror of the situation, but could not change anything. It is no coincidence that the 20th century was called the “wolfhound century”.

One of the brightest works that reveal the relationship of man with the era was the novel by Boris Leonidovich Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago". Written in 1955, it was published at home only in 1988, 33 years later. Why did the work provoke such a reaction from the authorities? Outwardly, the plot is quite traditional for the beginning of the 20th century: it is about the fate of a person in an era of revolutionary transformations. The events of the novel are shown through the prism of perception of the protagonist, so the plot is primarily connected with the fate of the young doctor Yuri Zhivago.

The fate of a person, according to Pasternak, is not directly related to the historical era in which he has to live. Main character The novel did not struggle with circumstances, but did not adapt to them either, remaining a personality under any conditions. Zhivago is a broad specialist, a therapist, moreover a diagnostician rather than an attending physician. He is able to predict and make an accurate diagnosis, but does not seek to correct or cure, that is, to interfere with the natural course of things. At the same time, such a peculiar fatalism of Zhivago does not prevent him from making the necessary moral choice, in which the true freedom of man is manifested.

From the very beginning of the novel, boys act - Yura Zhivago, Misha Gordon, Nika Dudorov and girls - Nadia, Tonya. Only Lara Guichard - "girl from another circle". The author wanted to call the novel Boys and Girls. And although the events of the novel unfold around matured characters, the teenage perception is preserved by Yuri himself, and by Lara, and even by Antipov, who has become a different person. After all, everything that happens during the years of the Civil War will become a game for him.

But life is not a game, it is a reality that intervened in the fate of the main characters. The novel begins with the suicide of Yuri's father - ruined "rich man, good man and fool" Zhivago, and he was pushed to this terrible step by none other than the lawyer Komarovsky, who later played a tragic role in the fate of Lara.

At the age of 11, becoming an orphan, Zhivago found himself in the family of Professor Gromeko, who had a daughter, Tonya, who was the same age as Yuri. “They have such a triumph there: Yura, his friend and classmate, high school student Gordon, and the daughter of the owners, Tonya Gromeko. This tripartite alliance has read The Meaning of Love and the Kreutzer Sonata and is obsessed with the preaching of chastity..

In the spring of 1912, all young people completed their higher education: Yura became a doctor, Tonya became a lawyer, and Misha became a philologist. But on the eve of this year, Tonin's dying mother begged them to marry. Growing up together and loving each other like brother and sister, the young people fulfilled the will of the deceased Anna Ivanovna - they got married after receiving a diploma. But just before the death of Tonya's mother, on the Christmas tree at the Sventitskys, Yuri saw Lara Guichard, who was shooting at the lawyer Komarovsky, who had seduced her mother's lover. The young man was shocked by the beauty and proud posture of this girl, not imagining that their destinies would unite in the future.

Indeed, in their lives more than once there will be a “destiny plexus”. For example, becoming a doctor, Yuri will go to the First World War, and Lara, having married Pavel Antipov and going with him to the Ural city of Yuryatin, will then look for him, missing, at the front, and meet Zhivago there.

In general, the hero meets all the events of history with enthusiasm. For example, he admires as a doctor "great surgery" October Revolution, which "to cut out all the stinking ulcers of society at once". However, the hero soon realizes that instead of emancipation, the Soviet government put a person in a rigid framework, while imposing their own understanding of freedom and happiness. Such interference in human life frightens Yuri Zhivago, and he decides to go away with his family away from the epicenter of historical events - to the former estate of Gromeko Varykino in the vicinity of Yuriatin.

It is there, in Yuriatin, that Yura and Lara will meet again and fall in love with each other. Yuri rushes between two beloved women, but history in the person of Comrade Lesnykh frees him from his dual position: the partisans need a doctor, and they forcibly take Doctor Zhivago into their detachment. But even there, in conditions of captivity, Zhivago reserves the right to choose: he is given a rifle in his hands so that he shoots at enemies, and he shoots at a tree, he must heal the partisans, and he nurses the wounded Kolchak Serezha Rantsevich.

There is another character in the novel who also made his choice. This is Lara's husband, Pasha Antipov, who changed his last name to Strelnikov, who decided to start life from scratch. He is trying to make history in his own way, sacrificing not only his family (wife Lara and daughter Katenka), but also his own destiny. As a result, being a victim of both history and his feelings, he makes his last attempt to resist a fate that is unacceptable to him - he puts a bullet in his forehead.

Zhivago, on the other hand, commits a truly volitional act - he escapes from the partisan camp and, exhausted, half-dead, returns to Yuriatin to Lara. And his wife, along with her father and children, emigrated to Europe during this time, and communication with them was cut off. But the trials for Yuri did not end there. Realizing that Lara will be persecuted, he persuades her to leave with Komarovsky, who can ensure her safety.

Left alone, Zhivago returns to Moscow, where he ceases to take care of himself, outwardly completely sinks, spiritually degrading and dying in his prime, in fact, alone. But such external metamorphoses speak of a change in the inner world. He creates, and the result of creativity is the last chapter of the novel "Poems by Yuri Zhivago".

Thus, the novel "Doctor Zhivago" becomes spiritual biography its author, because the fate of Yuri Zhivago is woven into the canvas of the life and spiritual path of its creator.