Russian folk arts and crafts. This is art

Methodical development on fine arts

Subject:

"Types of decorative and applied arts according to materials and methods of their artistic processing (specific examples)"

Prepared by:

Rodionova Galina Leonidovna

Job title:

Primary school teacher

Place of work:

MBOU "Okhvatskaya OOSh"

Settlement Coverage, Tver region

Russian Federation

INTRODUCTION 3

1. Artistic wood processing 5

   Weaving 8

   Ceramics, pottery 10

   Embroidery 12

   Patchwork technique 16

   Folk textile toy 17

   Folk costume 19

   Weaving, tapestry 20

   1. Beading 22

      Lacework 25

      Painting (on glass, faience, wood) 26

CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 30

INTRODUCTION

Folk arts and crafts is the result of the creativity of many generations of craftsmen. It is unified in its artistic structure and extremely diverse in its national characteristics, which are manifested in everything from the choice (use) of material to the interpretation of pictorial forms.

A deep understanding of the material by the folk craftsman allows him to create perfect works of arts and crafts. Wood and clay, stone and bone, leather and fur, straw and wicker - all these materials are organically used in various household items. They are not faked with expensive materials, but are processed and decorated in accordance with their own natural properties. Therefore, a pottery made of plain clay cannot be confused with porcelain dishes, and a tinned copper vessel with an object made of silver.

This ability to use the natural qualities of the material was embodied in artistic and technical techniques that make it possible to most rationally design and decorate products with ornaments or plot images, combining real prototypes with the bold imagination of the creator. This is how the types of artistic craft traditional for many peoples of our country developed: basket weaving, pottery, lace weaving, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic processing of wood, bone, stone, metal and other materials.

This work presents various types and techniques of arts and crafts.

When classifying products of masters of folk crafts and crafts, it is advisable to use such an important feature as material. For products of folk arts and crafts, the material dictates the methods of processing, finishing, and decoration.

According to the material used for the manufacture of art products, they are divided into art products made of wood, papier-mâché, metal, bone and horn, stone, ceramics, glass, leather, yarn and threads, fabrics, fur, plastics.

According to the manufacturing method, art products are: cast, chased, filigree, pressed, forged, electro-plastic, carpentry, turning, carved, wicker, knitted, woven, embroidered, blown. And so, consider the main types of arts and crafts.

1Types and techniques of arts and crafts

1.1 Artistic processing of wood

Woodcarving, which has long been used to decorate dwellings, ships, furniture, utensils, tools and items for entertainment and recreation, is divided into the following main groups: flat-notched or in-depth, flat-relief, relief, slotted or openwork, sculptural or three-dimensional, house (ship) . In turn, each of these groups is divided into several varieties, depending on the pattern and technique.

Flat rimmed carving is akin to ancient petroglyphs or even a primitive drawing on dense coastal sand, characterized by the fact that compositions of varying complexity are cut (removed) by special techniques and methods from the plane of a wooden blank, the untouched areas of which are thus the background for carving. Depending on the shape of the recesses and the nature of the pattern, flat-notched threads can be geometric or contour.

Geometric carving in essence, these are wedge-shaped recesses repeating in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. Differences can also be in the number of faces of each recess. The most common are two- and three-sided recesses. Less often, tetrahedral recesses, square and rectangular, are used. their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

contour thread is a linear ornamental or plot pattern on the plane of a wooden blank (household item), made in the form of thin dihedral (wedge-shaped) cuts, applied to the surface along the contour of the pattern using cutters and various chisels. Unlike geometric carving, contour carving mainly uses pictorial motifs: leaves, flowers, figures of animals, birds, humans, architectural motifs, objects, furnishings and household items. An image made with contour carving looks like an engraved drawing: its cutting lines are rigid, there is almost no play of chiaroscuro. Contour carving is most often used in combination with other types of carving - geometric flat-relief, as well as with painting. Often this technique is used to make decorative panels.

Volumetric thread(high-relief or sculptural) both in the nature of the plastic solution of the form and in the technique of execution is on a par with sculpture. High relief carving is not widely used in Russia. An example of volumetric carving can be the so-called “okhlupen” - a figured carved image of the head and upper body of a horse, deer, large bird, which was cut out of a whole rhizome with an ax and placed on the crest of the roof above the pediment.

relief carving. In flat-relief carving, the pattern deepens into the thickness of the board; it is characterized by the fact that the carved image is in the same plane as the background of the board. An ornament made in the technique of flat-relief carving can also be used in sawing technique. Flat-relief carving has several varieties: carving with ovalized contours (oval or “heaped”), carving with a pillow background, carving with a selected (selected) background, openwork invoice and with a removed background. A common feature for all types of this carving is a low conditional relief located in one plane at the level of the decorated surface.

Staple thread. Its main feature is that trimmings (recesses) are performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each pruning is performed in two stages: first, pruning at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern.

Saw thread- a type of decorative wood processing, in which the patterns outlined on a flat surface are cut with a jigsaw or a twist saw. In sawn carving, decorativeness is achieved by an openwork mesh. Saw carving is a continuation of flat-relief carving. Also saw thread is a kind of slotted thread. The basics of sawn carving are a planar through ornament. The most common motif is the S-curl with twisted ends.

Slotted thread. In slotted carving, a flat ornament is most often used. A feature of the ornament for slotted carving: elements of the thread, devoid of a background, must be in contact with each other and the frame. If the elements of the pattern have different heights, it is called openwork. In slotted carving, the areas of the background that are removed are insignificant in size, but very beautiful in shape and create their own pattern associated with the carving ornament. In the technique of this carving, large cuts of wood are used. The protruding relief of the carved ornament stands out against the wooden background. The difference between a slotted thread and a saw thread is in the method of obtaining drop-out parts. In a slotted thread, the mesh is formed using a cutter, in a saw thread - with a twist saw, i.e. sampling with a cutter is replaced by sawing.

forest sculpture. Forest sculpture refers to processed finds made from obsolete or doomed to perish forest material using its natural plasticity, texture and texture. The idea of ​​the image is suggested by the find itself. The main feature of forest sculpture is its uniqueness.

Nature cannot repeat the same bend in the branches and roots of trees, therefore a person cannot make two identical forest sculptures from natural finds. You can only repeat the theme, the idea, but in no case can you repeat the work. This is her advantage. The author, on the other hand, invades the material very carefully - first, he frees the workpiece from the bark, wipes it and gives it stability. It slightly “helps” nature to reveal the image it has created.

1.2. weaving

Vine weaving- traditional Russian craft. From twigs, branches, vines, cattail and even corn, craftsmen easily make a great many useful and beautiful things: from mushroom baskets to openwork hedges made of brushwood, which every self-respecting Cossack used to enclose the house in the old days.

Among the main methods of weaving can be distinguished direct weaving,

rope, edges, openwork and border decoration.

straight weave. This is one of the most famous types of weaving, which is used in the manufacture of the bottom, walls and top of most products. Quite often it is called "braid". With the help of direct weaving, you can easily and quickly complete any part of the product, especially if you, at least a little, managed to get to know him. This is the basis of any product and the connecting component of its constituent parts, this is what gives and holds the shape of any wicker thing, something that no weaver could do without, this is the beginning of the path to mastery.

simple weaving. Plain weaving is used to make wicker

furniture. The braided rod is passed through one gap according to the scheme “before

riser, behind the riser. Simple weaving can be done with one or several rods at once.

Openwork spider. Openwork is woven with simple weaving from thin twigs.

Thin twigs 15-20 cm long are inserted in the intended place into the previous

weaving and braiding with 3-4 rows of 2-6 racks. Get weaving a square

mi. A "spider" is formed from them.

1.3. Ceramics, pottery

The term "ceramics" includes all kinds of household or artistic products made from clay or mixtures containing clay, fired in a kiln or dried in the sun. Ceramics include pottery, terracotta, majolica, faience, stone mass, porcelain. Crockery - jugs, bowls, plates, flasks, pots, as well as toys are the most typical products of folk ceramic production.

Ceramic tableware- ware made of burnt clay. According to the manufacturing method, the dishes are divided into handmade and made on a potter's wheel.

Potter's wheel- a machine for molding ceramic products. Initially, the master performed the rotation of the circle on the vertical axis with his left hand. Subsequently, the potter's wheel began to be set in motion with the help of legs, which made it possible to free the hands of the master and improve the quality of products. One of the oldest methods of decorating dishes is burnishing. When “burnishing”, the surface of the product is rubbed to a mirror shine with a naked stone, a stone, a steel spoon, a glass vial. At the same time, polishing densifies the surface of the crock, making it less water-permeable and more durable. At the same time, the upper layer of clay is compacted, becomes more durable and passes water less. This easy method in the old days even replaced the more labor-intensive glazing.

There are red and black polished ceramics. The first is the natural color of red pottery clay. The second is smoky, burned in a smoky flame without oxygen. At the very end of the firing, resinous pine firewood, unnecessary rags, damp manure and grass were placed in the potter's furnace - in a word, everything from which thick black smoke arose. After languishing, the vessels received a deep black color. On a velvety black background, the patterns shone bluish

with a steel sheen, for which such dishes were popularly called "blues".

fireclay- refractory clay (kaolin), fired to loss of plasticity and

brought to some degree of sintering. In the practice of artistic ceramics, chamotte is often called finished fired products from this mass -

fireclay vases.

Porcelain- is a special type of ceramic, impervious to water

and gas. It is translucent in a thin layer. With a light blow with a wooden stick

produces a high clear sound. Depending on the shape and thickness of the product, tone

may be different.

Porcelain is usually obtained by high-temperature firing of finely dispersed

mixtures of kaolin, quartz, feldspar and plastic clay (such porcelain is called feldspar).

Faience- These are dense, finely porous products, usually white. By

the composition of faience differs from porcelain in the greater presence of clay and less

the number of different components: kaolin, quartz, etc. It reduces

its transparency (glassiness).

Small plastic or sculpture of small forms - a type of easel sculpture,

characterized by small size. It uses a wide variety of materials: stone, clay, metal, porcelain, glass, semi-precious and precious stones, etc. Small plastic items include such items as a clay toy - one of the brightest manifestations of Russian culture. From generation to generation, the traditions of crafts and the art of toys are passed on, ideas about life, work, and beauty are transmitted among the people. The toy is close to folklore, creates a sense of the peculiarities of Russian national folk art.

1.4. Embroidery

Embroidery- one of the most common types of folk art. The ornamentation of folk embroidery has its roots in ancient times. It preserved traces of the time when people spiritualized the surrounding nature. By embroidering images of the sun, the tree of life, birds, a female figure on clothes and household items, they believed that by doing so they would bring prosperity to the house.

Cross-stitch- one of the oldest and at the same time the simplest types of embroidery, and the counted cross is one of the oldest and simplest embroidery techniques. The counting cross is made on a special type of fabric. In modern cross-stitching, the basis of embroidery is canvas. This is a canvas specially worked out at the factory, marked in a cage in such a way that each cell of the canvas is a place for drawing a cross with threads.

expanse- This is a type of embroidery in which the shape of the pattern is covered with dense stitches. In folk embroidery, there are a lot of varieties of satin stitch, but all of them can be divided into two large groups: double-sided satin stitch, in which the background of the picture in the picture is covered with stitches from the front and back sides, and one-sided, in which the front side of the embroidery is very different from

purl.

There is also nodular surface, in which the entire pattern is sewn up with simple knots with an infusion of tones. Most often, the knotted surface is used as a decorative addition to a wide variety of embroideries. So, doing work with simple seams or satin stitch, individual elements (for example, flower cores, stamens, leaves, stems or tree trunks) are embroidered with different knotted seams.

Chordal embroidery- to draw or otherwise draw an image with a thread, thread graphics is the creation of an image with a thread on a solid base, paper, cardboard, CDs.

Richelieu- one of the most difficult to perform, but at the same time - amazing

beautiful types of embroidery, which is an openwork fabric in which the threads are matched to the tone of the fabric. The technique got its name thanks to a fan of lace scarves - the French cardinal Richelieu. Openwork embroidery is used mainly to decorate table and bed linen, collars, frills and handkerchiefs made of thin fabrics. Embroidery has several varieties in the design of jumpers, in the design of the pattern itself and in the presence of additional cuts. The contour of the pattern in all types of embroidery is done with a "loop" or, as it used to be called, a "scalloped" seam.

gold embroidery called embroidery with metallic threads of gold and silver color. Until the 11th century, drawn gold was used in this type of sewing.

and silver. Embroideries were carried out with a metal thread in an attachment, that is, a metal thread was superimposed on the fabric, while a linen or silk thread sewed on a metal thread. Closely spaced parallel stitches created a smooth, shiny surface. The effect of gold embroidery consisted in the light and shade play of metal threads. If you want to create a convex pattern, put paper or cotton wool. The richness of gold embroidery made it the main method of finishing church items.

Beadwork. Since ancient times, Russian craftswomen have admired their magnificent embroidery skills, first with pearls, then, from the middle of the 17th century, with colored glass beads. Clothes were decorated with bugles, pictures depicting various landscapes, churches, icons, etc. were embroidered. In our time, beadwork has become popular again. Beaded elements are used in the decoration of clothes, which gives it an original and elegant look. Many styles in fashion are not complete without beaded jewelry. The embroidery of pictures with beads, which depict flowers, birds and animals, is very popular.

Silk ribbon embroidery- a type of artistic needlework, a certain

a method of embroidering a pattern on a canvas of various densities using a needle and colored silk ribbons. Silk ribbon embroidery is widely used in the creation of original art paintings. In addition, it is the main attribute in the design of solemn ceremonies and holidays: the bride's wedding dress is embroidered with ribbons and ruffles,

handbags, handkerchiefs, napkins and tablecloths on the tables.

1.5. Patchwork technique

Patchwork (patchwork) - a type of needlework in which, according to the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn from multi-colored and colorful pieces of fabric (patches) with a certain pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, and sometimes texture. Patchwork technique has long been used in Russia, in particular, for the manufacture of quilted patchwork quilts. Modern masters also perform in the technique

patchwork volumetric-spatial compositions.

Crazy Quilt- a mixture of sewing and embroidery techniques, where you can use shreds of various shapes, sizes and colors, ribbons,

lace, buttons, beads, various ways of embroidery with anything: threads, silk ribbons and much more. A complete flight of fantasy. Compatible with incompatible.

Quilting. While there are countless variations of quilting across cultures and cultures, they are all based on the same technique - two or more layers of fabric are quilted with quilted seams, resulting in a decorative piece. At the choice of the needlewoman, quilting can be simple or complex, it can be done manually or with a sewing machine - in any case, it gives room for imagination and experimentation. Patterns in this technique are made with small stitches “forward the needle”. Multi-colored threads allow you to emphasize the central element

decor and create amazing borders.

1.6. Folk textile toy

Since ancient times, a rag doll has been a traditional toy of the Russian people.

Playing with dolls was encouraged by adults, because. playing with them, the child learned to manage the household, acquired the image of a family. The doll was not just a toy, but a symbol of procreation, a guarantee of family happiness. She accompanied a person from birth to death and was an indispensable attribute of any holidays.

Now more than 90 types of dolls are known. Folk rag doll

not just a toy, it carried a certain function: it was believed that

such a doll guards children's sleep and protects the child from evil forces. Often a doll

made faceless. According to ancient beliefs, in a doll without a face (i.e. without a soul)

evil spirits can live. According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three

large groups: dolls - amulets, play and ritual.

Dolls - amulets

Charm - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various

dangers, as well as the subject on which the spell has been spoken and which is

sit on the body as a talisman.

Bereginya is an example of an amulet doll - a symbol of the feminine. Beregin

you can’t prick with a needle (sewing the flaps together), you can’t draw a face. If the amulet is intended for a small child, then the fabric is not cut with scissors, but is torn by hand. The uniqueness of the manufacture of Beregini lies in the fact that

that the flaps of which it consists are interconnected with the help of

knots and threads.

play dolls intended for the enjoyment of children. They were divided into

stitched and folded. Rolled dolls were made without a needle and thread. A thick layer of fabric was wound around a wooden stick, and then tied with a rope. Then a head with handles was tied to this stick and dressed in elegant clothes.

ritual dolls had a ritual purpose and symbolized fertility and prosperity (“Vepskaya” doll - cabbage, rvanka). Ritual multi-armed doll "Ten-armed" was intended to help girls preparing their dowry, and women in various activities, such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc. Doll "Kupavka" is a ritual doll of one day.

"Kupavka" personified the beginning of bathing. The ritual doll "Shrovetide" was made of straw or bast, but wood was always used - thin

birch trunk. Straw, like wood, personified the exuberant power of vegetation.

Clothes on the doll should be with a floral pattern. It was fixed on a wooden cross.

1.7. Folk costume

Folk costume it is an invaluable inalienable heritage of the culture of the people, accumulated over the centuries. Folk costume is not only a bright original

element of culture, but also a synthesis of various types of decorative art. Folk costume is a kind of chronicle of the life of the people. This link firmly connects the artistic past of the people with the present and future. And it is not so important whether it is used in the form of stage costumes of folklore groups or in decorating a collection of folk toys.

1.8. Weaving, tapestry

The art of weaving is the oldest kind of arts and crafts.

patterned weaving. In Russian patterned weaving, such types of weaving as mortgage, broken, elective, sorted, shaft were widespread. . According to the types of weaving and stylistic features of the ornament, it stands out

weaving of the Russian North, which includes the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod regions.

Tapestry- one of the types of arts and crafts, a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. Tapestries are woven from colored silk and/or wool threads in separate parts, which are then sewn together (often separate color spots).

Carpet weaving. According to the technique of execution, carpets are divided into carpet and pile. Carpet weaving is typical for the central Russian regions - Voronezh, Belgorod and especially Kursk regions.

1.9. Batik

Batik is a generalized name for a variety of ways to hand-paint various fabrics. At the heart of all these techniques, with the exception of technology

free graduated painting, is the principle of reservation, that is

coating with a paint-resistant composition of those places of the fabric that should remain unpainted and form a pattern. There are several techniques

batik, each is different in the degree of complexity, the effect of the resulting image, the materials and techniques that are used to paint the fabric.

hot batik- the oldest and most complex of all textile painting techniques. Work here is carried out with fire-molten (and therefore hot in temperature) wax (most often), paraffin, stearin, or a mixture of them. They are quickly applied to the fabric using a special bristle brush or a special tool for applying a contour of melted wax. After the work is ready, the wax is removed from the fabric with a hot iron and a pile of old newspapers.

Cold batik- with the technique of cold batik, the role of wax is performed by special contours and reserves for batik, which can be bought at any art supply store. The fact that there is no need to heat substances, etch the wax and apply it again, greatly facilitates the technology of painting on fabric. Cold reserve can be applied with special glass tubes for batik.

Knotted batik - called an ancient type of fabric design. The meaning of it

simple - knots are tied on the fabric (randomly or in compliance with a certain

drawing) with a thread. You can create drawings using

handmade material - buttons, pebbles, round balls. The main thing that

the object was not afraid of high temperature, because it was tied with

thread tightly, it will boil in water with a dye solution.

Especially beautiful look in the technique of nodular batik T-shirts, dresses,

tablecloths, napkins.

free painting – this batik technique especially shows the talent of the artist; here you cannot create a drawing according to a ready-made template. An individual uniqueness of the work is created. Basically, free painting is practiced using aniline dyes or oil paints with special solvents.

1.10. beading

Beaded needlework has existed for a long time and keeps its secrets, namely: how they are made up of small beads - beads - products that are unique in beauty. At the request of the master, beads, beads and sequins turn into beautiful flowers, elegant jewelry, necklaces or unusual trees of the most bizarre forms.

Weaving "crosses" ( or squares) has been known and popular for quite some time. With it, pendants, necklaces, belts and bracelets, beaded napkins are created. Products look like a thick grid of crosses. This type of weaving requires enough skill and patience.

Weaving technique honeycombs rather complex and rare. It is performed with two needles. The product consists of regular hexagons and looks like a canvas of many flowers.

Multi-thread weaving- has been used since ancient times. Harnesses were woven in this way, connecting long threads with strung beads in a predetermined order. For weaving in this way, you must have a working

a place with a large free plane so that the threads with beads do not get tangled.

Mosaic technique- the most dense weaving method. Beads are arranged in rows, offset like brickwork. This weaving is used to make jewelry and accessories - bracelets, necklaces.

mesh weave- a very common way of braiding vessels, making Easter eggs, as well as beaded collars, covers. Beaded

covers made of mesh with small cells keep their shape perfectly, and lace beaded collars made of coarse mesh fit very nicely on the dress.

You can also make necklaces, belts, and various jewelry using this technique.

Mesh weaving is mainly done in one thread.

Technique parallel weaving performed most often on a wire. Ra-

the bot is held by both ends of the wire (thread) towards each other in each row. This technique is used to make leaves and petals for beaded flowers, as well as various elements of three-dimensional beaded figurines.

Volumetric weaving- appeared relatively recently and is actively developing. WITH

using this technique, various harnesses are made - round and square,

dense and openwork, with the inclusion of cuttings and glass beads, voluminous necklaces, balls,

flowers, snowflakes, various figurines of animals, butterflies, etc.

1.11 Lacework

Lace is produced in various ways: weaving, knitting,

embroidery, weaving, etc.

Hand lace- This is a patterned mesh fabric, which is a work of arts and crafts. At present, the best traditions of folk lace-making are being developed by lacemakers in the Vologda, Lipetsk, Kirov, Ryazan, Leningrad and Arkhangelsk regions. For the manufacture of lace and lace products, white or glossy cotton, bleached and harsh linen, in a small volume, silk, woolen, kapron threads, yarn of different numbers are used. For elegant garments, metal threads are used.

on bobbins lace is woven according to special patterns - the craftswoman sorts through the bobbins with bobbins in a certain order, performing intricate lace patterns. Hand lace and lace products are classified according to purpose, material, nature of patterns and folk crafts.

Tatting- This is a technique of weaving lace by hand using special shuttles. Tatting lace is used for finishing garments, tablecloths, napkins, bedspreads, etc. Tatting products justify the name of this lace technique as they are really light and almost weightless.

1.12. Painting (on glass, faience, wood)

glass painting attractive already because it does not need to be a great artist. And the scope of this technique allows not only to create original paintings and frames in stained glass style, but also to give new life to all those old glass glasses, glasses, decanters, bottles and bottles that are in every home.

wood painting- This is one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art. Since ancient times, the decoration of various wooden products with colored paintings has been highly valued, and in every house there were certainly several painted boards or plates. Today, interest in painting on wood is reviving. Almost everything can be decorated with wood painting. It can be dishes, various home accessories, caskets, vases, combs, bracelets, beads, earrings, toys. You can also paint wooden furniture, wooden sculptures.

The most famous types of painting are Khokhloma, Gorodets, Polkhovmaidan.

Lacquer painting. In each craft, lacquer painting has its own characteristics of execution, its own tradition of decorating things with ornaments.

Fedoskino lacquer painting was guided by samples of Russian classical painting. From her, she adopted the technique of multi-layered writing with oil paints. The Fedoskino miniature is always executed surrounded by a black background of the box.

Palekh lacquer painting, following the ancient technique of icon painting, is done with tempera paints (color pigments diluted with glue and egg yolk). The nature of the painting shows the continuation of icon painting traditions. Runs on a black background.

Painting of ceramics, faience

Semikarakorsk ceramics. A distinctive feature of Semikarakorsk ceramics is that the production uses a unique manual labor method, originality of forms, inventiveness and poetry in decor. The peculiarity of writing is expressed in individual handwriting, the motif of which is the painting of a bouquet and floral ornament on a snow-white faience background. Landscape painting gives a special sophistication and sophistication to the products. At the same time, plot compositions of stylized flora and fauna of the Don, coming from Cossack folklore, are included in the ornament.

Gzhel ceramics. The name of the craft is associated with the region of the Moscow region, where pottery, tiles, and tiles have been made for more than 8 centuries. The traditional decor is blue underglaze painting on a white background with gold shading.

Dymkovo toy. Dymkovo toy has characteristic features in painting. Sculpted from red clay, after firing it is painted with chalk diluted with milk. Tempera paints are painted on a white background.

Kargopol toy. In the theme of the figures of bears, horses, deer, dogs. The figures of people are squat, rustic strong.

Filimonov toy- it compensates for the elongated proportion of traditional figures by painting with horizontal stripes of red, yellow, green.

Decorative painting on metal depending on the place of production has its own distinctive features.

Ural painted trays began to be produced at the beginning of the 18th century, during the period of development of metallurgical production, also associated with the production of sheet iron.

Zhostovo trays. At the beginning of the XIX century. trays were made in villages and villages - Zhostov, Troitsky, Novosiltsevo (Moscow region), etc. Zhostovo craft was influenced by the Ural painting, Fedoskino lacquer painting, as well as painting on porcelain.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have reviewed a far from complete list.

types and techniques of arts and crafts. Modern life dictates its own rules. With the development of new technologies, changes are being made to the process of making decorative and applied art products, making them more interesting and modern. However, each technology is based on traditional manufacturing techniques and materials.

The creations of modern craftsmen surprise with a variety of forms, vivid imagery, originality of execution, expressiveness of color, plastic, compositional solutions, unity of usefulness and beauty.

As a rule, most of their works are made of simple, common materials: wood, clay, wool, linen, etc. But thanks to the unique, original craftsmanship of modern performers, these works are valued much higher in terms of their artistic merit than many products made from expensive materials. It is in these, at first glance, uncomplicated works made from the most common materials that the origins of the spiritual life of the people are most fully traced. They are full of special meaning and rich content - kindness, wisdom and dignity.

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decorative arts, a kind of plastic arts, whose works, along with architecture, artistically form the material environment surrounding a person and introduce an aesthetic ideological and figurative principle into it.

Includes various arts that serve to decorate works of architecture and garden and park art (monumental and decorative art), create art objects for public and private life (decorative art), artistically design festivities, spectacles, expositions, etc. (decorative art) art).

Arts and Crafts

(from lat. decoro - I decorate) - a section of fine art, covering creation of art products having a utilitarian and artistic purpose. The collective term conditionally unites two broad kinds of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic enjoyment and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations arts and crafts may be of practical use in everyday life.

Works of arts and crafts form part of the subject environment that surrounds a person, and aesthetically enrich it.

Works of arts and crafts meet several requirements: have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. Since the second half of the 19th century, scientific literature has established a classification of branches of decorative and applied arts according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), material processing techniques (carving, painting, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to the functional signs of using the object (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Originating in ancient times, arts and crafts has become one of the most important areas of folk art. Its history is connected with art crafts, the art industry, with the activities of professional artists and craftsmen, and since the beginning of the 20th century with artistic construction and design.

History of the development of decorative arts

Arts and Crafts existed already at an early stage in the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​​​artistic creativity. The oldest works arts and crafts characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to rational construction. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted up to the present day.

Man has long sought to decorate his home and everything he had to deal with in everyday life. When making any thing, the folk craftsman thought not only about its practical purpose, but also about beauty. From the simplest materials - wood, metal, stone, clay - he created true works of art that conveyed the master's poetic idea of ​​the world around him.

Native nature has always been reflected in folk art. Herbs and flowers familiar to everyone since childhood, images of birds and animals, sky and sun, earth and water, transformed by the artist's imagination, turned into a bright, expressive ornament in the product.

Over time, interest in the richness of the material and becomes increasingly important. Products serving the purposes of representativeness (objects for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility) are distinguished, in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, they often sacrifice the everyday expediency of constructing a form.

Modern products of arts and crafts are created taking into account both folk traditions and today's fashion trends. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, covered in a haze of ancient traditions, are steel and bronze products, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional ornaments - in eastern countries; ceramics, objects from sea shells - in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.

Stylization in arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art has its own language and its own laws. Expressing the idea of ​​beauty with its specific means, it never seeks to blindly copy the world around it, but conveys only the most characteristic and expressive. The artist creatively reworks the forms found in nature, taking into account the specific material, its decorative merits and features of technological processing.

The language of arts and crafts is distinguished by stylization or, on the contrary, by the extraordinary precision of forms; revealing and playing up the texture and plastic properties of the material; the use of ornaments, including both the motifs of traditional images and avant-garde forms. The compositional construction of decor in objects of arts and crafts is always based on the harmony of parts and the whole.

Known since ancient times. As a method of artistic creativity, it reached a high level in Assyrian-Babylonian, Persian, Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Greek ornaments, in which, along with geometric lines and patterns, objects of flora and fauna stylized with high artistry and taste, both real and fictional, and even figures of people. Nowadays, ornamental compositions with stylization elements are widely used in wall paintings, mosaics, stucco, carved, chased and forged jewelry and products, in embroidery, in the coloring of fabrics.

Creative stylization in the visual arts necessarily has an individual character, implies the author's vision and artistic processing of phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality and, as a result, displaying them with elements of novelty.

Along with creative stylization, there is imitative stylization, which implies the presence of a ready-made role model and consists in imitating the style of a particular era, known artistic trends, styles and techniques of creativity of a particular people, styles of famous masters. However, despite the already existing sample, imitative stylization should not have the character of direct copying. Imitating this or that style, the creator of a stylized work should strive to bring his own individuality into it, for example, by choosing a plot, a new vision of color, or a general compositional solution. It is the degree of this artistic novelty that, as a rule, will largely determine the value of a stylized work.

When creating products of decorative and applied art, the most fruitful method is creative stylization. A better name for this important artistic method could be not stylization, but interpretation, which more accurately conveys the essence and peculiarity of this creative process: the artist looks at an object from the surrounding life, interprets it and emotionally conveys it as he feels it, feels it. In other words, he re-creates this natural object, as it were, but in the form of an artistic symbol. With this interpretation, it is best to follow the creative principle of the triad: "Know, evaluate and improve."

Decorative composition is a composition that has a high degree of expressiveness and modified, stylized or abstract elements that, giving it a decorative look, enhance its sensory perception. Thus, the main goal of a decorative composition is to achieve its maximum expressiveness and emotionality with a partial or complete (in non-objective compositions) rejection of authenticity, which becomes unnecessary or even disturbing.

The main common features that arise in the process of stylization of objects and elements of a decorative composition are the simplicity of forms, their generalization and symbolism, eccentricity, geometricity, colorfulness, and sensuality.

Decorative stylization is characterized by generalization and symbolism of the depicted objects and forms. This artistic method implies a conscious rejection of the complete authenticity of the image and its detailed detailing. The stylization method requires separating from the image everything superfluous, secondary, interfering with a clear visual perception in order to expose the essence of the depicted objects, display the most important thing in them, draw the viewer's attention to the previously hidden beauty and evoke corresponding vivid emotions in him.

With the development of interior design, it became necessary to create works of arts and crafts that, without styling, would not meet modern aesthetic requirements.

Decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts

It is necessary to distinguish between decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts. So, if objects of applied art (furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry) turn out to be artistic and expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form (beauty of silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of material, etc.), then decorative works ( paintings of walls and household items, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc.) are characterized by pictorial, narrative compositions or ornamental decorations.

In order for the products not to be deprived of aesthetic value, an artist is invited, whose functions do not include the production of the product as a whole, but only its decoration: the artist began to “apply” his art to the finished product. Thus, with the expansion of industrial production, an art industry arises, where the method of applied art finds its place - the decoration of products with painting, carving, inlay, etc. But the beauty of an object is not only in the decoration, although this also requires great art. The object should be expressive as a whole - in its design, proportions and details.

In applied art, the form of the product, its architectonic design carries both the utilitarian essence of the object and its aesthetic expressiveness. At the same time, the forms of applied art products are historically changeable: in different eras they are characterized by different motives - luxury, mannerisms, or, on the contrary, simplicity, naturalness. Modern reality expresses a tendency towards simplicity, conciseness, rejection of excessive detail, small size and economy. Artistically designed things not only decorate everyday life, but also play a huge role in the formation of artistic taste.

Many excellent examples of decorative and applied art can be seen in art, historical, ethnographic and local history museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition of folk art is always a discovery of the world of beauty and perfection. Products made by old masters and modern artists invariably arouse the admiration of visitors, and someone has a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.

In order for an object to become a work of art, it must not only be processed "according to the laws of beauty", but also carry a certain ideological and emotional content. For this purpose, the material is used properly, the most appropriate form of the object is taken into account (its proportions, rhythmic repetitions, tectonic structure), the ratio of scales between the individual parts of the object and the person is of particular importance, a special method of processing the surface of the object is used - decor. Therefore, creating beautiful things is an essential manifestation of objective activity that carries deep aesthetic expressiveness. The impression made by applied art can often be as strong as the impact of a painting or sculpture.

Unlike faceless mass-produced items, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully made household utensils, furniture, interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were utilitarian items, then today they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a skilled craftsman will always be in price.

The surge of artistic forces in applied art

Craft work methods

In Western Europe, the position of the artist began to change in the 16th century. The decline of the urban economy, which engulfed almost all of Western Europe, led to a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. Indeed, what could be the real strength of the workshop, if there were such independent people as Michelangelo or Titian? In some cities, the workshops are subordinate to the state power, in others they are completely liquidated, and the artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices. Some of them turn into a declassed element, a kind of predecessor of bohemia. Part tries to find a haven at the courts and becomes the servants of the nobles. The desire to achieve court ranks and a title of nobility is widespread.

As a result of the plight of the fine arts, which was created in connection with the spread of the Reformation, there was an influx of artistic forces into applied art: jewelry, silver and carpentry, the manufacture of earthenware and pewter, etc., flourished. and armor). A characteristic feature of the 16th century in the Northern European countries was the subordination of fine arts masters to applied artists: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental patterns, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and utensils. Handicraft methods of work are spreading: replicating sculptural samples, using the etching technique in engraving in order to speed up the processing of a copper plate, etc.

Decorative and applied art is an extensive section of art, covering various areas of artistic activity and focused on the creation of utilitarian items. The aesthetic level of such works, as a rule, is quite high. The collective term combines two types of art - applied and decorative. The first has signs of practical application, the second is designed to decorate the human environment.

Creativity and utility

Applied art - what is it? First of all, these are objects whose characteristics are close to the artistic style, and their purpose is quite diverse. Vases, jugs, dishes or sets made of fine porcelain, as well as many other items decorate living rooms, kitchen sets, bedrooms and children's rooms. Some items may be works of genuine art and yet belong to the category of applied art.

Wide scope of activities

Applied art - what is it from the point of view of the master? A labor-intensive creative process or a simple craft made from improvised materials? a work of art that deserves the highest praise. The utilitarian purpose of the product does not detract from its merits. Decorative and applied art is a wide field of activity for artists and sculptors, designers and stylists. Exclusive works of art created in a single copy are especially appreciated. At the same time, mass-produced products are classified as souvenirs.

Decorations in the house

Decorative and applied art - what is it, if we consider it as part of the aesthetic filling of the domestic environment? It is safe to say that all products and objects located around reflect the tastes of people who are in close proximity to them, as a person tries to surround himself with beautiful things. Decorative and applied art makes it possible to decorate housing, office space, recreation area. Particular attention is paid to the design of rooms for children.

And, finally, applied art - what is it in the understanding of the public? These are exhibitions, vernissages, fairs and many other public events that introduce people to culture. Fine arts and crafts increases the level of human development, contributes to the formation of his aesthetic taste. In addition, visiting the expositions broadens the general horizons. Each exhibition of applied art is an acquaintance of the general public with new achievements in the field of artistic creativity. Such events are of particular importance in the education of the younger generation.

A bit of history

Folk arts and crafts originates in Russian villages. Simple crafts by homegrown craftsmen are often classified as products in the category of "folk arts and crafts". A good example of the folklore style is the so-called - painted cockerels, figurines, red clay ornaments.

The fishery is rooted in the past, it is more than four hundred years old. Ancient applied art appeared thanks to the national holiday "Whistle", when the entire female population sculpted clay whistles for this day in the form of chickens, lambs, horses. The party went on for two days.

Over time, the holiday lost its significance, and folk arts and crafts continued to develop. Currently, Dymkovo art products are being replicated in the Vyatka Toy production association. Products are traditionally covered with whitewash and painted with bright, rich colors.

fine arts

Products of folk art in their original form, as a rule, become the basis for fairy-tale characters invented by the inhabitants of Russian villages, are displayed in the famous Palekh caskets, Zhostovo trays, and Khokhloma wooden products. The applied art of Russia is diverse, each direction is interesting in its own way, the products of Russian masters are in high demand among foreign collectors.

"Demand gives rise to supply" - this wording perfectly reflects the state of affairs in the field of folk art crafts in Russia. For example, art products in the Gzhel style have been popular all over the world for several centuries. The famous white and blue vases, plates, and tea bowls are desirable in every home, and especially valuable specimens are the pride of collectors. It is still unclear what applied art is - work, craft or artistic creativity. In fact, each product requires some effort to create it, and at the same time it is necessary to give the image an artistic value.

Applied art in the children's room

In certain cases, the subject of artistic creativity can be addressed to the younger generation. Of particular value are products made by children's hands. The spontaneity inherent in boys and girls of preschool age, naive fantasy mixed with the desire to express their innermost feelings give rise to real masterpieces. Children's arts and crafts, represented by drawings, plasticine figurines, cardboard little men, are the most real artistic creativity. Today, competitions are held throughout Russia, in which small "artists" and "sculptors" participate.

Modern Russian applied art

Photographs, daggerotypes, etchings, engravings, prints, as well as many other examples, are also artistic creations. Products can be very different. At the same time, they are all united by belonging to social and cultural life under the common name - decorative and applied art. Works in this area are distinguished by a special folklore style. It is not for nothing that all art crafts originated in the Russian hinterland, in villages and villages. There is a homegrown unpretentiousness and a complete absence of that pretentiousness that is sometimes found in works of fine art in the products. At the same time, the artistic level of folk art is quite high.

In Russia, arts and crafts is part of the economic power of the country. Below is a list of the main areas of folk art crafts that have received worldwide recognition and are exported in industrial volumes.

1. Lacquer miniatures on a wooden base (Palekh, Mstyora, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo art painting on metal, Limoges enamel, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen art painting on wood.
4. Gzhel, Filimonovo toy, Dymkovo toy - artistic painting on ceramics.

Palekh

Palekh folk art craft appeared in Russian open spaces at the beginning of the 20th century. The art of lacquer drawing originated in a small village in the Ivanovo province called Palekh. The craft was a continuation of the icon-painting art, which is rooted in pre-Petrine times. Later, the masters of Palekh participated in the painting of the Moscow Kremlin, the Novodevichy Convent, the cathedrals of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

The revolution of 1917 abolished icon painting, the artists were left without work. In 1918, the craftsmen created a Palekh art artel, in which wooden handicrafts were painted. Then the craftsmen learned how to create papier-mâché boxes and paint them in miniature style using traditional icon-painting techniques.

In 1923, lacquer miniatures were presented at the All-Russian Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, where they received a diploma of the 2nd degree. And two years later, the Palekh caskets were exhibited in Paris, at the World Exhibition.

The success of unusual art products became an incentive for the creation of the organizations "Union of Palekh Artists" and "Palekh Art Workshops" under the Art Fund of the USSR.

Fedoskino

This word is associated with Russian lacquer painting with the use of craft appeared in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow in the second half of the 18th century. The drawing was applied to papier-mâché products and then varnished in several layers.

The beginning of the art of the Fedoskino miniature was laid by the Russian merchant P. I. Korobov, who visited the German city of Braunschweig and adopted technologies for creating snuff boxes, beads, caskets and other items decorated with picturesque pictures there.

The Fedoskino lacquer miniature is painted with oil paints in four stages: first, a sketch of the drawing is made (“painting”), then a detailed study (“repainting”), glazing - coating with transparent paints, the last process - glare, which conveys highlights and shadows in the image.

The Fedoskino drawing technique involves the use of a tint layer of reflective components: metal powder or gold leaf. In some cases, the master can make a mother-of-pearl lining. Transparent glazing paints together with the lining create a unique deep glow effect. The ink layer is underlined by a black background.

Mstera

This was the name of the Russian folk craft, which appeared in the middle of the 18th century in the Vladimir province. It all started with "petty letters" - miniature icons with the smallest details. After the revolution of 1917, when there was no need for icon painting, mstyora switched to caskets and boxes made of papier-mâché. The drawing was applied mixed on egg yolks. By the middle of the 20th century, the technologies of the lacquer miniature of the mstyora were finally formed.

The basic principles of drawing a picture are to transfer the general contours from tracing paper to the surface of the product, then "opening" follows, drawing the picture itself. The next step is detailed painting. And finally "melt" - the final coloring with glare, which includes created gold (the smallest gold powder). The finished product is covered with transparent varnish in six layers with intermediate drying, then polished.

The characteristic features of Mstyora painting are carpet decorativeness, a sophisticated play of shades and three color schemes used in coloring: yellow ocher, red and silver-blue. The theme of the drawing is classical: fairy tales, historical monuments, architecture.

Zhostovo

The folk craft of Zhostovo is metal trays painted in a special style. Zhostovo art was born at the beginning of the 19th century, in the villages of the Trinity volost, in the Moscow region. Residents of three villages (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo and Khlebnikovo) started making papier-mâché painted items. And in the workshop of the Vishnyakov brothers, they began to make trays from tin with a colorful pattern.

The Vishnyakovs' price list included two dozen different items made of metal and papier-mâché, all of them painted, colorfully designed and in high demand at fairs, while the painted tray was always in the foreground.

Zhostovo painting is a floral theme in several versions: a garden bouquet, random flowers, a garland, a wicker wreath. Field plants constituted a separate composition.

Bouquets on a tray look natural due to the careful study of small details. In this case, the color palette is used as saturated as possible. The background, as a rule, is black, the edges of the tray are decorated with openwork ornaments, vegetative or stylized as a wood structure. The Zhostovo tray is always hand-painted and is an exclusive work of art.

Khokhloma

This name was given to Russian folk craft, dating back to the beginning of the 17th century. Khokhloma painting is the most complex and expensive of all currently existing techniques. Artistic applied art is a long creative process associated with wood processing, multi-layer priming and painting with oil paints.

The process of making Khokhloma products begins with blanks. First, the craftsmen, that is, chop wooden blocks with an ax. Then the workpieces are processed on machines to the desired size and shape. The processed blanks are called "linen". After grinding, they are coated with special liquid clay and dried. Then the already primed workpieces are covered with several layers of linseed oil with intermediate drying. This is followed by tinning, or rubbing aluminum powder into the surface, after which the product becomes a white-mirror color. At this stage, it is already ready for painting.

The main colors of Khokhloma are black and red (soot and cinnabar), auxiliary colors are gold, brown, light green and yellow. In this case, very thin brushes are used (made exclusively from squirrel tails), since strokes are applied with a barely noticeable touch.

The thematic content of the picture is rowan berries, viburnum, strawberries, small foliage, thin, slightly curved green stems. Everything is drawn with bright, intense colors, the contours are clearly marked. The image is built on the principle of contrast.

Gzhel

This is the most popular folk craft, a traditional Russian center for the production of artistic ceramics. It occupies a vast region, consisting of 27 villages, under the general name Gzhel Bush, 60 kilometers from Moscow.

From time immemorial, Gzhel places have been famous for deposits of high-grade clay suitable for apothecary vessels. In 1770, the Gzhel volost lands were assigned to the Pharmaceutical Order. At the same time, in the Gzhel villages, they launched the production of bricks, pottery pipes, stove tiles and children's toys for Moscow.

Dishes made of Gzhel clay were especially good, light and durable. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were 25 factories for the production of tableware in the parish. The proximity of Moscow stimulated the development of the production of clay products; a myriad of bowls, plates, dishes and other kitchen utensils were sold at the capital's fairs.

Gzhel toys at that time were made from waste utensils. No matter how much clay was left, all of it was used to model cockerels, hens, lambs and goats. Initially, handicraft workshops worked chaotically, but soon a certain line in production was outlined. Raw materials began to be harvested specifically for souvenirs, craftsmen also specialized in the profile of the most sought-after products.

White shiny horses and figurines were painted in different colors until cobalt, a universal paint, appeared. The intense bright blue color is the best match with the snow-white enamel of the workpiece. In the 50s of the last century, artists completely abandoned all other colors and began to use glazed blue cobalt coloring. At the same time, the motives of the drawing could be very different, on any topic.

Other crafts

The range of Russian folk art crafts of arts and crafts is unusually wide. Here is artistic Kasli casting and embossing with interspersed elements. Intarsia and marquetry technologies allow you to create magnificent paintings and panels. Russian applied art is a vast cultural layer of the country, the property of society.

Olga Makeenko
"Decorative and applied art as a means of familiarizing children with folk culture"

Introduction

folk culture is one of the important elements of any nation, since it carries the experience of past generations, which has evolved over the centuries. folk culture reflects the life and skills of our ancestors, which are reflected in one way or another arts.

Studying folk culture should be part of the curriculum children. After all, it is from childhood that habits and skills are formed in people. In order to correctly form the concept of the world, about art it is necessary from the earliest years to form ideas about the world around in the minds of kids, as well as talk about the history of both the country as a whole and the region in which it lives. Children are our continuation, the future of both the family and the city, the country and the world as a whole depends on how we raise them.

"Guides" in this case, parents and teachers will act. Future teachers of pedagogical schools, heads of kindergartens and methodologists for preschool education need to know the basic methods and techniques for managing various types of activities children preschool age. Among of these types of activity occupies a large place pictorial.

Folk culture is traditional culture, which includes cultural layers of different eras, from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people cultural connections and mechanisms of vital activity. Such non-literate culture, which is why tradition is of great importance in it as a way of transmitting information vital to society.

There are several ways in which learning is possible children's folk culture. These include literature, cinema, and fairy tales. You can include paintings, and games, and much, much more.

In this work, we will consider arts and crafts as a means of familiarizing children with folk culture. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary, first of all, to consider the basic concepts of this topic. This concept, its main directions and types; concept folk culture; And means of introducing children to folk culture.

Represents a section decorative arts, which covers several branches of creativity dedicated to the creation of artistic products and intended mainly for everyday life. Works arts and crafts can be: various utensils, furniture, weapons, fabrics, tools, as well as other products that are not works by their original purpose art, But acquire artistic quality due to the application of the work of the artist to them; clothing and all kinds of jewelry.

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, the classification of industries has been established in the scientific literature arts and crafts:

1. Depending on the material used (ceramics, metal, textiles, wood);

2. Depending on the execution technique (carving, printing, casting, embossing, embroidery, painting, intarsia).

The proposed classification is associated with the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Belongs simultaneously to the spheres of creation and material and spiritual values. Artworks arts and crafts inseparable from material culture contemporary epoch, are closely connected with the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences.

Artworks arts and crafts constitute an organic part of the subject environments, with which a person comes into daily contact, and with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character, they constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him. Artworks arts and crafts aesthetically saturate and transform Wednesday surrounding a person, and at the same time, as if absorbed by it, as they are usually perceived in conjunction with its architectural and spatial solution, with other objects included in it or their complexes (furniture set or service, costume or jewelry set). In this regard, the ideological significance of the works arts and crafts can be understood most fully only with a real idea of ​​​​these relationships of the subject with environment and man.

Decorative and applied art arose at the earliest stages of the development of human society, and for many centuries has been the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities the main area of ​​artistic creativity.

According to another source, arts and crafts- this is the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc., as well as artistic processing of old objects (furniture, clothes, weapons, etc.). Also, as in the previous notation, the masters arts and crafts a wide variety of materials are used - metal (silver, gold, platinum, bronze, as well as various alloys, wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics) and etc.

The manufacture of products from clay is called ceramics, from precious stones and metals - jewelry. art. In the process of creating art works from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or prints (a painted wooden or copper board is applied to the fabric and hit with a special hammer, getting an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. The painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Artistic products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with patterns and carvings, made primitive ornaments from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied the ideas of ancient people about beauty, about the structure of the world and about the place of man in it.

Traditions of the ancient art continue to appear in folklore and in products handicrafts.

Thus, based on the foregoing, we note the main points. So the term arts and crafts conditionally combines two extensive genera arts: decorative and applied. Unlike the works of fine art intended for aesthetic enjoyment and relating to pure art, numerous manifestations decorative- Applied arts mainly have practical use in everyday life. This is the hallmark of this species. art.

Artworks arts and crafts have certain characteristics: aesthetic quality, designed for an artistic effect and serve to decorate everyday life and interiors.

Kinds decorative arts: sewing, knitting, burning, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, art leather processing, patchwork (sewing from patchwork, art carving, drawing, etc. In turn, it should be noted that some types arts and crafts subject to their own classification. For example, burning is the drawing of a pattern on the surface of some organic material with a hot needle, and It happens: wood burning, fabric burning (guilloche, making appliqués by burning with a special apparatus, hot stamping.

2. folk culture

Previously, the definition of the concept has already been provided. folk culture. I repeat folk culture is traditional culture, which includes cultural layers of different eras - from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people- a collective personality, which means the unification of all individuals of the collective by a community cultural connections and mechanisms of vital activity. This non-literate culture, and therefore tradition is of great importance in it, as a way of transmitting information vital to society. This definition is quite capacious, but not the only one. Let's turn to other sources.

Under culture understand human activity in its most diverse manifestations, including all forms and methods of human self-expression and self-knowledge, the accumulation of skills and abilities by a person and society as a whole. culture is a set of sustainable forms of human activity, without which it cannot be reproduced, and therefore - to exist. Culture is a set of codes which prescribe a certain behavior to a person with his inherent experiences and thoughts, thereby exerting a managerial impact on him. source of origin culture thought of human activity.

Concept " people"in Russian and European languages ​​\u200b\u200bis a population, a set of individuals. Also, people is understood as a community of people who have realized themselves as an ethnic or territorial community, social class, group, sometimes representing the whole society, for example, at some decisive historical moment (national liberation wars, revolutions, restoration of the country, and so on, having similar (general) beliefs, beliefs, or ideals.

This community acts as the subject and bearer of a special holistic culture, different in its vision of the world, ways of embodiment in various forms of folklore and directions close to folklore cultural practice which often goes back to antiquity. In the distant past, the entire community (clan, tribe, later ethnos) was its bearer. (people) .

In past, folk culture determined and consolidated all aspects of life, customs, rituals, regulated the relationship of community members, family type, upbringing children, the nature of the dwelling, ways of mastering the surrounding space, type of clothing, attitude to nature, the world, legends, beliefs, language, artistic creativity. In other words, it was determined when to sow grain and harvest, drive out livestock, how to build relationships in the family, in the community, and so on. At present, in a period of complication of social relations, many large and small social groups of a formal and informal type have appeared, there has been a stratification of social and social cultural practice, folk culture has become one of the elements of modern multilayer culture.

IN folk culture creativity anonymous, since personal authorship is not realized, and the target setting to follow the model, which is adopted from previous generations, invariably dominates. The whole community, as it were, “owns” this model, and the individual (narrator, master artisan, even very skillful, perceiving patterns, standards inherited from ancestors, is identified with the community, is aware of his belonging to locus culture, ethnos, sub-ethnos.

Manifestations folk culture is the identification of oneself with one's own people, its traditions in stereotypes of social behavior and actions, everyday ideas, choice cultural standards and social norms, orientations towards certain forms of leisure, amateur artistic and creative practice.

An important quality folk culture in all periods is traditional. Traditionality determines the value-normative and semantic content folk culture, social mechanisms of its transmission, inheritance in direct face to face, master to apprentice, generation to generation.

Thus, folk culture is culture, created over the course of millennia, by natural selection, by anonymous creators - working people, representatives people who do not have special and professional education. Folk culture is: religious (Christian, moral, household, labor, health, gaming, entertainment cultural subsystems. This culture recorded in folklore folk crafts, exists in the customs and way of life, in the decoration of the home, in dance, song, clothing, in the nature of nutrition and education children(folk pedagogy) .folk culture is the basis of the national culture, pedagogy, character, self-consciousness. Introducing children to the origins of folk culture means the preservation of traditions people, the continuity of generations, the growth of his spirit.

3. Means of introducing children to folk culture.

Due to the peculiarities of age, for communion child to any of the skills requires a special approach. Basically, a game is used for this, since it is most interesting for kids. During the game, children become interested in the subject, which allows them to reveal the most significant elements without imposing them on the child, but easily and without compulsion. Games are chosen taking into account the carrying of useful information about them. culture of the people, on the territory of which he lives, or the one about which you need to tell. During the game, tell the features nationalities, they can also be included in the rules. For example, you can organize a game competition: who will notice more details, who will list more familiar colors, shades or objects presented in the picture, and so on. Such a game stimulates their cognitive activity, develops observation in children, teaches them to formulate and express their thoughts.

In addition to the game, it is possible to use drawing, painting. Landscape painting is one of the most lyrical and emotional genres of fine art. art, this is the highest stage of artistic development of nature, inspiringly and figuratively recreating its beauty. This genre contributes to the emotional and aesthetic development children, brings up a kind and careful attitude to nature, its beauty, awakens a sincere, feeling of love for one's land, one's history. Landscape painting develops the imagination and associative thinking of the child, sensual, emotional sphere, depth, awareness and versatility of perception of nature and its image in works art, the ability to empathize with the artistic image of the landscape, the ability to correlate his mood with his own.

Identification of abilities children and their proper development is one of the most important pedagogical tasks. And it should be decided taking into account age. children, psychophysical development, conditions of education and other factors. Development of abilities in children to fine arts only then will it bear fruit when the teaching of drawing is carried out by the teacher systematically and systematically. Otherwise, this development will go in random ways, and the visual abilities of the child may remain in their infancy.

Children love to try new things. It is important not to spoil the child's attitude to creativity, as this may affect his future life. It is necessary to allow him to reveal his capabilities and not to scold if something does not work out. After all, people from childhood have preferences: who likes to draw, someone finds himself in music, others will become humanitarians. With this in mind, you need to use different methods in teaching children so that they themselves determine for themselves what they like, otherwise in the future, in choosing a profession, factors imposed from outside will be decisive, and not what is really interesting and what you should devote your life to. Get the full amount funds and ways of depiction that make up pictorial literacy, the child cannot. The teacher's knowledge of the features of expressive means of each art helps to establish which of them can be realized and mastered by the child and which are inaccessible to him.

Thus, the main goal of the development of preschool education is the formation of the personality of the child, the development of his creative abilities. In classes with kids, the main task of the teacher is to draw their attention to the picture, sculpture or another work and keep it. Kids are more likely to be interested in paintings if the teacher manages to awaken their imagination, include the kids in the game. For example, you can ask them to imagine themselves in the place of the characters in the picture, discuss what each of them would do in the place of the depicted character, what emotions they experienced, what words they would describe their condition. In general, get the child to talk about himself in the depicted situation.

Conclusion

Introducing children to arts and crafts This is an acquaintance with traditional household items. Children learn how and for what this or that thing was used, try to use it themselves. In addition, children are encouraged to consider decorative patterns, explains the symbolic meaning of individual elements of the ornament. It is important to draw the child's attention to the repeatability of patterns and individual elements on different objects, and to tell what traditional ways of decorating things are inherent in different regions of Russia.

In classes that focus on traditional handicrafts, children learn the basic principles of constructing an ornament, learn how to correctly perform repeating elements. Samples for children's modeling and painting can be traditional dishes, toys and other household items.

In order to introducing children to art cognitive and creative activities are used, which involves visiting various exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, folk art and so on. Guided tours are available, but they are intended children over five years of age. Exhibition exhibits, the viewing of which is accompanied by explanations of the guide, reinforce the knowledge and skills gained in the classroom on aesthetic education.

Decorative and applied arts is in close relationship with folk culture. This type art embodies folk culture. By using arts and crafts, you can study folk culture.

Decorative and applied arts contains a wealth of information that is useful for children in the process of studying the history of one's own or another country, nation or community. How a means of familiarization with folk culture decorative and applied arts is one of the most effective and interesting.

Decorative and Applied Arts (DPI) - the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating dwellings, architectural structures, parks, etc.

The whole life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped various deities, objects - grass, the sun, a bird, a tree. In order to “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, the most ancient man, when building a house, necessarily supplemented it with “amulets” - a relief, platbands on windows, animals and geometric signs that have a symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a strip of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar, and all dishes had a ritual ornament.

But since ancient times, the desire for beauty in the objective world around him was also characteristic of man, so the images began to take on an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate a thing more than carry some kind of magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first squeezed and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching.

The arts and crafts are and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural and decorative decoration of interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained-glass windows, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, plafonds, decorative statues, etc. - which are part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.

The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions, the life of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest art forms. For many centuries, it has developed among the people in the form of folk arts and crafts.

Embroidery. It takes its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. Embroidered on linen, cotton, woolen clothes. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silk, in India, Iran, Turkey - with gold. Embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within the same country, there were completely different types of embroidery depending on the area and the people living there, such as, for example, red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross-stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motives and color often depended on the purpose of the object, festive or everyday.

Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or dressing. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Application decorate panels, tapestries, curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.

Stained glass. This is a plot decorative composition made of colored glasses or other material that transmits light. In a classic stained glass window, individual pieces of colored glass were interconnected by spacers made of the softest material - lead. Such are the stained-glass windows of many cathedrals and churches in Europe and Russia. Also used was the technique of painting on colorless or colored glass with silicate paints, which were then fixed by light firing. In the 20th century stained-glass windows were made of transparent plastics.

Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.

Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wooden, ceramic, metal and other products. Murals are plot and ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.

Ceramics. Products and materials made of clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from the area in Greece, which was the center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics is also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.

Lace. Openwork products from threads. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into manual (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitting) and machine-made.

Weaving from birch bark, straw, vines, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art (known since the Neolithic). Mostly weaving was used to make dishes, furniture, bodies, toys, boxes.

Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some kind of image is made on a smooth surface. In Rus', woodcarving was the most common. She covered the platbands of houses, furniture, tools. There is a carved sculpture made of bone, stone, gypsum, etc. Many carvings are ornaments (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).