MOBU Nikitinskaya secondary school
teacher of Russian language and literature
Kilmukhametova L.M.
Basic Rules
How to write a final essay
To write a CORRECT essay, first of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic parameters. We all know that an essay consists of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion. Part and paragraph - different concepts, do not confuse! Each part can be divided into paragraphs.
Rule number 1. The introduction and conclusion should be three times smaller than the main part. Thus, the introduction and conclusion make up 1/5 of the text, the main part - 3/5 (plus or minus 5 words)
Let me remind you that the optimal amount of the final essay is 350 words (minimum 250, maximum 450)
Rule number 2. Two adjacent sentences should not contain the same or the same root words.
Repetition is one of the most common speech errors. 4 errors - failure on one of the criteria.
Rule number 3. The parts of the proposal must be TIGHTLY related to each other.
How to check? Try to read the beginning of the main part (conclusion) separately. If everything is clear and sounds like a separate holistic text - this is bad.
Example: In Pushkin's work "The Captain's Daughter" the question of honor is touched upon. The father of the protagonist from childhood taught him not to lose dignity ....
In a good essay, without reading the introduction, it is impossible to understand what the main part or conclusion is about (introductory words and pronouns can come to the rescue).
Example: An example of such an attitude to nature is Vasiliev's novel "Do not shoot white swans" ....
Confirmation of my words can be found on the pages of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" ...
As you can see, without a thesis, it is not entirely clear what kind of attitude to nature we are talking about and what words I want to confirm. This is the connection.
Rule number 4. DO NOT TRY TO WRITE WITHOUT ERRORS
Yes Yes. Don't even think. That is why many people take a lot of time to write an essay. We are unable to focus on two things at the same time. If you think about how not to make a mistake, you will stop formulating a thought. you will jump from one activity to another. Nothing good will come of it.
Try to draw a circle with your right hand clockwise, and with your right foot - against. Did you manage to describe even circles and do it rhythmically? The same thing happens to our brain when we write an essay. So write the way you write. Don't think about word count, lack of repetition, and connections between parts. The main thing is to write something, and then you can EDIT. Cross out the excess, add where it is missing, replace repetitions with synonyms or pronouns, etc. (do not forget about spelling and punctuation). Again, when checking the composition, look for each mistake separately, otherwise it will happen again as with an arm and a leg. That is, you will need to reread the essay at least three times.
Rule number 5. Skeleton first, essay later
The explanation will again be connected with the structure of our brain. There are such concepts as associative thinking and chain reaction. They are often included during dialogue.
For example, Lena tells something to Irina, and she remembers a joke on this topic about a cat. Lena tells a joke about a cat, and Irina remembers what a beautiful kitten she saw near Mega, in turn, Lena says that she was in Mega yesterday and saw a very cool dress, and Irina is already wondering what to wear to graduation? Etc. Perhaps Irina will never tell Lena her story to the end.
When we write an essay, we have an internal dialogue and we can just as well move away from the topic. Perhaps the text will be logical and coherent, but our conclusion will not correspond to the introduction (the main idea of the conclusion and the thesis will carry a different meaning), and this is not good. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to compose and WRITE on a piece of paper the skeleton of the essay:
The main idea of the argument
The main idea of the conclusion
How to formulate a thesis and plan an essay
A pre-made and written plan will not allow you to go astray, or at least save valuable time.
Plan structure:
Argument
Thesis in an essay - this is your own position (opinion) regarding the topic of the essay.
Important! The thesis is a clearly formulated and beautifully designed thought that fits in ONE sentence. It is this statement that should be argued in the main part. The thesis should be written at the end of the introduction.
Example:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. (arguments "Garnet bracelet", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district".
Willpower, in my opinion, is our main ally in the fight against our own weaknesses. (arguments "Love of life", "Oblomov")
Argument in the essay substantiates the thesis, proves that your thought is correct. By the way, all arguments can be conditionally divided into two categories. The entire plot of the work can serve as an argument. For example, "Love of Life" by Jack London as an example of an iron will. Using this work as an argument, it is enough to systematically convey the content of the entire story.
If we turn to larger works, then a specific episode (or several) will act as an argument. For example, when discussing honor and dishonor, we can cite as an argument the dialogue between Pugachev and Grinev (The Captain's Daughter), where Peter, at the risk of being executed, refuses to swear allegiance to the "great sovereign". That is, all other moments can be omitted. In this case, in order to formulate the argument correctly, it is necessary to briefly (3-4 sentences) state the plot of the work, and then describe the scene (character or act of the character, some situation, etc.) in colors, which is actually the argument .
Conclusion - summing up, logical conclusion. Here you need to be especially careful, because. you can get off topic. To write a conclusion correctly, you need to confirm that your position turned out to be correct, or continue your thought (thesis), it will be especially good if the conclusion sounds like a parting word (recommendation) to the reader of your essay.
Example:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. Conclusion: love can really hurt, so it is important to remember one more feeling - self-respect.
Thus, if the thesis, argument and conclusion are combined with the help of introductory words, the plan of the essay turns into a short, but solid and meaningful text. If you succeeded, you can be sure that you are provided with a credit for the first two criteria.
Composition plan:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life.
For example, Katerina (Lady Macbeth), having fallen in love with her worker Sergei, did not notice the selfish intentions of this man and was ready for anything for him. She killed her own husband and his nephew, went to hard labor through the fault of her chosen one, but continued to love him. Sergei did not reciprocate. Unable to bear the bullying of Sergei, Katerina committed suicide.
Thus, love can really hurt, so it is important to remember one more feeling - self-respect.
Now it remains to paint each item in more detail and your ideal essay is ready.
And finally. The easiest way to formulate a beautiful thesis is to go from the opposite, that is, choose an argument and draw a conclusion from it, which will serve as a thesis.
Directions
Experience and mistakes
Works about experience and mistakes. If you cannot find an argument for the final essay in the direction of "experience and mistakes", this bibliography will help you.
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Inexperienced Peter Grinev, having received freedom from parental control, lost a large amount. Youth is a time for mistakes)
L. N. Tolstoy story "Youth" (The best work about the mistakes made in youth. Youth is a time for mistakes)
A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" (People tend to make rash acts. Eugene Onegin rejected Tatyana, who was in love with him, which he regretted, but it was too late. Mistakes are rash acts)
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Only after losing Vera, Pechorin realized that he loved her. The worst mistake is not to appreciate what we have)
N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (The central character has leadership qualities and, undoubtedly, many years of experience gives him self-confidence. Those around him knew this and listened to him. The role of experience. The value of experience._
A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" (an experienced Andrei Grinev, who has seen life, gives his son the instruction "Take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age." Peter listened to his father and tried to follow the order, which ultimately helped him earn Pugachev's respect and thereby saved a life
"Ionych" - a story by A. N. Chekhov
Argument:
The heroine of A.N. Chekhov's story "Ionych" - Ekaterina Ivanovna, also made an irreparable mistake. Once the house of her parents was visited by Dr. Dmitry Ionych. Watching Ekaterina play the piano and how her eyes glow with childish naivete, Startsev fell in love. The doctor confessed his feelings to the heroine, but in response, she cruelly played her admirer, making an appointment at the cemetery, which she was not going to go to. This act did not extinguish the flame in the heart of Ionych, and the next day he decided to ask for the hand of Ekaterina Ivanovna. The heroine did not reciprocate. Being a young inexperienced girl, Kotik, as her parents called her, considered herself very talented and prophesied herself the glory of a famous pianist. She was afraid that family life would interfere with her career. Ekaterina Ivanovna was mistaken. Four years later, Kitty realized that "there is nothing special about her" and that it is more important to love and be loved. She hoped that Startsev's feelings had not cooled down, but it was too late. Time passed, and Kotik and Ionych remained unhappy and lonely.
Possible theses:
Often people mislead themselves and regret it all their lives
Some mistakes can ruin a person's life
By making a rash decision, a person risks destroying not only his own life, but also the lives of those around him.
Honor and dishonor
Works about honor and dishonor. A list of references in which you will find excellent arguments for the final essay in the direction of "Honor and dishonor"
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death)
M. A. Sholokhov the story "The Fate of a Man" (Sokolov is a Russian soldier who was not afraid to look death in the eyes and aroused the respect of the Nazis)
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel)
M. Yu. Lermontov poem "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" (Kalashnikov gave his life for the honor of his family)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Ostap accepted death with dignity)
A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but a dishonorable act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is it: honor or dishonor?)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Dunya was slandered, but her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose)
"War and Peace" - an argument for the final essay in the direction of "honor and dishonor":
The problem of morality has always been a cross-cutting one in the literature of the 19th century. So, in the work "War and Peace" Lev Nikolaevich touches on the theme of honor and dishonor. In the novel, one of the central characters, Pierre Bezukhov, appears before us as a completely naive, inexperienced young man who has lived all his youth abroad. Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the nets set by Prince Kuragin. The prince's attempts to take possession of the inheritance were unsuccessful, so he decided to get money in another way and married the young man to his daughter Helen, who did not have any feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about the betrayal of his wife with Dolokhov, anger boiled and he challenged Fedor to battle. The duel highlights all the best qualities of Pierre: his courage, his philanthropy, his moral strength. In this episode, the author contrasts the characters: Pierre did not want to harm Dolokhov, let alone kill him, in turn, Fedor lamented that he missed and did not hit Bezukhov.
Thus, Lev Nikolaevich, using the example of the protagonist, showed qualities that command respect, qualities that one should strive for. The miserable intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only misfortune. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but entail the risk of tarnishing honor and losing dignity. (200 words)
Possible theses:
1. To maintain honor means to remain human in any situation.
2. The honor of a person can be judged not only by self-respect, but also by his attitude towards other people
victory and defeat
Works about victory and defeat. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of victory and defeat. We have selected an argument on every possible topic in this direction.
I. A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov" (The main character could not overcome his laziness. Fighting his weaknesses)
Jack London story Love for life (Thanks to the iron will, the hero overcame hunger, pain and remained alive. Victory over himself)
K. D. Vorobyov story "Killed near Moscow" (Alexey Yastrebov coped with fear and uncertainty. Victory over himself)
K. D. Vorobyov story "Killed near Moscow" (Victory over the enemy)
M. A. Sholokhov story "The Fate of a Man" (The main character found the strength to live after he lost his family. Victory over himself)
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin slanders Grinev, but Masha manages to tell the Empress everything. Shvabrin's plans collapsed. Defeat)
B. Vasiliev story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" (Vaskov defeats the Germans, but there is a stone in his heart, because he is the only survivor of the battle. The price of victory. The bitterness of victory)
N.V. Gogol's story Taras Bulba (Taras was brutally killed by the Poles, but this cannot be called a defeat. His spirit was not broken, he was dying with the thought of further victories of the Cossacks. What is victory?)
"Oblomov" - a novel by I. A. Goncharov
Argument:
He was defeated in the battle with his own shortcomings and the hero of the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich grew up in a family where life went on smoothly and measuredly, without shocks. Surrounded by care, Ilyusha grew up as a dependent man. Lying on the couch was his usual way of life, and nothing aroused his interest. When problems piled on Oblomov, he did not take any action. The hero only complained to everyone about life, dreamed that everything would resolve itself and waited for the arrival of his childhood friend, hoping that he would help sort everything out. Oblomov understood that something needed to be changed in his life. With the arrival of Stolz, he began to wake up early, become interested in what was happening in the world, and even fell in love. But the very first obstacle, moving from the city to the country, returned Oblomov to his usual way of life. Ilya Ilyich did not manage to change, until the end of his days he remained a lazy, dependent and needy person. (143 words)
Possible theses:
1. Willpower is our best ally in the fight against our own shortcomings.
2. Trying to change for the better is challenging yourself.
Mind and feeling
Works about reason and feelings. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of reason and feelings. We have selected two arguments for each possible topic in this direction.
A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet Bracelet" (some feelings can only be extinguished by death)
A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" (some feelings can only be extinguished by death)
A. S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit" (one cannot become happy, guided only by common sense)
A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" (Katerina realized that she was doing wrong, but went on about her feelings. Feelings are stronger than reason)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Taras was able to step over his father's feelings and killed his son-traitor)
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev realized that he could be executed, but self-esteem turned out to be stronger)
A. S. Pushkin novel "Eugene Onegin" (Tatiana is unhappy in a marriage of convenience, because she is in love with Onegin. Feeling is more important than reason)
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Vera is not happy in marriage with her unloved husband. Feeling is more important than reason)
"Garnet Bracelet" - a story by A. I. Kuprin
Argument:
I could not cope with my feelings and Zheltkov, the hero of Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet". This man, seeing Vera Nikolaevna once, fell in love with her for life. The hero did not expect reciprocity from the married princess. He understood everything, but he could not help himself. Faith was a small meaning of Zheltkov's life, and he believed that it was God who rewarded him with such love. The hero showed his feelings only in letters, without showing himself to the princess in front of her eyes. On the day of the angel of Vera, the fan gave his beloved a garnet bracelet and attached a note in which he asked for forgiveness for the trouble he had caused. When the husband of the princess, together with her brother, found Zheltkov, he admitted the indecency of his behavior and explained that he sincerely loves Vera and only death can extinguish this feeling. Finally, the hero asked Vera's husband for permission to write her last letter, and after the conversation he said goodbye to life (134 words)
Possible theses:
1. Sincere feelings are not subject to the will of man
2. Only death can kill real feelings.
Reason and feeling argument based on Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" for the final essay:
Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the play "Thunderstorm". In this work, A. N. Ostrovsky was able to convey the mental anguish of the main character with all the brightness of emotions. In the 19th century, a huge number of marriages were not for love, parents tried to marry their daughter to someone who was richer. The girls were forced to live with the unloved all their lives. Katerina, who was married off as Tikhon Kabanov from a wealthy merchant family, found herself in a similar situation. Katya's husband was a pitiful sight. Irresponsible and infantile, he was incapable of anything other than drinking. Tikhon's mother, Marfa Kabanova, embodied the ideas of tyranny and hypocrisy inherent in the entire "dark kingdom", so Katerina was constantly under pressure.
The heroine strove for freedom, it was difficult for her in the conditions of slavish worship of false idols. The girl found solace in communicating with Boris. His care, affection and sincerity helped the unfortunate heroine forget about the oppression from the Kabanikhi. Katerina realized that she was doing wrong and could not live with it, but her feelings turned out to be stronger and she cheated on her husband. Tormented by remorse, the heroine repented to her husband, after which she threw herself into the river. (174 words)
Possible theses:
1. Sometimes people get caught up in their own feelings.
2. Feelings can be so strong that it's easier to say goodbye to life than to hide them.
Friendship and enmity
List of works about friendship and enmity. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of friendship and enmity. We have selected two arguments for each possible topic in this direction.
V. L. Kondratiev story "Sasha" (what is a person ready for for a friend?)
A. S. Pushkin historical story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev and Shvabrin - why is friendship crumbling? Betrayal)
I. S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons" (Kirsanov and Bazarov - why is friendship crumbling?)
A. S. Pushkin historical story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev and Pugachev - indirect hostility, enemy - potential friend)
I. A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov" (Oblomov and Stolz - friends should complement each other)
V. G. Korolenko story "Children of the Underground" (true friendship, disinterestedness of children's friendship)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Taras Bulba believed that friendship/partnership is more important than family)
"Captain's daughter"
A vivid example of warring comrades can serve as the heroes of the historical novel by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Grinev Petr at the age of seventeen was sent by his father to the army to "smell gunpowder" and "pull the strap."
The Belgorod fortress, where the young man was sent, turned out to be not a formidable bastion, but a village surrounded by a wooden fence. Instead of a brave garrison, there were invalids, and instead of artillery, an old cannon full of rubbish. There Grinev met Alexei Shvabrin. The officer himself came to Peter when he learned of his arrival, saying that he was seized by the desire to finally see a human face. But the friendship of the young men ended before it began.
It all started when Grinev shared his feelings for the captain's daughter with a friend and showed a song written for her. Shvabrin criticized the lines and allowed himself dirty hints about Masha's "temper and custom". Later it turned out that Alexei himself wooed the girl, but was refused. Their quarrel ended in a duel, where Peter was wounded.
After the invasion of Pugachev's rebels, the mutual hostility between the characters is replaced by hatred. Grinev remained loyal to the empress with honor, and Shvabrin, who swore allegiance to the robber, was appointed commandant of the fortress where Masha remained. Her parents were killed, and the priest gave the captain's daughter to her niece. The traitor forced the girl to marry him, threatening to tell who she really was. Shvabrin's plans did not come true, Grinev released the captain's daughter, and was pardoned by Pugachev, despite Shvabrin's efforts. ( 211 words)
Possible theses:
1. Often the cause of enmity between comrades is a woman.
2. A woman can destroy a man's friendship.
3. Why do friends become enemies?
4. If a friend betrayed you, then he was not your friend.
ARGUMENTS FOR THE DIRECTION - HONOR AND DISHONOR. MATERIALS FOR THE ESSAY FOR ADMISSION TO THE USE. (ACCORDING TO THE STORY "THE CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER" by A.S. PUSHKIN)
A lot of works have been written about the dignity of a person, his honesty, conscientiousness, about the nobility of the soul in Russian literature. A worthy person is a responsible, decent person, one who strives not to stain himself in anything. A person of honor is a person who is respected for his responsible attitude to business, for decency, for noble deeds, this is a person who respects himself and others. Honor is the most valuable quality of a person. Therefore, many writers created images of honest and dishonest people. For example, in A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" the theme of honor is one of the main ones.
His father told his son Pyotr Grinev about honor. The nobleman Andrei Petrovich decided to send his son to serve not in the guard, but in a remote garrison, in the Belogorsk fortress. Parents blessed Peter. His father reminded him of a folk proverb about honor: "Take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age." The future military parent told him to serve faithfully, to whom he would swear. Honor, conscience and dignity became for Peter the main principles of life. He always remembered this command of his father.
In the Belogorsk fortress, where Peter began to serve, he met the daughter of commandant Mironov. Aleksey Shvabrin, a young man who also served in this fortress, liked her. He wooed Masha, but she refused to marry him.
Once there was a quarrel between young people. Grinev dedicated love poems to Masha Mironova. Aleksey Shvabrin advised Peter "to act not with songs", but to give her a pair of earrings. Then she comes to the meeting. Shvabrin insulted Masha, saying that he "knows from experience her temper and custom." He committed such a dishonorable act because Marya Mironova rejected him. Peter defended the girl's honor in a duel.
Soon the time of serious testing came. During the Pugachev rebellion, the Belogorsk fortress was captured, and the inhabitants had to swear allegiance to the new king. Recalling the events of those years, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev writes about how a noose was thrown around his neck, how he began to read a prayer, how he saw Savelich, who wanted to sacrifice his life for him. Then he heard the words of other people and Savelich himself that Petrusha should kiss Pugachev's hand. But Grinev did not do this, because "he would have preferred the most cruel execution to such vile humiliation." And Aleksey Shvabrin did not consider Pugachev's service a humiliation. He even became the commandant of the fortress, intimidated Marya Ivanovna, kept her starving, forcing her to marry him. Shvabrin told Pugachev that she was his wife. The reader feels the dishonesty, the meanness of the actions of this young man who has lost his dignity. And Grinev remained a decent man. When he was interrogated by the commission of inquiry, he did not tell about the real reason for communicating with Pugachev, so as not to tarnish the name of his beloved.
Honor and dishonor.
Each of us has come across people of honor. People who can selflessly help a person. Such people can come to the aid of even a stranger without demanding anything in return. But there is also a dark side of honor, one that is gaining strength day by day. Disgrace is a negative quality of a person, which is expressed in meanness, deceit, deceit and betrayal. Dishonest people value only their ego, they help others for their own benefit. Can such people be trusted? Is it possible to rely on them in difficult times? Of course not.
Today we understand that dishonor is growing, gaining momentum, while destroying the moral values of a person. Nowadays it is difficult to find a person who will help, understand and comfort.
"Take care of honor from a young age," - this is exactly the epigraph that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" has. The concept of honor has become central to the work. Honor is decency, moral purity of heroes, such as Pyotr Grinev, his parents, the whole family of Captain Mironov; this is military honor, loyalty to the oath, this, by and large, is love for the Motherland. Pyotr Grinev and Aleksey Shvabrin are contrasted in the story. Both are young, of the nobility, officers, but how different they are in character, moral principles. Grinev is a man of honor, whether it concerns his relationship with Masha Mironova, or whether it is his loyalty to the oath, steadfastness to the end during the Pugachev rebellion. Without honor and conscience Alexey Shvabrin. He is rude to Masha, it doesn't cost him anything to go over to the rebels, violating officer honor. Causes deep sympathy for Captain Mironov, the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. He did not drop his dignity, remained faithful to the oath, did not kneel before Pugachev. In the Grinev family, the concept of honor was the basis of the character of Father Petrusha. Despite the fact that Peter, like all children, loved to play pranks, they brought up the main thing in him - human dignity, decency, and this is honor. The hero shows it by returning the card debt, and not humiliated by betrayal, as Shvabrin did.
Let us turn to the work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and daring merchant Kalashnikov” by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. The writer touches on one of the most important problems facing a person - the problem of honor. How to protect your honor and loved ones, no matter what, how to remain a man in any situation?
The action takes place in the distant sixteenth century, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when the guardsmen could act outrageously, knowing that they would not be punished by the tsar. Kiribeevich is shown as such a guardsman, who, not thinking about the fate of the woman, Alena Dmitrievna, puts her in a terrible position. Neighbors see how he tries to caress her - a married woman, which in those years was considered the greatest sin. Shame on an innocent woman. Her husband, the merchant Kalashnikov, is outraged, and he challenges the guardsman to an open battle. Defending the honor of his wife and family, he went to a duel, realizing that he would not have mercy from the king in any case. And here a duel is played out between truth, honor and dishonor. Because of a man devoid of morality, the noble Kalashnikov dies, his children are left without a father, and a young innocent girl is a widow. So Kiribeevich ruined the life not only for himself, but also for his beloved woman. And all because of this, that a person who does not have spiritual values will never be able to comprehend true love, which elevates to good deeds, in which honor remains pure and innocent. This work teaches a lot: that it is always necessary to protect the honor of the family, loved ones, not to offend anyone.
In conclusion, I would like to call people to conscience. To the fact that at all times it was the concept of honor. Honor is one of the highest moral qualities of a person. It is formed from childhood. After all, the foundations of human dignity are a long and thorny path from selfishness to the laying of moral principles. From person to person, from generation to generation, the foundations of honor, etiquette and human dignity were passed on, and only the person himself chooses which moral ideals to choose as a guide in this life. So let's not be dishonest people, let's not become like those who have already been swallowed up by their own ego, selfishness and selfishness. After all, the manifestation of honor is a feat not only for oneself, but for the whole world!
Dubrovny Egor
It is better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.
Honor... What is it? Honor is the moral qualities of a person, his principles, worthy of respect and pride, it is a high spiritual force that can keep a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. Without honor, a person has no real life. It is better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.
The classics of world fiction have created many works that tell about heroes who have different attitudes to the concept of honor and dignity. So in the poem in the prose of Charles Baudelaire "Fake Coin" the meanness of a person and the choice of dishonor are shown. The protagonist gives the poor man a counterfeit coin, not thinking that this unfortunate person can be arrested. Arrest is the least that could be done, he could be whipped, beaten and even simply killed. This poor fellow's life is already not sugar, and so it will become even worse. The person who gave this coin committed a dishonorable act, he chose wealth instead of honor, although he would not have become poorer from one coin. The author wants to convey to us the idea that it is unforgivable to be evil, and even worse - to do evil out of stupidity. This is the most dishonorable act! Even the most kind deed in the depths can hide great meanness.
In Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol's poem "Dead Souls", the main character Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is a vivid example of dishonor. Throughout the poem, he deceives people for his own benefit. Pavel Ivanovich wanted to get rich by buying up "dead souls". These were documents for the possession of peasants who died, but are listed as alive. Chichikov is buying up "dead souls" in order to deceive the whole society. Pavel Ivanovich did not think about people, brazenly lied to them and did everything for himself. Looking at these two examples, we see that more often people choose wealth. But I think it's better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.
“Honor is like a precious stone: the slightest speck deprives it of its brilliance and robs it of all its value,” Edmond Pierre once said. Yes, it really is. And sooner or later everyone will have to decide how to live - with honor or without it.
Cheboltasov Igor
Where do dishonest people come from?
Disgrace is a negative quality of a person, which is expressed in meanness, deceit, deceit and betrayal. It entails shame, destruction of oneself as a person. Even in the most difficult moment, a person must continue to follow the honest path, without a moment's hesitation. From birth, parents educate children to be honest, where do dishonest people come from?
It seems that different answers can be given to this question, but I believe that dishonor is, first of all, a lack of respect for oneself and others. Therefore, it is very important that we understand that the main value in life is honor and conscience. But, unfortunately, not everyone understands this and chooses the wrong path. By committing any kind of deception, we approach dishonor. And with each subsequent betrayal, we become dishonorable.
The theme of dishonor is touched upon in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". In this work, two heroes are opposed: Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin. You can judge a person by his actions in difficult times. For the heroes, the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev, where Shvabrin showed his dishonor, became a test. He saves his life by deceit. We see him on the side of the rebels, while whispering something in Pugachev's ear. Grinev is ready to share the fate of Captain Mironov and stand up for his Motherland.
Let's turn to the novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". The main character Anatole Kuragin is an irresponsible and hypocritical person. He does not think about the consequences of his actions, does not think about the future and does not pay attention to the opinions of others. Kuragin's dishonor is his desire to marry Marya Bolkonskaya because of her wealth. It shows how the hero is ready for any dishonorable act for his own good and his own benefit. The author wants to convey to us that a dishonest person is ready for a vile act for his own benefit.
Summing up what has been said, we can conclude that dishonor means the loss of one's moral character. Having acted dishonestly once, a person cannot stop, becoming a traitor and a liar. We often meet dishonest people in our time, but we would like to see as many honest people as possible.
Evstropova Victoria
Direction "Honor and dishonor" of the final essay 2016-2017 in literature: examples, samples, analysis of works
Examples of writing essays on literature in the direction of "Honor and dishonor". Statistics are given for each essay. Some essays are school, and it is not recommended to use them as ready-made samples for the final essay.
These works can be used to prepare for the final essay. They are intended to form the students' idea of the full or partial disclosure of the topic of the final essay. We recommend using them as an additional source of ideas when creating your own presentation of the topic disclosure.
Below are video analyzes of works in the thematic direction "Honor and dishonor".
In our cruel age it seems that the concepts of honor and dishonor have died. There is no special need to keep girls honored - striptease and viciousness are paid dearly, and money is much more attractive than some kind of ephemeral honor. I remember Knurov from A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry":
There are limits beyond which condemnation does not go: I can offer you such an enormous content that the most malicious critics of someone else's morality will have to be silent and gape in surprise.
Sometimes it seems that men have not dreamed for a long time to serve for the good of the Fatherland, to protect their honor and dignity, to defend the Motherland. Probably, literature remains the only evidence of the existence of these concepts.
The most cherished work of A.S. Pushkin begins with the epigraph: “Take care of honor from a young age,” which is part of a Russian proverb. The whole novel "The Captain's Daughter" gives us the best idea of honor and dishonor. The protagonist Petrusha Grinev is a young man, practically a youth (at the time of his departure for the service he was “eighteen” years old according to his mother), but he is filled with such determination that he is ready to die on the gallows, but not tarnish his honor. And this is not only because his father bequeathed him to serve in this way. Life without honor for a nobleman is the same as death. But his opponent and envious Shvabrin acts quite differently. His decision to go over to the side of Pugachev is determined by fear for his life. He, unlike Grinev, does not want to die. The outcome of the life of each of the characters is natural. Grinev lives a decent, albeit poor, life as a landowner and dies surrounded by his children and grandchildren. And the fate of Alexei Shvabrin is understandable, although Pushkin does not say anything about it, but most likely death or hard labor will cut short this unworthy life of a traitor, a man who has not preserved his honor.
War is a catalyst for the most important human qualities; it shows either courage and courage, or meanness and cowardice. We can find proof of this in V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov". Two heroes are the moral poles of the story. The fisherman is energetic, strong, physically strong, but is he courageous? Having been captured, under pain of death, he betrays his partisan detachment, betrays its location, weapons, strength - in a word, everything in order to eliminate this center of resistance to the Nazis. But the frail, sickly, frail Sotnikov turns out to be courageous, endures torture, and resolutely ascends the scaffold, not for a second doubting the correctness of his act. He knows that death is not as terrible as remorse from betrayal. At the end of the story, Rybak, who escaped death, tries to hang himself in the toilet, but cannot, because he does not find a suitable tool (the belt was taken from him during his arrest). His death is a matter of time, he is not a completely fallen sinner, and living with such a burden is unbearable.
Years pass, in the historical memory of mankind there are still examples of deeds of honor and conscience. Will they become an example for my contemporaries? I think yes. The heroes who died in Syria, rescuing people in fires, in disasters, prove that there is honor, dignity, and there are bearers of these noble qualities.
Total: 441 words
In his article, D. Granin talks about the existence in the modern world of several points of view about what honor is, and whether this concept is outdated or not. But, despite this, the author believes that the sense of honor cannot become obsolete, as it is given to a person from birth.
In support of his position, Granin cites a case related to Maxim Gorky. When the tsarist government annulled the writer's election as an honorary academician, Chekhov and Korolenko renounced the titles of academicians. By such an act, the writers expressed their rejection of the government's decision. Chekhov defended the honor of Gorky, at that moment he did not think about himself. It was the title of "man with a capital letter" that allowed the writer to defend the good name of his comrade.
In my opinion, one cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. After all, people who will go to desperate deeds for the sake of preserving the honor of their loved ones cannot disappear.
This means that the concept of honor will not become obsolete. We can defend our honor and, of course, loved ones and relatives.
So A.S. Pushkin went to a duel with Dantes to defend the honor of his wife Natalia.
In Kuprin's work "Duel", the main character, like Pushkin, defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with her husband. Death awaited this hero, but it is not meaningless.
I believe that the topic of this article is very relevant, since in the modern world many people have lost the line between honor and dishonor.
But as long as a person is alive, honor is also alive.
Total: 206 words
What is honor and why has it been so valued at all times? Folk wisdom speaks about it - “Take care of honor from a young age”, poets sing it and philosophers reflect. For her, they died in duels, and, having lost her, they considered life over. In any case, the concept of honor contains the desire for a moral ideal. This ideal can be created by a person for himself, or he can accept it from society.
In the first case, in my opinion, this is a kind of internal honor, which includes such individual qualities of a person as courage, nobility, justice, honesty. These are the beliefs and principles that form the basis of a person's self-respect. This is what he brings up and appreciates in himself. The honor of a person outlines the limits of what a person can allow himself, and what attitude he can tolerate from others. Man becomes his own judge. This is what constitutes human dignity, so it is important for a person himself not to betray any of his principles.
I would correlate another understanding of honor with a more modern concept of reputation - this is how a person shows himself to other people in communication and deeds. In this case, it is important “not to drop dignity” precisely in the eyes of other people, because few people want to communicate with a rude person, do business with an unreliable person, or help a heartless miser in need. However, a person may at the same time have bad character traits and simply try to hide them from others.
In any case, the loss of honor leads to negative consequences - either a person is disappointed in himself, or becomes an outcast in society. Honor, which I defined as reputation, has always been considered the hallmark of a person - both men and women. And sometimes it hurt people. For example, when they were considered unworthy, even though they were not to blame, but gossip and intrigue. Or rigid social constraints. I have always found it surprisingly accepted in the Victorian era to condemn a young woman who was filming mourning for her husband and wanted to start a new life.
The main thing that I understood is that the word "honor" is related to the word "honesty". You need to be honest with yourself and people, be, and not seem like a worthy person, and then you will not be threatened with either condemnation or self-criticism.
Honor, duty, conscience - these concepts are now rarely seen among people.
What it is?
Honor is my association with the army, with the officers who defend our Motherland, and also with people who with honor hold the "blows of fate."
Duty is again our valiant defenders of the fatherland, who have a duty to defend us and our Motherland, and any person can also have a duty, for example, to help the elderly or younger if they are in trouble.
Conscience is something that lives inside every person.
There are people without a conscience, this is when you can get past grief, and not help, and nothing will torment you inside, but you can help, and then sleep peacefully.
Often these concepts are linked. As a rule, these qualities are given to us during education.
An example from literature: War and Peace, L Tolstoy. Unfortunately, now these concepts are outdated, the world has changed. You rarely meet a person who has all these qualities.
470 words
After reading the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", you understand that one of the themes of this work is the theme of honor and dishonor. The story contrasts two heroes: Grinev and Shvabrin - and their ideas of honor. These heroes are young, they are both nobles. YES, and they get into this backwater (Belogorsk fortress) not of their own free will. Grinev - at the insistence of his father, who decided that his son needed to "pull the strap and sniff the gunpowder ..." And Shvabrin ended up in the Belogorsk fortress, perhaps because of the high-profile story associated with the duel. We know that for a noble, a duel is a way to defend honor. And Shvabrin, at the beginning of the story, seems to be a man of honor. Although from the point of view of an ordinary person, Vasilisa Yegorovna, a duel is “death murder”. Such an assessment allows the reader, who sympathizes with this heroine, to doubt the nobility of Shvabrin.
You can judge a person by his actions in difficult times. For the heroes, the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev became a test. Shvabrin saves his life. We see him "cut in a circle, in a Cossack caftan, among the rebels." And during the execution, he whispers something in Pugachev's ear. Grinev is ready to share the fate of Captain Mironov. He refuses to kiss the impostor's hand, because he is ready to "prefer a cruel execution to such humiliation ...".
They also relate to Masha in different ways. Grinev admires, respects Masha, even writes poetry in her honor. Shvabrin, on the contrary, mixes the name of his beloved girl with mud, saying "if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of gentle rhymes, give her a pair of earrings." Shvabrin slanders not only this girl, but also her relatives. For example, when he says “as if Ivan Ignatich was in an inadmissible relationship with Vasilisa Egorovna ..” It becomes clear that Shvabrin does not really love Masha. When Grinev rushed to free Marya Ivanovna, he saw her "pale, thin, with disheveled hair, in a peasant dress." her rebels.
If we compare the main characters, Grinev will undoubtedly cause more respect, because despite his youth he managed to behave with dignity, remained true to himself, did not disgrace the honest name of his father, defended his beloved.
Perhaps all this allows us to call him a man of honor. Self-esteem helps our hero at the trial at the end of the story to calmly look into the eyes of Shvabrin, who, having lost everything, continues to fuss, trying to slander his enemy. A long time ago, back in the fortress, he overstepped the boundaries defined by honor, wrote a letter - a denunciation to Grinev's father, trying to destroy the newly born love. Having acted dishonorably once, he cannot stop, he becomes a traitor. And therefore Pushkin is right when he says “cherish honor from a young age” and making them an epigraph to the whole work.
418 words
Such concepts as "honor" and "conscience" have somehow lost their relevance in the modern world of indifference and a cynical attitude to life.
If earlier it was a shame to be known as an unscrupulous person, today such a “compliment” is treated easily and even with bravado. Pangs of conscience - today it is something from the field of melodrama and is perceived as a movie plot, that is, the audience is indignant, and at the end of the film they go and, for example, steal apples in someone else's garden.
In our time, it has become ashamed to show mercy, compassion, sympathy. Now it’s “fun”, under the approving hooting of the crowd, to hit the weak, kick the dog, insult an elderly person, get nasty to a passerby, and so on. Any muck created by one bastard is perceived almost as a feat by the fragile minds of teenagers.
We stopped feeling, fenced off from the realities of life by our own indifference. We pretend not to see or hear. Today we pass by a hooligan, we swallow insults, and tomorrow we ourselves imperceptibly turn into shameless and dishonest people.
Let's remember past times. Dueling with swords and pistols for insulting an honest name. Conscience and duty that guided the thoughts of the defenders of the Fatherland. Mass heroism of the people in the Great Patriotic War for trampling the honor of the beloved Motherland by the enemy. No one shifted the unbearable burden of responsibility and duty onto the shoulders of another, so that it would be more comfortable for himself.
Honor and conscience are the most important and valuable qualities of the human soul.
A dishonest person can go through life without feeling the pangs of conscience for his deeds. There will always be sycophants and hypocrites fussing around, extolling his imaginary merits. But none of them will give him a helping hand in difficult times.
A person who is unscrupulous in order to achieve goals will not spare anyone on his ambitious path. Neither loyal friendship, nor love for the Motherland, nor compassion, nor mercy, nor human kindness are inherent in such a person.
We all want respect and attention from those around us. But only when we ourselves become more tolerant, more restrained, more tolerant and kinder, we will have the moral right to reciprocate the manifestation of these qualities.
If today you have betrayed a friend, cheated on a loved one, “got stuck” with a colleague, insulted a subordinate, or deceived someone’s trust, then don’t be surprised if tomorrow the same thing happens to you. Once abandoned and useless, you will have a great chance to reconsider your attitude to life, to people, to your actions.
A deal with conscience, covering up to a certain point dark deeds, in the future can end very badly. There will always be someone more cunning, arrogant, dishonorable and unscrupulous, who, under the guise of false flattery, will push you into the abyss of collapse in order to take the place that you also took from another.
An honest person always feels free and confident. Acting according to conscience, he does not burden his soul with vices. Greed, envy and indefatigable ambitions are not inherent in him. He just lives and enjoys every day given to him from above.
Total: 426 words
Direction. HONOR and DISHONOR. Video analysis of student essays
Honor and dishonor - we talk about concepts. What arguments can be made? How to build an essay?
Quotes and epigraphs
Honor is the cornerstone of human wisdom.
V. G. Belinsky
Honor is the desire to win honors; to keep one's honor means not to do anything that would be unworthy of honor.
F. Wolters is here.
– Criteria for evaluating the final final essay for universities .
The most worthy human qualities are invested in the concept of "honor": moral principles, pride, a spotless reputation. A man of honor has a good name, enjoys well-deserved respect. Disgrace is the exact opposite of the moral qualities of a person.
Honor is determined not only by thoughts, beliefs, but also by actions. To act honorably in any situation means not to deviate from moral principles, to be guided by conscience, and not by momentary profit or your own “I want”.
Vasily Bykov in the story "Sotnikov" contrasted honor with dishonor, using an example he showed a human choice in the most difficult situation. The main character - Sotnikov, a former teacher, an artillery officer, during the retreat of the unit, ended up in a partisan detachment on the territory of Belarus. Despite his frail physique, he had firm principles - to remain loyal to the Motherland under any circumstances, "could not sympathize with the person who agreed to serve the Germans and somehow performed this service."
Together with the former foreman Rybak, the ill Sotnikov went in search of provisions for the partisans.
During the assignment, the former officer, exhausted by illness, unwittingly became the reason that he and his partner were captured by the police. “He was tormented by the fact that he had let Rybak down like that” and, under the weight of his guilt, he reconciled himself to the inevitability of death. Sotnikov courageously endured inhuman torture, but did not betray his comrades. Together with two partisans, the Germans held civilians hostage, whom the policemen accused of complicity. Trying to save the villagers, Sotnikov took all the blame...
Rybak, a strong-looking village boy, behaved completely differently. In captivity, he thought only about his own salvation, was afraid of the upcoming torture and agreed to serve the police. At first, he hoped that he would run away on occasion and return to the detachment, but after the execution of his comrade with his own hands, there was no way back ... Sotnikov died without tarnishing the honor of an officer, without sacrificing his convictions, remained faithful to the Fatherland. The fisherman showed cowardice and dishonor, which turned into eternal remorse and aimlessness of further existence.
Another example of honor and dishonor is described by Nikolai Leskov in the story "The Man on the Clock". Postnikov on guard hears the drowning man's pleas for help. The soldier is not indifferent to someone else's misfortune, but he faces a difficult choice: the oath tells him not to leave the guardhouse under any circumstances. And yet conscience prevails over military duty - Postnikov saves the poor fellow and returns to his post. The illiterate peasant acted honorably, unlike officer Miller, who appropriated someone else's heroism to his own person. A dishonest nobleman receives a reward, and a real hero is punished with rods for breaking an oath.
It can be stated that honor is tested by life circumstances, when people find themselves in situations of moral choice. Only a strong-willed person is able to preserve the honor for which he is ready to sacrifice his own life.
