There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

General education

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

• Preschool education;
• School education.

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• Main;
• Average.

Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of written and spoken language, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

Both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning in the Russian Federation. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home, not sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.

The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student should develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education aims to teach to think rationally, to make independent choices, various sciences are studied more deeply. A clear idea of ​​the world and the social role of each student in it is also formed. As never before, it's important pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

Professional education

In Russian federation professional education levels are divided into the following subtypes:

• Initial;
• Average;
• Higher.

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide working professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades, some institutions can only enter after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to a reduced program.

Higher education provides training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) are engaged in the training of specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:

• specialty;

Bachelor's degree is a mandatory level for obtaining the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and external.

Levels of education in the world

In the world, a huge number of educational institutions are engaged in teaching students and.

• One of the best systems operates in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in the institutions of this country. The main problem of the American education system is the high cost.
• A very high educational level is also offered by the higher educational institutions of France, education in the universities of this country, as in Russia, is free. Students only have to provide their own maintenance.
• In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that there is no division into bachelor's and specialist's degrees in the legal and medical industries.
• In England, the term Higher Education is only used to refer to institutes or universities where graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
• Also, education in China has recently become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

Criteria for evaluating universities:

The academic reputation of the university, including scientific activities and the quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)

The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).

General citation of scientific publications, normalized for different areas of research (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

The ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from the analysis of 12,000 scientific journals over a five-year period).

The volume of funding for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The volume of funding by third-party companies for the research activities of the university in relation to the number of faculty members.

The ratio of public funding of research activities to the total research budget of the university.

The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.

The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.

The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.

The ratio of defended dissertations (Ph.D.) to the number of teaching staff.

The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors going to the title of master.

Average remuneration of a member of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized to purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

How is the score determined?

The maximum score that the studied university can receive is 100 points.

For the level of teaching activity, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers, the university can get a maximum of 30 points.

For the scientific reputation of the university, a maximum of 30 points is given.

For the citation of scientific works - 30 points.

For the development of innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.

For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world to its ranks - 7.5 points.

World University Ranking 2014-2015

The education system in the Russian Federation

According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", the education system includes 2 main types - general And professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:

General educationconsists of four levels:

preschool education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to the age of 6 - 7, that is, before they officially go to school.

Primary general education for children aged 7 to 10 includes grades 1-4.

Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.

Average total (complete secondary) education students receive in the upper grades of secondary school for 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.

The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form unified state exam (USE) in Russian language and mathematics (mandatory exams), as well as in additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The results of passing are accepted as entrance examinations for admission to the university. Graduates who successfully pass the exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate, it is enough to pass the exam in the Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the level of secondary vocational education. Access to higher education is provided based on the results of the Unified State Examination with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.

Professional education includes 5 levels:

Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs:

Training programs for qualified workers, employees;

Training programs for mid-level specialists.

Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.

After completing the educational program of the first type, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their studies in the programs of the second type and higher education (subject to obtaining secondary general education).

Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural subdivisions of the university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.

Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:

Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. The bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities for employment in positions requiring higher education (without specifying the level). However, a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. The state final certification includes the defense of the thesis and the passing of the state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's degree is issued.

Higher education - specialty (300-360 credits). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the former single-stage system of higher education and, in its essence, corresponds to a master's degree. Holders get the opportunity for professional activities that require a higher level of higher education than a bachelor's degree. And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams. Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy.

Higher education - magistracy (120 credits) is a two-year course of study, focused mostly on research activities (up to 50% of the student's workload) compared to the specialist's programs. But, first of all, the magistracy is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific area, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The State Educational Standard defines only the general requirements for master's degree programs, without establishing requirements for the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master's programs depending on the specialty, as well as independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (conducting exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enter a master's program in another specialty must pass additional examinations that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and the passing of state final exams, the results of which are issued a master's degree.

Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering the programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with the passing of candidate examinations and the preparation of a candidate's dissertation. The holders receive an appropriate diploma. Obtaining this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of the degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the owner and provides an opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, the development of this level of higher education provides an opportunity to work in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (high school teacher, researcher, etc.).

Degrees

The assignment of academic degrees is regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system, because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the achievements of the owner in the scientific and research fields of activity. At the same time, the condition for obtaining a scientific degree is the presence of a previous higher education, so they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely connected with the educational system of Russia.

Traditionally, there are two levels of academic degrees in Russia: PhD And PhD . A scientific degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of a successful dissertation defense, a diploma is issued conferring the degree of candidate of science or doctor of science.

For a degree PhD usually requires 3-4 years of postgraduate study (adjuncture, etc.) after obtaining a specialist or master's degree, preparing a dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without postgraduate studies. To do this, the holder of a higher education (specialist or master's degree) can be transferred to the appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences.

Academic degree PhD is awarded after receiving the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, as well as the degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a scientific degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and the award of a doctoral degree.

Non-state educational institution

additional professional education

"Center for Social and Humanitarian Education"

ABSTRACT

The modern education system in the Russian Federation

Tyunina Elena Vladimirovna

Professional retraining program

"Education and Pedagogy"

Head: Larionova I.E.

Teacher of the highest category

The work was approved for defense "__" ____ 2015.

Grade: ____________________________

Kazan, 2016

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

As part of the abstract, the modern education system in the Russian Federation is considered, as well as existing problems and methods for solving them, and an innovative approach to learning is touched upon. This makes this work interesting and relevant.

Object of study: the education system in the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study: based on legislative acts, to analyze the education system of the Russian Federation.

Research objectives:

To identify the main features of the education system of the Russian Federation;

Determine the main problems of education in Russia and possible ways to overcome them;

Consider innovations in the education system of the Russian Federation;

Formulate, on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education, the principles of educational policy, as well as priority goals and directions for the development of the education system;

In the process of developing this work, the following methods were used: document analysis, statistical analysis, system analysis, comparison.

1.1 The education system in the Russian Federation:

The Federal Law "On Education" offers the following definition: "Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and training, which is a socially significant good and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience activities and competences of a certain volume and complexity for the purposes of intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, meeting his educational needs and interests. According to the Constitution of our country, every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to free education, regardless of his race and religion.

In accordance with the above Federal Law withThe education system includes the following elements:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation, education is divided into general, vocational, and additional education. It also highlights vocational training, which ensures the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

General education and vocational education are implemented by levels. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

1.2 Principles of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education

Education today is one of the means of solving the most important problems not only of society as a whole, but also of individuals. As in any state, in Russia the nature of the education system is determined by the socio-economic and political system, as well as cultural, historical and national characteristics. Society's requirements for education are formulated by a system of principles of state educational policy. Its goal is to create favorable conditions for citizens to exercise their rights to education that meets the needs of the economy and civil society.

Public policyand legal regulation of relations in the field of education are based on the followingprinciples :

1) recognition of the priority of education;

2) ensuring the right of every person to education, inadmissibility of discrimination in the field of education;

3) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of human life and health, the rights and freedoms of the individual, the free development of the individual, the education of mutual respect, diligence, citizenship, patriotism, responsibility, legal culture, respect for nature and the environment, rational nature management;

4) the unity of the educational space on the territory of the Russian Federation, the protection and development of ethno-cultural characteristics and traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation in a multinational state;

5) creation of favorable conditions for the integration of the education system of the Russian Federation with the education systems of other states on an equal and mutually beneficial basis;

6) the secular nature of education in state, municipal organizations engaged in educational activities;

7) the freedom to choose education according to the inclinations and needs of a person, the creation of conditions for the self-realization of each person, the free development of his abilities, including the provision of the right to choose forms of education, forms of education, an organization that carries out educational activities, the direction of education within the limits provided by the education system, as well as providing teaching staff with freedom in choosing forms of education, methods of education and upbringing;

8) ensuring the right to education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the individual, the adaptability of the education system to the level of training, developmental characteristics, abilities and interests of a person;

9) autonomy of educational organizations, academic rights and freedoms of teachers and students, provided for by this Federal Law, information openness and public reporting of educational organizations;

10) the democratic nature of education management, ensuring the rights of teachers, students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students to participate in the management of educational organizations;

11) the inadmissibility of restricting or eliminating competition in the field of education;

12) a combination of state and contractual regulation of relations in the field of education.

Every year, as part of ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of education, the Government of the Russian Federation submits to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a report on the implementation of state policy in the field of education and publishes it on the official website of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Internet information and telecommunication network.

The fundamental point is the principle of the humanistic nature of education. Accordingly, each child must be recognized as a person, regardless of his social status, level of development, and so on. These general methodological principles should be concretized through organizational-pedagogical and activity-functional principles.

In general, in the modern world, the trends of changing value priorities are becoming more and more obvious. Among the main criteria for assessing the development of society, education occupies a central place. And the refrain highlights the fundamental recognition of the main criterion of educational reforms: the emerging model of education must have mechanisms for dynamic self-development.

Unfortunately, the traditional mass school still retains an uncreative approach to the assimilation of knowledge. Previously, the goal of the secondary school was only to give the student the minimum set of knowledge necessary for a person in everyday life.

However, modern scientists have proven that any student is capable of creative activity. Consequently, the teacher needs to instill in the child the desire and ability to learn, to organize such activities in the classroom that would encourage each student to reveal his creative abilities.

Today, the state in the field of education has a priority goal: to ensure the high quality of Russian education in accordance with the changing demands of the population and the long-term tasks of the development of Russian society and the economy.

At the same time, the main tasks of the state are:

Formation of a flexible, socially accountable system of continuing professional education that develops human potential and meets the current and future needs of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

Development of infrastructure and organizational and economic mechanisms that ensure the most equal accessibility of services for preschool, general, additional education for children;

Modernization of educational programs in the systems of preschool, general and additional education of children, aimed at achieving the modern quality of educational results and the results of socialization;

Creation of a modern system for assessing the quality of education based on the principles of openness, objectivity, transparency, social and professional participation.

The new education system is oriented towards entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the integration of national education systems. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects, is involved in the exchange of students, professors and teachers.

The system of relations between the institute of education and religious institutions is being transformed. Theological faculties, Sunday schools are being opened, additional programs are being implemented in secondary schools with the consent of parents and the teaching staff.

Radical changes in the Russian education system affect all its elements and links. So, at the beginning of the new millennium, a project was launched for the state final certification (general state exam) for graduates of grade 9 and a unified state exam for graduates of grade 11. Despite all the disputes and disagreements around the Unified State Examination, it should be noted that this form of the exam brings the Russian education system closer to the European one. In addition, in the case of gaining the required number of points, the USE allows you to enter any university, in some cases without additional entrance exams.

Another key change in the education system of the Russian Federation is the testing of alternatives to state educational institutions (for example, private ones), variable forms of education (gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, specialized classes, etc.). In all links - from kindergartens to universities - in parallel with the system of free education, there is a paid one. The state makes sure that the budgetary financing of educational institutions and projects is transparent, controllable, and that each student's tuition from the budget is paid individually. Attracting investment in education acquires the status of state policy.

In a word, there is a direct connection between education and the political sphere. The activity of educational institutions directly depends on it. The principles of state policy in the field of education are based on constitutional norms, being basic not only for the preparation of legal acts, but also for direct implementation in individual educational institutions.

1.3 Actual problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

The fate of any state directly depends on the state of the education system. If the state strives for development, the leadership of any country should set the development of literacy and education of the population as a priority goal and task.

The modern education system is going through quite difficult times. The Soviet school is collapsing, European trends are coming to replace it. Sometimes the introduction of innovations occurs on unprepared ground, or innovations are not adapted to the Russian mentality. This often leads to the formation of various kinds of difficulties. Currently, the following problems can be identified in the Russian education system:

The crisis of the old education system.

Excessive theoretical orientation of education.

Lack of proper funding;

Low level of communication between the stages of education;

Corruption;

Let's consider each of these problems and possible or practical ways to solve them in more detail.

So, when studying the problem of the crisis of the former education system, in higher education, a way out was found in the transition to the bachelor's and master's programs. But secondary schools and vocational schools remained uncovered. The recently passed law on education is designed to solve this problem. Modern society is at a level of development when it is time to move away from learning as memorization of facts. It is necessary to teach children to extract information, understand it and apply it in practice. And this requires colossal work to prepare not only new textbooks for students and manuals for teachers, but also the teaching staff themselves.

The second problem of education in Russia is its excessive theoretical orientation. By educating a theoretical scientist, we create a huge shortage of narrow specialists. Having received a good theoretical background, few people can apply knowledge in practice. Therefore, having got a job, new employees experience a serious adaptation associated with the inability to compare their knowledge with practical activities.

The third problem is typical not only for education - it is insufficient funding. The lack of funds is the reason for the shortage of personnel in the education system as a whole in the country. In addition, in order to keep up with the times, it is necessary to introduce new technologies and upgrade obsolete equipment. The educational institution does not always have the funds for this. Here, the solution is to attract additional sources of funding, including private ones.

The problem that school graduates begin to feel especially acutely is the low level of communication between the stages of education. So, now, in order to enter a university, parents often hire a tutor to pass the exam, since the level of requirements that were presented at school differ greatly from the level required for studying at a university.

Of course, one cannot ignore such a problem as corruption. You can find many advertisements for the sale of diplomas of higher education on the Internet. Corruption can also be attributed to monetary extortion at school, bribes for exams (tests), theft of funds from the budget. However, at present, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation has the practice of a "hot line" where parents can apply in case of unlawful extortions and bribes, and the new laws adopted are designed to toughen the punishment for such phenomena. In addition, classrooms in schools where state examinations are held are equipped with a video surveillance system, which also helps to eliminate the element of corruption during the examination.

In conclusion of this section, one can note such a problem as the decline in the prestige of vocational schools and technical schools. This leads to a shortage of workers in enterprises and in the service sector. To solve this problem, the Government of the Russian Federation is promoting "working" professions, providing certain benefits, social guarantees, as well as increasing the level of wages at factories and other enterprises among such specialists.

1.4 Experimental and innovative activities in education

In the light of the ongoing modernization of education in Russia, the topic of conducting experimental and innovative activities in the field of education is relevant.

Innovations mean the introduction of something new in the goals, content, methods and forms of education and upbringing, the organization of joint activities of the teacher and the student. Innovations do not arise by themselves, but are the result of scientific research, the practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. In such conditions, the teacher often faces the problem of pedagogical risk. Risk implies the experimental application of some technology that is not widely used in practice, but, nevertheless, in theory, which is promising in terms of learning.

In understanding the essence of these two concepts, there are two main problems of modern pedagogy: the problem of studying, generalizing and disseminating advanced pedagogical experience and the problem of implementing the achievements of innovative teachers. Thus, innovation and pedagogical risk should lie in the plane of combining two interconnected phenomena, usually considered separately, i.e. the result of their synthesis should be new knowledge, allowing the teacher to use innovations in everyday practice, calculating the possible consequences.

In order to determine the main goals and objectives of introducing innovative technologies in the field of education, one should refer to Article 20 of the Federal Law "On Education". This article reads: “Experimental and innovative activities in the field of education are carried out in order to ensure the modernization and development of the education system, taking into account the main directions of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the implementation of priority areas of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Experimental activities are aimed at the development, testing and implementation of new educational technologies<...>. Innovative activity is focused on improving the scientific and pedagogical, educational and methodological, organizational, legal, financial and economic, personnel, logistics support of the education system and is carried out in the form of the implementation of innovative projects and programs by organizations engaged in educational activities and others operating in the field of education organizations and their associations. When implementing an innovative project, the program must ensure the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in educational relations, the provision and receipt of education, the level and quality of which cannot be lower than the requirements established by the federal state educational standard, federal state requirements, educational standard.

Today, there are a huge number of methods, programs and methods that allow you to work with all categories of children, using the latest developments in the technology sector, original exercises, authentic, modern and interesting audio and video materials, as well as interactive learning tools. But the main reason for the invariability of the monotony of the life of an ordinary student is the unwillingness to introduce them.

CONCLUSION

The supreme laws of the Russian Federation guarantee every citizen of the Russian Federation the right to education. The system of Russian education creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs.

In the modern international world, in order to be successful, one has to adapt to international trends, which naturally leads to all sorts of changes, including in the field of education. Such changes are often the cause of a number of large and small problems. The Law "On Education" is an attempt to solve a number of urgent problems in the modern education system. But for the full development of the nation, it is necessary to take a number of measures in the field of education.

The main goal of education today is to create conditions for the development of the natural qualities of a person. Possession solely of a stock of academic knowledge is becoming less and less important indicator of the quality of education. The state is faced with the task of not only bringing the level and system of education closer to international standards, but also making sure that it fully meets the country's needs for qualified specialists and highly educated citizens.

The new education system is oriented towards entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the free movement of resources, people, ideas across national borders. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects, is involved in the exchange of students, professors and teachers. Traditions and norms of world education freely penetrate our country. The cultural transformation of society is expressed both in globalization, the internationalization of culture, and in the desire to preserve its originality. Television, the Internet as a means of audiovisual communication, the popularization of the English language blur the boundaries in the cultural space. At the same time, ways of preserving cultural identity are being worked out. The harmonization of these multidirectional trends is a condition for the sustainable development of the education sector.

At the conclusion of the study

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and aims to train qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper development of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Unfortunately, in the modern world, most people do not reach the possible level of development, and because of this, a person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a basic and natural human right - aims to satisfy a person's need for information and directly in training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary needs of a person: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 "On Education", where it is understood as a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). It follows from the above definition that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - education and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should be a unity of learning processes, upbringing and results.

A more extended concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of the Model Educational Code for the CIS Member States.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and education in the interests of the individual, society, state, focused on the preservation, improvement and transfer of knowledge, transmission of culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, continuous improvement of the moral, intellectual, aesthetic and the physical state of society.

Education is understood as "a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state."

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law "On Education" states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization of a certain number of elements, "something whole, which is a unity of regularly arranged and interconnected parts."

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework of a systems approach, general systems theory, and various special systems theories.

The provision of the Law on the systematic nature of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interrelation and coherence of all links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, "gaps" and inconsistencies between the various levels and educational programs of the Russian educational system and, ultimately, to make the educational service of high quality, and the process of its provision to the population - effective.

In this regard, the remark of V.B. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include individuals in the "set of interacting elements" of the education system of individuals, because it is the person, and not society, not the state, that is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself cannot be conceived . The humanistic orientation of the entire legal system of modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately determine the rights, duties and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, at present the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

content subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the content side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a high systemic nature of education in general in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from the first place.

functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of the form of ownership, type and kind.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is in the vast majority of cases three-tiered, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is usually divided between three main governing entities - federal government bodies, regional government bodies and local government educational institutions (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is fair in relation, among other things, to private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and managerial subsystem is a four-tier one: in addition to the three above-mentioned managing entities, municipal educational authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as exercise other powers (Art. 31 of the Law on Education) .

In its structural aspect, education, as well as training, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as the assimilation of experience, the development of behavioral qualities, physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about the social functions of a person.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types:

preschool;

general education;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care;

Professional (initial, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Pre-school education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

General secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and outlying areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.

Basic general education. At the age of 10, children finish primary school, move to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the guys take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate professional education", the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (training period - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Professional education. Vocational education represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education.

Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in professional lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after finishing the 9th or 11th grade.

Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. System of post-higher education: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the background of the globalization of the economy and Russia's desire to enter a single educational space, are subordinated to the interests of a united Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas of public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system is the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the Ministers of Education of 29 countries.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the University Charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - "Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of the Architecture of the European System of Higher Education" (1998), which put forward the ideas of the fundamental principles of a single European space and a single higher education zones for the development of the European continent.

The Bologna Declaration of 1999 (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in the education systems of European states, but also in other areas. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in the rapprochement of national states and the formation of transnational public-state systems.

As you can see, the plans to create a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration of the states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of management.

Russia's entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on the domestic policy of the state and at the same time a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the available statements, Russia's intentions by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. to become part of the common European system of higher education are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can only be granted to the countries of the European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia is experiencing a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in the search for an education reform model adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only world processes, but also the interests of Russia's sustainable development in the short and long term.

The task of the national education system in modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and efficiently, to equip Russian citizens with such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also be required in the future.

The development of the education system in Russia is determined by the world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country that have taken place in the last 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia takes an active part in the creation of a unified international educational space. Since the 1990s, a broad modernization of the Russian education system has been carried out, aimed at its democratization and development "as an open state-public system."