Books recommended by feminists. The secret of the Iranian Princess with the mustache is revealed, it turned out to be a man? Shah Jahan: Biography of the Padishah

14:37 25.04.2017

Princess Zahra Aga Khan arrived in Tajikistan on a three-day working visit on April 24, during which a number of meetings are planned with officials of the republic and the heads of the Aga Khan Foundation in Tajikistan.

Today Zahra Aga Khan flew to the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. At the airport in the city of Khorog, the princess was met by the head of GBAO, Shodikhon Jamshedov, and the leadership of the Aga Khan Foundation in Tajikistan.

Zahra Aga Khan plans to visit the Ikashim, Rushan, Roshtkala districts of GBAO, where a number of Foundation projects are being implemented, including the construction of a hospital and the Aga Khan University.

The visit of Princess Zahra to Tajikistan is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Imamate of Prince Karim Aga Khan IV, which is celebrated on July 11.

Princess Zahra is the eldest child of His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan IV, the spiritual leader of the Shiite Nizari Ismaili Muslim community. She is actively involved in the activities of the Aga Khan Foundation around the world.

Last week, Prince Karim paid a working visit to Moscow, during which he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov.

Prince Karim Aga Khan IV is the 49th Imam of the Shia Nizari Ismaili Muslim community. He is considered a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali. He headed the imamat in 1957 at the age of 20, 10 years later he founded the Aga Khan Foundation, headquartered in Paris. For 60 years, the Aga Khan IV has taken care of the well-being of the Ismailis, who number about 20 million people in the world.

Aga Khan IV twice visited the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan (in 1995 and 1998), where almost all the indigenous people are Ismailis.

Soraya went down in history as the woman who caused the king of Afghanistan to lose his throne. Although in fact, of course, the opponents of the king used Soraya as a pretext: she allegedly disgraced the country by removing the hijab in public, and leads women astray.

Soraya really actively “knocked down” women, moreover, with the full support of her husband. In her famous “You Afghan Women…” speech, the Queen stated that women make up the majority of Afghanistan's population and are completely out of the spotlight. She encouraged them to learn to read and write and to participate in community life.

In 1921, Soraya created an organization for the protection of women and opened a school for girls near the royal palace itself. At the same time, the queen's mother began to publish the first women's magazine in Afghanistan, dedicated to a very wide range of issues, from everyday life and raising children to politics. A couple of years later, a second women's school had to be opened - there were enough students, as well as hospitals for women and children. Soraya's husband, Padishah Amanullah, issued a decree obliging government officials to educate their daughters.

A woman of such progressive views grew up, of course, not in the most traditional family.

Soraya was the granddaughter of a famous Pashtun poet, the daughter of an equally famous Afghan writer, and her mother, Asma Rasia, was a feminist by conviction. True, this did not prevent her from blessing her daughter's marriage at the age of fourteen: it was at that age that Soraya married Prince Amanullah. On the other hand, the prince could not have waited otherwise, and the king-husband is a wonderful chance to improve the position of women in the country.

Contrary to all customs, Soraya became the only wife of Amanullah. When he ascended the throne, she was only twenty years old, and both spouses were full of strength, energy and, most importantly, desire to lead the country along the path of progress. But first, foreign policy problems had to be dealt with. Soraya accompanied her husband to the rebellious, seceding provinces, risking her life; during the Revolutionary War she visited hospitals to cheer up wounded soldiers.

At the same time, her husband began to actively introduce Soraya into social and political life. For the first time in the history of Afghanistan, the queen was present at receptions and military parades, but, most importantly, ministerial meetings could no longer do without her. Sometimes Amanullah joked that, of course, he was a king, but it would be more correct to say that he was a minister to his queen. He respected and adored the wife of the padishah immensely.

In 1928, he publicly removed the hijab from his queen and invited all the women of the country to do the same.

It was this act that enabled the clerical circles (and, as many believe, the British, who did not like the communication of the royal family with the Soviet government) to incite the Afghan tribes to revolt. As a result, Amanullah was forced to abdicate and leave the country with his family.

The path ran through India. Wherever Amanullah left the train or car with his family, the royal family was greeted with stormy applause and shouts: “Soraya! Soraya!" The young queen managed to become a legend. There, in India, Soraya gave birth to one of the daughters and named after this country. The former king and queen spent the rest of their lives in Italy.

Zahra Khanum Taj es-Saltane: with a crown of sorrow

Princess Zahra of the Qajar Dynasty is the only Iranian princess of the nineteenth century who left behind a written memoir (titled Crown of Sorrow: Memoirs of a Persian Princess). Her father was the same Nasreddin Shah, who unrestrainedly photographed the inhabitants of his palace, her mother was a woman named Turan es-Saltane. Zahra was taken away from her mother early and handed over to nannies. She saw her mother twice a day; if her father was in Tehran, she also visited him once for a short time.

For his time, the shah was a progressive man and tried to see his children. But, of course, such attention was not enough for children.

From the age of seven to nine, Zahra studied at the royal school, but after the engagement it became indecent, and the girl continued her studies already in the palace, with mentors. Yes, her father arranged her engagement at the age of nine, and just six months later he signed a marriage contract for her. The groom-husband was eleven, he was the son of a military leader, an alliance with which was important to the shah. Fortunately, the parents did not insist that the children begin married life immediately. Both Zahra and her little husband lived almost the same way as before marriage.

When Zahra was thirteen, her father was killed, and her husband took her to his house and consummated the marriage. The princess was very disappointed with her marriage. A teenage husband made endless lovers and lovers, and his wife barely made time even just for conversations at the dinner table. the princess felt neither his love nor her own, and decided that she owed him nothing. Moreover, she was considered a beauty and many men dreamed of her love.

It is known that the famous Iranian poet Aref Qazvini dedicated his poem to the beauty of Zahra.

From her husband, Zahra gave birth to four children - two daughters and two sons. One of the boys died in infancy. When Zahra was pregnant for the fifth time, she learned that her husband had a sexually transmitted disease that could seriously affect the development of the fetus. She decided to have an abortion - at that time a very dangerous procedure, both physically and in terms of possible consequences. After the abortion, she was so ill that the doctors decided that she had hysteria, and ordered her to leave the house more often for walks. It was on these walks that it is believed that she began to have novels. At the same time, Zahra sought a divorce from her unloved husband.

After the divorce, she was married twice more, but unsuccessfully. Men in Iran at that time did not differ much from each other: they could court flowery, but, having got a woman, they simply began to court another. Given the fact that Zahra also defiantly refused to wear a hijab, she had a terrible reputation in Iranian high society.

Behind the eyes (and sometimes in the eyes) she was called a whore.

Frustrated with trying to dissolve into family life, Zahra began to participate in public life. During the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, she joined, along with some other princesses, the Women's Association, whose goals included universal education for women and normal access to medicine. Alas, in the end, she died in poverty and obscurity, and no one can even name the exact place of her death.

Farruhru Parsa: Nurtured her killers

One of the first female doctors in Iran, the first and last female minister in the country, Parsa was shot after the Islamic Revolution. Ironically, the leaders of the revolution received their education at the universities opened in Iran by Parsa, and studied at the expense of her department. Whether they understood it or not, there is not a penny of gratitude in their actions.

Farrukhru's mother, Fakhre-Afag, was the editor of Iran's first women's magazine and fought for women's right to education. She was punished for her activity: she was exiled with her husband, Farrukhdin Parsa, to the city of Qom under house arrest. There, in exile, the future minister was born. She was named after her father.

After the change of prime minister, the Pars family was allowed to return to Tehran, and Farrukhr was able to receive a normal education. She trained as a doctor, but worked as a biology teacher at the Jeanne d'Arc School (for girls, of course). Farrukhru actively continued her mother's work and became a well-known person in Iran. In less than forty years, she was elected to parliament.

Her husband, Ahmad Shirin Sohan, was as surprised as he was proud.

As a member of Parliament, she won the right to vote for women, and soon, becoming Minister of Education, she was able to build up the country with schools and universities, giving girls and boys from poor families the opportunity to study. The Ministry of Pars also subsidized theological schools.

Thanks to the activity of Pars and other feminists, the law “On the Protection of the Family” was in force in the country, which regulated the procedure for divorce and raised the age of marriage to eighteen years. Following Farrukhru, many women decided on a career as an official. After the revolution, the age of marriage dropped back to thirteen, and the age of criminal responsibility for girls to nine (for boys it starts at fourteen).

Before the execution, the deposed minister wrote a letter to the children saying: “I am a doctor, therefore I am not afraid of death. Death is just a moment and nothing more. I am more ready to meet death with open arms than to live in disgrace, being forcibly covered "I will not bow the knee to those who expect me to feel remorse for half a century of my struggle for equality between men and women."

Another sad story of a woman of the East:

(b. 1879) - Iranian politician and diplomat, brother Vosuga ed-Dole(see), owner of large estates in Gilan (Lahijan). Before the coup of 1921 he was governor-general of Khorasan. K. opposed the coup and was arrested on orders Seyid Zia ed-Dina(cm.). After the flight of Zia ed-Din from Iran, K. was twice prime minister - from June 1921 to January 1922 and from June 1922 to January 1923. During his first premiership, revolutionary movements in Gilan and Khorasan were crushed. In 1921, Kirk tried to grant the American company Standard Oil a concession to exploit oil in five northern provinces of Iran (Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazanderan, Astrabad, and Khorasan), which contradicted the terms of the Soviet-Iranian treaty of 1921. The deal did not take place. Nevertheless, K. during his second premiership again tried, but also to no avail, to provide a concession for the exploitation of northern Iranian oil to another American company - Sinclair. In 1922 K. invited the American financial mission Milspaugh to Iran. In December 1923, K. was expelled from Iran by Reza Khan, but in 1930, with the permission of Reza Shah, he returned to his homeland. During the Second World War, from 9. VIII 1942 to 13. II 1943, K. was again prime minister. During this period, he invited the second mission of Milspo to Iran and prepared an opinion Iranian-American Treaty of 1943(cm.). In January 1946, K. again headed the government, promising to promote the democratization of Iran and the establishment of friendly relations with the USSR. On 4. IV 1946, he signed an agreement with the USSR (in the form of an exchange of letters) on the creation of a Mixed Soviet-Iranian Society for the Exploration and Exploitation of Oil Fields in Northern Iran. However, K. delayed the ratification of the agreement. Reactionary tendencies prevailed in China's domestic and foreign policy. Government troops crushed the democratic movement in Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and other regions of Iran, democratic figures were severely repressed, many of them were executed, the democratic press, trade unions and leftist parties were deprived of freedom of speech and action. At the same time, broad opportunities were provided for the activities of reactionary groups seeking to subjugate Iran to foreign, mainly American, capital.

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