An individual picture of creation. National and individual picture of the world Features of the manifestation of an individual picture of the world

The unique picture of the world of an individual and its reflection on texts: on the example of texts of people who committed p

This book may be useful to those who work professionally with the word, be it psychologists, philologists, writers, historians. But first of all, it is addressed to psychotherapists, for whom the analysis of the client's statements is the most important source of information about him, and what they themselves say is their only working tool.

Strict, devoid of arbitrary interpretations and “reading” extraneous meanings, the analysis of the text allows you to recreate the individual picture of the world of the author of this text - that is, to see the world through the eyes of another.

The book consists of four sections devoted to different aspects of productive pastime with the baby. The first section of the book introduces the reader to the moral aspects of education, it is full of valuable advice on personality development and the formation of the child's character.

The second proposes a practical methodology for the development of speech, describes in detail such exercises as a story from a picture, shadow theater, and a technique for studying poetry. The next two sections are devoted to the health of the child and entertainment, in which readers will learn about the vitamin diet, vaccinations and hardening of the baby, as well as interesting leisure activities and introducing the child to native traditions and culture.

The book will be useful and interesting for young parents, psychologists, teachers and anyone interested in the problems of raising children.

It can be used for individual and group lessons.

Interior Design

You have decided to become a professional interior designer as a sole proprietor or open your own studio. What do you need to know first? If you judge the work of an interior designer by TV shows devoted to apartment renovation, one gets the impression that the designer simply chooses the color of the walls and cushions or hangs pictures artistically.

In fact, his task is to make the client's dream of a beautiful, harmonious and comfortable interior come true, and this requires quite prosaic work: measurements, drawings, technical solutions, approvals, budgeting, searching for the necessary building materials and furniture, working with builders.

In addition, when a designer has a serious business, he has to think about taxes, advertising, finding new clients and much more. Natalia Mitina, architect and interior designer, founder and head of the Koncepcija studio, dispels the myths around interior design and talks about all the nuances of a professional's work - from choosing an educational institution to creating your own design studio.

I was Khrushchev's son-in-law

- ... I did not write a political biography of Khrushchev - this is an occupation for historians. It is good that such a biography did not appear in our country during the life of Nikita Sergeevich - it would hardly be true. I do not enter into an argument with anyone, because everyone is entitled to their own point of view.

The measure of decency and responsibility is also purely individual. When I was thinking about how to build a narrative about the now distant years, it seemed to me important not so much to follow chronological steps or try to draw an exact scheme of events, in all their volume and variety - and such work is beyond my power - but to compose a picture from strokes and factual sketches about people, events, about joyful and sad, not only about Khrushchev ... Alexey Adzhubey, husband of Rada Nikitichna Khrushcheva, editor-in-chief of the Komsomolskaya Pravda and Izvestia newspapers.

Adjubey decided to publish his memoirs about his test and his difficult time only at the height of perestroika.

Strokes of the speech portrait of the Kama region: a textbook for a special course

The textbook for the special course presents the results of the study of the speech of citizens in the perspective determined by the problems of social dialectology. The norms of oral urban literary speech, the lexicon of urban sociolects, the methodology for their study, individual speech production are demonstrated - thereby creating strokes of the linguistic picture of the world of the townspeople.

It is intended for students of the Faculty of Philology, school teachers and those who are interested in the problems of a comprehensive study of man - writers, sociologists, psychologists, etc.

How to get rid of stress

The work in a popular form reveals the role of stress in the life of a modern person, its essence and dependence on the evolutionary structure of the psyche. Objective factors of stress occurrence, its connection with individual and social vices are characterized.

Practical recommendations are given to eliminate the socio-psychological and personal causes of stress. The influence of the boundaries of the picture of the world that a person has on stress is substantiated: spatial, temporal, meaningful and probabilistic. A close relationship between stress and conflicts is revealed.

The dependence of stress on the quality of management, primarily strategic, is shown. Tests are proposed to assess the different characteristics of stress in a particular person.

Psychology of biethnic family relations

The monograph sets out a well-developed author's position that considers the features of biethnic family relations through various aspects: psychological problems of family relations, satisfaction with marriage, models of cultural adaptation, the role of interpsychic and intrapsychic factors in motivating the choice of a spouse, features of adaptation of spouses to a foreign ethnic environment, psychological features of role expectations in biethnic family relationships and the degree of their consistency.

Also discussed are the personal characteristics of spouses and their children from biethnic marriages - the personal characteristics of spouses from biethnic families, psychosocial and cultural factors that determine the identity of a person from biethnic families, the ethnic identity of spouses.

It is extremely important that spouses from bi-ethnic families, to one degree or another, face difficulties in interaction. This collision of often contradictory pictures of the world, different systems of values ​​that had not previously been in contact or had little contact, led to the need for their conjugation at the level of individual consciousness, psychological adaptation to a different system of meanings and values.

For students specializing in psychology, family psychology, ethnopsychology.

Eric and revenge on Jack

Opening this book like a magic casket, we cannot even imagine that from the very first lines of this unusual work, against our will, we will be involved in a fabulously romantic in form, but quite real and vital in content, the human cycle.

The peculiarity of Alexei Sosnin's new story "Eric and Revenge on Valet" lies in the fact that the classical scheme "the form corresponds to the content" here recedes before the power of our imagination. That inexplicable force that uncontrollably draws us into the magical world of fantasy.

The action of the story develops without any stringent descriptions. From the very first pages of the book, fabulous but realistic visions unfold before us, and in spite of our rationalism, we are transported to a romantic playing field. We immediately imagine medieval knights, we feel ourselves surrounded by magicians and wizards.

In order not to tire the reader, the author uses a minimal set of artistic means. All storylines are designed by him only as conceptual sketches. Otherwise, he completely trusts the reader. Any stage concept is determined by individual life reality, so the reader will have his own game, his own picture of the world, corresponding to his ideas and feelings.

The author gives our imagination the opportunity to complete the picture with their images, actions and thoughts. Thus inviting us to be co-authors of an extraordinary story. And, like passionate gamers, we will play this game to the very end, to the very last line.

Together with the heroes of the story, we will go through all the stages of gaining maturity and wisdom. We mature in battles with werewolves, in battles with evil wizards. We will be elevated by the happiness of love and lowered by the passion of hate. We will be trusting, believing the truth and being deceived by insidious lies.

As the meaning of life, filial duty will rise for us to the same level with the great mission of saving mankind. The thorny path of life, sanctified by the spirit of the struggle between good and evil, will be left behind. And on this path, we will always follow a completely earthly father's covenant in all matters to follow our heart, because it is it that helps to make the right decision in difficult times.

Having passed through ourselves all this cycle of character in social nature, like the heroes of the book, we will inevitably come to the line behind which it is worth summing up. Albeit intermediate, but just as necessary in order to follow your life path further on a new level.

And most importantly, to proudly write these results in your biography, as it will happen in the work opened before you: "Despite the sadness of the departed, the two kingdoms celebrated a victory that will be inscribed in the history of elves and people."

Labor disputes. Educational and practical guide for undergraduate and graduate students

The manual comprehensively covers the procedure for considering and resolving individual labor disputes in courts, taking into account the simultaneous application by courts resolving individual labor disputes of labor and civil procedural rules. The problems arising in the resolution of collective labor disputes, and ways to resolve them, the procedure for resolving individual labor disputes by jurisdictional bodies are considered.

This publication reveals a picture of judicial practice in resolving labor disputes in accordance with the guidelines developed by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for courts. The structure of the manual includes questions that will help students to control knowledge.

The image of the world in the mirror of language

The collection of scientific articles (the first issue of the new series "Conceptual and Lingual Worlds") is devoted to the consideration of such issues relevant to modern linguistics as the mentality and mentality of the people, the conceptual, linguistic and individual author's picture of the world, the history of the people and the linguistic consciousness of the individual, mental space of artistic text, etc.

The collection is intended for linguists, literary critics, culturologists, psychologists and a wide range of readers interested in the problems of language, psychology, and culture.

General and inorganic chemistry. At 2 pm Part 1. Theoretical Foundations 2nd ed., Per. and additional Tutorial and p

The textbook will help students to form a scientific picture of the world adequate to the modern level of knowledge based on knowledge of the laws of chemistry, composition and structure of matter, chemical and physico-chemical properties of elements and compounds. The first part deals with the fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, properties of solutions, the theory of atomic structure and chemical bonding, redox reactions and electrochemical processes, and properties of complex compounds.

The second part of the textbook is devoted to the chemistry of s-, p-, d-elements. Each chapter contains a description of the subgroup, the physical and chemical properties of simple substances and their compounds, information about their production, use, toxicity and environmental hazards. The textbook contains sample problem solving, control questions and tests.

The Appendices provide all the necessary supporting information. For better assimilation of the material, an extensive laboratory practice is included in the textbook. Laboratory works contain individual tasks with elements of scientific research, carrying out quantitative calculations and assessing the error of definitions.

Hide behind flowers (compilation)

The book by screenwriter and documentary author Lyudmila Temnova-Zimina includes screenplays, poems, essays, reflections on cinema and life. There are many films made in the world, different in genre and quality. Each of them represents an individual view of the screenwriter and director.

In the end, the story told begins to live on the screen on its own in the form that the creators of the picture gave it, and they themselves remain behind the scenes, like magical elves hiding behind flowers.

Art. Modern. Notebook eleven

In the art of China, a connection with ancient traditions was maintained, the artists learned the lessons of the old masters well. A painter in 1800 painted pictures the way they did in 1300. Today, turning to tradition, artists ingeniously introduce elements of the language of the creators of the West, transform them in an original way, use new technologies, creating bright, individual works; find symbols to link past and present like Mao, 18th century Government House (background for works by Wang Guangyi, Ai Weiwei).

Beware, people. From the works of 1957–2017

The prose of Ilya Krupnik was almost never published in the second half of the 20th century: the writer was on the so-called "black list". Krupnik's "almost realistic" works are internally akin to Fellini's neorealism and the parallel spaces of Chagall's paintings, where visual (sur)reality reveals the timeless, eternal themes of life: the opposition of kindness and cruelty, the collapse of the usual order, the mystery of creativity, the collapse of the individual world, the great power of sincere feelings - that is, what excites readers of the new XXI century.

With all the abundance of literature dedicated to P. M. Tretyakov, it seems that an unknown artist sketched his image with light strokes, took up the colors - but never finished the picture, did not color it with bright colors of individuality, did not breathe into it God's spark of the soul ... Of course, speaking of Tretyakov, one cannot ignore what was for him the purpose of life - the creation of a collection of paintings in Lavrushinsky Lane.

In this book, the Tretyakov Gallery will be given a lot of space. However, the author of this book sees his main task in showing the reader, based on documentary evidence, a multifaceted personality, which was Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov.

Net. Decision Making Tool

The groundbreaking book by Matt Watkinson, winner of the 2014 Best Management Book Award, presents a slick and simple system for making flawless business decisions. The author considers an enterprise or company as an integral organism in which all elements are closely interconnected, so that any changes in one of them will inevitably entail serious consequences for the entire system.

He managed to develop an easy-to-use, but very effective analytical model - a grid that allows you to correctly assess the whole picture, look at the situation in dynamics, predict the results of changes, and organize both team and individual work.

“The grid I'm going to talk about is a tool for making smarter and more informed decisions. With its help, you can identify problems and find promising areas in an existing business, as well as test new ideas. I wrote it in order to make the life of each of my readers easier and better.

Everyone will benefit from this.” (Matt Watkinson).

Valentin Serov. Beloved son, father and friend: Memoirs of contemporaries about the life and work of the outstanding

At the mention of the name of Valentin Serov, the picture “Girl with Peaches” immediately appears before your eyes, familiar to everyone since childhood. In the early paintings of the artist, the style of the Impressionists is guessed, which over time will develop into a special individual style of writing.

This great worker, a man of unique talent, a rich spiritual life, a rare inner beauty, by nature very silent and persistent in the principles chosen once and for all, was an excellent landscape painter and graphic artist, but he was still glorified by the portrait genre.

In the ability to show a person alive on the canvas and accurately convey his inner essence, there was no equal to Serov. We love and revere him even today, which was vividly shown by the exhibition dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the artist - it was visited by about half a million visitors. This book has absorbed the memories of Valentin Serov of his contemporaries: mother, daughter, colleagues and writers.

Novikova-Grund M.V.

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Designing Psychology, Institute of Psychology. L.S. Vygotsky RGGU

DISPLAYS OF THE PERSON'S INDIVIDUAL WORLD PICTURE ON HIS TEXTS. MAP OF INDIVIDUAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD

annotation

An individual picture of the world of a person can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a “map”, as a unique combination of textual parameters. This allows you to strictly and uniformly compare the worldviews of different people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in a person’s individual worldview that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic effects and other fundamental changes.

Keywords: picture of the world, formalization, existential anxieties, trauma.

Novikova-Grund MW

REFLECTION OF THE PERSONAL IMAGE OF THE WORLD ON THE PERSON’S TEXTS. MAP OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S IMAGE OF THE WORLD

Abstract

The personal picture of the world could be extracted from one’s texts, formalized and represented as a kind of a “map” – as a unique combination of text characteristics – as its parameters. This affords to compare in a strict and uniformed manner world pictures of different persons and of different groups characterized by common strategies of coping with existential anxieties and to note changes which have taken place in the personal picture of the world in the consequence of trauma, psychotherapy and other fundamental changes.

keywords: picture of the world, formalization, existential anxieties, trauma.

The proposed work is based on empirical observations of 3000 texts of text methods (TM), which are pairs of short spontaneous stories that are written within 15 minutes. on a specially selected topic, one - on their own behalf, and the second - on behalf of another person. Confirmed by a clinical conversation, anamnestic data, as well as a number of experiments, they indicate that a person returns to an unresolved problem and to a trauma that has not been fully experienced to the end in his stories until he solves and survives it.

The consequence of this is a clarification: existential anxieties and fears are objects of constant return and are repeated many times in a person’s speech, since they cannot be finally resolved and experienced.

Within the framework of this concept, based on observation of regularly repeated elements of texts, TM was created, correlated with existential anxieties. It includes textual elements of three levels - deep-syntactic, semantic and plot. At each level, in the process of generating a text, the speaker simultaneously makes many free choices from a number of theoretically acceptable options, and only the choice of plot (but not its structure) is relatively conscious, so that the systematic choice of possible options is not the result of the purposeful intentions of the author of the text.

The standard list consists of 16 positions represented as binary variables, and 12 of them include the mandatory option “formal marker”. The parameters included in the list have an important property - they are mutually independent, so they can be present in the text in any set. An individual picture of the world of a person can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a “map”, as a unique combination of textual parameters. This allows you to strictly and uniformly compare the worldviews of different people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in a person’s individual worldview that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic effects and other fundamental changes. The following is Standard text parameter list The that is used to create the map.

Standard text parameter list

1. Agent constructions (Ag.). Parameter of correlation with the act of freedom Parameter semantics: Someone performs an action of his own free will. Formal indicators: the presence of an animated noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative (except for the verb “to be” and “should”). Examples: he walks, he writes, he thinks.

2. Non-agent constructs (nAg). The parameter of correlation with the act of unfreedom and with the lack of power. Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action against his will, or: someone or something performs an action with him. Formal indicators: the absence of an animate noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative with the verb, or their presence with the verb “to be” and “should”. Examples: it occurred to him, a discovery had been made, computers would take over the world.

3. External predicates (Ex). The parameter of correlation with external space and movement. Semantics: the event occurs in external space, i.e. it can be seen and/or heard. There are no formal indicators, since we are talking about semantic opposition; but the diagnostic indicators are: descriptions of acts of physical movement from one place to another, descriptions of mimic and pantomimic movements, acts of speaking and other sounds (ie, movements of the vocal cords and sound waves); acts of changes in physical properties and characteristics; acts of categorization by physical characteristics. Examples: he ran, blushed, was fat, is an alcoholic.

4. Internal predicates (In). The parameter of correlation with the internal space and inaccessibility for observation. Semantics: An event takes place in an inner space, mental or physical. It is not visible from the outside. There are no formal indicators, since we are talking about semantic opposition; but the diagnostic indicators are: the presence of an internal space inaccessible to sight and hearing, and also - and due to this - the presence of events that are not comprehended as physical movement. Examples: he remembers, he wants, he is afraid, his train of thought has changed(in the latter case, there is a metaphor for movement, but not movement itself).

5. Past tense (P). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event began and ended - it happened. Semantics: the event has ceased to be directly observable, and no one and nothing has the power to change it. Accordingly, the speaker, regardless of the nature and assessment of the event, represents himself in relation to it within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong / weak” and “to be active / passive” as “weak” and “passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the past tense.

6. Present tense (Pr). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event is now ongoing. Semantics: In the ongoing event, the speaker is present and directly experiences it or observes it, albeit from the outside, but also directly, and, accordingly, he has the power to influence its further course and completion, but he does not know how this event will end. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the present tense.

7 Future tense (F). The parameter corresponds to the statement of the speaker that there is no event yet, but someone or something can influence that it starts or does not start, as well as how it ends. Semantics: The speaker evaluates whether he, or someone else, or anything else, has the power to influence the course and conclusion of an event. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the future tense.

8. Absolute time (A). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's assertion that the event is not defined as being potentially modifiable or potentially unaffected. Semantics: the speaker is silent about his degree of involvement in the event, avoids defining himself as strong/weak or active/passive in relation to the event. Formal markers: all predicates that are not verbs, but other parts of speech, as well as all predicates (including verbs) used to describe the act of categorization. Examples: love, death, description, categorization.

9. Number of figures (Nf). The parameter corresponds to the more or less "egocentric universe" of the author of the text. Semantics: the presence of only one figure in the text (Nf=1) means the extreme degree of egocentrism and loneliness, usually unconscious, of the author of the text, who, while creating his plot, is focused exclusively on himself and does not feel the need to introduce figures of other people into the text; the presence of several non-generalized figures (Nf>1) means that the "world of other people" of the author of the text is not empty. Examples: I managed to lose 20 kg. It took a lot of effort. Harmful foods were excluded from the diet, I had to work out in the pool and on simulators. Now I'm happy(Nf=1). I lost weight. That was hard. Mom reacted to my weight loss with resentment and irritation. But my husband supported me, even prepared salads for me. Now both he and the children are proud of me(Nf>1).

10-14. Levels of self-identification (Zon A-E). The parameter is correlated with the degree of identification of the speaker with those he is talking about. Semantics: depending on the placement of the figure on one or another level of identity of the speaker himself, as well as on which levels remain unfilled, the speaker reports on his ideas about the permeability of the inner world of other people and about the comparability of their inner world with his own, and also about the relevance / irrelevance for him to carry out acts of penetration and comparison. formal markers.

zone A: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that lead beyond the boundaries of the “here and/or now” chronotope. Examples: he remembered being in this place last summer;

zone IN: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that indicate the presence of a different chronotope than “here and now”, but do not introduce its description. Examples: he remembered something; I'm dreaming.

zone WITH: in the description of a figure (and more often a generalized set of figures) there are internal predicates that do not indicate the presence of another chronotope than “here and now”, and are aimed only and exclusively at one character. Examples: he admires me; they all condemn me.

zone D: in the description of a figure (or a generalized set of figures) there are only external predicates in the absence of external details. Examples: he stood against the wall.

zone E: in the description of the figure there are only external predicates, as well as more than 2 external details. Examples: he stood motionless against the wall, his hair was disheveled, and his shoulders were tense.

15-16. Plot (SJ). The parameter corresponds to the message about the identity of the author, as well as about his life and text strategies. Semantics: all plots of TM texts were reduced to two plot macroschemes: "external" and "internal", as well as their combinations. The "external" macro circuit (SJ1) organized the events taking place in the space of objects available to third-party observation; The "internal" macroscheme (SJ2) organized the events taking place in the mental or physical space of the projective figure from ZonA, inaccessible to third-party observation. Formal markers (SJ1): the description of the action ends with a result that is evaluated as positive, negative or ambivalent. Formal markers (SJ2): description of perceptions and emotions, not aimed at achieving a result. Examples (SJ1): We walked with dad, I ate ice cream. It melted and fell. I cried. Dad bought me a new ice cream. Examples (SJ2): The ice cream was delicious and beautiful. The chocolate shades were dark in depth and cast a milky sheen where they melted. It was cold and sweet in the mouth. Rough waffle cone smelled of vanilla. (for examples, two fragments of the same text are used).

It is easy to see that any short connected text can be represented as a tuple (ordered set) of the given 16 parameters, and in each of the 16 places there can be 1 if the parameter is present in the text, and 0 if it is absent (for the parameter Nf , which in a more detailed version, it is presented not as binary, but as n-ary, the presence of a single figure in the text was coded as 0, and the presence of more than one figure was coded as 1). This 16-place tuple of zeros and ones was called the "Map of the individual picture of the human world", since each of the parameters, as shown above, is correlated with existential problems, and their specific combination is an image of an individual strategy for coping with them.

Table 1 - Map of the individual picture of the human world.

The number of theoretically possible combinations is 2^16, respectively, the probability of a random match of n cards is 1: [(2^16)^n-1]. Thus, the method opens up the possibility of comparing small (in the limiting case, only two) texts.

As an illustration, we present a fragment of an experimental study of TM texts obtained from 7 patients of the crisis center hospitalized after repeated suicide attempts. As a control group, we used 100 TM texts received from students and teachers of the Russian State Humanitarian University who had never made suicidal attempts.

Table 2 - Maps of individual pictures of the world of suicides coincided in all 16 parameters as follows:

The probability of a random match is 1: [(2^16)^7-1], which is negligible.

In the control group, no matches were found for 16 parameters.

This can be interpreted as the presence of a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties in a group of people fearlessly resorting to demonstrative suicidal attempts under frustrating circumstances. The combination of parameters in the maps of their worldviews indicates that the studied suicides perceive themselves as powerless and dependent on invincible circumstances (Ag = 0), which is why the act of a suicide attempt is subjectively safe and insignificant for them - after all, any of their actions is insignificant and has no power; the events of their inner world are unbearable and therefore devalued and hushed up (In=0); the past is also devalued and “crossed out” along with the experience of mistakes and victories (P=0), and real life and the achievement of goals will take place in an overvalued future (F=1), which will happen by the will of circumstances and out of touch with the experience of the past and the efforts of the authors of the texts . The presence of only one figure located in zone A, and generalized figures in zone C (zA=1; zC=1; Nf=0) can be regarded as a representation of total “egocentric loneliness” in the texts of suicides. The protagonists of texts written by suicides are surrounded by the world , where instead of specific people with names, faces, thoughts and feelings, there are only pale projections of the author himself, uniformly hating him in the “space of the present” or admiring him in the “space of the future”.

Standard text parameter list , on the one hand, is psychologically meaningful (correlates with the elements of the existential picture of the world), and on the other hand, as it is easy to see, it allows, thanks to the “Formal markers” option, to unambiguously single out 16 points in any TM text, by which it can be compared with any other text TM. In other words, any TM text, as well as any other spontaneous connected text, which took no more than 15-20 minutes to write, can be represented as a set of parameters from list.

Literature

1. May R. Existential foundations of psychotherapy. In the book: Existential psychology, M., 2001

2. Novikova-Grund M.V. Text methods in the group. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology. L.S. Vygotsky, issue 1; M., 2001

3. Novikova-Grund M.V. The problem of understanding / misunderstanding: from positivism to hermeneutics. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology. L.S. Vygotsky, issue 2; M.2002)

4. Pines D. Unconscious use of her body by a woman, B.S.K., East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, St. Petersburg, 1997

5. Piaget J. Speech and thinking of the child., M., Pedagogy-Press 1994

6. Yalom I. Existential psychotherapy. M., Klass, 1999

Individual picture of creation

Greetings, children of the Earth and the Sun. The questions that you sometimes ask reflect your old attachments to the egregore of society, the habits and stereotypes accepted in it. You strive for change, but your ideas about them stem from common patterns. Moreover, a part of your thinking is gradually moving away from this, although it cannot yet give a clear picture of a new life and therefore offers programs of change laid down in the general field.

There is a gap between the passing past and the emerging new moment. There is an intuitive understanding that it has a fundamentally different quality, different from the old one. This applies to everything: the way of being, awareness and ideas about life and the experience that you intend to go through. Everything is now built on other patterns, programs and definitions of the person himself.

Today the physical aspect has different characteristics and possibilities when it enters the space of its experience. He is consciously included in the research process not just as an object, but as one who has the rights and obligations to develop, as a creation of God, being responsible for his actions and deeds, and accepting their significance in development. Such a person builds his life not on the basis of social attitudes (for example, morality), but primarily on the basis of inner aspirations, and remembers at the same time that everyone has the same rights and obligations as God's creations.

You begin to accept yourself from the position of a part of the One, which explores and fills with its individual characteristics the space of its experience. At the same time, not everything that happens becomes immediately obvious and understandable to you, remaining closed by something familiar and familiar. It is as if you are looking at the door of a closed room and you know that there is something behind it, but it is not available to you yet. When you open it, you will see and understand a lot, and then decide what to take from it and what to refuse.

At the moment, you look around and notice that everything is familiar, and outwardly there is no bright change that you are striving for. Your ideas about any transformations still largely come from the external universal human field. I'm talking about the internal definitions of some transformations and their reflection in space. For a long time, a person built his life, based, first of all, on what society, family, and so on need. For a moment he forgot about his divine component, giving part of his own freedom and responsibility to external requirements and ideas; he lived on the basis of them, and strove for ideals given from outside.

Today you remember your divine essence and look for perfection within yourself. Thus, you are striving for the original point of your creation, simultaneously trying to preserve your individual experience of development. Your path is unique and brings many bright colors to the canvas of the Creator. In your development, you go through various stages, remaining a creation of the One with all its inherent characteristics.

In the process of cognition, you acquire your individual features, and the divine component, which is your basis, gives you a part of the power and strength of the One. At the same time, much for you is a discovery, a revelation that you explore, which makes the process of gaining experience attractive. At first, being in ignorance, a person gradually discovers a lot of new things for himself, painting it with his own colors, which gives completeness and refinement to the canvas of creation.

Now you're looking around and don't see yet what other palette to use to get a different drawing. It is the inner aspiration and intention that will make it possible to find them and get a picture of a different quality, more voluminous and brighter. Inner concentration and confidence in the correctness of the chosen decision help to complete it. The outside world creates a background that frames it and makes it more visible, without diverting attention from the creation itself.

You and your life - is the writing of such a picture, where one plays the role of the painting itself, and the other - the role of the frame. How to distinguish it? Where your attention is focused - a picture, the rest - a frame. In this case, in one case, you can make either a picture or a frame attractive and bright. In the other - to strive for balance and harmony between the picture and the frame. In the space of the Creator, everything is interesting and meaningful. Here is manifested the freedom of choice for the creations of God. Everything is going as it should. Thank you.

The concept of a picture of the world is one of the fundamental concepts that express the specifics of a person and his being, his relationship with the world, the most important condition for his existence in the world. Pictures of the world are extremely diverse, as it is always a kind of vision of the world, its semantic construction in accordance with a certain logic of worldview and worldview. They have historical, national, social determinism. There are as many pictures of the world as there are ways of worldview, since each person perceives the world and builds its image taking into account his individual experience, social experience, social conditions of life.

The linguistic picture of the world does not stand in line with special pictures of the world (chemical, physical, etc.), it precedes them and forms them, because a person is able to understand the world and himself thanks to the language in which socio-historical experience is fixed, both universal and human. and national. The latter determines the specific features of the language at all its levels. Due to the specifics of the language, a specific linguistic picture of the world arises in the minds of its speakers, through the prism of which a person sees the world.

The analyzed picture of the world turns out to be the most durable and stable in the system of various pictures of the world. In the light of the modern concept of linguistic philosophy, language is interpreted as a form of existence of knowledge.

Therefore, the study of the linguistic picture of the world has turned out to be especially significant in recent years for all spheres of scientific knowledge.

The opinion of Yu.D. Apresyan who substantiated the idea that the linguistic picture of the world is "naive". It seems to complement objective knowledge about reality, often distorting them. In the model of the world of modern man, the boundary between the naive and scientific pictures has become less distinct, since the historical practice of mankind inevitably leads to an ever wider intrusion of scientific knowledge into the sphere of everyday ideas imprinted in the facts of language, or to the expansion of the sphere of these everyday ideas at the expense of scientific concepts.

The totality of ideas about the world, contained in the meaning of different words and expressions of a given language, is formed into a certain system of views or prescriptions. Representations that form a picture of the world are included in the meanings of words in an implicit form; a person takes them on faith without hesitation, and often without even noticing it himself. Using words containing implicit meanings, a person, without noticing it, accepts the view of the world contained in them.

On the contrary, those semantic components that are included in the meaning of words and expressions in the form of direct statements can be a subject of dispute between different native speakers and, therefore, are not included in the general fund of ideas that forms the linguistic picture of the world.

First of all, it should be noted that researchers approach the consideration of the national and cultural specifics of certain aspects or fragments of the world picture from different positions: some take it as the source language, analyze the established facts of interlingual similarities or divergences through the prism of linguistic systemicity and talk about the language picture peace; for others, the source is culture, the linguistic consciousness of members of a certain linguocultural community, and the image of the world is in the center of attention. There are often cases when the fundamental differences between these two approaches are simply not noticed, or when the declared study of the image of the world is actually replaced by a description of the linguistic picture of the world from the standpoint of the language system. Since below we will talk about studies carried out from the standpoint of different approaches, it seems justified to use the term “picture of the world” as a neutral one, accompanying it with the clarification “linguistic” or replacing the word “picture” with the word “image”.

Be that as it may, one cannot but admit that there is gradually an awareness of the need for a decisive reorientation of such studies from a comparative analysis of language systems to the study of the national and cultural specifics of the real functioning of the language and the cultural values ​​associated with it, linguistic consciousness, linguistic / linguocultural competence, etc. P. So V.N. Telia defines the subject of linguoculturology as the study and description of the cultural semantics of linguistic signs (nominative inventory and texts) in their live, synchronously acting use, reflecting the cultural and national mentality of native speakers. At the same time, it is indicated that the interactive processes of interaction between two semiotic systems (language and culture) are studied from the standpoint of the cultural and linguistic competence of the speaker / listener; the explication of the cognitive procedures carried out by the subject when interpreting the culturally significant reference of linguistic signs is carried out on the material of the living functioning of the language in discourses of various types in order to study the "cultural self-consciousness, or mentality, of both an individual subject and a community in its polyphonic integrity" .

Any language is a unique structured network of elements that reveal their ethnic core through a system of meanings and associations. Systems of seeing the world are different in different languages. According to A. Vezhbitskaya: Each language forms its own semantic universe. Not only can thoughts be thought in one language, but feelings can be experienced within one linguistic consciousness, but not another.

As V.V. Vorobyov, the development of culture takes place in the bowels of the nation, the people in conditions of unconditional essential national unity. The language is the embodiment of the uniqueness of the people, the originality of the vision of the world, ethnic culture. There are no two absolutely identical national cultures in the world. Even W. Von Humboldt said that different languages, in their essence, in their influence on cognition and feelings, are in fact different worldviews. In language, we always find a fusion of a native linguistic character with what is perceived by the language from the character of a nation. The influence of the nature of language on the subjective world is indisputable.

Each language is, first of all, a national means of communication and, according to E.O. Oparina, it reflects the specific national facts of the material and spiritual culture of the society that it (the language) serves. Acting as a translator of culture, language is able to influence the way of understanding the world, characteristic of a particular linguocultural community.

Language is, first of all, a tool for the transmission of thoughts. It is not reality itself, but only its vision, imposed on native speakers, by the ideas about this reality that are in their minds. Language as the main custodian of ethno-cultural information is the carrier and means of expressing the specific features of ethnic mentality.

According to W. von Humboldt, the nature of the nation affects the nature of the language, and it, in turn, represents the united spiritual energy of the people and embodies the originality of the whole people, the language expresses a certain vision of the world, and not just an imprint of the ideas of the people.

According to V.Yu. Apresyan, the mentality and linguistic picture of the world are interconnected and interdependent. Knowledge about essentially idioethnic mental worlds form a linguistic picture of the world, a kind of sphere of existence of cultures.

In linguoculturology, in addition to the concept of a linguistic picture of the world, there are also concepts of a conceptual picture of the world, an ethnic (national) picture of the world.

At the same time, most linguists agree that the conceptual picture of the world is a broader concept than the linguistic one, since, as E.S. Kubryakova: The picture of the world is how a person draws the world in his imagination, the phenomenon is more complex than the linguistic picture of the world, i.e. that part of the conceptual world of man, which is tied to language and refraction through linguistic forms. Not everything perceived and known by a person, not everything that has passed and is passing through different sense organs and coming from the outside through different channels into a person’s head has or is acquiring a verbal form. That is, the conceptual picture of the world is a system of ideas, human knowledge about the world around it, it is a mental reflection of the cultural experience of the nation, while the linguistic picture of the world is its verbal embodiment. The picture of the world reflects naive ideas about the inner world of a person, it condenses the experience of introspection of dozens of generations, and because of this, it serves as a reliable guide to this world. A person looks at the world not only through the prism of his individual experience, but, above all, through the prism of social experience.

The national picture of the world is reflected in the semantics of linguistic units through a system of meanings and associations, words with special cultural-specific meanings reflect not only the way of life characteristic of the language community, but also the way of thinking.

So, the national specificity in the semantics of the language is the result of the influence of extralinguistic factors of cultural and historical features of the development of the people.

Based on the triad - language, culture, human personality - the linguistic picture of the world and represents linguistic culture as a lens through which one can see the material and spiritual identity of the ethnos.

Language is most directly connected with the expression of a person's personal qualities, and in the grammatical system of many natural languages, an attitude towards a person in one form or another is fixed. However, the notion of a linguistic personality appears only in recent decades in the bosom of anthropological linguistics, where it naturally occupies a central place.

The concept of "linguistic personality" is formed by the projection into the field of linguistics of the corresponding interdisciplinary term, in the meaning of which philosophical, sociological and psychological views are refracted on a socially significant set of physical and spiritual properties of a person that make up his qualitative certainty. First of all, a "linguistic personality" is understood as a person as a native speaker, taken from the side of his ability to speech activity, i.e. a complex of psychophysical properties of an individual that allows him to produce and perceive speech works - in essence, a speech personality. The “linguistic personality” is also understood as a set of features of the verbal behavior of a person using language as a means of communication - a communicative personality.

And, finally, the “linguistic personality” can be understood as the basic national-cultural prototype of a native speaker of a certain language, fixed mainly in the lexical system, a kind of “semantic identikit”, compiled on the basis of worldview attitudes, value priorities and behavioral reactions reflected in the dictionary - dictionary personality , ethnosemantic.

The “naive picture of the world” as a fact of everyday consciousness is reproduced fragment by fragment in the lexical units of the language, however, the language itself does not directly reflect this world, it only reflects the way of representation (conceptualization) of this world by a national linguistic personality, and therefore the expression “linguistic picture of the world” is sufficiently conventionally: the image of the world, recreated according to the data of linguistic semantics alone, is rather schematic, since its texture is woven mainly from the distinctive features that form the basis for the categorization and nomination of objects, phenomena and their properties, and for adequacy, the linguistic image of the world is corrected by empirical knowledge of reality, common to users of a particular natural language.

"Linguistic personality", - the concept of which has been developed in recent years by Yu.N. Karaulov. In his works, a linguistic personality is defined as “a set of human abilities and characteristics that determine the creation and perception of speech works (texts), which differ in a) the degree of structural and linguistic complexity, b) the depth and accuracy of reflecting reality, c) a certain target orientation. This definition combines the abilities of a person with the peculiarities of the texts generated by him, "- and therefore, we add, it is rather a definition of linguistic personality, and not personality as a manifestation of the latter. Yu.N. Karaulov presents the structure of a linguistic personality, consisting of three levels: “1) verbal-semantic, assuming a normal knowledge of natural language for a speaker, and a traditional description of formal means of expressing certain meanings for a researcher; 2) cognitive, the units of which are concepts, ideas, concepts that are formed by each linguistic individuality into a more or less ordered, more or less systematized "picture of the world", reflecting the hierarchy of values. The cognitive level of the device of a linguistic personality and its analysis involves the expansion of meaning and the transition to knowledge, and therefore covers the intellectual sphere of the personality, giving the researcher an exit through the language, through the processes of speaking and understanding - to knowledge, consciousness, the processes of human cognition; 3) pragmatic, containing goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality. These levels provide a natural and conditioned transition in the analysis of a linguistic personality from assessments of its speech activity to understanding of speech activity in the world.

The cognitive and pragmatic levels of a linguistic personality are directly related to imagery, which is the subject of this work, which we are now considering.

WORKSHOP #1

SUBJECT:The concept of linguoculturology. History and theoretical provisions of linguoculturology

Change of paradigms in the science of language. New anthropocentric paradigm of modern linguistics.

Language and culture. The problem of the relationship between language, culture and ethnicity in German philology at the beginning of the 19th century. and the works of Russian scientists in the 60s - 70s. 19th century

W. von Humboldt's ideas about the relationship between language and culture.

The Sapir–Whorf theory of linguistic relativity.

Schools and directions of modern linguoculturology.

Theoretical positions of linguoculturology.

Methods of linguoculturology.

WORKSHOP #2

SUBJECT:Picture of the world. Components of the national picture of the world

Forms of social consciousness and picture of the world.

Concepts national character And mentality. Conceptual and national pictures of the world.

National character, mentality, conceptual and national pictures of the world.

The role of vocabulary and grammar in the formation of personality and national character.

Components of the national picture of the world.

WORKSHOP #3

SUBJECT:Individual picture of the world. Language personality

1. Concept concept. Concept description technique.

2. Conceptual picture of the world, national picture of the world and individual picture of the world - correlation and interaction.

3. Features of the manifestation of an individual picture of the world.

4. The concept of a linguistic personality.

WORKSHOP #4

SUBJECT:Linguistic and cultural analysis of linguistic entities

1. National and cultural specificity of the phraseological composition of the language

2. National-cultural stereotypes. The concept of a stereotype as a complex phenomenon

3. Cognitive nature of metaphor. Metaphor as a cognitive mechanism of human consciousness

4. Symbol as a sign of culture

5. Cultural space, cultural phenomena

6. The concept of precedent phenomena. Definition, signs and criteria for identifying precedent phenomena, their groups

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