4 type of reading in English. How to read consonant letter combinations in English

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Knowledge of the English language has already become the norm and a common thing in society, but those who are just starting to learn it face many questions, including the correct pronunciation of not only words, but even letters. By the way, there are 26 of them in the English language. There are much more sounds - to immediately understand how each of the letters is read is sometimes beyond even native speakers. It is the peculiarities of the pronunciation of letters that make English difficult to learn and understand. But with effort, you can always achieve good results.

Independent study of the English language and the rules of reading in it requires a lot of self-discipline. Only by making maximum efforts, you can achieve results - you need to train in reading daily, devoting at least half an hour to this. It's better than going back to school once or twice a week.

Rules for reading letters in English

There are a number of rules in the English language, without knowledge of which the development of literate reading is impossible. Recall that there are as many as 44 sounds in English - this means that one letter can be read in different ways, depending on where it stands and what it is surrounded by.

Reading consonants

The pronunciation of a large number of English consonants is not difficult, because they are read in the same way as Russian ones. These letters arem, n, l, b, f And zand others. Consonantst And dcan also be attributed to this group, but with a slight clarification - they should be pronounced with some aspiration:dentist, door, tape, talk.

With the rest of the letters, you need to learn simple rules, without which it will be difficult to navigate the correct pronunciation:

Letter c has two types of pronunciation. If it comes before vowels likei, e And y, then it is read as the letter [s]: city, quote, spice, ice.

Otherwise, before vowelsA, O, uand other consonants, it will be read as [k]: comfort, confusion, dictionary, clean.

with a letter gthe situation is the same - in combination with lettersi, e And yit reads like [dʒ]: gymnastics, Georgia, general, age. But there are exception words here, the pronunciation of which must be remembered: inget, give, forget, begin, girlthe consonant reads like [g]. Before vowelsA, O , uand other consonants, the letter is pronounced like [g]: good, gold, galaxy, glad

Letter qin combination with vowels occurs only in the formqu and reads like [ kw]: quality, queen, quake equipment.

Letter pronunciationjeasy to remember: in all cases it is read as [dʒ]: June, jacket, jungle, jet.

Letter s reads like [ s] in those cases when it is at the beginning of a word, in the middle before voiceless consonants and at the end after voiceless consonants:song, hipster, desk, mess. The letter has a second reading option - [z]. It is used in cases where the letter is after or between vowels, as well as after voiced consonants:race, use, beds, is.

At xalso has its own peculiarities of pronunciation. In some cases, this letter will be read as [ks] - when it is at the end of a word, before a consonant or unstressed vowel:Fox, text, next, six. The letter can also be read as [gz], if it comes before a stressed vowel:exotic, exams, example.

Consonant combinations in English

Sometimes adjacent consonant letters give rise to a new sound, not similar to those given by these letters separately. Here are some examples:

ch - [ tʃ]: church, match, champion;

ck- [ k]: back, clock, black;

gh- [-] (no sound):night, right, light;

kn- [ n]: knife, knock, knot;

ng- [ ŋ ]: sing, thing, ring;

nk- [ Lk]: prank, funk, drunk;

ph- [ f]: pharaoh, photographer, physics;

sh- [ ʃ ]: shine, shapes, show;

tch- [ tʃ]: match, watch, stretch;

th- [ θ ] (at the beginning and end of significant words):teeth, thin, think;

th- [ ð ] (between vowels and at the beginning of function words):with, they, father;

wh- [ w] (with vowels excepto): why, when, white;

wh- [ h] (with a vowel o): whose, who, whom;

wr- [ r]: wreck, wrong, wrath.

Reading vowels

Depending on how the word ends, vowels will have different types of reading. There are only four of them - they are all for English vowels in stressed syllables.

open syllable . Such a syllable is called one that ends in a vowel, including in cases where it is not pronounced:

A [ ei] - fame;

O [ ou] - smoke;

E[ i:] - me;

I[ ai] - five;

Y[ ai] - try;

U[ ju:] - tube.

All the words indicated in the examples end in a silent vowel, and the pronunciation of vowels in the root is the same as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable . It ends in a consonant:

A [ uh] - Mad;

O [ o] - sports;

E[ e] - September;

I[ i] - flip;

Y[ i] - rhythm;

U[ a] - fun.

Vowel + “r” . This consonant affects the sound of the vowel that stands at the root - it gives its sound a length:

A [ a:] - far;

O [ o:] - sort;

E[ e:] - term;

I[ e:] - fir;

Y[ e:] - Byrd;

U[ e:] - turn.

Vowel + “r” + vowel . The consonant, as in the above case, is not read. It only gives firmness to the vowel that follows it:

A [ ea] - care;

O [ o:] - more;

E[ ie] - where;

I[ aie] - fire;

Y[ aie] - tire;

U[ jue] - cure.

Reading diphthongs

Diphthongs are sounds that consist of two vowels. To pronounce a diphthong, the tongue must first move into position for the first of two vowels and then move into position for the second vowel. The first sound is always stronger and more distinct than the second. All these movements must be performed within one syllable. Reading these sounds is quite difficult and is not immediately given to those people who have just begun to learn English:

[ ee] - And - free;

[ ea] - And - tear;

[ oo] - y - soon;

[ all] - ol - wall;

[ ay] - Hey - day;

[ oi] - Ouch - joint.

What to look for when reading

Accent

Russian accent is identified by foreigners immediately: we are distinguished by a not too emotional tone of communication, dry pronunciation of sounds. English, on the other hand, needs a more “lively” approach - here the impulsive pronunciation of words, lowering and raising the tone are very important, because with the help of them English-speaking people show their attitude to the conversation, paint it in the right colors.

Intonation

Each language has its own melody of speech, which gives it original features. There are two main intonations in English: falling and rising. These tones in the language are indicated by a down arrow for descending and up for ascending.

Example:

I read a ↓ book.
Do you read a book?

The first tone is used in questions that begin with interrogative words, imperative, exclamatory and affirmative sentences.

Example:

This house is ↓ white- This house is white ;

↓ Open the door - Open the door;

Where did he ↓ ride? - Where did he ride?

Ascending is used for general questions, transfers, in requests.

Example:

Do you know Sam?- Do you know Sam?
May I ask you a question? -May I ask you a question?;
I have a hat, a shoes, a jacket and a ↓ socks - I have a hat, boots, jacket and socks.

stress

They play a big role in the English language. The stress here is not fixed, which means they are pronounced the way you want - in accordance with the phrase that you pronounce. Different parts of speech can be stressed in sentences: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs and some pronouns.

How to improve reading skills in English?

As mentioned earlier, in the matter of learning the basics of the English language, constant practice remains the main thing. There are a number of exercises, tips and tricks to take your reading skills to the next level. You need to contact them as often as possible, even daily.

Speak children's tongue twisters

Suitable for people who want to learn to read from scratch and those who have great difficulty in the correct pronunciation of sounds. They are composed in such a way as to work out each sound separately. Choose those letters that are most difficult for you to pronounce, and repeat as often as possible tongue twisters specially created for them - at first slowly and legibly, you can gradually begin to accelerate.

Interdentalth :

Whether the weather is warm, whether the weather is hot, we have to put up with the weather, whether we like it or not.

Red leather, yellow leather.

Thirty thousand thirsty thieves thundered through the thicket.

Whistlings :

She sells seashells by the seashore.

Would the single singer sing the sad song about them?

I can think of six thin things, but I can think of six thick things too.

Soundsh , which is often confused withth :

We surely shall see the sun shine soon.

She sells sea shells on the seashore.

She slits the sheet she sits on.

Soundf :

The first fly flies forty-four feet,
The fourth fly flies forty-five feet,
The fifth fly flies fifty-four feet.
What fly flies fifty-five feet?

Fat frogs flying past fast.

Soundj :

US students are younger than UK junkers,

UK junkers are cuter than US students.

If US students weren't younger than UK junkers,

Could UK junkers be cuter than US students?

Yankee yachtsmen's yachts yaw for one yard,

Yakut yachtsmen's yachts yaw for two yards.

If Yankee yachtsmen's yachts didn't yaw for one yard,

Could Yakut yachtsmen’s yachts yaw for two yards?

Listen to competent English speech

Auditory memory will be very useful to you: listen to native speakers as often as possible: this can be films in English, radio, podcasts, audio books, educational materials and much more.

To begin with, choose to listen to small, light texts that you have in printed form. At the same time as the announcer says, repeat after him - gradually you will remember how he pronounces sounds that are difficult for you and you will begin to speak much more competently and beautifully.

Work on your pronunciation

Do not forget to communicate with people who have the correct English speech - with foreigners, teachers, people for whom English is like a second native. How well your interlocutors and listeners will understand you depends on pronunciation.

Listen to the people you are talking to very carefully, trying to imitate their intonation and pronunciation. Understand how to pronounce those sounds of the English language that are not in Russian: work on the position of the lips and tongue and try to remember the method of pronunciation of letters.

For example, most of the difficulties are caused by such a common sound in English asth.There are many mistakes in the attempts of Russian people to read it correctly: it often sounds like something between the letters s and z - this sound is not correct. In a number of words such asthis, that And therethis combination of letters should be pronounced as a sound between z and d, and in wordsthree, think And thief- as something between s and f.

Use transcriptions

Transcription is such a system of signs, where each of them conveys its own specific sound. With the help of them, it becomes much clearer how to pronounce complex words, what sounds they consist of. Usually only schoolchildren use transcriptions, and in vain - this method of remembering and assimilating the correct pronunciation of sounds is suitable for any person. A table with transcription signs is presented below:

Let's break the combinations of consonants into groups.

№	Group	Combinations	Sounds	Examples
1	Ordinary	ck	[k]	clock - clock, stick - stick, luck - luck
		qu		queen - queen, quick - fast, question [‘kwest∫ (ə) n] - question
		(d)g		bridge - bridge, edge - edge, lodge - house
2	sizzling	sh	[∫]	ship [∫ıp] - ship, smash - hit, show [∫əʊ] - show, astonish [ə'stɒnı∫] - surprise
		ch, tch		chat - chat, fetch - effort, such - such
3	Interdental	th	[Ө]	thank [Өæŋk] - gratitude, thin [Өın] - thin, bath - bath, myth - myth, three [Өri:] - three
		th	[ð]	mother [‘mʌðə] - mother, bathe - to swim, clothes - clothes, this [ðıs] - this, the [ðə] - article, than [ðæn] - than
4	Greek	ph	[f]	photo ['fəʊtəʊ] - photography, telephone ['telı, fəʊn] - phone, triumph ['traıəmf] - triumph
5	nasal	-ng	[ŋ]	sing - sing, coming [‘kʌmıŋ] - arrival, wing - wing
		nk, n+[k]	[ŋk]	think [Өıŋk] - think, donkey [‘dɒŋkı] - donkey, uncle [ʌŋkl] - uncle
6	dumb	kn-	[n]	knight - knight, know - know, knee - knee
		wr	[r]	write - write, wrist - wrist, wrong - wrong
		wh	[w]	when - when, why - why, whirl - whirlpool, whale - whale

Ordinary sounds.

The letter combination "ck" replaces the letter "k" according to the rule of three letters. If the word has one vowel, then the letter combination “ck” is written, if there are two vowels, then the letter “k” is written. The sound will be the same in both cases. Compare: lock - lock and look - look.

In the combination "qu", the vowel "u" ​​gives the consonant sound [w]. The combination "qu" is similar to the croaking of a frog.

The letter combination "dg" + silent "e" replaces the letter "g" + silent "e" at the end of the word according to the four letter rule. If there is a consonant before "g", then "g" + silent "e" is written, if not, then "dg" + silent "e" is written. The sound will be the same in both cases. Compare: pledge - pledge, plunge - immersion.

Hissing sounds.

Since the English alphabet does not have special letters for hissing sounds, as in Russian: "ch" and "sh", these hissing sounds are formed by a combination of letters. The sound consists of two letters, but is pronounced together, like the Russian “ch”. It is necessary to remember about deaf-voiced pairs: [∫ - ʒ], as in the Russian alphabet: "sh" - "g", "h" - "j".

At the end of words, the letter combination “tch” is written instead of “ch” according to the four-letter rule: if there is a consonant before, then “ch” is written, if not, then “tch”. For example: inch [ınt∫] - inch, itch [ıt∫] - thirst. Exceptions: much - very, rich - rich, such - such.

Interdental sounds- deaf and voiced. Deaf is used in semantic words: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Therefore, to read the combination "th" you need to know the translation of the word or part of speech. The voiced sound is used in pronouns and function words: prepositions, conjunctions, in the definite article. Between vowels, the interdental sound is always voiced. For example: mother [‘mʌðə] - mother. Exceptions are borrowed from the Greek word, for example: author [ɔ: Өə] - author, method [‘meӨəd] - method.

Greek by origin, the letter combination "ph" [f] is often found in international words that are similar in different languages. For example, words similar to Russian: telephone [‘telıfəʊn] - telephone, phone - sound, call on the phone, physics [‘fızıks] - physics.

nasal[ŋ] at the end of a word is most often found in the ending –ing [ıŋ], although there are other cases. It must be remembered that the letter "g" is not pronounced. This letter is pronounced only in the middle of a word, for example: English [‘ıŋglı∫] - English. The sound combination [ŋk] is formed not only by combining the letters “nk”, but also always when the letter “n” is followed by the sound [k], for example: anxious [‘æŋk∫əs] – preoccupied.

dumb consonants are not pronounced and therefore do not require additional explanations. For the letter combination "wh", the rule changes when the letter "o" comes next. In this case, silent letters change places in this combination of letters. For example: whole - whole, who - who, whose - whose.

In conclusion, we note that the letter "h" is the most compatible letter in the English alphabet. So, if you meet this letter in a word, see if it is in any combination of letters.

Sounds expressed by letters are transmitted using transcription marks. How to read the transcription is described on the page: Transcription

What is an open and closed type of syllable: Open and closed syllable

Vowel sounds.

stressed vowels

eɪ]-c a se - [keɪs]- case.

æ ] -t ank - [tæŋk]- cistern, tank.

Vowel + r - [ ɑː ] -c a r - [kɑː]- car, car.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ ɑː ] -p a rk - [pɑːk]- a park.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ eə]-v a ry - [ˈveəri]- vary.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ iː ]-sh e - [ʃiː]- she.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ e]-b e t - [bet]- bet, bet

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-h er - [hɜː]- her, her.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-t e rm - [tɜːm]- term.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ ɪə ] -m e re - [mɪə]- only.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ aɪ]-l i ne - [laɪn]- line.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɪ ] -b i t - [bɪt]- a bit, a little.

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-s i r - [sɜː]- sir.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-th i rd - [θɜːd]- third.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ aɪə]-h i re - [haɪə]- to rent.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ əʊ ] -z oh ne - [zəʊn] zone, region.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɒ ] -l o t - [lɒt]- a lot of.

Vowel + r - [ ɔː ] - or - [ɔː ] - or.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ ɔː ] -b orn - [bɔːn]- was born.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ ɔː ] -st o ry - [ˈstɔːri]- story.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ jʊː]-n u de - [njʊːd]- naked.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ʌ ] -c u t - [kʌt]- a cut.

Vowel + r - [ zː ]-f u r - [fɜː]- wool, skin.

Vowel + r + consonant - [ zː ]-b urn - [bɜːn]- burn.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ jʊə]-p u re - [pjʊə]- clean.

In an open syllable it reads like - [ aɪ]-m y - [maɪ]- my.

In a closed syllable it reads like - [ ɪ ] -m yth - [mɪθ]- myth.

Vowel + r + vowel - [ aɪə]-t y re - [taɪə]- tire.

Vowel combinations

[iː ]

ee-s ee - [ˈsiː]- see

ea-s ea - [si]- sea

ie-bel ie ve - [bɪˈliːv]- believe

[ɑː ]

a+ss-gr ass - [ɡrɑːs]- grass

a + st - l ast - [lɑːst]- last

a + sk - t ask - [tɑːsk]- task

a+sp-gr asp - [ɡrɑːsp]- grasping

a + lm - c alm - [kɑːm]- calm

ea + r - h ear t - [hɑːt]- heart

[ɔː ]

au- au thor - [ˈɔːθə ] - author

aw-s aw - [ˈsɔː]- saw, saw

oo + r - d oor - [dɔː]- door

aught-t aught - [tɔːt]- learned

ought-th ought - [θɔːt]- thought

a + l - w all l - [wɔːl]- wall

a + lk - t alk - [ˈtɔːk]- conversation, conversation

wa+r- war m - [wɔːm]- warm

[ɒ ]

wa- want - [wɒnt]- want

[uː]

oo-t oo - [tuː]- too, too

ou-gr oup - [ɡruːp]- group

[juː]

ew-n ew - [njuː]- new

[ʊ ]

oo-b oo k - [b'k]- book

[zː ]

ea + r - l earn - [lɜːn]- teach, study

wo+r- wor k - [ˈwɜːk]- Job

[ʌ ]

o-s o n - [sʌn]- son

ou-c ou try - [ˈkʌntri]- a country

oo-fl ood - [flʌd]- flood

[eɪ]

ai - r ai n - [reɪn]- rain

ay-d ay - [deɪ]- day

ey-th ey - [ˈðeɪ]- They

eigh- eigh-t - [eɪt]- eight

[aɪ]

i + gn - s ign - [saɪn]- sign

i + ld-ch ild - [tʃaɪld]- child

i + nd - bl ind - [bland]- blind

igh-n high-t - [naɪt]- night

[ɔɪ ]

oi- oi l - [ɔɪl]- oil, petroleum

oy-t oy - [tɔɪ]- toy

[aʊ]

ou- ou t - [aʊt]- from, outside

ow-d ow n - [daʊn]- down

[əʊ ]

oa-c oa t - [ˈkəʊt]- coat

ow-kn ow - [nəʊ]- know

o + ll - t all - [təʊl]- losses

o+ld-c old - [kəʊld]- cold

[ɪə ]

ea + r - n ear - [nɪə]- near, about

ee + r - engine eer - [ɛndʒɪˈnɪə]- engineer

[eə]

ai + r - ch air - [tʃeə]- chair

e + re - th ere - [ðeə]- there, there

ea + r - b ear - [beə]- bear

[ʊə ]

oo + r - p oor - [pʊə]- poor

our-t our - [tʊə]- tour, travel

consonant sounds.

Consonant combinations

[k]-lu ck - [l'k]- luck, chance

[ʃ ] - sh ip - [ʃɪp]- ship

[tʃ] - ch ip - [tʃɪp]- chip

[tʃ]-ca tch - [kætʃ]- catch, catch

[ɵ ] - thick - [θɪk]- thick

[ð ] - th is - [ðɪs]- this, this, this

[f] - Ph one - [fəʊn]- telephone

[kw] - Quite - [kwaɪt]- enough

[n] - knife - [naɪf]- knife

[ƞ ] -thi ng - [θɪŋ ] -

[ƞk]-si nk - [sɪŋk]- sink, drain

wh + o - [h] - who - [hu]- Who

wh + other vowels - [w] - what - [wɒt]- What

wr at the beginning of a word before vowels - [r] - wr iter - [raɪtə]- writer

Consonant sounds that have two reading options.

Reads like [ s] before: e, i, y. ni c e - [naɪs]- good, city - [ˈsɪti]- city.

And How [ k] in other cases: with ome - [kʌm]- come, catch - [kætʃ]- catch.

Reads like [ ʤ ] before: e, i, y. lar g e - [lɑːdʒ]- big, en gine - [ˈendʒɪn]- engine.

Exceptions: get - [et]- receive, be gin - [bɪˈɡɪn]- start, give - [ɡɪv]- to give.

And How [ g] in other cases: g ood - [ɡʊd]- good, nice goo - [ɡəʊ ] - go, go.

Types of reading

Additional material, partially duplicating the previous one. Taken from another source and given for a deeper understanding of this topic.

The tables show how to pronounce diphthongs, vowels and consonants correctly in English. The sound transmitted by a letter or combination of letters is indicated using transcription marks, and the pronunciation of English sounds indicated by Russian letters should be understood as a hint for transcription, and not as the exact pronunciation of English sounds.

Rules for reading vowels

	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound
			Word	Transcription
Table. Types of reading in English. Vowel sounds.
I,Y	ɪ	And Short, open "and"	i t it	ɪt	(it)
			si x six	seks	(six)
			empty	ˈɛm(p)ti	(empty)
E	e	e How "e" in "this"	e mpty empty	ˈɛm(p)ti	(empty)
			te n ten	ten	(ten)
A	æ	uh Open sound "e" (between "e" and "a")	a nt ant	ænt	(ent)
			map map	map	(map)
O	ɒ	O Short sound "o"	hot hot	hɒt	(hot)
			o range orange	ˈɒrɪn(d)ʒ	(orinch)
U	ʌ	A Short sound "a"	under	ˈʌndə	(ande)
			su n sun	sʌn	(san)
U, OO	u	u short "y" lips are rounded	pu t put	ˈput	(put)
			boo k book	book	(beech)
A, E, ER	ə	uh Short sound "e" (between "e" and "a")	a bout	əˈbaʊt	(about)
			silence	ˈsʌɪləns	(silence)
			lawyer	ˈlɔːjə	(l o´ ye)
EE, EA	i:	And Long sound "and"	ea sy easy	ˈiːzi	(i:zi)
			Queen n queen	kwiːn	(kui:n)
			see see	siː	(si: )
A, AR	ɑ:	A Long and deep "a" sound	ha l half	hɑːf	(ha:f)
			car a car	kɑː	(ka:)
OO	u:	at Long “y” sound without rounding the lips	foo d food	fuːd	(fu:d)
			too, too	tuː	(that: )
ER, IR	w:	yo Reminds me of the "yo" sound in the word "beetroot"	bir d bird	bзːd	(byo:d)
OR, AW	ɔ:	O Long "o" sound	or	ɔː	(O: )
			for m form	ˈfɔːm	(fo:m)
			law	lɔː	(lo:)

Rules for reading consonants

English letters and letter combinations	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound	Examples of pronunciation of English sounds
			Word	Transcription	Pronunciation in Russian letters
Table. Types of reading in English. consonant sounds.
P	p	P	p en pen	pen	(pen)
			paper	ˈpeɪpə	(P e´ yapa)
			cup	kʌp	(cap)
B	b	b	b oy boy	ˌbɔɪ	(the battle )
			table	ˈteɪb(ə)l	(T ubl)
			pub beer	pʌb	(Pub )
T	t	t Sound "T" but the tongue is not at the teeth, but at the gums.	t en ten	ten	(ten)
			sixteen sixteen	ˌsɪkˈsti:n	(sykstin)
			eight	eɪt	(eyt)
D	d	d	dog dog	dɒɡ	(dog)
			stairs	ˈladə	(l a´ ta)
			bed	bed	(bad)
C, K, CK	k	To	cat cat	kaet	(ket)
			tick ticket	ˈtɪkɪt	(T i´ whale)
			cake	keɪk	(cake)
G	g	G	girl girl	ɡɜ:l	(gyol)
			tiger tiger	ˈtʌɪɡə	(T a´ yoga)
			big	bɪɡ	(big)
CH, TCH	ʧ	h	ch air chair	tʃɛ	(h e´)
			watching ing	ˈwɒtʃɪŋ	(V o´ rank)
			match match	matʃ	(match)
J, G, DGE	ʤ	j	j ump jump	dʒʌmp	(jump)
			log ic logic	ˈlɒdʒɪk	(l o´ jik)
			fridg e refrigerator	fredʒ	(frij)
F, PH	f	f	ph oto photography	ˈfəʊtəʊ	(f o´ utau)
			coffee coffee	ˈkɒfi	(To o´ fi)
			cliff	klɪf	(cleve)
V	v	V	v iew view	vju:	(fuu)
			lover's favorite	ˈlʌvə	(l a´ va)
			fiv e five	faɪv	(five)
TH	θ	with how to sound "with" but the tongue between the teeth	thin	θɪn	(syn)
			Cath erine Katherine	ˈkæθrɪn	(To e´ srin)
			month	mʌnθ	(mons)
TH	ð	h Like the sound "h" but the tongue between the teeth	th is	ðɪs	(zys)
			mother mother	ˈmʌðə	(m a´ ze)
			breath e breathe	bri:ð	(bri:z)
S, C	s	With	s ix six	seks	(syks)
			parc el package	ˈpɑ:s(ə)l	(P a´ sl)
			class class	klɑ:s	(cla:s)
S, Z	z	h	zoo zoo	zu:	(zoo)
			laz y lazy	ˈleɪzi	(l e´ zi)
			dog dogs	dɒɡz	(dogz)
SH	ʃ	w	sh e she	ʃi	(shi)
			fish fishing	ˈfɪʃɪŋ	(f and´ tires)
			wash wash	wɒʃ	(fosh)
S	ʒ	and	vision vision	ˈvɪʒ(ə)n	(V i´ jeng)
			beig e beige	beɪʒ	(beizh)
H	h	X Short exhalation - "x"	h ave to have	haev	(have)
M	m	m	m e me, me	mi:	(mi: )
			farmer farmer	ˈfɑ:mə	(f a´ ma)
			hom e house	həʊm	(home)
N	n	n	name name	ˈneɪm	(n e´ them)
			runn er runner	rʌnə	(R a´ on)
			son son	sʌn	(san)
NG	ƞ	n Nasal sound "n" using the back of the tongue	singer singer	ˈsɪŋə	(With and´ nya)
			boxing	ˈbɒksɪŋ	(b o´ xin)
L	l	l	like like it	ˈlaɪk	(l a´ yk)
			ballet ballet	baleɪ	(b a´ lay)
			football football	ˈfʊtbɔ:l	(f u´ tbo:l)
R	r	R "r" - no vibration	red red	red	(ed)
			lorr y truck	ˈlɒri	(l oh ri)
Y	j	th	y ou you	ju	(Yu )
			lawyer lawyer	ˈlɔ:jə	(l o´ ye)
W	w	at the sound is similar to "y" lips are stretched and rounded	w in win	wɪn	(wine)
			flower flower	ˈflaʊə	(ow a´ ya)

Diphthongs. Reading rules.

English letters and letter combinations	Phonetic symbols	Approximate Russian sound	Examples of pronunciation of English sounds
			Word	Transcription	Pronunciation in Russian letters
Table. Types of reading in English. Diphthongs.
A, AY, AI	eɪ	Hey	ai m target	eɪm	(eim)
			say to speak	ˈseɪ	(With Hey)
I, UY, Y	ai	ah	I am	ai	(ay)
			buy buy	baɪ	(bay)
OY, OI	ɔɪ	Ouch	oi l oil	ɔɪl	(oil)
			toy toy	tɔɪ	(toy)
Oh, OW	əu	OU	ow n own	əʊn	(oun)
			ho me house	həʊm	(home)
			low	ləʊ	(low)
OW, OU	au	ay	out out	ˈaʊt	(out)
			cow cow	kaʊ	(kau)
EA, EAR, ER	ɪə	ie "and" + between "e" and "a"	ear	ɪə	(ie)
			bear d beard	bɪəd	(bied)
			here	hɪə	(hie)
AIR, ARE	eə	ea "e" + between "e" and "a"	care	keə	(kee)
			hair hair	heə	(hehe ´ )
URE, OUR	uə	ue "y" + between "e" and "a"	travel tour	tʊə	(tue)
			insure	ɪnˈʃuə	(yingshue ´ )

Vowels in English are divided into monophthong, diphthong or triphthong. These are sounds that consist of 1, 2, 3 parts. Vowels are also divided into short and long sounding. They are designated like this: [i:], [ɔ:].

They are also divided into articulatory. So vowels are front-lingual, middle-lingual, back-lingual, closed, open, semi-open. Accordingly, their names speak directly about the position of the lips and tongue during pronunciation.

For example, anterior- sounds are formed through the front of the tongue, etc.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Pronunciation of all vowels

It can be understood from the following examples:

[i:] - the sound is similar to our "and" in the word "hurry", etc. Pronounced confidently and for a long time.

[ i ] - the sound is similar to our "and" in the word "at". It's short, not drawn out.

[ei] - the sound is similar to our "e" in the word "tin". Pronounced for a long time.

[æ] - a sound similar to the previous one. It is also pronounced for a long time, but with a mouth that is wide open.

[a:] - the sound is similar to our "a" in the word "beam" in the first case.

[ ɔ ] - the sound is similar to our "o" in the word "difficult". Pronounced briefly.

[ɔ:] - the sound is similar to our "o" in the word "school". Pronounced with a wide open mouth.

[ u ] - the sound is similar to our "u" in the word "ear". Pronounced briefly.

[u:] - a sound similar to the previous one. In the word "rooster" you can see exactly how it is pronounced.

[Λ] - the sound is similar to our "o" and "a" in the words "your", "gardens". Always stands in words with an accent.

[ ə ] - the sound is similar to our "ё" and "o" together in the word "iodine".

[iə] - the sound is similar to our "and" and "e", sounding together.

[ ai ] - the sound is similar to our "ai".

[ aiə ] - the sound is similar to our "ai", pronounced for a long time.

Consonants in English

Subdivided:

• on bowed and slit;
• on the lips, teeth;
• anterior lingual, middle lingual, posterior lingual.

Also, consonants are voiced and deaf.

The last deaf consonants are characterized by powerful articulation, a significant decrease in articulation is characteristic of a sonorous consonant.

The consonant sounds of the English language are pronounced more actively than the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. Most of them are pronounced with aspiration (aspiration process).

Basic types of vowel reading

1. All vowels are read as they are usually read in the alphabet. Examples: stake, state, cake.
2. All vowels are short. You can read about short sounds above.. Examples: tree, me, be.
3. All vowels are long. You can read about long sounds above. Examples: my, style, why.
4. All vowels can be doubled in pronunciation. Examples: tune, Tuesday, music.

Basic rules for reading in English

Reading vowels

Most sounds can be found in six vowels. It is with them that the main rules of English reading are connected. So, depending on the location, combination with other letters and stress, the reading of vowels in a particular word depends.

Consider the rules for reading vowels in combination with other letters, stress and location.

The vowel "A" is divided into sounds:

• [ei] - the words pan, flat. The sound is read here through our letter "e";
• [æ] - the word take. Our sound "e" is read here in short form.
• [a:] - the word far. Our sound “a” is read here in short form.

The vowel "E" is divided into sounds:

• [i] - words meat. The sound "and" is read briefly.
• [e] - the word met. It reads like a short "e".
• [ə] - the word very. It reads like a long "e".
• [iə] - words here, near. A long "and" and "a" are read together

The vowel I is subdivided into sounds:

• [ai], [i], [ə] in the corresponding words mine, in, stir, fire

The vowel O is subdivided into sounds:

• , [O], , [ə], in the corresponding words refuse, but, fur, lure.

The vowel Y is subdivided into sounds:

• , [i], [ ə: ], in the corresponding words type, gym, myrtle, tire.

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Reading consonants in English

Features of reading some consonants

There are features in reading the four consonants:

• "c" (=k=ck) [k],
• "qu",
• "j"
• "X" .

All these sounds have several reading options depending on the location and combination with other letters.

• The consonant "s" is read as our "k" sound and as our "s". In normal cases, "s" should be read as "k", but if they stand after the consonant "e", "i", "y", then "s" is read like the Russian "s" in the words "sit".

For example, the words ice, cinema, cycle are read this way.

• The consonant "g" is usually read as our "ji" sound or as a "g" sound. It is usually customary to read the sound "g", but if they stand after the consonant "e", "i", "y", then "g" is read as "ji".

For example, the words age, gigantic, fridge, inginear are read this way. Special cases of pronunciation are remembered when studying the alphabet.

• The consonant with the double form "s" is read as our sound "ks" after "e", "i", "y". But it should be remembered that the doubled form in consonants is not readable, only one letter is read.
• The consonant "s" is read as our sound "s" and as the sound "z" depending on the voice. Vowels give voice.

In addition to these consonant features, others do not.

All other sixteen are read as spelled out.

• Consonant B reads like our "b". Examples: big, better, bet, biten, brother.
• The consonant D is read like our "d". Examples: door, ded, dog, middle, red.
• Consonant F reads like our "f". Examples: foot, friend, false.
• The consonant G is read like our "g". Examples: get, egg, giggle, google, gazer.
• Consonant H reads like our "x". Examples: him, help, hill, hot.
• The consonant K is read like our "k". Examples: kiss, desk, kitten, kitchen.
• Consonant L reads like our "l". Examples: live, leave, loosen, lost, little.
• The consonant M is read like our "m." Examples: milk, moon, simple, from.
• Consonant N reads like our "n". Examples: note, not, near, nonsense, on.
• The consonant P is read like our "p". Examples: put, plump, pop, stop.
• Consonant R reads like our "r". Examples: rest, roof, berry, bread, rock.
• The consonant S is read like our "s". Examples: sit, west, miss, stress, soul.
• Consonant T reads like our "t". Examples: ten, title, test, true, tree.
• The consonant V is read as our "in". Examples: very, seven, give, vivid.
• Consonant W reads like our "in". Examples: well, twelve, swim, winter.
• The consonant Z is read like our "z". Examples: zip, drizzle, fiz, zigzag, zoom.

Silent consonants

Basic Rules.

• In the letters “g”, “k”, you should not read “n” at the beginning and at the end of the word.

Examples: gnat, foreign, knee, knaif, campaign.

• In the letters "b", "n" should not be read after the "m" at the end of the word.

Examples: bomb, autumn, thumb, column.

• The letter “p” should not be read in combinations “pn”, “ps”.

Examples: pneumatic, psychology.

• Do not read the letter "w" before "r".

Examples: wrap, wrong.

To learn English, namely to be able to apply it in life, and in addition to achieve such a speech that will be understandable to foreigners, you need to know how to pronounce this or that word.

To achieve this level of English, you need to use:

1. Books and manuals for learning English. But not those that say “English in three days” or “English in a few months”, because, of course, it is impossible to learn and be able to apply the language in life in such a short time.
2. Audio and video for learning English. By listening to English speech and music more, you can quickly achieve the desired result, even in a short time. In addition, pronunciation will improve and foreigners will treat a person as if they are talking to a person from the same country.
3. Teacher or tutor. It is desirable that the person has studied abroad or has been abroad for several years.
4. foreigners. Experience in correct pronunciation and reading is acquired directly with practice.