According to the mechanism of action, toxic substances are divided into. Types of chemical weapons, the history of their occurrence and destruction

Chemical weapon is one of the types. Its damaging effect is based on the use of toxic military chemicals, which include toxic substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human and animal body, as well as phytotoxicants used for military purposes to destroy vegetation.

Poisonous substances, their classification

poisonous substances- these are chemical compounds that have certain toxic and physico-chemical properties, which ensure, when they are used in combat, the defeat of manpower (people), as well as the contamination of air, clothing, equipment and terrain.

Poisonous substances form the basis of chemical weapons. They are stuffed with shells, mines, missile warheads, aerial bombs, pouring aircraft devices, smoke bombs, grenades and other chemical munitions and devices. Poisonous substances affect the body, penetrating through the respiratory system, skin and wounds. In addition, lesions can occur as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water.

Modern toxic substances are classified according to the physiological effect on the body, toxicity (severity of damage), speed and durability.

By physiological action toxic substances on the body are divided into six groups:

• nerve agents (also called organophosphates): sarin, soman, vegas (VX);
• blistering action: mustard gas, lewisite;
• general toxic action: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride;
• suffocating action: phosgene, diphosgene;
• psychochemical action: Bi-zet (BZ), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide);
• irritant: si-es (CS), adamsite, chloroacetophenone.

By toxicity(severity of damage) modern toxic substances are divided into lethal and temporarily incapacitating. Lethal toxic substances include all substances of the first four listed groups. Temporarily incapacitating substances include the fifth and sixth groups of physiological classification.

By speed poisonous substances are divided into fast-acting and slow-acting. Fast-acting agents include sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, ci-es, and chloroacetophenone. These substances do not have a period of latent action and in a few minutes lead to death or disability (combat capability). Substances of delayed action include vi-gases, mustard gas, lewisite, phosgene, bi-zet. These substances have a period of latent action and lead to damage after some time.

Depending on the resistance of damaging properties After application, toxic substances are divided into persistent and unstable. Persistent toxic substances retain their damaging effect from several hours to several days from the moment of application: these are vi-gases, soman, mustard gas, bi-zet. Unstable toxic substances retain their damaging effect for several tens of minutes: these are hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, phosgene.

Toxins as a damaging factor of chemical weapons

toxins- these are chemical substances of protein nature of plant, animal or microbial origin, which are highly toxic. Characteristic representatives of this group are butulic toxin - one of the strongest deadly poisons, which is a waste product of bacteria, staphylococcal entsrotoxin, ricin - a toxin of plant origin.

The damaging factor of chemical weapons is the toxic effect on the human and animal body, the quantitative characteristics are the concentration and toxodose.

To defeat various types of vegetation, toxic chemicals - phytotoxicants are intended. For peaceful purposes, they are used mainly in agriculture to control weeds, remove leaves of vegetation in order to accelerate the ripening of fruits and facilitate harvesting (for example, cotton). Depending on the nature of the impact on plants and the intended purpose, phytotoxicants are divided into herbicides, arboricides, alicides, defoliants and desiccants. Herbicides are intended for the destruction of herbaceous vegetation, arboricides - tree and shrub vegetation, algicides - aquatic vegetation. Defoliants are used to remove leaves from vegetation, while desiccants attack vegetation by drying it out.

When chemical weapons are used, just as in an accident with the release of OH B, zones of chemical contamination and foci of chemical damage will be formed (Fig. 1). The zone of chemical contamination of agents includes the area of ​​application of agents and the territory over which a cloud of contaminated air with damaging concentrations has spread. The focus of chemical destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of chemical weapons, mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants occurred.

The characteristics of infection zones and foci of damage depend on the type of poisonous substance, means and methods of application, and meteorological conditions. The main features of the focus of chemical damage include:

• defeat of people and animals without destruction and damage to buildings, structures, equipment, etc.;
• contamination of economic facilities and residential areas for a long time with persistent agents;
• the defeat of people over large areas for a long time after the use of agents;
• the defeat of not only people in open areas, but also those in leaky shelters and shelters;
• strong moral impact.

Rice. 1. Zone of chemical contamination and foci of chemical damage during the use of chemical weapons: Av - means of use (aviation); VX is the type of substance (vi-gas); 1-3 - lesions

As a rule, the vaporous phase of the OM affects the workers and employees of the facilities who find themselves in industrial buildings and structures at the time of a chemical attack. Therefore, all work should be carried out in gas masks, and when using agents of nerve paralytic or blistering action - in skin protection.

After the First World War, despite the large stocks of chemical weapons, they were not widely used either for military purposes, let alone against the civilian population. During the Vietnam War, the Americans widely used phytotoxicants (to fight the guerrillas) of three main formulations: "orange", "white" and "blue". In South Vietnam, about 43% of the total area and 44% of the forest area were affected. At the same time, all phytotoxicants turned out to be toxic for both humans and warm-blooded animals. Thus, it was caused - caused enormous damage to the environment.

Poisonous substances are called poisonous gases that have a toxic effect on the human body. These substances have different physico-chemical characteristics, affect the condition of people in different ways.

Most often used as chemical weapons, however, they are sometimes used for other purposes, such as the destruction of insect pests in agriculture.

Chemical warfare agents are the main component of chemical weapons and are used in combat operations to destroy enemy personnel.

Classification of toxic substances

Warfare toxic chemicals (BTCS) are classified according to various criteria: tactical and physiological.

Classification on the basis of volatility includes such types of toxic substances as unstable, persistent and poisonous-smoky. A tactical classification is also used according to the degree of action on living organisms.

On this basis, lethal, temporarily incapacitating, irritating and training gases are isolated. Another tactical classification divides poisonous substances into fast-acting and slow-acting gases.

Physiological classification divides toxic substances depending on the nature of their effects on the human body.

On this basis, the following types of poisonous gases are distinguished: nerve paralytic, blistering, general toxic gases, asphyxiating gases, poisonous chemicals that irritate the respiratory tract or mucous membranes of the eyes, as well as psycho-chemical compounds.

Classification may take into account other parameters of toxic substances.

Brief description of poisonous gases

The use of poisonous substances as a chemical weapon is an effective means of reducing the combat effectiveness of an enemy army.

Being spread into the surrounding space, poison gas affects not only the personnel of combat formations, but also the civilian population.

Most gases easily overcome barriers in the form of walls of buildings and structures, penetrate into combat vehicles. It is almost impossible to resist such weapons.

Penetrating into the human body through the skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, esophagus, even a small amount of poisonous gas can cause serious harmful effects.

Poisonous substances have the following properties:

• the ability to spread over a wide area;
• the ability to infect all living things in the territory of distribution;
• the ability to retain toxic properties;
• duration of action.

Today, chemical weapons are almost never used, although they are in service with some countries. International agreements impose significant restrictions on the ability to use poison gases in combat operations.

There are a large number of poisonous gases. Consider the most dangerous of them.

Sarin

Sarin is one of the most dangerous war gases. This nerve agent was first synthesized before World War II. It is in a liquid state, but already at 20 degrees above zero it begins to evaporate.

People who breathe it in pairs very quickly experience severe intoxication. The poisonous gas sarin is not detectable by the senses, but the effects of inhaling it are noticeable almost immediately.

A poisoned person begins to have difficulty breathing, begins to “pour” fluid from the nose, as the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract are irritated.

Excessive salivation is also observed, nausea and vomiting begin, severe, dagger pains in the chest and abdominal cavity. The skin becomes bluish in color, cyanosis develops.

If a person inhales highly concentrated sarin, then within two minutes the poison enters the brain cells.

Involuntary muscle spasms begin, convulsive muscle contractions, the brain centers responsible for controlling bowel movements are turned off.

With a sufficiently long exposure, pulmonary edema develops, and the most important functions of the body are inhibited. The person goes into a coma and then dies.

Mustard gas

This poisonous compound was synthesized back in the 19th century, and used for combat purposes in the First World War, in 1917. The substance got its name in honor of the Belgian town, near which it was first used.

Mustard gas- These are clear liquids with a pungent smell of mustard or garlic. According to the physiological classification, mustard gas is classified as a skin blister poison.

The poisonous compound has a cumulative effect, so the first symptoms begin to appear only after a few hours.

Depending on the concentration of the substance that entered the body through the respiratory tract or skin, the effect of mustard gas manifests itself after a period of two to eight hours.

The interaction of mustard gas with the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract leads to their strong irritation. Getting on the shell of the eye, the substance leads to loss of visual function.

Mustard gas causes a severe burn of the nasal mucosa, which leads to swelling and the formation of abscesses. Getting on the skin, the toxic compound leads to the formation of blisters, and then ulcers and necrosis.

hydrogen sulfide

This chemical compound has a pronounced specific smell. That's what rotten eggs smell like. The compound is extremely toxic, entering the body in high concentrations, quickly leads to serious poisoning, affecting the nervous system.

When intoxicated with hydrogen sulfide, a taste of metal appears in the mouth, convulsive muscle contractions begin, and the victim ceases to smell.

Pulmonary edema develops rapidly, vital functions of the body are inhibited. At a sufficiently high concentration of hydrogen sulfide, the poisoned person falls into a coma and dies.

Lewisite

It is the most dangerous poison gas in existence today. Dispersed in the air, it penetrates even through a suit of special chemical protection. Belongs to the group of skin-blister poisonous substances. It has a strong smell and works instantly.

Signs of lewisite poisoning appear immediately, within minutes. Upon contact with the skin, it causes severe soreness, hyperemia, inflammation, long-term healing abscesses, sores, erosion.

When Lewisite enters the respiratory tract, symptoms of intoxication appear: nausea, vomiting, headache.

The mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and bronchi are affected, which leads to severe coughing and nasal discharge. Also, those affected by this gas experience difficulty breathing, pain in the chest area, and lose the ability to speak.

Phosgene

This substance is a colorless gas with the aroma of rot, overripe hay. This gas was used as a poisonous warfare agent during the First World War. Phosgene is not dangerous for the skin, it poses a danger when a person inhales it.

If the concentration of a poisonous substance is high enough, then its entry into the lungs leads to their instantaneous edema and death due to respiratory depression.

Symptoms of phosgene damage begin to appear a few hours after the poisonous substance enters the body. First, signs of intoxication appear: nausea, general weakness, headache.

A burning sensation begins in the region of the larynx, due to the defeat of the respiratory tract, a strong dry cough begins, difficulty breathing.

Carbon monoxide

It is an extremely odorless and colorless compound that is extremely toxic to humans. Penetrating into the body through the respiratory tract, and ending up in the blood, carbon monoxide negatively affects hemoglobin molecules.

As a result, oxygen delivery to the brain is significantly reduced or completely stopped, hypoxia sets in, and biochemical processes in cells stop.

Signs of carbon monoxide intoxication include severe headache, dizziness, tachycardia, and tinnitus. Also, the visual function of those who have been poisoned suffers: black dots appear before the eyes, the field of vision narrows, and diplopia can be observed.

Poisoning develops progressively, with prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide, a person's blood pressure drops significantly, then he loses consciousness. If you do not provide medical assistance, then such poisoning leads to death.

Poisonous substances (S) are toxic chemical compounds designed to defeat the enemy's manpower.

OM can affect the body through the respiratory system, skin and digestive tract. The combat properties (combat effectiveness) of agents are determined by their toxicity (due to the ability to inhibit enzymes or interact with receptors), physicochemical properties (volatility, solubility, resistance to hydrolysis, etc.), the ability to penetrate the biobarriers of warm-blooded animals and overcome protective equipment.

Chemical warfare agents are the main damaging element of chemical weapons. According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of toxic substances are distinguished:

1. Poisonous nerve agents that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases.

2. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors - also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite.

3. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.

4. Suffocating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene.

5. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OBs from this group are inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.

6. Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English. irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1-10 minutes. A lethal effect for irritants is possible only when doses enter the body that are tens to hundreds of times higher than the minimum and optimally acting doses. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN or chloroacetophenone and PS or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means).

The presence of a large number of toxic substances belonging to the most diverse classes of compounds, with the most diverse physical, chemical and toxic properties, has led to the need for their classification.

As a basis for the classification of toxic substances, the most important characteristic properties inherent in a number of substances are usually used, which, according to these characteristics, are combined into certain groups.

The following classifications of poisonous substances have received the widest recognition: according to toxic action, tactical, according to the behavior of poisonous substances on the ground, and chemical.

Each of these classifications has its own advantages and disadvantages, since it emphasizes some specific properties of poisonous substances and does not take into account or takes little account of other, often no less important properties. As a result, these classifications are not absolute and to some extent conditional; nevertheless, they help to quickly navigate the nature of the action, combat properties, means of application and means of neutralizing poisonous substances.

Classification by toxic effect groups toxic substances according to the results of their impact on the body and external signs of damage. In accordance with this, toxic substances are divided into the following groups.

Poison nerve agents(nerve poisons): tabun, sarin, soman, V-gases and other organic derivatives of phosphoric and alkylphosphonic acids. These substances cause dysfunction of the nervous system, muscle cramps and paralysis.

Poisonous substances of blistering action: mustard gas, nitrogen mustards (trichlorotriethylamine), lewisite. Characteristic of these substances is the ability to affect the skin with the formation of abscesses and ulcers; however, they are all universal cellular poisons and, accordingly, also affect the organs of vision, respiration, and all internal organs.

Poisonous substances of general poisonous action: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, hydrogen arsenic, hydrogen phosphide, carbon monoxide, organofluorine compounds. These substances cause a general poisoning of the body, although the mechanism of their action and the signs of damage are completely different.

Asphyxiating poisonous substances: phosgene, diphosgene, triphosgene, phosgenoxime. These substances affect the Lungs, which leads to a violation or cessation of breathing.

Tear poisons(lacrimators): chloroacetophenone, bromobenzyl cyanide, chloropicrin. These substances irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing profuse lacrimation and pain in the eyes and nose.

(sternites): diphenylchlorarsine, diphenylcyanarsine, adamsite. These substances irritate the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and cause uncontrollable sneezing, chest pain, vomiting and other painful phenomena.

Psychochemical substances: lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, psilocin, benzyl acid derivatives, etc. These substances cause a disorder in the central nervous system of a person with the appearance of symptoms of mental illness.

Tactical classification divides poisonous substances according to their combat purpose; usually divided into the following three groups.

Deadly poisonous substances, designed to destroy manpower: sarin, V-gases, mustard gas, lewisite, hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, phosgene. This group includes mainly poisonous substances of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating action.

Irritant poisonous substances designed to weaken the combat capability of troops, to exhaust them; these substances are also used for police and educational purposes. The group usually includes lacrimators and sternites.

Substances that disable living force, i.e., designed to disorganize troops. This group consists of psychochemical substances.

Classification according to the behavior of toxic substances on the ground in conditions of combat use, he divides poisonous substances into the following two groups.

Persistent Poison Substances (PTS), i.e., substances that retain their damaging effect several hours and even days after application. These poisonous substances infect the area and all objects located on it for a long time, which in turn serves as a source of Long-term air pollution.

Persistent toxic substances include substances with a boiling point above 140 ° - mustard gas, lewisite, etc.

Non-persistent poisonous substances (NOS)-gases or rapidly evaporating liquids, the damaging effect of which lasts only a few tens of minutes after application.

Typical representatives of unstable poisonous substances are phosgene, cyanogen chloride, hydrocyanic acid.

In the opinion of the military experts of the imperialist states, from a tactical point of view, persistent poisonous substances are intended to destroy manpower and to contaminate terrain, water bodies, military equipment, etc., while unstable poisonous substances are intended for the rapid destruction of manpower.

Chemical classification divides toxic substances according to their belonging to certain classes of chemical compounds into the following groups:

- organophosphate poisons- tabun, sarin, soman, V-gases;

- arsenic-containing substances- lewisite, adamsite, diphenylchlorarsine;

- halogenated thioethers, or sulfides, - mustard gas, its analogues and homologues;

- halogenated amines- trichlorotriethylamine, its analogues and homologues;

- derivatives of carbonic acid- phosgene, diphosgene;

- nitriles- hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride;

-halogenated acids and ketones and their derivatives- esters of bromine and iodoacetic acid, chloroacetophenone, chloroacetone, their oximes, etc.;

Essay on life safety on the topic:

"classification of toxic substances according to their effects on the human body"

Completed:

Student M1-2 groups

Ramirez Quiñones Pavel Orlandovich

Table of contents

Introduction

A wide variety of toxic substances (OS) according to the classes of chemical compounds, properties and combat purpose naturally necessitates their classification. It is practically impossible to create a single, universal classification of OM, and there is no need for it. Specialists of various profiles take as the basis of the classification the most characteristic properties and features of the agent from the point of view of this profile, therefore, the classification compiled, for example, by specialists of the medical service, turns out to be unacceptable for specialists developing means and methods for the destruction of agents or operational-tactical bases for the use of chemical weapons.
Over the relatively short history of chemical weapons, the division of OM according to various criteria has appeared and still exists. There are known attempts to classify all agents by active chemical functional groups, by stability and volatility, by the serviceability of means of application and toxicity, by methods of degassing and treating the affected, by pathological reactions of the body caused by agents. At present, the so-called physiological and tactical classifications of OV have found the greatest distribution.
In this course work, we will consider the essence and principles of classification of the effects of toxic substances on the human body.

1. The concept of poisonous substances and types of their classification

1.1 Concept
Poisonous substances? (OV) - toxic chemical compounds designed to destroy enemy manpower during military operations. Can enter the body through respiratory system , skin and digestive tract. The combat properties (combat effectiveness) of agents are determined by their toxicity (due to the ability to inhibit enzymes or interact with receptors), physicochemical properties (volatility, solubility, resistance to hydrolysis, etc.), the ability to penetrate the biobarriers of warm-blooded animals and overcome protective equipment.
1.2 Tactical classification

According to saturated vapor pressure ( volatility) to:

unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid);

persistent (mustard gas, lewisite, VX);
poisonous smoke (adamsite, chloroacetophenone).

By the nature of the impact on manpower on:

lethal (sarin, mustard gas);
temporarily incapacitating personnel (chloroacetophenone, quinuclidyl-3-benzilate);
irritant: (adamsite, Cs, Cr, chloroacetophenone);
educational: (chloropicrin);

By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect:

fast-acting - do not have a period of latent action ( sarin, soman, AC, Ch, Cs, CR);
slow-acting - have a period of latent action ( mustard gas, VX, Phosgene, BZ, Louisite, Adamsite);

nerve-paralytic agents (organophosphorus compounds): sarin, soman, tabun, VX;
general toxic agents:hydrocyanic acid; cyanogen chloride;
blister agents: mustard gas, nitrogen mustard, lewisite;
agents that irritate the upper respiratory tract or sternites: adamsite, diphenylchlorarsine, diphenylcyanarsine;
suffocating agents: phosgene, diphosgene;
irritant to the eye shell, or lachrymators: chloropicrin, chloroacetophenone, dibenzoxazepine, o-chlorobenzalmalondinitrile, bromobenzyl cyanide;
psychochemical agents:quinuclidyl-3-benzylate.

2. The impact of toxic substances on the human body
2.1 Nerve poisons

Currently, military experts consider nerve agents as the most promising for use as lethal agents. This group of poisonous substances includes extremely highly toxic organophosphorus compounds - sarin, soman, V-gases. causing damage to the nervous system, they have a pronounced general toxic effect.
A characteristic property of organophosphorus agents is their cumulative effect, which is especially pronounced during repeated exposure on the first day after the initial contact. The cumulative effect is the accumulation of poison in the body and the changes it causes.

Signs of damage by various poisonous nerve agents are largely similar. The differences lie in the severity of some symptoms.
In those who are easily affected, constriction of the pupils (miosis), a spasm of accommodation, accompanied by a sharp weakening of vision at dusk and under artificial lighting, pain in the eyes, salivation, separation of mucus from the nose, a feeling of heaviness in the chest are observed. In cases of damage through the skin and the digestive tract, constriction of the pupils is often absent, since it is caused by local action or the influx of large doses of OM into the general circulation.
With a moderate lesion, a sharp shortness of breath develops due to narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi, a cyanotic color of the mucous membranes and skin. There is a violation of coordination of movements (shaky gait), often vomiting, frequent urination, diarrhea. Signs of mild damage are more pronounced.
With a severe lesion, clinical-tonic convulsions of a paroxysmal nature occur, severe shortness of breath. Foamy sputum (saliva) comes out of the mouth. The skin and mucous membranes acquire a pronounced cyanotic color. In more severe cases, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest occurs.
V gases (VX) are highly toxic nerve agents. They are low volatile yellowish liquids, odorless, non-irritating. V-gases dissolve well in organic solvents (gasoline, kerosene, solar oil, dichloroethane and others) and are poorly soluble in water; infect stagnant water bodies for several months; easily absorbed into rubber, wood, paints and varnishes.
V-gases can be used in cannon and rocket artillery chemical projectiles, in chemical aircraft bombs, aircraft pouring devices and chemical land mines.
At the time of application, V-gases are in the form of small droplets (drizzle) and fog (aerosol).
From an infected area, V-gases, together with dust, can pass into the air and enter the respiratory tract, as well as on the skin of people and cause fatal injuries.
Contact with the skin of v-gases in an amount significantly less than one drop causes a fatal injury to a person. To protect against V-gases, it is necessary to wear a gas mask and skin protection (combined-arms protective raincoat OP-1, protective stockings and gloves).
In armament and military equipment, V-gases are degassed with a freshly prepared degassing solution No. 1, as well as aqueous solutions of two-thirds of the calcium hypochlorite salt DTS-GK and decontaminating powder SF-2U (SF-2). Uniforms that are on personnel and contaminated with poisonous substances are degassed by an individual anti-chemical package.
Vapors of V-gases are detected using chemical reconnaissance instruments (indicator tube with a red ring and a dot), as well as by means of chemical laboratories,
Sarin (HV) is a colorless volatile liquid (technical yellow sarin) with a boiling point of about 150°C. It freezes at a temperature of about minus 40°C. Sarin is highly soluble in water and organic solvents. Easily sorbed (delayed) on uniforms. It decomposes very slowly in water and can infect stagnant water bodies for a period of about a month. Quickly destroyed by aqueous solutions of alkalis, ammonia water. Skin and uniforms are degassed with an individual anti-chemical package. Degassing of weapons and equipment is not required. A gas mask serves as protection against sarin.
Sarin is a fast acting nerve agent. The concentration of sarin vapor in the air is 0.0005 milligrams per liter when inhaled for 2 minutes. causes constriction of the pupils (miosis) and difficulty breathing (retrosternal effect), and a concentration of 0.06 milligrams per liter - for 2 minutes. is fatal. At the time of use, Sarin is mostly in a vapor state, but droplets may be present at chemical munition explosion sites.
Sarin can be used in chemical rockets, cannon and rocket artillery chemical projectiles, in chemical aerial bombs and chemical land mines.
It is detected with the help of chemical reconnaissance devices (an indicator tube with a red ring and a dot), automatic gas detectors GSP-1M, GSP-11 and means of chemical laboratories.
When providing assistance in case of damage to the nerve agents, it is necessary to:
- give an antidote tablet from AI-2 (nest No. 2);
- immediately put on a gas mask (replace the faulty one); when being in an aerosol cloud of toxic substances, when the smallest droplets of OM get on the face, the skin of the face is first treated with the liquid of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP), then a gas mask is put on;
- carry out partial sanitization of exposed skin areas and partial degassing of clothing with IPP liquid and a PHS bag; artificial respiration according to indications;
- urgently evacuate the affected from the source of chemical contamination.

2.2 Blistering agents

Mustard gas belongs to the group of poisonous substances with blistering action. Mustard gas has a damaging effect both in the drop-liquid and in the vapor state.
Mustard gas (ND, N) can be used in purified form (distilled) and in the form of a technical product (technical). Distilled and industrial mustard gas are light yellow to dark brown oily liquids with a garlic or mustard odor.
Mustard gas boils at a temperature of 217°C, and freezes at temperatures from minus 4°C to minus 14.5°C.
Mustard gas is slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic compounds.
solvents (gasoline, kerosene, benzene, solar oil, dichloroethane, etc.). Mustard gas slowly decomposes in water and can infect stagnant water bodies for a long time (up to 2 months).
Mustard gas causes local inflammatory changes, and also has a general toxic effect. At the time of contact with the OV, there is no pain or other unpleasant sensations. After a few hours of the latent period (2-3 hours with a drop-liquid agent), redness, slight swelling appear on the skin, itching and burning are felt. After 18-24 hours, bubbles form, located along the edge of the redness in the form of a necklace, then the bubbles merge into large bubbles filled with a clear liquid that constantly becomes cloudy. In severe cases, superficial ulcers form at the site of the blisters, and after infection joins, deep ulcers that do not heal for a long time.
When exposed to mustard gas vapors on the eyes, 2-5 hours after the lesion, there is a feeling of slight burning and a foreign body (sand) in the eyes. There is tearing, redness and swelling of the mucous membranes. In severe cases, these signs are more pronounced. Almost simultaneously with irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, hoarseness of voice, a feeling of sore throat, soreness behind the sternum, runny nose, dry cough, chest pain, nausea, and general weakness occur.
The general toxic effect of mustard gas is manifested by headache, dizziness, nausea, fever, general depression, apathy, drowsiness.
Armament and equipment contaminated with mustard gas are degassed with degassing solution No. 1, aqueous solutions of DTS-GK or decontaminating powder SF-2U (SF-2). On the ground and engineering structures, mustard gas is degassed with bleach and DTS-GK. On the skin and uniforms, mustard gas is degassed with an individual anti-chemical package.
At the time of application, mustard gas is in a state of vapor, mist and droplets of various sizes.
To protect against mustard gas, a gas mask and skin protection equipment (combined-arms protective raincoat OP-1, protective stockings and gloves) are used.
The smallest dose of mustard gas that causes damage to the skin is about 0.01 milligrams per 1 square centimeter of bare skin. The lethal dose in contact with bare human skin is about 4-5 grams. The concentration of mustard gas vapor in the air is 0.3 milligrams per liter for 2 minutes. is fatal.
Mustard gas can be used in cannon and rocket artillery chemical shells, in chemical mines, aviation chemical bombs, chemical land mines, and also with the help of aviation pouring devices. It is possible to use mustard gas from thermal aerosol (fog) generators.
Mustard gas is detected by chemical reconnaissance devices (indicator tube with a yellow ring) and
means of chemical laboratories.
First aid in case of damage by mustard gas: a gas mask is immediately put on the affected; perform partial sanitization of exposed skin areas and partial degassing of clothing with IPP liquid and PHS bags; then all the affected are taken out (taken out) to an uninfected territory to the preserved hospitals or first aid units.
If the OM enters the stomach with food or water, it is necessary to induce vomiting in the affected person as soon as possible, give him activated charcoal and, as soon as possible, wash the stomach. To do this, the affected person is given to drink 3-5 glasses of water, and then they induce vomiting. So repeat 5 6 times. Then re-give the adsorbent (activated carbon).

2.3 Asphyxiant poisons

Penetrate by inhalation which affects the upper respiratory tract and lung tissue. The main representatives of phosgene and diphosgene.
Diphosgene is a colorless oily liquid with the smell of rotten hay, boiling point 128°C, freezing point minus 57°C.
According to military experts, at present phosgene cannot be considered as an effective means of chemical warfare, since it has low toxicity (30 times less than the toxicity of sarin), a latent period of action and a smell.
Phosgene (SS) is a colorless gas with an odor of rotten hay that liquefies at 8°C. Phosgene freezes at a temperature of about minus 100.0°C.
At the time of application, phosgene is in a state of vapor and does not contaminate uniforms, weapons and equipment.
Vapors of phosgene are 3.5 times heavier than air. Phosgene has limited solubility in organic solvents. Water, aqueous solutions of alkalis, ammonia water easily destroy phosgene (ammonia water can be used to degas phosgene indoors). A gas mask serves as protection against phosgene.
Phosgene has a suffocating effect with a latent period of 4-6 hours. Lethal concentrations of phosgene vapor in the air are 3.0 milligrams per liter when breathing for 2 minutes. Phosgene has cumulative properties (you can get a fatal injury with prolonged inhalation of air containing low concentrations of phosgene vapor). Air containing phosgene vapor can stagnate in ravines, hollows, lowlands, as well as in forests and settlements.
The first signs of a suffocating agent lesion are a sweetish taste in the mouth, a feeling of soreness in the throat, cough, dizziness, and general weakness. there may also be nausea, vomiting, soreness in the pit of the stomach. damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes is not expressed sharply.
After leaving the contaminated area, the effects of the lesion disappear, a latent period of action begins, lasting 6-8 hours. However, already at this time, with hypothermia and muscle tension, cyanosis and shortness of breath appear. Then pulmonary edema, severe shortness of breath, cough, copious sputum, headache, and fever develop and develop. Sometimes there is a more severe form of poisoning - a complete respiratory disorder, a decline in cardiac activity and death.
Phosgene can be used in aviation chemical bombs and mines.
Phosgene is detected by chemical reconnaissance devices (an indicator tube with three green rings) and automatic gas detectors GSP-1M, GSP-11.
First aid. A gas mask is immediately put on the affected person and he is necessarily removed (carried out) from the focus of chemical contamination, regardless of the severity of the condition. Independent movement of the affected person leads to a sharp deterioration in the course of poisoning, the development of pulmonary edema and death. in the cool season, the affected person should be warmly covered and, if possible, warmed. After removal from the focus of chemical contamination, all those affected must be given complete rest and breathing easier by unbuttoning collars and clothes, and if possible, remove them.
In case of damage by suffocating agents, artificial respiration cannot be done (due to the presence of pulmonary edema). In the event of complete respiratory arrest, artificial respiration should be performed until natural respiration is restored.

2.4 Poisonous substances of general poisonous action

Poisonous substances of general toxic action - a group of fast-acting volatile agents (hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, carbon monoxide, arsenic and phosphorous hydrogen) that affect the blood and nervous system. The most toxic, hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
Hydrocyanic acid (AC) is a colorless, easily mobile and volatile liquid with an almond odor. The boiling point of hydrocyanic acid is 26.1 ° C, the freezing point is minus 13.9 ° C. At the time of application, hydrocyanic acid is in the form of steam.
Its vapors are lighter than air and in field conditions do not infect uniforms, weapons and equipment. A gas mask serves as protection against hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrocyanic acid is highly soluble in water and infects stagnant water bodies for several days. When affected by hydrocyanic acid, tissues lose their ability to absorb oxygen. In this regard, with a decrease in the required oxygen content in the blood, oxygen starvation develops.
When affected by hydrocyanic acid, there is a smell of bitter almonds, a bitter metallic taste in the mouth, then there is a feeling of numbness of the oral mucosa, throat irritation, nausea, headache, dizziness, weakness. There is a bright pink color of the mucous membranes and skin, dilated pupils, protrusion of the eyeballs, shortness of breath, convulsions. Depression, a feeling of fear and loss of consciousness are noted. Then comes the loss of sensitivity, muscle relaxation, a sharp violation of breathing and cardiac activity. The pulse is frequent, weak, arrhythmic. Breathing is rare, shallow, uneven. Later, breathing stops while the heart is still beating.
In terms of toxicity, hydrocyanic acid is significantly inferior to poisonous nerve agents. The concentration of hydrocyanic acid vapor in the air of 0.8-1.0 milligrams per liter when inhaled for 2 minutes is fatal. Hydrocyanic acid can be used in aviation chemical bombs. Hydrocyanic acid is detected by chemical reconnaissance devices (an indicator tube with three green rings) and automatic gas detectors GSP-1M, GSP-11.
First aid in case of damage by hydrocyanic acid is to put on a gas mask, give an antidote for inhalation and evacuate from the source of infection to a hospital or APM. To give an antidote, you should crush the ampoule in which it is contained and put it under a gas mask. With a sharp weakening or cessation of breathing, artificial respiration is performed and the antidote is re-inhaled.

2.5 Psychogenic poisons

Poisonous substances of psychogenic action - a group of agents that cause temporary psychosis due to a violation of chemical regulation in the central nervous system. Representatives of such agents are substances such as "LSD" (lesergic acid diethylamide) and Bi-Zet. These are colorless crystalline substances, poorly soluble in water, used in an aerosol state. When ingested, they can cause movement disorders, impaired vision and hearing, hallucinations, mental disorders, or completely change the normal picture of human behavior; a state of psychosis similar to that observed in patients with schizophrenia.
B-zed (VC) - white crystalline substance, odorless, withboiling point 320°C. Bized melts at a temperature of about 165 ° C. Water breaks down very slowly. It is destroyed by alcohol solutions of alkalis. Bized is degassed with a solution of two-thirds of the calcium hypochlorite salt DTSTK.
Bized acts on the nervous system, causing mental disorders, headache, blurred vision, drowsiness, fever and hallucinations. The action begins to manifest itself at a concentration of B-zed in the air of about 0.1 milligrams per liter after 0.5 hours and lasts 2-3 days.
At the time of application, Byzed is in the form of an aerosol (smoke). A gas mask serves as protection against B-zed.
B-zed can be used in chemical aviation cassettes and poisonous smoke bombs. It is possible to use B-zed with the help of thermal aerosol generators.

2.6 Irritant poisons

Poisonous substances of irritating action - a group of agents that affect the mucous membranes of the eyes (lachrymators, for example
chloroacetophenone) and the upper respiratory tract (sternites, such as adamsite). The most effective agents of irritating combined action of the C-Es and C-Er types have the greatest efficiency.
Chloracetophenone (CN) is a white or light brown crystalline substance with a pungent odor reminiscent of the smell of cherry blossoms. Boils chloroacetophenone at a temperature of about 250°C, and melts at temperatures of about 60°C. Chloracetophenone is practically insoluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents. Water and aqueous solutions of alkalis does not decompose.
Chloracetophenone can be used with poisonous smoke bombs, chemical hand grenades, and mechanical aerosol generators. At the time of application, it is in the air in the form of an aerosol (smoke).
A gas mask serves as protection against chloroacetophenone. Chloracetophenone has a lacrimal effect. Its concentration is 0.0001 milligrams per liter of air for 2 minutes. already causes irritation, and the concentration of 0.002 milligrams per liter of air for 2 minutes. is intolerable. Chloroacetophenone is detected by means of chemical laboratories.
Chloracetophenone, as well as other irritant toxic substances, can stick to uniforms and equipment, creating conditions under which one will have to wear gas masks for a long time. Degassing of uniforms and equipment contaminated with chloracetophenone and other 0V irritants can be carried out by cleaning and airing them.
SI-ES (SS) - a crystalline substance of white or light yellow color, darkening when heated. CS boils at about 315°C and melts at 95°C. CS is very sparingly soluble in water and readily soluble in organic solvents. It is removed from the surface of the body and equipment by washing with plenty of water.
CS has a strong irritating effect on the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing watery eyes, burning in the nose, larynx and lungs, and nausea. According to the irritating effect, CS is 10-20 times stronger than chloroacetophenone. CS can be used with chemical hand grenades. It is possible to use CS with the help of aerosol generators. Detected by CS by means of chemical laboratories.
Adamsite (DM) is a low-volatile crystalline substance of yellow-green color, boiling at temperatures above 40 ° C
Adamsite melts at a temperature of about 195°C. It does not dissolve in water, it dissolves well in acetone, and when heated, in other organic solvents. Oxidizing agents decompose adamsite to substances that do not affect the respiratory tract.
Adamsite has an irritating effect on the respiratory tract. Its concentration is 0.0002 milligrams per liter of air for 2 minutes. already causes irritation, and the concentration is 0.01 milligrams per liter of air for 2 minutes. is intolerable.
Adamsite can be applied with chemical hand grenades and mechanical aerosol generators. At the time of application is in the form of smoke. A gas mask serves as protection against it. Adamsite is detected by means of chemical laboratories.

Conclusion
Poisonous substances, in terms of their effect on the human body, are nerve-paralytic, blistering, suffocating, general toxic, irritant, and psychogenic.
The group of poisonous nerve agents includes extremely highly toxic organophosphorus compounds - sarin, soman, V-gases. causing damage to the nervous system, they have a pronounced general toxic effect.
Mustard gas belongs to the group of poisonous substances with blistering action. Mustard gas has a damaging effect, both in a drop-liquid and in a vapor state. Mustard gas causes local inflammatory changes, and also has a general toxic effect. At the time of contact with the OB, pain, and other unpleasant sensations are absent.
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