(474 words) Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was an outstanding writer, as well as a poet, translator, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the first Nobel Prize winner in Russia. He was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh. His talented works have found a response in the hearts of more than one generation, and that is why he deserves our attention.
The Bunins belonged to an ancient noble family. Although Ivan's family was not rich, he was proud of his origin.
- Father - Alexei Bunin - a military man with an energetic character;
- Mother - Lyudmila Chubarova - a gentle and meek woman.
Among his famous ancestors are the poet Vasily Zhukovsky and the poetess Anna Bunina.
Education and creative path
First, little Ivan was educated at home, learning languages and drawing, then he entered the gymnasium, from where he was expelled a few years later for non-payment. The boy really liked the humanities, and at the age of fifteen he wrote his first work - the unpublished novel "Passion".
Having moved to St. Petersburg, Ivan Bunin made many acquaintances, among them Leo Tolstoy, whose aesthetic principles were especially close to him, as well as Maxim Gorky, I. Kuprin, A. Chekhov and other writers.
Creation
In 1901 Bunin's collection of poems Falling Leaves was published, for which, along with the translation of the Song of Hiawatha, he was awarded the Pushkin Prize.
In the 1910s, Ivan Bunin visited Eastern countries, where, under the influence of Buddhist philosophy, he wrote works imbued with the spirit of the tragedy of being: “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, “Light Breath”, “Chang's Son”, “Grammar of Love”. We can say with confidence that most of Bunin's stories are filled with hopelessness and longing.
Bunin was concerned about the psychological side of Russian life. So, in 1910-1911, he wrote the stories "The Village" and "Dry Land", revealing the essence of the Russian soul, its strengths and weaknesses.
Emigration
Returning to Russia, Bunin found the October Revolution there, which he reacted negatively to. Longing for the old times was embodied in the famous sketch "Antonov apples", written far before the revolutionary events, in 1901. However, even then Bunin felt changes in the public life of Russia, and these changes saddened him. This work also reveals to readers the great talent of the writer in a vivid and figurative description of the colors, sounds and smells of Russian nature.
Unable to observe what was happening in his homeland, Bunin left Russia and settled in France. There he wrote a lot, and in 1930 he completed his only novel, The Life of Arseniev, for which he was awarded (the first of the Russian writers) the Nobel Prize.
Personal life
Ivan Bunin had close relationships with three women. His first love was Varvara Pashchenko, whose family opposed their relationship. The family life of the lovers quickly fell apart, then their little son Nikolai also died. The second woman in the writer's life, Anna Tsakni, was the daughter of the publisher of the Southern Review newspaper, where Bunin worked.
But Vera Muromtseva became Bunin's real life friend, with whom he traveled and lived in exile. She was educated and, as contemporaries noted, a very beautiful woman.
last years of life
Unable to return to his homeland, Ivan Bunin spent the last years of his life in a foreign land, where he was seriously ill. It is curious that the writer felt lonely all his life, even though his faithful wife was always next to him. He died in November 1953.
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In this article, we will briefly tell you about the biography of the great writer.
The famous Russian writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 10, 1870 in Voronezh, where his parents moved three years before his birth.
The reason for the change of residence of the family was the study of older brothers, Yulia and Evgeny. But as soon as the capable and gifted Julius graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal, and Yevgeny, who had difficulty in science, dropped out of school, the family immediately left for their estate on the Butyrki farm in the Yelets district.
In this wilderness passed the sad childhood of little Vanya. Soon he had two sisters: Masha and Alexandra. Sashenka died very young, and Ivan gazed into the night sky for a long time to guess which star her soul settled on. One of the summer days almost ended tragically for Ivan and his grown sister Masha: the children tasted poisonous henbane, but the nanny promptly gave them hot milk to drink.
Ivan's life in the village was mainly filled with games with village boys and studies under the guidance of his father's friend Nikolai Osipovich, who lived with them. Sometimes he was thrown from one extreme to another: either he began to deceive everyone intensely, then he studied the lives of the saints and prayed earnestly, then he killed a rook with a crippled wing with his father's dagger.
Bunin felt a poetic gift in himself at the age of eight, at the same time he wrote his first poem.
Gymnasium years
At the age of 11, Ivan Bunin entered the Yelets gymnasium, which was located 30 miles from his native Butyrki. The entrance exams amazed him with their ease: it was only necessary to talk about the Amiliki, recite a verse, correctly write "snow is white, but not tasty" and multiply two-digit numbers. The young schoolboy hoped that further studies would be just as easy.
By the beginning of the school year, a uniform was sewn and an apartment was found for living in the house of the tradesman Byakin, with a payment of 15 rubles a month. After the village freemen, it was hard to get used to the strict order prevailing in rented housing. The owner of the house kept his children in strictness, and the second tenant Yegor even tore his ears for any offense or poor study.
For all the years of study, the high school student Bunin had to live in several houses, and during this time his parents moved from Butyrki to more civilized Ozerki.
Paradoxically, but the future Nobel Prize winner did not work out with his studies. In the third grade of the gymnasium, he was left for the second year, and in the middle of the fourth grade he dropped out altogether. Subsequently, he greatly regretted this rash act. The role of the teacher had to be taken over by the brilliantly educated brother Julius, who taught foreign languages and other sciences to Ivan, who had escaped from the gymnasium. My brother was in Ozerki under three years of house arrest as a member of the revolutionary movement.
In 1887, Ivan Bunin decided to send the fruits of his creativity to Rodina magazine. The first published poem was "Over the Grave of S.Ya. Nadson" (February 1887), the second - "The Village Beggar" (May 1887). The collection of poems "Poems" was published in 1891, followed by other collections, the award of the Pushkin Prizes and the title of honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
Independent life
In 1889, Ivan left his parental home and rushed towards a big and difficult fate. Escaped from the wilderness, he first went to his brother Julius in Kharkov, visited Yalta and Sevastopol, and in the autumn he began work in the Oryol Bulletin.
In 1891, Bunin, who did not study at the gymnasium and did not have any benefits, had to go to serve in the army. To avoid being drafted, the writer, on the advice of a friend, ate almost nothing and slept little for a month before the medical examination. As a result, he looked so haggard that he received a blue ticket.
In the Orlovsky Messenger, Ivan met a pretty and educated girl, Varvara Pashchenko, who acted as a proofreader and was his age. Since Varvara's father did not approve of their relationship, the young lovers left for a while to live in Poltava. The writer made an official proposal to his beloved girl, but the whole Pashenko family was against this marriage, as they considered the potential groom to be a beggar and a vagabond.
In 1894, Varvara suddenly left her common-law husband, leaving only a farewell note. All three Bunina brothers rushed after the fugitive to Yelets, but the girl's relatives refused to give her new address. This parting was so painful for Ivan that he was even going to commit suicide. Varvara Vladimirovna not only abandoned the novice writer, with whom she lived for three years in a civil marriage, but very soon she married his friend of her youth, Arseny Bibikov.
After that, Bunin left the service of an extra in Poltava and went to conquer St. Petersburg and Moscow. There he met the literary titans Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov, struck up a friendship with the young Kuprin, reminiscent of a big child. After the drama he experienced, due to his internal unstable state, Bunin could not stay in one place for a long time, he moved from city to city all the time or visited his parents in Ozerki. In a fairly short period of time, he visited Kremenchug, Gurzuf, Yalta, Yekaterinoslav.
In 1898, a passionate travel lover found himself in Odessa, where he married the daughter of the editor of the Southern Review, the beautiful Greek Anna Tsakni. The spouses did not feel particularly deep feelings for each other, so they broke up two years later. In 1905 their little child died of scarlet fever.
In 1906, Ivan Bunin again visited Moscow. At a literary evening, the writer, gaining fame, met a very beautiful girl with magical crystal eyes. Vera Muromtseva was the niece of a member of the State Duma, she spoke several languages: French, English, Italian, German.
The joint life of the writer and Vera Nikolaevna, far from literature, began in the spring of 1907, and the wedding ceremony was performed only in 1922 in France. Together they traveled to many countries: Egypt, Italy, Turkey, Romania, Palestine, even visited the island of Ceylon.
Bunin's life in Grasse (France)
After the revolution of 1917, the couple emigrated to France, where they settled in the small resort town of Grasse at the Villa Belvedere.
Here, under the southern sun, such wonderful works as "The Life of Arseniev", "Dark Alleys", "Mitina's Love" came out from the pen of Bunin. His literary works were highly appreciated by his contemporaries - in 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize, for which he went to Stockholm with his beloved women - his wife Vera Nikolaevna and beloved Galina Kuznetsova.
The aspiring writer Kuznetsova settled in the Villa Belvedere back in 1927, and Vera Nikolaevna favorably accepted her husband’s late love, turning a blind eye to the gossip that arose both in Grasse and beyond.
With each passing year, the situation escalated. The composition of the inhabitants of the villa was replenished with a young writer Leonid Zurov, who, in turn, felt sympathy for Vera Nikolaevna. To top it off, Galina became interested in the singer Margarita Stepun and in 1934 left the Bunin house. With her treacherous act, she struck a blow right in the heart of the writer. But be that as it may, the friends again lived with the Bunins in 1941-1942, and in 1949 they left for America.
Having crossed the eighty-year milestone, Bunin began to get sick often, but did not stop working. So he met his death hour - with a pen in his hand, devoting the last days of his life to creating a literary portrait of Anton Chekhov. The famous writer died on November 8, 1953 and found peace not in his native land, but in foreign confines.
In Voronezh in a noble family. The childhood of the future writer passed on the Butyrka farm in the Yelets district of the Oryol province.
In 1881, Ivan Bunin entered the Yelets Gymnasium, but studied for only five years, as the family had no money. His older brother Julius (1857-1921) helped him master the gymnasium program.
Bunin wrote his first poem at the age of eight.
His first publication was the poem "Over Nadson's Grave", published in the Rodina newspaper in February 1887. During the year, several poems by Bunin appeared in the same publication, as well as the stories "Two Wanderers" and "Nefedka".
In 2004, the annual literary Bunin Prize was established in Russia.
The presentation of the first complete 15-volume collected works of Ivan Bunin in Russian took place in Paris, which includes three volumes of his correspondence and diaries, as well as the diaries of his wife Vera Muromtseva-Bunina and the writer's girlfriend Galina Kuznetsova.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
1870-1953 famous Russian writer and poet. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. For many years he lived in exile, becoming a writer of the Russian diaspora.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin belonged to an old noble family. Bunin himself noted that his family gave Russia "many prominent figures both in the field of state and in the field of art, where two poets of the last century are especially famous: Anna Bunina and Vasily Zhukovsky, one of the luminaries of Russian literature, the son of Afanasy Bunin ...".
The future writer spent his early childhood in a small family estate (the Butyrki farm of the Yelets district of the Oryol province). Ten years old he was sent to the Yelets gymnasium, where he studied for four and a half years, was expelled (due to non-payment of tuition fees) and returned to the village. He received an education at home, which was based primarily on passionate reading. Already in childhood, Bunin's extraordinary impressionability and susceptibility manifested itself, qualities that formed the basis of his artistic personality and caused an image of the world around us hitherto unseen in Russian literature in terms of sharpness and brightness, as well as the richness of shades. Bunin recalled: “My vision was such that I saw all seven stars in the Pleiades, heard the whistle of a marmot in the evening field a mile away, got drunk, smelling the smell of a lily of the valley or an old book.”
Bunin's poems were first published in 1888. Then Bunin moved to Orel, becoming a proofreader in a local newspaper. In 1891 his first book of poetry was published. Bunin's poetry, collected in a collection called "Poems", became the first published book. Soon, Bunin's work gains fame. The following poems by Bunin were published in the collections Under the Open Air (1898), Falling Leaves (1901). In the last years of his life, Bunin created wonderful books of memoirs.
Acquaintance with the greatest writers (Gorky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, etc.) leaves a significant imprint on Bunin's life and work. Bunin's stories "Antonov apples", "Pines" are published. Bunin's prose was published in the Complete Works (1915).
The writer in 1909 becomes an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
Bunin does not accept the revolution and leaves Russia forever.
In exile, Bunin travels around Europe, Asia, Africa and engages in literary activities, writes works: "Mitya's Love" (1924), "Sunstroke" (1925), as well as the main novel in the life of the writer - "The Life of Arseniev" (1927-1929 , 1933), which brings Bunin the Nobel Prize in 1933. In 1944, Ivan Alekseevich wrote the story "Clean Monday".
By decision of the Swedish Academy on November 9, 1933, the Nobel Prize in Literature for that year was awarded to Ivan Bunin for the rigorous artistic talent with which he recreated a typical Russian character in literary prose.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin brief information.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 10 (22), 1870 in Voronezh in an old impoverished noble family. The childhood of the future writer was spent in the family estate - on the Butyrki farm of the Yelets district of the Oryol province, where the Bunins moved in 1874. In 1881 he was enrolled in the first class of the Yelets gymnasium, but did not finish the course, expelled in 1886 for failure to appear from the holidays and non-payment for education. Return from Yelets I.A. Bunin had already moved to a new place - to the Ozerki estate in the same Yelets district, where the whole family moved in the spring of 1883, fleeing ruin by selling land in Butyrki. He received further education at home under the guidance of his elder brother Yuli Alekseevich Bunin (1857-1921), an exiled populist-black-peredel, who forever remained one of the closest to I.A. Bunin people.
At the end of 1886 - beginning of 1887. wrote the novel "Passion" - the first part of the poem "Pyotr Rogachev" (not published), but made his debut in print with the poem "Over Nadson's Grave", published in the newspaper "Rodina" on February 22, 1887. Within a year, in the same "Motherland" appeared and other poems by Bunin - "The Village Beggar" (May 17) and others, as well as the stories "Two Wanderers" (September 28) and "Nefedka" (December 20).
At the beginning of 1889, the young writer left his parental home and began an independent life. At first, he, following his brother Julius, went to Kharkov, but in the fall of the same year he accepted an offer of cooperation in the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper and settled in Orel. In the "Bulletin" I.A. Bunin "was everything that was necessary - and a proofreader, and a leader, and a theater critic", lived exclusively by literary work, barely making ends meet. In 1891, Bunin's first book, Poems 1887-1891, was published as an appendix to the Orlovsky Vestnik. The first strong and painful feeling belongs to the Oryol period - love for Varvara Vladimirovna Pashchenko, who agreed at the end of the summer of 1892 to move with I.A. Bunin to Poltava, where at that time Julius Bunin served in the zemstvo city government. The young couple also got a job in the council, and the newspaper Poltavskiye Provincial Gazette published numerous essays by Bunin, written by order of the Zemstvo.
Literary day labor oppressed the writer, whose poems and stories in 1892-1894. have already begun to appear on the pages of such reputable metropolitan magazines as Russkoe bogatstvo, Severny vestnik, Vestnik Evropy. At the beginning of 1895, after a break with V.V. Pashchenko, he leaves the service and leaves for St. Petersburg, and then to Moscow.
In 1896, Bunin’s translation into Russian of G. Longfellow’s poem “The Song of Hiawatha” was published as an addendum to the Orlovsky Vestnik, which discovered the undoubted talent of the translator and has remained unsurpassed in fidelity to the original and the beauty of the verse to this day. In 1897, the collection “To the End of the World” and Other Stories” was published in St. Petersburg, and in 1898 in Moscow, a book of poems “Under the Open Sky”. In the spiritual biography of Bunin, the rapprochement during these years with the participants in the “environments” of the writer N.D. Teleshov and especially the meeting at the end of 1895 and the beginning of friendship with A.P. Chekhov. Bunin carried admiration for Chekhov's personality and talent throughout his life, dedicating his last book to him (the unfinished manuscript "On Chekhov" was published in New York in 1955, after the author's death).
At the beginning of 1901, the Moscow publishing house "Scorpion" published the poetry collection "Falling Leaves" - the result of Bunin's short collaboration with the Symbolists, which brought the author in 1903, along with the translation of "The Song of Hiawatha", the Pushkin Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Acquaintance in 1899 with Maxim Gorky led I.A. Bunin in the early 1900s. for cooperation with the publishing house "Knowledge". In the "Collections of the Knowledge Partnership" his stories and poems were published, and in 1902-1909. in the publishing house "Knowledge" the first collected works of I.A. Bunin (volume six was published already thanks to the publishing house "Public benefit" in 1910).
The growth of literary fame brought I.A. Bunin and relative material security, which allowed him to fulfill his long-standing dream - to travel abroad. In 1900-1904. the writer visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy. Impressions from a trip to Constantinople in 1903 formed the basis of the story "The Shadow of a Bird" (1908), from which a series of brilliant travel essays began in Bunin's work, subsequently collected in a cycle of the same name (the collection "The Shadow of a Bird" was published in Paris in 1931 G.).
In November 1906, in the Moscow house of B.K. Zaitseva Bunin met Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva (1881-1961), who became the writer's companion until the end of his life, and in the spring of 1907, the lovers set off on their "first long journey" - to Egypt, Syria and Palestine.
In the autumn of 1909, the Academy of Sciences awarded I.A. Bunin the second Pushkin Prize and elected him an honorary academician, but the story “The Village”, published in 1910, brought him genuine and wide fame. Bunin and his wife still travel a lot, visiting France, Algeria and Capri, Egypt and Ceylon. In December 1911, in Capri, the writer finished the autobiographical story "Sukhodol", which, being published in Vestnik Evropy in April 1912, was a huge success with readers and critics. On October 27-29 of the same year, the entire Russian public solemnly celebrated the 25th anniversary of I.A. Bunin, and in 1915 in the St. Petersburg publishing house A.F. Marx published his complete works in six volumes. In 1912-1914. Bunin took a close part in the work of the "Book Publishing House of Writers in Moscow", and collections of his works were published in this publishing house one after another - "John Rydalets: stories and poems 1912-1913." (1913), "The Cup of Life: Stories 1913-1914." (1915), "The Gentleman from San Francisco: Works 1915-1916." (1916).
October Revolution of 1917 I.A. Bunin did not accept decisively and categorically, in May 1918, together with his wife, he left Moscow for Odessa, and at the end of January 1920, the Bunins left Soviet Russia forever, sailing through Constantinople to Paris. A monument to the moods of I.A. Bunin's diary "Cursed Days", published in exile, remained.
The whole subsequent life of the writer is connected with France. Most of the year from 1922 to 1945, the Bunins spent in Grasse, near Nice. In exile, only one Bunin’s own poetic collection was published - “Selected Poems” (Paris, 1929), but ten new books of prose were written, including “The Rose of Jericho” (published in Berlin in 1924), “Mitina’s Love” ( in Paris in 1925), "Sunstroke" (ibid., 1927). In 1927-1933. Bunin worked on his largest work - the novel "The Life of Arseniev" (first published in Paris in 1930; the first complete edition was published in New York in 1952). In 1933, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the truthful artistic talent with which he recreated a typical Russian character in fiction."
The Bunins spent the years of World War II in Grasse, which for some time was under German occupation. Written in the 1940s the stories made up the book Dark Alleys, first published in New York in 1943 (the first complete edition was published in Paris in 1946). Already in the late 1930s. attitude I.A. Bunin to the Soviet country becomes more tolerant, and after the victory of the USSR over Nazi Germany and unconditionally benevolent, however, the writer never could return to his homeland.
In the last years of his life, I.A. Bunin published his "Memoirs" (Paris, 1950), worked on the already mentioned book about Chekhov and constantly made corrections to his already published works, mercilessly shortening them. In the "Literary Testament" he asked to continue to print his works only in the latest author's edition, which formed the basis of his 12-volume collected works, published by the Berlin publishing house "Petropolis" in 1934-1939.
Died I.A. Bunin November 8, 1953 in Paris, was buried in the Russian cemetery of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois.
