Scientific progress is what helps us develop, learn more, provides many opportunities for humanity and in many ways improves the quality of its life. But not all people use the fruits of scientific progress in order to benefit society.
The main problem of the original text is the problem of the negative consequences of scientific progress. Can scientific progress harm humanity? And does it always benefit him?
I.G.Erenburg, by his text, wants to make it clear to readers that, firstly, scientific and technological progress can lead not only to positive consequences, but also to negative ones: “A machine can be good and evil”, and, secondly, it all depends on how the person himself uses this “machine”, because it is he who controls it and decides what moral values he should be guided by when using it: “The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a fighter with a motor, soldier’s endurance & . However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
Many great writers have addressed this problem in their works.
For example, in M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky performed an experiment that turned out to be a real breakthrough in science: he transplanted the pituitary gland and endocrine glands of Klim Chugunkin, who died from a stab, who was convicted three times for theft, to the dog Sharik. The success was that this dog did not die, but gradually became a man named Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. But what? Selfish, ill-mannered, ungrateful, capable of stealing and causing a lot of inconvenience to people around him: he molested a neighbor's cook, appropriated several gold coins from a professor, deceived an innocent girl, demanded respect for him and informed the authorities about his creator. Professor Preobrazhensky, realizing that his creation brings worries to many people, returns it to the opposite state.
And in V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", technological progress destroyed the lives of many people: the construction of a hydroelectric power station required the construction of a dam that would flood the island of Matera. All the inhabitants of this small village were warned and forced to leave, but for some of the heroes of the story, this place was a real homeland. They lived on it all their lives, their relatives and friends are buried there, and it was on Matera that they felt reunion with nature, which is impossible while living in the city. Grandmother Daria and her close friends were faithful to their island and were very upset by the upcoming event - the flooding of their painfully native village.
Scientific progress does not always benefit mankind, and he needs to think about this problem and try to solve it, at least starting with one person - himself. After all, what use can this progress be if people use it to destroy, escalate wars and commit murder?
Updated: 2017-11-10
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People in cases?
Now it can already be said for sure that the philologists in vain pinned their hopes on part C, thinking that the prospect of writing an essay would encourage children to read fiction, that by some kind, if not a ceremonial, but a black, semi-legal move, literature would squeeze into the number of compulsory for studying school disciplines. No, the miracle did not happen - now it can be said for sure. The percentage of children who read is steadily declining - this year, experts noted that only one out of ten essays was written by a graduate who is familiar with Russian literature. Those who did not read (that is, 90 percent!!!) did not begin to read on the eve of the Unified State Examination and, probably, will not begin to read now. In vain did teachers of literature resort in their lessons to adaptations of the classics, to their own retellings of the works of the school curriculum, and to the collections “All the Classics in Brief”. Only “Inspector General”, “Dead Souls” and “Woe from Wit” remained in the head of our underage, and even then in a very distorted and confused form. In vain, of course, teachers from the very best considerations tried to orient children to write literary arguments in essays. They wrote: "The hero of Leo Tolstoy's novel" War and Peace "Pierre helps Ranevskaya to keep her estate", "The heroine of Solzhenitsyn's story" Matryonin Dvor "is a young girl ...", and in another: "Matryona, the heroine of Solzhenitsyn's story, had five she brought up all the children and all of them as good people…” Without hesitation, the graduates ascribe to the classics themes and ideas that they were not even aware of. Chekhov, for example, "called for protecting nature and not cutting down the gardens that adorn our homeland Russia", and in general "the theme of ecology was the main one in Chekhov's work." Bulgakov, in his Heart of a Dog, urged "not to torture animals, in particular dogs."
Those who are savvier decided not to “burn out” - they themselves came up with the names of the stories, attributing their authorship to famous or unknown writers. So, for example, in an essay by one of the graduates, Astafiev became the author of the story "Galoshes". The last name of Viktor Erofeev, who actually wrote this story, was completely forgotten by yesterday's schoolboy. I decided, probably, that the teachers themselves do not know the authors of all the works - too much has been written. There were cunning people who brought such, for example, “literary” arguments: “Recently I read on the Internet a story by an author who wished to remain anonymous about how ...” or “Journalist Dmitry Kuznetsov spoke about this when speaking on the radio ...” There is such a journalist in our vast country or not, the experts did not find out - the surname is so common that it is sure to be found somewhere.
The analogies that gave rise to the texts proposed by the compilers of KIMs were also unpredictable. Laptev’s text about Barclay de Tolly, whose contribution to the victory of 1812 was underestimated, prompted some graduates to remember Danko (by the way, this and many other texts of the Unified State Examination were posted on the Postupim.ru website on May 31 at 5 am Moscow time - everyone could prepare and consult with the teachers). The texts, which dealt with the environmental problems of our time, caused the mention of Gogol and Blok, and some of the graduates managed to write the poet's name with the letter "g" at the end.
But still, more than half of those who took the exam this year did without arguments at all or gave so-called examples from life: “My friend Katya Lebedeva also treats her parents consumerly. They buy her expensive clothes and take her to resorts, and she treats them disrespectfully, often being rude ... ”and stuff like that.
Our children have already understood that the most important thing is the form, not the content.
And the saddest thing is that the system of criteria for evaluating part C allows you to evaluate a work that is completely empty in terms of content very highly. If there are no grammatical errors in it, a minimum of spelling and punctuation (as for ethical errors - that is, calls for national or confessional discrimination, then, as a rule, they do not occur in any work), if the topic is at least formulated, a brief retelling is given author's thoughts, then it will pull on all 15 out of 22 points, with errors - on 8-10.
Zero points in part C is almost impossible to get. Graduates who write complete nonsense and nonsense will be positively evaluated and will go into adulthood with a clear conviction that the paper does not blush and endure everything. Perhaps life will teach them someday to be fully responsible for their words and deeds. The school, on the other hand, teaches something else - to pretend, choose the easiest way, “don’t sweat it”, conform to the template and follow the “rules of the game”. By the way, children, unlike adults, who were asked by the organizers of the Unified State Examination in the regions to be as loyal and “tolerant” as possible during the test, are very well aware of the true value of their writings. And most likely, deep down they expect from us, adults, not loyalty, but honesty and objectivity. Alas, they can't wait...
Arguments for writing
Problems 1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirming theses 1. Genuine art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much. 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate. 6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you." 10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, was the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten into the time of religious wars, the words "Frenchman", "homeland". He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' invention affects the reader much stronger and more vividly than historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals were arguing about what snow is. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the Impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white as ... snow. Repin lived in the same house. Let's go to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: he did not like it when he was interrupted from work. He angrily shouted: - Well, what do you - What kind of snow is it? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in the truly magical power of art. So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with Saint Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.
Having analyzed many texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, we have identified the problems that are encountered most often in them. For each of them you will find a suitable literary argument in meaning. All of them are available for download in table format, the link is located at the end of the article.
- Professor Preobrazhensky had to realize the measure of responsibility for his experiment from the story of M. A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". The hero gets an unexpected result - the transformation of a dog into a man. Undoubtedly, at first Philip Philipovich was delighted with this outcome of events, because it was a discovery in the field of science and medicine. However, later Preobrazhensky understands that one cannot go against nature, and the creature that he created cannot be fully called a man. The hero takes full responsibility for the result of the experiment. In order to make amends, he returns the dog to its former form.
- In the story of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Petr Grinev feels responsible for his actions, because he does not want to change his principles. He remembers his father's instructions: "Take care of honor from a young age." Even being an emotional and reckless young man at the beginning of the story, Grinev tries to think first, calculate the consequences, and only then act. This applies to relations with Masha and friends, servant Savelich and enemies. For example, between saving a human life and obeying an order, he chooses the first, going to the rescue of Marya. He saved the girl, but ruined his military career and was arrested. He knew that he was taking risks, but nevertheless he preferred to rescue the heroine at the cost of his own position in society and even his life, if she had not persuaded the empress to spare him. Thus, the protagonist of the story feels responsible for all his actions, and therefore emerges from all situations as a winner.
Irresponsibility
- In the story of N. M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa" tells about an unfortunate girl who committed suicide because of unrequited love. The subject of her admiration was an attractive young man named Erast. Even though he acted rather selfishly, after Lisa's death, he regrets that he was not there for her and could not prevent her death. He did not have the courage to choose true love, instead he preferred to marry a rich lady, because because of the craving for luxury and idleness, he became rather poor. All these immoral acts (Liza's betrayal, marriage of convenience) were the result of his irresponsibility, which destroyed the lives of other people.
- Regrets about imperfect deeds and Eugene Onegin from the novel of the same name in verse by A. S. Pushkin. In his youth, he acted too cruelly with the young and naive Tatiana, who entrusted her feelings to him. The following years, he only had fun in the circle of high society, but never found a girl who would become truly close to him. Only after many years did he realize how wrong he was in his youth, how selfish and frivolous he was. In the finale, he feels guilty for not treating Tatyana with great attention, and responsible for depriving both her and himself of happiness.
Cultivating a sense of responsibility
- Nikolay Rostov, the hero of the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", can be called a young man, because at the beginning of the work the character is described as a student of about twenty. In one of the episodes of the novel, Nikolai promises his father not to play cards, but soon loses a large sum. Despite the fact that the hero was ashamed to admit what he had done, he found the strength to take responsibility and tell his father about the violation of the promise. After going through the shame and guilt, he matured and realized that he must be responsible for his actions.
- Nikolenka, the main character of the trilogy by L. N. Tolstoy “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth", like all teenagers - a maximalist. He constantly analyzes his actions and the actions of others. Of course, during the formation of the hero's character, there was an example of how he showed courage. It can be said that he took on the responsibility of becoming a good person when he compiled the "Rules of Life" and promised himself never to deviate from his principles. He saw that many of his peers were concerned only with fleeting joys, but Nikolenka wanted to be more serious. Therefore, he decided to paint the rules by which he would play all his life. So he cultivated moral qualities in himself and achieved success.
- The problem of awareness of responsibility can be traced in novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" throughout the entire work. The protagonist kills an old pawnbroker, then suffers for a long time from a reproach of conscience and fear of exposure, but in the end he takes responsibility for his crime. However, criminal liability is not that important to the character. His inner feelings, pangs of conscience come to the fore. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov confesses, tells about the terrible crime to Sonya in order to get rid of the solitary confinement of his thoughts. But only in the epilogue does he fully realize what happened and take up his cross.
- Pontius Pilate, hero novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", nothing threatened, he could administer the court of his own free will and go unpunished. However, responsibility can not only be imposed by other people, it also gnaws a person from the inside. So, Pilate, feeling himself the main ruler of other people's destinies, makes a mistake by ordering the execution of Yeshua. After his death, the procurator realized that he gave such an order not because Yeshua was really guilty, but only because Pilate personally did not like him with his free-thinking. In addition, the decision to crucifix Yeshua was approved by other city officials, and the Roman protege did not want to aggravate relations with the local authorities. But the responsibility for the murder of an innocent person did not let Pilate go, did not let him sleep, even caused him illness. As a punishment, he received immortality and for thousands of years he realized his guilt, tormented and regretting that decision.
- The lyrical hero felt responsible for society poems by A. S. Pushkin "Prophet". He is sure that God has rewarded him with the opportunity to fulfill an important mission - "to burn the hearts of people with a verb." Being a prophet, the creator is already responsible not only for his own actions, but also for the whole people. Such a keen sense of responsibility should be possessed by every person who acquires a vocation in interaction with people.
- The protagonist of the story takes on a lot of responsibility. M. A. Sholokhova "The Fate of Man", deciding to shelter the orphan Vanyushka. Andrei Sokolov, who, it would seem, lost the whole meaning of life in the war, is imbued with feelings and decides to help the boy, introducing himself as his father. Despite the fact that Sokolov himself needed to take care of someone, the main character who needs help is Vanya. The man took responsibility for the boy, for his entire future. This is how the Soviet people took it upon themselves to uphold peace in World War II.
- In the story of A. I. Kuprin "The lilac bush" Nikolai accidentally put a blot on the drawing, but assured the professor that it was a bush. However, the hero still failed the exams. His faithful wife Vera, feeling responsible for the well-being of the family, planted lilacs in the place indicated on the drawing. So, Vera helped Nikolai solve his problems, restored his self-confidence. This kind of responsibility for the common cause is the basis of the family.
- In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Horse surname" all the heroes are busy with anything but their direct duties. The clerk is engaged in empty chatter with the general, who does not correspond to his position at all, being a cowardly and driven person. The official, on the other hand, tries on the mask of a healer and speaks his teeth. All these people do not feel part of something important, do not have a calling, so their life is ridiculous and empty. The author makes it clear that there will be no order in Rus' until each of us learns to be responsible for his own work. Of all the characters, only the doctor behaves with dignity, because he feels his professional duty and fulfills it.
- In the play by A.P. Chekhov "Three Sisters" the hero wants to become a professor, so he wants to go to Moscow. He really has a talent for studying science, but before realizing it, he marries Natasha, a modest and quiet person. However, after marriage, the woman takes the reins of power into her own hands, and Andrei loses control over his destiny. He is content with a boring position in a county town, because his family needs to be provided for, and his wife needs more and more every day. Unfortunately, the hero did not have enough responsibility to serve as he was called. Trying to get everything at once, he forever said goodbye to the profession of his dreams.
- In the work of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the hero became a doctor by vocation. However, having suffered disappointment in love, he became callous, mercantile and boring man in the street, forgetting about his sacred mission. The ambitious young man Dmitry Startsev degraded and became just a fat tradesman Ionych, who spends his routine days in order to get to the card table, a hearty dinner and a container of alcohol as soon as possible. This man also behaved irresponsibly, taking, without being able, for something that requires complete dedication from people.
- In Leonid Andreev's story "Kusaka" people tamed a stray dog that settled in their dacha. At first, the animal did not trust anyone, biting and savage children. This is explained by the behavior of her former owners, who abandoned her, and one person even hit the dog. However, new friends melted the ice in her heart. By the end of the summer season, Kusaka became tame. But she was abandoned again, there was no place for a dog in the city, and she was left alone again. Unfortunately, not all people are able to take responsibility for those who have been tamed, and because of this, animals run wild, forming a problem of stray dogs. It is these "owners" who are to blame for the fact that the unfortunate dogs get sick and starve, frightening passers-by on the streets.
- In the work of I. S. Turgenev "Mu-mu" Janitor Gerasim saves a puppy from the water and tames it. A devoted and cheerful dog grew out of him, which accompanied the owner everywhere. However, the serf is also with the mistress, and therefore cannot be held responsible for the animal. When the mistress gave the order to get rid of Mu-mu, Gerasim had to drown her. He didn't want to leave the dog, to hurt her, so he just killed her. But after that, he arbitrarily went to the village, closed himself in and never got pets.
The problem of awareness of responsibility
Responsibility for other people
Professional Responsibility
Animal Responsibility
In the story of M.A. Bulgakov, the main character is Professor Persikov. As a result of scientific experience, light is accidentally refracted and a discovery arises: the ray of life. Under the influence of this beam, organisms begin to develop intensively and become incredibly aggressive. To put into practice the "red ray" or the ray of life is entrusted to the poorly educated commissar Rokku. As a result, instead of replacing dead chickens, giant snakes, crocodiles are hatched from strange spotted eggs and begin to multiply at an incredible rate. Hordes of monsters devour everything living on their way, moving towards the capital. Horror and panic seize the inhabitants of Moscow. An angry mob kills the professor, believing him to be the culprit of what happened. Bulgakov solves the problem with the help of science fiction: on the night of August 18-19, a sudden frost of 18 degrees destroys all the monsters, and everything ends happily. However, the author urges to be more careful when conducting scientific research, and especially when applying discoveries that have not yet been tested in experience.
2. M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
Professor Preobrazhensky is an outstanding researcher in the field of eugenics, the science that deals with the problems of rejuvenation. He decides to experiment by experimenting on a dog. After transplantation of the pituitary gland and ovaries, the dog, picked up on the street, turns into a surprisingly arrogant, cruel and immoral type. Taking the surname Sharikov, the dog begins to demand the exercise of his rights. Demonstrating the essence of a criminal whose pituitary gland was transplanted to him by Klim Chugunkin, he writes a denunciation of his creator, wanting to take possession of the living space. Desperate to solve the problem peacefully, the professor performs a second operation, returning the dog. The experiment can be unpredictable, M.A. warns. Bulgakov.
3. A.R. Belyaev "Amphibian Man"
Dr. Salvator, an outstanding scientist, trying to save a sick boy, transplanted shark gills into him. As a result, Ichthyander - that was the name of the boy - began to be able to be under water in the same way as on land. But people living in the area take the young man for a sea devil. And everything would be fine, but they arrange a hunt for him, trying to catch a thunderstorm of the seas, which scares away pearl divers. The young man was nevertheless tricked into a trap, caught and forced to fish for pearls. The story ended sadly. Everyone suffered: Ichthyander was arrested and kept in a barrel of stagnant water, Gutierre suffers, Dr. Salvator is imprisoned. People are not ready to accept the discovery of science because they are superstitious and cowardly.
4. George Orwell "1984"
The creation of a new state based on universal submission to one authority (Big Brother) - that is, a totalitarian state, is an experiment that entails unpredictable consequences. Winston Smith and Julia fell in love with each other suddenly and passionately, which is completely unacceptable in the superpower of Oceania. It is not permissible to love here, because the object of love is only the state and the Elder Brother. With total surveillance, they are soon found and arrested for a thought crime. Tormented, Winston at first endures all the tests, but before the last test by rats, he does not stand up and betrays Julia. They release him. Once free, Smith suddenly realizes that all this love is heresy and that, in fact, he loves only Big Brother.
