Speech errors: types, causes, examples. Incorrect use of case and preposition after control words Types of language errors in Russian

What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, it is simply necessary to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the linguistic tier as the fundamental criterion - the one, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember the different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since a violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Here you can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of the spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivatives at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation in the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

• incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or a "thoughtful" (instead of "thoughtful") look, and others.
• speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "loga" (from the word "spoon"). Such use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
• another type is a substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "hang" (from the word "hang"), "dodge", used instead of "scatter".
• word-composing, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, winder.

All these are types of speech errors that are related to word-formation.

Grammar at the word level

There are also other varieties of misuse of words. There are in the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, both grammatical and speech errors. They should be able to distinguish. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

• associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the form of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative form "breeze"). Here we also include the reverse situation - the formation of the form of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Two bears harnessed to the sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February blue", "pie with jam". There are times when indeclinable names are inclined: "to ride a meter", "to play the piano". Some of us sometimes form plural forms of nouns, while they only have a singular, and vice versa: "a tray of teas."
• speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or long forms: "The man was very full", "The building was full of people." Here we also include the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The new ones are becoming more combative."
• another speech error is an error associated with the verb (the forms of its formation). Example: "A person is rushing around the room."
• speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, a hunter was walking", "Riding in a bus."
• errors related to the incorrect use of forms of pronouns: "I did not want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause" and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors are lexical, that is, violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and word usage norms. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, most often - at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All the walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov."

It should also be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: “The sky was bright” (“to stand” in the meaning of “take place” can only be used in relation to the weather), “The rays of the sun lay on the meadow” (correctly: “illuminated the meadow” ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, one can distinguish the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The overworked hands of this man claim that he had to work hard."

The use of synonyms can also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: "Mayakovsky uses satire in his work" (instead of "uses"), "With legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting" (correctly - "fight"). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprised”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that's right - “sample”). Let's supplement the types of speech errors with ambiguity, which cannot be removed in the sentence: these lakes live for several days a year.

At the phrase level

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should refer to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, as well as text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links. For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Controls: "I feel thirst for glory", "I am amazed by his strength", "gain strength". The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: "Neither the heat nor the summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural form "eternal"). All these are types of speech errors at the level of the phrase.

Offer level errors

At this level, we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.

Syntax errors at the sentence level

This may be unjustified parceling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous rows: the choice of different forms in a series of homogeneous members: "She was smoothly combed, ruddy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the case with that person and why he did this (correctly" and about his act ""). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will be”). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the aspect-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said", "When the girl was sleeping, she sees a dream." And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, violations of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:

• actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys are located on the boat with the keel up."
• logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action ("Masha's eyes and facial contours are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of medium height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, inoffensive"); violation of various genus-species relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches against the regime, as well as calls to rally ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").

• constructive-communicative, that is, a violation of the laws of construction of statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of a participial turnover without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such errors is the break in participial turnover: "There is little difference between the written questions on the board."
• information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is close to the previous one, but differs in that here there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the vagueness of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." Its incompleteness can also be attributed here: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in summer." This may be the omission of part of the statement and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetition of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
• stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various vernacular words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressive vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymy, metaphors.

At the text level

All errors at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:

• logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of links between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
• grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the aspect-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and subject in different sentences.
• information and communication disorders. These include constructive and informational-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of the statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of structures); discrepancy between the constructive specification of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautologies, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. At the same time, it should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts like: “The boy was dressed very simply. syntactic violations, but about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complex than at the level of the utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic". As a rule, text errors are of a syncretic nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in our memory previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. Indeed, in order to write the exam well in the Russian language, you need to learn how to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them as much as possible.

Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up a whole page - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.

Consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors relating to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is ​​used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.

Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.

2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words instead of the missing union.

If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.

He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.

If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.

He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.

Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.

The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.

A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.

(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

• control over the quality of performance;
• control over the execution of the order;
• water level control.

Which option is correct? All. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.

Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope that we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of the native language is an exciting business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.

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Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing the complex relationships of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. All people make mistakes, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of ​​"", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “One public organization acted as the organizer”, “I wish you long creative longevity”.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
• Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
• Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
• The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
• The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

• Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
• Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
• Structural offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will get the opportunity to work out the skill of competent writing using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
• Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

If a person seeks to fully master all the possibilities of the language, to belong to the elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only make spelling, punctuation, pronunciation, etc., but also stylistic mistakes.

Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of language means that are inappropriate in a given style, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements for clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness.

Among the mistakes associated with poor mastery of the resources of the Russian language, the most common are the following:

Among the mistakes associated with an underdeveloped linguistic stylistic sense, the most common are the following:

Various types of stylistic errors can be played up in speech, in particular, in literary texts. So, in the "Tale of the Troika" by A. and B. Strugatsky, the passion of officials for compiling unnecessary memos and instructions is ridiculed. There was a notice posted on the elevator door saying that "no sleeping or bouncing" was allowed there. In this case, not only the absurdity of the content of the instruction is played out, but also the clerical method of splitting the predicate:

sleep - engage in sleep, bounce - engage in bouncing.

Stylistic errors are quite common in both formal and informal speech. Many of them become so typical that we hardly notice them. That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor your speech from this point of view.

Larisa Fominykh

Grammar or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in the creative work of students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of errors is an integral part of the literacy assessment, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During the verification of USE essays (part C), they must also be distinguished. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;

4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;

b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: ​​both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; "stringing" the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.

8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.

The main types of speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, the inexpressiveness of speech, the indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student's speech .

1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and cold weather; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;

8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;

10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. AND were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)

11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.

4. And we made a new swing in our yard!

5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve all support.

7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.

9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kyiv bursa.

2. Find speech errors, determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.

2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”