What is beauty? And what is truth? According to the definition given by the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegova, “beauty is a combination of qualities that bring pleasure to the eye, ear; everything is beautiful, beautiful ”(one of the meanings). And the truth (all according to the same source) is "what corresponds to reality, the truth." Is truth always beautiful and beauty always true? It seems to me that L.N. Tolstoy answers this question in his novel "War and Peace", in which he shows two vivid images: Natasha Rostova and Helen Kuragina.

First with all my feelings

By deeds, by life, he proves that the truth is beautiful, and the second confirms the idea that external beauty without internal harmony is false.

L.N. Tolstoy describes in detail the portrait of a thirteen-year-old girl: “black-eyed with a big mouth, ugly, but alive, with her open childish shoulders that jumped out of her corsage from a quick run”; it emphasizes the subtlety of her bare arms. The little countess laughs loudly and loudly, she is not at all worried about the opinions of others. This "ugly duckling" makes you admire yourself, because everything in her is sincere, devoid of pretense.

Helen is a completely different matter - the daughter of Prince Vasily

Kuragina is a brilliant Petersburg beauty. Speaking about her, the author often uses epithets: "majestic", "radiant", "calm", "beautiful", "marble". Her black eyes, full shoulders, beautiful hands, magnificent figure make others admire, and "she seemed to be ashamed of her undoubted and too strong and victorious acting beauty." She shines all over like diamonds on her neck. Helen cannot imagine herself without a secular society, she adheres to the principle: "influence in the world is capital that needs to be protected so that it does not disappear."

Natasha radiates inner warmth, which is ready to warm others at any moment. She gives everyone "hot rays of love." The state of mind of the heroine L.N. Tolstoy conveys through the description of her eyes. They are “curious”, “radiant”, “radiant”, “mocking”, “affectionate” with Natasha. We do not know anything about the expression of the eyes of the "marble" beauty Helen.

Rostova intuitively guesses people, she is "most gifted with the ability to feel the shades of intonations, looks and facial expressions," she has an extraordinary voice that can touch everyone. Being engaged in dancing, she is one of the best students, who is characterized by extraordinary grace. Helen is cold and indifferent to others. She perfectly knows the art of keeping herself, she is distinguished by "the calm ability to be silently - worthy in the world."

The fates of the heroines are different. Natasha will go through many trials: a meeting with Andrei, an insult inflicted by the old prince, an infatuation with Anatole Kuragin, the death of Bolkonsky. She will experience true love only for Pierre, with whom she is connected by complete mutual understanding.

At the end of the novel, we are no longer the former frivolous girl, but a caring wife and mother of four children. Her features "had an expression of calm softness and clarity." In Natasha, "one strong, beautiful and prolific female" was visible. In society, those who saw her were dissatisfied, but Rostova was happy.

The fate of Helen, in my opinion, was tragic. Having married Pierre Bezukhov, she turned their family life into a nightmare. She hates her husband, humiliates him, hurts him. Once Helen "laughed contemptuously and said that she was not a fool to wish to have children." Her limited mind, rudeness, vulgarity, depravity are revealed.

After the break with Pierre, she will receive most of his fortune, will live either in St. Petersburg or abroad, where she will be honored with the admiration of Napoleon. Behind her, “the reputation of a charming and intelligent woman” will be established: “to be accepted in the salon of Countess Bezukhova was considered a diploma of the mind,” despite the fact that the hostess speaks vulgarity and stupidity, everyone admires Elena Vasilievna Bezukhova. Her life is empty and meaningless, and her sudden death is only surprising.

Thus, Natasha personifies true beauty, that is, truthful, and Helen - false, artificial. The greatness of the "marble" beauty turns out to be only a cold shine, while Natasha's spiritual beauty makes people around her happy. I believe that truth must be beautiful, and beauty must be true, and then human life will be filled with harmony and meaning.

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

“Truth and beauty have always been the main thing in human life…” : philosophical problems of A.P. Chekhov "Student". The meaning of gospel themes and images in the work.

What kind of whiner am I? What kind of pessimist am I?
After all, of my things, my favorite story is “Student” ...
A.P. Chekhov.

Target: disclosure of philosophical problems and the meaning of gospel themes and images in the story of A.P. Chekhov "Student".

Tasks:

• determine the functions of the landscape in the story;
• consider the character system;
• reveal the meaning of the gospel story as a philosophical and compositional core of the story;
• to identify the relevance of the problems of the story "Student".

Students should be able to:

• perform a textual analysis of a work of a small genre form;
• reveal the meaning of gospel themes and images in the work;
• to identify the relevance of the philosophical problems of a work of classical literature.

Equipment: texts of A.P. Chekhov's story "Student", audio recordings of music by Albinoni, V.-A. Mozart (an excerpt from "Requiem"), V. Butusov's song "I dreamed that Christ was risen ...", A. Men's book "Son of Man", printouts with quotes by V.-A. Mozart, Saadi, A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Blok.

DURING THE CLASSES

Call

Introduction by the teacher.

In the last lesson, we characterized the main features of the prose of A.P. Chekhov, whose work became a kind of final page in the development of Russian classics of the 19th century. You know that he dreamed of writing a novel, but he entered the history of our literature as a master of the small genre. Please remember what is the originality of Chekhov's solution of the moral and philosophical problems that worried his great contemporaries - N.S. Leskova, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy.

(On the pages of Chekhov's works there is no detailed presentation of his philosophical views and lengthy philosophical monologues and dialogues of characters (as, for example, in Tolstoy and Dostoevsky). The philosophical problems of his works seem to "grow" out of everyday realities).

Right! We will meet a similar phenomenon in the story "Student", which we have to study today. The story "Student" was chosen by us for study, not least because Chekhov himself considered it one of the best in his work. This is evidenced by the confession of the writer himself, taken as an epigraph to the lesson.

SLIDE 2

For the title of the topic of the lesson, lines from the story itself are taken: “Truth and beauty have always been the main thing in human life ...” Philosophical problems of the story by A.P. Chekhov "Student". The meaning of gospel themes and images in the work.

SLIDE 3Now look at slide 3, where there are several pictures and texts at once.CNow I will comment on the content of the slide, and you, based on the topic of the lesson and the content of the slide, formulate the main questions that we have to answer during the lesson.

So the slide shows Firstly, words by A.P. Chekhov, taken by us as an epigraph. According to the memoirs of Ivan Bunin, A.P. Chekhov replied: “What kind of whiner am I? What kind of pessimist am I? Indeed, of my things, my favorite story is “Student” ... ”.

Secondly , you see a photo of the painting "The Denial of the Apostle Peter" by the Danish artist Karl Bloch, who lived in the 19th century and below those words from chapter 26 of the Gospelfrom Matthew, which this picture illustrates:“After a little while, those standing there came up and said to Peter: Surely you are one of them, for your speech also reproves you. Then he began to swear and swear that he did not know This Man. And suddenly a rooster crowed. And Peter remembered the word that Jesus had spoken to him: Before the cock crows, you will deny me three times. And going out, weeping bitterly. These words are also quoted by the hero of the story "Student".

Finally , the most unexpected images and texts - a photo of the album "Wings" (1995) by the group "Nautilus Pompilius" and V. Butusov, as well as the beginning of the song "I dreamed that Christ is risen, And he is alive, like me and you."

So, I repeat: based on the topic of the lesson and the content of the slide, formulate the main questions that we have to answer during the lesson.

Possible student responses.

1) why exactly the story “Student” by A.P. Chekhov called favorite? 2) what philosophical problems did he raise here? 3) what role does the gospel story about the denial of the Apostle Peter play in the disclosure of this problem? 4) finally, how does the story “Student”, written at the end of the 19th century, relate to us living in the 21st century? what is its relevance?

Thank you!

SLIDE 4. So, the purpose of our lesson- starting from the particular - from specific everyday situations depicted by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Student" - to determine its main philosophical issues, revealing the meaning of the gospel story about the denial of the Apostle Peter in the structure of the work.

Making sense

Let us turn to the text of the story, which opens with a description of the landscape : “The weather at first was good, quiet. The thrushes were crying, and something living in the swamps nearby hummed plaintively, just blowing into an empty bottle. He held out one woodcock, and a shot was fired at him in the spring air bouncy and fun. But when it grew dark in the forest, a cold piercing wind blew inopportunely from the east, everything was silent. Ice needles stretched through the puddles, and it became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable in the forest.. It smelled like winter."

What is the nature of this landscape, on what principle is it built?

(The landscape that opens the story is internally contrasting, its description is based on the collision of two principles, two elements).

What forcescollide, fight?

(Good and evil, cold and heat, light and darkness collide. The fragile harmony of a quiet spring evening is violated by the intervention of the forces of evil, which temporarily gain victory).

What day does the story take place?(The action takes place on Good Friday, the eve of Easter).

What is significant about this day? SLIDE 5.

(In the life of Orthodox believers, this is the only day of its kind in terms of its degree of tragedy - the day when e gave and before A torment, they crucified the Savior - Jesus Christ. The peculiarity of divine services in the temple on this day, filled with special sorrow for the crucified Savior, is such that Christians should spend most of the time in the temple - only there and only in this way, praying and grieving with the whole parish, the whole Orthodox world, can one overcome evil and death, gaining exceptional strength on this terrible day).

Who is the main character of the story Ivan by origin, lifestyle, upbringing and education? SLIDE 6, 7

(The main character of the story is Ivan Velikopolsky, a student of the Theological Academy, the son of a sexton, i.e. he belongs to the clergy, is closely connected with the foundations of church life and should be perfectly aware of the essence of the events of Good Friday ...)

And what? How does he behave on this day and how can one regard his act? SLIDE 6, 7

“Ivan Velikopolsky, a student of the Theological Academy, the son of a deacon, returning home from a draft, walked all the time along the path along the flood meadow. His fingers stiffened, and his face flared up from the wind.

(Ivan returns home not from the church, but from the forest, not from the cathedral service and prayer (in which he is simply obliged to participate), but from the hunt ... By his act - going hunting - he renounces both Christ and his Christian brothers ).

What is Ivan's state of mind and how can it be motivated?

"He thought that this the sudden onset of cold violated the order and harmony in everything, that nature itself is terrifying, and therefore the evening darkness thickened faster than necessary. All around it was deserted and somehow especially gloomy.. Only in the widow's gardens near the river did the fire glow; far away around and where there was a village, about four miles away, everything was completely buried in the cold evening mist..

(It is hard for him, sad, uncomfortable, he is depressed and seized with a gloomy mood, because, apparently, the voice of conscience haunts him ... He feels that he acted immorally ...)

SLIDE 8

Let's read what the hero is thinking about? What is the essence of these thoughts? Note that his thoughts move from the particular (everyday) to the general (global, eternal):“The student remembered that when he left home, his mother, sitting on the floor in the hallway, barefoot, was cleaning the samovar, and his father was lying on the stove and coughing; On the occasion of Good Friday, nothing was cooked at home, and I was agonizingly hungry. And now, shrugging from the cold, the student thought that exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was exactly the same severe poverty, hunger, the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years pass, life will not get better. And he didn't want to go home. SLIDE 9

(The student reflects on the loneliness and defenselessness of a person in the face of darkness and cold, and the hero is convinced that evil is ineradicable, eternal, omnipresent. There is no justice and goodness in the world - this discovery literally chills his heart. Ivan's thoughts surprisingly resemble the thoughts of another student - Rodion Raskolnikov).

However, in the ocean of cold haze, the light of a fire glimmered. This fire is visible from afar.SLIDE 10

A. Fet "A fire blazes in the forest with a bright sun ... "At one of the lessons devoted to the poetry of A.A. Fet, we analyzed his poem “A bonfire blazes with the bright sun in the forest ...” and talked about how significant and multifaceted images of a bonfire, a burning candle, and light in the window are in literature. The fire should warm and enlighten the soul of a tired and confused person... Will a miracle happen? Let's go to the fire together with Ivan and look into the faces of women.

SLIDE 10 ... FIRE SHINED IN THE WIDOV'S GARDENS ...

By what principle do the portrait characteristics of the widow Vasilisa and her daughter Lukerya correlate? " The gardens were called widow's because they were kept by two widows, a mother and a daughter. The fire burned hot, crackling, illuminating the plowed land far around. The widow Vasilisa, a tall, plump old woman in a man's sheepskin coat, stood beside her and gazed thoughtfully at the fire; her daughter Lukerya, small, pockmarked, with a silly face, sat on the ground and washed the cauldron and spoons ... Vasilisa, an experienced woman who once served with the masters as mothers, and then as nannies, expressed herself delicately, and did not leave her face all the time soft, sedate smile; her daughter Lukerya, a village woman, downtrodden by her husband, only squinted at the student and was silent, and her expression was strange, like that of a deaf-mute. .

(In describing the appearance of two women, the author uses the same principle of contrast, but behind the external opposition there is a deep inner unity of these images, due to some common spiritual basis: both women are Orthodox believers and literally understand Ivan, who remembered the Apostle Peter, literally from a half-word).

What gospel story and in connection with what did Ivan remember?

SLIDE 11Renunciation of the Apostle Peter

“In the same way, on a cold night, the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire,” said the student, stretching out his hands to the fire. So it was cold back then. Oh, what a terrible night it was, grandmother! Extremely dull, long night!”

(He remembered the story of the denial of the Apostle Peter, apparently because, consciously or unconsciously, he identifies himself with Peter. This story corresponds to his state of mind and behavior).

He looked around at the darkness, shook his head convulsively and asked:

- Probably, was on twelve gospels?

“I was,” Vasilisa answered.

– If you remember, during the Last Supper, Peter said to Jesus: “With you I am ready both for prison and for death.” And the Lord answered him: “I tell you, Peter, today the nooses, that is, the rooster, will not sing, how will you deny three times that you do not know me.” After the supper, Jesus mortally yearned in the garden and prayed, but poor Peter was weary of soul, weakened, his eyelids became heavy, and he could not overcome sleep in any way. Slept. Then, you heard, Judas kissed Jesus that same night and handed him over to his torturers. They led him bound to the high priest and beat him, and Peter, exhausted, tormented by longing and anxiety, you know, not getting enough sleep, foreseeing that something terrible was about to happen on earth, followed ... He passionately, without memory, loved Jesus , and now I saw from a distance how they beat him ... "

SLIDES 12,13 READING THE 12 GOSPELs

The student asks about the 12 Gospels, and the women understand perfectly what is being said. On Good Thursday - on the eve of Good Friday - 12 passages selected from 4 Gospels are read, which tell about the last hours of the Savior's earthly life. Let us turn to the pages of the book of the priest Alexander Men "The Son of Man" and read an excerpt from the 16th chapter "Night in Gethsemane". Here we are told about the prayer of the Savior in the Garden of Gethsemane, where He liked to retire for prayer. The Lord prayed fervently on the eve of his sufferings on the cross.

Let's listen to reading passages about these events. . Annex 1 .

SLIDES 14-21

SLIDE 21 Kiss Judas. Ilya Glazunov.

Let us return to the text of Chekhov's Student, to the episode in which Peter's abdication is spoken of. Beloved student renounces the teacher three times, whom he loves "passionately, without memory ..."

SLIDE 22 Renunciation of the Apostle Peter

“They came to the high priest,” he continued, “they began to interrogate Jesus, and meanwhile the workers lit a fire in the courtyard, because it was cold, and warmed themselves. With them, Peter stood by the fire and also warmed himself, as I am now. One woman, seeing him, said: “And this one was with Jesus,” that is, that he, they say, should be taken to interrogation. And all the workers that were near the fire must have looked at him suspiciously and sternly, because he was embarrassed and said: "I don't know him." A little later, again, someone recognized him as one of the disciples of Jesus and said: "You are one of them." But he again denied. And for the third time someone turned to him: “Isn’t it you that I saw with him in the garden today?” He recanted for the third time. And after this time, the rooster immediately crowed, and Peter, looking at Jesus from a distance, remembered the words that he had said to him at the supper ... He remembered, woke up, went out of the courtyard and wept bitterly and bitterly. The gospel says: "And he went out, weeping bitterly." I imagine: a quiet, quiet, dark, dark garden, and muffled sobs are barely heard in the silence ... The student sighed and thought.

What is the reaction of women to the retelling of an episode well known to them?

“Continuing to smile, Vasilisa suddenly sobbed, tears, large, abundant, flowed down her cheeks, and she shielded her face from the fire with her sleeve, as if ashamed of her tears, and Lukerya, looking motionlessly at the student, blushed, and her expression became heavy. , tense, like a person who is holding back severe pain. (Vasilisa is crying, and Lukerya's face is contorted in pain).

How does Ivan and the women feel about Peter?

(Events that occurred 19 centuries ago are perceived by them as today. This is not a Christian myth or legend, as it is fashionable to say now. Peter for believers, true Christians is by no means a fictional character, but a real person - a living, sinful, worthy of compassion. This is the same neighbor whom Jesus commanded to love. Chekhov's heroines live in complete harmony with the teachings of Christ. Vasilisa cries with Peter, as if sympathizing with his fate, sympathizing with his grief, sharing his moral torment and repentance).

SLIDE 23

Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy - M.M. dunaev- spoke about the heroes of Chekhov's story: “Women listening to a student undoubtedly experience what is being told in their souls, and thus empathize with his mental anguish. And the student realized that through this experience, an invisible unity of souls in Christ is accomplished, which only can resist sin and despondency... The experience of the betrayal of the Apostle Peter as one's own helps the student to purify his soul - and to understand life in a different way. SLIDE 24(quotes by I.N. Sukhikh and G.M. Fridlender).

Let's turn to the text and find confirmation of the words professors M. M. Dunaeva:

“Now the student was thinking about Vasilisa: if she cried, then everything that happened that terrible night with Peter had something to do with her ...

He looked back. A lone fire quietly blinked in the darkness, and no one could be seen near it. The student again thought that if Vasilisa began to cry, and her daughter became embarrassed, then, obviously, what he had just told about, what happened nineteen centuries ago, had to do with the present - with both women and, probably, with this deserted village, to himself, to all people. If the old woman began to cry, it was not because he knew how to tell a touching story, but because Peter was close to her, and because she was interested with all her being in what was happening in Peter's soul.

SLIDE 25 Album gr. "Nautilus Pompilius" "WINGS" (1995)

101 years after the appearance of Chekhov's "Student", the group "Nautilus Pompilius" released the album "Wings" (1995), which included the song "I dreamed that Christ was risen ..." Let's listen to a song based on Ilya Kormiltsev's verses and think about how the experiences of its hero are similar to those of Chekhov's heroes? Appendix 2 .

While the song is playing, SLIDES 26-29

Song message sounds“I dreamed that Christ was risen…”. Appendix 2.

Thank you for message! I hope everyone felt the inner similarity between the experiences of Chekhov's student and the hero of the song, V. Butusov. However, there is undoubtedly a significant difference, especially regarding the finale of these two works.

SLIDE 30What is the mood of the finale of the story?

“And when he crossed the river on a ferry and then, climbing the mountain, looked at his native village and to the west, where a cold crimson dawn shone in a narrow strip, he thought that the truth and beauty that guided human life there, in the garden and in the courtyard of the high priest, have continued uninterruptedly to this day and, apparently, have always been the main thing in human life and in general on earth; and a feeling of youth, health, strength - he was only 22 years old - and an inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, unknown, mysterious happiness took possession of him little by little, and life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full of lofty meaning.

How and why did Ivan's mood change? What truth did he discover for himself?

SLIDE 31

Let's read:“And joy suddenly stirred in his soul, and he even stopped for a minute to take a breath. The past, he thought, was connected with the present by an uninterrupted chain of events that flowed one from the other. And it seemed to him that he had just seen both ends of this chain: he touched one end, as the other trembled.

(Communication with ordinary Russian women, sparks of their spiritual warmth, faith and understanding warmed the soul of a student who realized that he was not alone. The world, which seemed to him “orphan” and “deserted” (like Butusov’s hero), suddenly found harmony, there was a feeling He was suddenly struck by another important and wise thought that everything in life is connected, nothing disappears without a trace, everything has its own deep meaning, and this connection of times is based on faith, goodness and love, capable of conquering death and evil).

SLIDES 32-33

reflection

At this stage of the lesson, the final word of the teacher sounds, generalization and systematization of observations and knowledge obtained during the discussion of the story and viewing an excerpt from the documentary “Apostle Peter”, assessment of these observations and knowledge, understanding and assimilation of the information received. The result should be the completion of each student's "double diaries" . SLIDES 35-36

Final word from the teacher.

SLIDE 34. I will quote a literary criticGeorgy MikhailovichFriedlander:“The story told by Chekhov's hero is a story about a village man like them, a simple fisherman ... Just like a Chekhov student and his listeners, the gospel Peter was well aware of the cold, homelessness, material deprivation, he warmed himself by a simple fire along with others the poor. … in the moment of an unexpected test, Peter could not cope with fear for himself and his life, he was frightened - and this forced him to renounce his Teacher. But a man of great weakness, Peter, according to the testimony of the Gospel, became a man of great strength, he overcame fear and courageously preached the word of the Teacher. I will add to these words that the Apostle Peter after the Resurrection of Jesus Christ began to courageously preach the Christian faith, despite the persecution of the persecutors and enemies of Christianity. Subsequently, he was crucified, like Christ.

SLIDE 34.

So, at the end of the story, the hero moves to his native village, home; from the void of renunciation and loneliness to your fellow men, from darkness and cold to dawn. The light of dawn symbolizes the beginning of a new stage in the life of a young student of the Theological Academy: the triumph of light over darkness, faith over unbelief and despondency, eternal memory over indifference and unconsciousness.Campfire lightin the widow's gardens" warmed and enlightened his soul.

SLIDES 37-38.

Summing up, let us emphasize once again what philosophical problems Chekhov addressed here? What is his story "Student" about - this amazing pearl of philosophical prose of the 19th century?

(This story is about life and the search for its meaning, about good and evil, about human strength and weakness, about betrayal and repentance, about time (about the connection of the present with the past), about the fate of Christianity, about Russia, about us ...)

And all this on several pages. It was the Gospel episode about the Apostle Peter, which forms the core of The Student, that helped Chekhov solve a whole range of philosophical problems.

I think we managed to understand why Chekhov called this story his favorite, I hope you also fell in love with this work. That's what Russian classics mean! From it rays diverge in all directions - to the past, present, future.

Filling out double diaries. Appendix 3 .

And now look at the slide and printouts: you have been offered a selection of quotes from prominent representatives of world culture. Using the "Double diary" technique, reveal the meaning of these quotes and express your opinion, which one and why can be taken as an epigraph to our lesson on the story "Student"?

Bibliography.

1. Zvinyatskovsky V.Ya. I start with Chekhov // Russian language and literature in secondary schools. 1990. No. 1. S. 6-12.
2. Sukhikh V.N. Human life: Chekhov's version // Chekhov A.P. Stories from the life of my friends. - St. Petersburg, 1994.
3. Fridlender G.M. Poetics of Russian realism. - L., 1971. S. 135-137.
4. Kharitonova O.N. Philosophical problem of A.P. Chekhov "Student" at the lesson of literature in the 10th grade // Literature at school. 1993. No. 6. S.51-54.

earth "(A.P. Chekhov)

"... I love my dear Tatyana so much."A. S. Pushkin.

"Essays on free topics"

In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin paints a picture of the life of different groups of the noble society of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, their way of life and customs, the life of peasants.

The main theme of the novel is an advanced personality and its relation to the noble society. This theme is revealed by Pushkin in the images of Onegin, Lensky, Tatyana - representatives of the progressive noble intelligentsia.

The image of Tatyana Larina in the novel is all the more significant because it expresses the lofty ideals of Pushkin. Starting from chapter III, Tatyana, along with Onegin, becomes the main character in the novel.

The very name of Tatyana, not consecrated by the literary tradition, perceived as common people, is associated with "remembrance of antiquity or girlhood." Pushkin draws the image of Tatyana with great warmth, embodying in her the best features of a Russian woman. Pushkin in his novel wanted to show an ordinary Russian girl. Pushkin emphasizes the absence of extraordinary, out of the ordinary traits in Tatyana. But the heroine is surprisingly poetic and attractive at the same time.

Tatyana is brought up in a manor estate in the Larin family, faithful to the "habits of dear old times." Tatyana's character is formed under the influence of a nanny, the prototype of which was the poet's nanny Arina Rodionovna. Tatyana grew up as a lonely, unkind girl. She did not like to play with her friends, she was immersed in her feelings and experiences. She tried early to understand the world around her, but the elders did not find answers to her questions. And then she turned to books that she believed undividedly:

"She liked novels early, They replaced everything for her, She fell in love with the deceptions of Both Richardson and Rousseau."

The surrounding life did little to satisfy her demanding soul. In books, she saw interesting people whom she dreamed of seeing and meeting in life. Communicating with the yard girls and listening to the stories of the nanny, Tatyana gets acquainted with folk poetry, imbued with love. Proximity to the people, to nature develops in Tatyana her moral qualities: spiritual simplicity, sincerity, artlessness. Tatyana is smart, original, original. She is naturally gifted

“A rebellious imagination.

Mind and will alive,

And wayward head

And with a fiery and tender heart.

With her mind, the originality of her nature, she stands out among the landlord environment and secular society, she understands the vulgarity, idleness, emptiness of the life of human society. She dreams of a man who would bring high content into her life, who would be like the heroes of her favorite novels. Onegin seemed to her like that - a secular young man who came from St. Petersburg, smart and noble. Tatyana, with all sincerity and simplicity, falls in love with Onegin: “... everything is full of him; everything to the sweet virgin incessantly with magical power repeats about him. She decides to write a love letter to Onegin. His abrupt refusal is a complete surprise for the girl. Tatyana ceases to understand Onegin and his actions:

"Essays on free topics"

“She is penetrated to the depths of her soul: she cannot understand him in any way ...”

Tatyana is in a hopeless position: she cannot stop loving Onegin and at the same time is convinced that he is not worthy of her love.

Onegin did not understand the full strength of her feelings, did not guess her nature, since he valued “freedom and peace” above all, was single and selfish. Love brings Tatiana nothing but suffering. But its moral rules are firm and constant. In St. Petersburg, she becomes a princess, gains universal respect and admiration in the "high society". During this time, she changes a lot. “The indifferent princess, impregnable tower of the luxurious, regal Neva,” Pushkin draws it in the last chapter. But still, she's adorable. Obviously, this charm was not in her external beauty, but in her spiritual nobility, simplicity, intelligence, richness of spiritual content. But even in the "high society" she is lonely. And here she does not find what her soul aspires to. She expresses her attitude to life in the words addressed to Onegin, who returned to the capital after wandering around Russia:

"... Now I am glad to give All this rags of a masquerade, All this brilliance, and noise, and children For a shelf of books, for a wild garden, For our poor dwelling..."

In the scene of Tatyana's last meeting with Onegin, her spiritual qualities are revealed even more deeply: moral impeccability, fidelity to duty, determination, truthfulness. She rejects Onegin's love, remembering that the basis of feelings for her is selfishness, selfishness.

Tatyana Larina opens a gallery of beautiful images of a Russian woman, morally impeccable, looking for deep meaning in life. Such are Olga Ilyinskaya in Oblomov, the heroines of Turgenev's novels, the wives of the Decembrists, sung in many poems.

32. “The human must always and inevitably triumph ...” (M.S.

Saltykov-Shchedrin)

In the novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov committed a murder, deleting himself from the people in the sense that we understand it. Man cannot kill man. Will the human never return to Raskolnikov? No, the human triumphed in him. Triumphed thanks to Sonechka Marmeladova.

Sonya touched Raskolnikov with something. Even when Marmeladov in the tavern spoke about her sacrifice to save young children from starvation.

In the most difficult, difficult days for Raskolnikov, he went to Sonya. It is in her humiliated by circumstances and beautiful in her soul that Rodion seeks solace. Raskolnikov is attracted to Sonya and a certain community of destinies ("murderer and harlot"). And already a conscious feeling that a person cannot be alone. This unnatural state must be overcome, because without communication a person ceases to be a person. Someone should always be there - to understand, help, regret. In this sense, Raskolnikov sees salvation in Sonya's participation in him.

"Essays on free topics"

By putting his theory into practice, Raskolnikov separated himself from other people; he himself could not bear to communicate with anyone. Most of all - with the closest and dearest - mother, sister. But when alienation reaches its peak, a passionate craving for warmth, understanding, compassion is born. In the relationship between Raskolnikov and Sonya, and later Raskolnikov and the convicts, there is a very important turn in the soul from suffering to compassion, from selfish self-deepening to the ability to love the unfortunate.

Sonya, with her inherent kindness, feels that Raskolnikov needs her, because he is "terribly, infinitely unhappy." And she gradually brings him back to life.

At first, in relation to Sonya in Raskolnikov, there is an impulse that is not devoid of selfishness. It is to her that he pours out his pain: “He called for one, he came for one: do not leave me. Will you leave me, Sonya? “...Why are you hugging me? For what I myself could not bear and came to blame on another: suffer you too, it will be easier for me! Rodion knows that Sonya will follow him to hard labor and help him. There is an element of selfishness in this. But still, there is a shift in Raskolnikov's feelings. There is a vague need to atone for one's guilt. Raskolnikov begins to look for the origins of his erroneous views and actions. He ponders why he could not kill himself, but turned himself in. But Raskolnikov cannot answer this question. Dostoevsky answers for him: “Raskolnikov could not understand that even then, when he stood over the river, perhaps he foresaw in himself and in his convictions a deep lie. He did not understand that this presentiment could be a harbinger of a future turning point in his life, his future resurrection, his future new outlook on life.

Punishment by his own conscience for Raskolnikov is worse than hard labor. However, these torments do not bring peace to Raskolnikov: Raskolnikov closed himself in her. But before him there is a choice, the opportunity to overcome his inner spiritual split, to find the basis of a different being, to move from self-punishment to acceptance of the world, to break out of the narrow boundaries of his own "I".

Gradually, already in hard labor, Raskolnikov realizes that Sonya, with her religiosity, kindness, mercy, her heart open to people, is becoming part of his existence. As a logical conclusion of this discovery sounds a request to bring the Gospel. Raskolnikov wants to accept Sonya's faith not out of conviction, not because he had such a need, but because the deep trust in Sonya, the gratitude that arose in him, make him look at the world through her eyes.

Raskolnikov understands God a little differently than Sonya. He comes to the conclusion that God is the embodiment of humanity, the ability to serve the unfortunate, the fallen. Therefore, now Raskolnikov is trying to do what Sonya did for him - he helps convicts, convicts, outcasts, who, like him from Sonya, are waiting for help from him. And this gives the first glimpse of happiness and spiritual purification to Raskolnikov.

Dostoevsky leads Raskolnikov at the end of the novel to the idea of ​​the need to live a real life, not an invented life, to assert oneself not through misanthropic ideas, but through love and kindness, through serving people. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov gradually, as it were, recovers from the disease of "Bonapartism", he woke up from delirium, began to live a real life.

But the path to a new life is not easy, since Raskolnikov will not get a new life for nothing, “you still have to buy it dearly, pay for it with a great future feat ...” Raskolnikov’s path to knowing the meaning of life is difficult and painful. From a crime that is atoned for by terrible suffering, to attention, compassion and love for the very people whom Rodion Raskolnikov wanted to despise, consider himself below himself.

"Essays on free topics"

33. The social significance of a writer consists precisely in shedding a ray of light on all sorts of moral and mental troubles ... ”(M. S. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Small, but very capacious and vital stories of A.P. Chekhov are not always easy to understand if you do not remember the life position of the writer, who is strict, first of all, with himself. Everyone knows his statement: “Everything should be beautiful in a person: clothes, soul, and thoughts.” Less well known is another of his sayings: "You must be clear mentally, clean morally and neat physically." And this, in the words of M. Gorky, is an ardent “desire to see people as simple, beautiful and harmonious” and explains Chekhov’s intransigence to all kinds of squalor, vulgarity, moral and mental limitations.

Indeed, what seems to be wrong with the fact that a person wants to earn more money, like Dr. Startsev? What is special if he wanted to simultaneously serve in the Zemstvo and have a large practice in the city? But, reading the story "Ionych", we understand how money can gradually imperceptibly displace his living soul in a person, and the desire to live calmly and carefree can make him morally and physically handicapped.

Dmitry Ionovich Startsev - the hero of the story "Ionych" - was appointed a doctor in a zemstvo hospital, in Dyalizh, not far from the provincial city of S. This is a young man with ideals and desires for something lofty. In S. he meets the Turkin family, "the most educated and talented in the city." Ivan Petrovich Turkin played in amateur performances, showed tricks, joked. Vera Iosifovna wrote novels and short stories for herself and read them to guests. Their daughter Ekaterina Ivanovna, a young, pretty girl, who was called Kotik in the family, played the piano. When Dmitry Ionych first visited the Turkins, he was fascinated. He fell in love with Kitty. This feeling was in the life of Ionych "the only joy and the last." For the sake of his love, he is ready, it would seem, for a lot. But when Kotik refused him, he suffered for only three days, and then everything went on as before. Recalling his wooing and lofty reasoning (“Oh, how little those who have never loved!” know), he only lazily said: “How much trouble, however!”

Physical obesity comes to Startsev imperceptibly. He stops walking, suffers from shortness of breath, likes to eat. “Four years have passed. In the city, Startsev already had a lot of practice. He grew stout, swelled up and was reluctant to walk, as he suffered from shortness of breath. Creeps up and moral "obesity". Previously, Ionych was distinguished by hot movements of the soul and ardor of feelings from the inhabitants of the city of S. They annoyed him with "their conversations, views on life, and even their appearance." He knew from experience that with the townsfolk you can play cards, eat and talk only about the most ordinary things. And if you start talking, for example, “about politics or science,” then the layman becomes stumped or “turns on such a stupid and evil philosophy that it remains only to wave your hand and move away. But gradually Startsev got used to such a life and was drawn into it. And if he didn’t want to talk, he was more silent, for which he received the nickname “pouted Pole.” At the end of the story, we see that he spends every evening in the club, plays vint, has a snack and occasionally interferes in the conversation:

What are you talking about? A? Whom?

When Kotik was convinced that she had mediocre abilities, she lived with one hope for Startsev's love. But Ionych was no longer the young man who could come at night for a date at the cemetery. “And now he liked her, liked her very much, but something was no longer enough in her, or something was superfluous, but something already prevented him from feeling as before ... he didn’t like something in the past, when he almost married her. He remembered his love, the dreams and hopes that worried him four years ago - and he felt embarrassed. He had become too lazy and degraded spiritually and morally to love and have a family. He

"Essays on free topics"

only thinks: “It’s good that I didn’t get married then.”

The doctor's main pastime, into which he imperceptibly, little by little, got involved, was "taking papers out of his pockets in the evenings," and then, when there was too much money, to examine the houses intended for auction. Greed got the better of him. But he himself could not explain why he alone needed so much money, even if he did not attend theaters and concerts.

Startsev himself knows that he is “getting older, getting fatter, falling”, but he has neither the desire nor the will to fight the philistine. His doctor's name is now simply Ionych. Life path completed.

Why did Dmitry Ionych Startsev turn from a hot young man into an obese, greedy and noisy Ionych? Yes, the environment is to blame. Life is monotonous, boring, "passes dully, without impressions, without thoughts." But the author leads us to the idea that the doctor himself is primarily to blame, who lost all the best that was in him, exchanged living feelings for a well-fed, self-satisfied existence.

34. “The main knot of our life, its entire future core and meaning for purposeful people is tied in the earliest years ...” (A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

The character of each person is laid down in childhood. Upbringing, living conditions, the environment in which the child grew up have a very great influence. This leaves a certain imprint and then makes itself felt throughout life. We all “come from childhood”, each of us has his own upbringing.

In I. A. Goncharov’s novel Oblomov, we are shown two systems of education: Oblomov, in which Ilya Ilyich Oblomov spent his happy, serene childhood, and the upbringing of Andrei Ivanovich Stolz, a good friend of Ilyusha. I would like to elaborate on Stolz's childhood.

Stolz's upbringing was mainly done by his father. He tried to instill in his son respect for knowledge, the habit of thinking and studying. He brought up in his son economic tenacity, the need for constant activity. As a child, he taught his son to earn a living on his own. Recall that his father usually took money from him and gave it out only for necessary things. Often the father treated his son cruelly. So, he kicked him out of the house for unlearned lessons. Together with his father, Stoltz ran the household, learned to understand various things. From childhood, his father taught Stolz to work: “Labor is the image, content, element and purpose of life, at least mine,” Stolz will say later.

Stolz received a good education. The father took Andrei's deep knowledge very seriously. Andrei sat with his father at a geographical map, parsed bible verses and summed up the illiterate accounts of peasants, bourgeois and factory workers, and read sacred history with his mother, taught Krylov's fables.

At the age of 14-15, he independently traveled with instructions from his father to the city and it never happened that he forgot something, changed it, overlooked it, made a mistake. We can say that Stoltz received a correct, rational upbringing.

Reading about the upbringing of Stolz, the question arises: does Andrey's father love? I think that he loves and educates him in his own way, in German. So, probably, his father raised Stolz's father.

The most intense scene in the novel is Stolz's farewell to his father. This scene amazes us. Father and son - two dear people - say goodbye forever, they know that this is forever. But my father did not shed a tear, nothing stirred in him. Just an almost hysterical goodbye. Didn't he really feel sorry for his son, who was going into the unknown. It seems to me that he

"Essays on free topics"

I wanted to hug my son, kiss him, and maybe even cry. But the father couldn't do it. Then the whole system of his upbringing would have collapsed.

The harsh upbringing of his father hardened the character of Stolz. Thanks to such an upbringing, something really came out of him, he achieved a lot thanks to a serious hardening of life.

Many critics accused I. A. Goncharov of Stolz being spiritually poor.

N. A. Dobrolyubov saw in him only a bourgeois businessman - an entrepreneur. A.P. Chekhov called Stolz "a blowing beast."

I think the critics are right after all. Such an upbringing, which Stoltz received, made him look like some kind of machine: he almost never worries, does not worry. He lives strictly according to the plan, his life is scheduled by the minute. There are no surprises, interesting moments in Stolz's life. His life is like an exact timetable for trains, and he himself is a train that runs correctly on schedule, although very good, but still artificial. His ideal is the achievement of material prosperity, comfort, personal well-being.

Stolz turned out to be too perfect, and in fact there is no ideal in life.

35. “Honor cannot be taken away, it can be lost... (A.P. Chekhov) (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin

"Captain's daughter")

The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" occupies a special place in the work of A. S. Pushkin. It tells of a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. The plot is based on a cruel clash of two opposite worlds: the world of the nobility and the world of the peasantry. Against the backdrop of these events, the story is about the love of the young nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev for the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, Masha Mironova. The central problem of the work is the problem of honor, as evidenced by the epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age." In relation to this problem, the images of the heroes of this story are revealed. All the characters in the story show this quality in different ways.

The honor of an officer was not an empty phrase for the nobles of the 18th century, especially for the patriarchal nobility, shown in the person of Grinev, the elder and commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, Captain Mironov. The captain prefers to die than to swear allegiance to the impostor. Andrei Petrovich Grinev, an old guards officer, considers the concept of honor from the position of an officer of government troops. He believes that the officer's duty is to "sniff the gunpowder", so he sends his son to serve not in St. Petersburg, but in a remote province.

The central character of the story - Petrusha Grinev - also lives by honor. For the first time, Grinev acts honorably by returning the card debt, although Savelich was against it. Not to repay a debt means to tarnish one's honor. Finding himself more than once in the hands of Pugachev, accepting his help and patronage, Pyotr Grinev does not violate the military oath. Even in cases where it may threaten his life, the hero never betrays himself and the people who depend on him.

Another act of honor is Shvabrin's challenge to a duel. Grinev had to stand up for the honor of his beloved girl, although he himself suffered from this decision.

Shvabrin is the opposite of Grinev. He, like Grinev, was an officer, swore an oath to the empress. But for his own benefit, out of fear for his life, Shvabrin joined the Pugachev uprising. Having sacrificed noble honor, Shvabrin joined the ranks of the rebels, although the goals of the uprising were absolutely alien to him. He is deep

"Essays on free topics"

despises the people, fears and hates Pugachev. Having gone over to the side of the rebels, he goes against himself, first of all, and against honor.

And his act in relation to Masha Mironova is a completely dishonorable act. Having not achieved either love or Masha's disposition, Shvabrin locks her up, drives her almost to madness. A person who knows nothing about honor can act like this. And if not for the help of Pugachev, it is not known what would have happened to the poor girl. When Shvabrin is exposed, he does everything to interfere with the happiness of Pyotr Andreevich and the poor girl, and later, having “repented” before the state, betrays Grinev, giving false evidence against him in court.

And Pugachev himself is not alien to the concept of honor. It was this quality that Pugachev managed to appreciate in Grinev. Pugachev appreciates this sense of honor in Grinev, who, even in the face of death, continues to behave with dignity, speaks the truth and does not deviate from the once and for all given oath. For this, Pugachev respects Grinev and patronizes him. Exclusively through the efforts of Pugachev, Masha and Grinev find each other. Subsequently, Grinev saw in the impostor a man of honor.

During the rebellion, the qualities of all its participants were very clearly manifested. We see the concept of honor in the example of the constable, Pugachev's "generals" and the whole people. They all, without hesitation, go over to the side of Pugachev, because the power is now in his hands. For these people there is no concept of honor. The constable either serves the commandant, or Pugachev, or helps Masha and Grinev, he would gladly serve someone else if this someone were found.

"Generals", according to Pugachev, "at the first failure ... they will redeem their neck with my head." The people, as soon as Pugachev's people occupied the Belogorsk fortress, expresses complete obedience to Pugachev, collecting money that Pugachev throws at them. For them, there is no concept of honor, but only the concept of force, or rather, the threat of force, which can take their lives. Therefore, the act of Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is a real feat. He understands honor as a true officer who swore allegiance to the empress. He fearlessly defends the Belogorsk fortress, even without good weapons. After the surrender of the fortress, he refuses to recognize the "fugitive Cossack woman" as the emperor, for which he takes his life. Ivan Ignatich does the same, repeating the words of the commandant of the fortress: “You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, listen, you!” For which he paid with his life.

So, the problem of honor and duty is central in the historical story "The Captain's Daughter". Each of the heroes acts in accordance with his understanding of these high qualities.

An important place in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is occupied by the image of Tatyana Larina - Pushkin's "sweet ideal". It was in her face that the poet embodied the best feminine qualities that he noticed in life. It seems to me that the image of Tatyana embodies the ideal of truthfulness and spiritual beauty.

For Pushkin, it is very important that the heroine is “Russian in soul”. What makes her so, and what traits of her character are close to Pushkin? What Russian person does not love nature and the Russian beauty winter! The poet emphasizes the closeness of the heroine to nature in her portrait:

Dika, sad, silent,

Like a forest doe, timid ...

Tatyana likes to meet the sunrise, wander through the forests, enjoy the silence and harmony of nature, relax in her bosom. It is no coincidence that the heroine does not want to leave the estate and contrasts the "hateful life" of high society in St. Petersburg with her native, close to the heart, rural areas, vast expanses.

Pushkin endows Tatyana with a purely Russian name, unconventional for noble heroines, with which "the memory of antiquity is inseparable." After all, the heroine is the embodiment of a national character. It is closely connected with folk life by spiritual ties.

Tatyana's best personality traits are rooted in popular soil. Brought up by a simple peasant woman, just like Pushkin himself, Tatyana took from Filipyevna all the wisdom of the people, comprehended the concepts of good and evil, duty. Knowledge of folklore, fairy tales, rituals, folk traditions, "cute traditions of the common people's antiquity", Russian dreams is proof of this.

Pushkin is always happy to emphasize Tatyana's individuality, her difference from empty girls. The feelings of the heroine are full of sincerity and purity. She knows neither mannered affectation, nor sly coquetry, nor sentimental sensitivity - all that was characteristic of most of her peers. She fell in love with Onegin "not jokingly", seriously, for life. Her naively pure, touching and sincere writing breathes deep feeling, it is full of sublime simplicity. The quivering words of her declaration of love for Yevgeny are so similar to the confessions of Pushkin himself!

And, finally, Pushkin admires the natural mind of his heroine. Tatyana's intellectual development helps her in St. Petersburg to understand and internally reject the "hateful life of tinsel", to preserve her
good moral character. And the world sees in her strong-willed nature, realizes her superiority. But, although Tatyana hides her feelings under the guise of a secular lady, Pushkin still sees her suffering. Tatiana wants to run to the village, but she can't. The heroine is not able to change the man she married. Whoever he was, she would never hurt him. This once again proves her spiritual superiority over others, her loyalty, devotion to her husband.

In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin created a new literary type, which has no analogues in Russian literature.

According to Belinsky, "he was the first to poetically reproduce, in the person of Tatyana, a Russian woman."

Post navigation

“... Truth and beauty ... have always been the main thing in human life and in general on earth ...” (A.P. Chekhov) (based on Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin)

“... Truth and beauty ... have always been the main thing in human life and in general on earth ...” (A. P. Chekhov)

An important place in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is occupied by the image of Tatyana Larina - Pushkin's "sweet ideal". It was in her face that the poet embodied the best feminine qualities that he noticed in life.