Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a poor carpenter's family. The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. His parents died early, and little Alexei stayed with his grandfather. His grandmother became a mentor in literature, who led her grandson into the world of folk poetry. He wrote about her briefly, but with great tenderness: “In those years, I was filled with grandmother's poems, like a beehive with honey; I think I was thinking in the forms of her poems.
Gorky's childhood passed in harsh, difficult conditions. From an early age, the future writer was forced to do part-time jobs, earning a living with whatever he had to.
Education and the beginning of literary activity
In Gorky's life, only two years were devoted to studying at the Nizhny Novgorod School. Then, due to poverty, he went to work, but was constantly self-taught. 1887 was one of the most difficult years in Gorky's biography. Because of the troubles that had piled up, he tried to commit suicide, however, he survived.
Traveling around the country, Gorky promoted the revolution, for which he was taken under police surveillance, and then arrested for the first time in 1888.
Gorky's first printed story, Makar Chudra, was published in 1892. Then, published in 1898, the essays in two volumes "Essays and Stories" brought fame to the writer.
In 1900-1901 he wrote the novel "Three", met Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy.
In 1902, he was awarded the title of member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, but by order of Nicholas II, he was soon declared invalid.
Gorky's famous works include: the story "Old Woman Izergil" (1895), the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901) and "At the Bottom" (1902), the stories "Childhood" (1913-1914) and "In People" (1915-1916) , the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-1936), which the author never finished, as well as many cycles of stories.
Gorky also wrote fairy tales for children. Among them: "The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool", "Sparrow", "Samovar", "Tales of Italy" and others. Remembering his difficult childhood, Gorky paid special attention to children, organized holidays for children from poor families, and published a children's magazine.
Emigration, return home
In 1906, in the biography of Maxim Gorky, he moved to the USA, then to Italy, where he lived until 1913. Even there, Gorky's work defended the revolution. Returning to Russia, he stops in St. Petersburg. Here Gorky works in publishing houses, is engaged in social activities. In 1921, due to an aggravated illness, at the insistence of Vladimir Lenin, and disagreements with the authorities, he again went abroad. The writer finally returned to the USSR in October 1932.
Final years and death
At home, he continues to actively engage in writing, publishes newspapers and magazines.
Maxim Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in the village of Gorki (Moscow Region) under mysterious circumstances. There were rumors that the cause of his death was poisoning, and many blamed Stalin for this. However, this version has not been confirmed.
Abroad
Return to the Soviet Union
Bibliography
Stories, essays
Publicism
Movie incarnations
Also known as Alexei Maksimovich Gorky(at birth Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov; March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire - June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for portraying a romanticized declassed character (“tramp”), an author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, who was in opposition to the tsarist regime, Gorky quickly gained world fame.
At first, Gorky was skeptical about the Bolshevik revolution. After several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia, the city of Petrograd (Vsemirnaya Literatura publishing house, a petition to the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento), Gorky returned to the USSR, where he was surrounded for the last years of his life official recognition as a "petrel of the revolution" and "a great proletarian writer", the founder of socialist realism.
Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1929).
Biography
Aleksey Maksimovich invented his pseudonym himself. Subsequently, he told me: “I shouldn’t write in literature - Peshkov ...” (A. Kalyuzhny) You can learn more about his biography in his autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”.
Childhood
Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Gorky's grandfather, Savvaty Peshkov, rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for cruel treatment of the lower ranks," after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father-satrap five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned at an early age, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go "to the people"; worked as a "boy" at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
Youth
- In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
- In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
- In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
- In the spring of 1891 he set off to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.
Literary and social activities
- 1897 - "Former People", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
- From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
- 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and Charushnikov A.P. published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of “Essays and Stories” by M. Gorky, 1,200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published with a circulation of 3,000.
- 1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
- 1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
- 1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
- March 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
According to contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly appreciated the last stanza of this poem (“Gumilyov without gloss”, St. Petersburg, 2009).
- In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the Bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
- February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. "In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician “was under police surveillance.” In connection with this, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy.
- 1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested, but then released under pressure from the public. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In the autumn of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
- 1906 - M. Gorky travels abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the USA ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, Gorky settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years. Here he writes "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.
- 1907 - delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
- 1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
- 1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
- 1913 - M. Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
- 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
- 1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the "methods" of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and hunger. In 1917, having disagreed with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of the socialist revolution in Russia, he did not pass the re-registration of party members and formally dropped out of it.
Abroad
- 1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. A myth developed in Soviet literature that the reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin's insistence, to be treated abroad. In reality, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave because of the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
- Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
- 1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
- 1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the cycle of essays "On the Soviet Union".
- 1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.
- 1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History of the Civil War", "Poet's Library", "History of a Young Man of the 19th Century", the journal "Literary Studies", he writes plays "Egor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
- 1934 - Gorky "holds" the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, delivers a keynote speech at it.
- 1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel"
- In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed.
- On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.
Death
The circumstances of the death of Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the so-called Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.
Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.
Family
- First wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova(née Volozhina).
- Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna("Timosha")
- Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
- daughters Nina And Hope, son Sergey
- Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna
- Second wife - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva(1872-1953; civil marriage)
- Long-term life partner - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna
Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad
- 09.1899 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
- 02. - spring 1901 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
- 11.1902 - K. P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
- 1903 - autumn 1904 - K. P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
- autumn 1904-1906 - apartment of K. P. Pyatnitsky in an apartment building - Znamenskaya street, 20, apt. 29;
- beginning 03.1914 - autumn 1921 - profitable house of E.K. Barsova - Kronverksky prospect, 23;
- 30.08. - 09/07/1928 - the hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7;
- 18.06. - 07/11/1929 - the hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7;
- end of 09.1931 - hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7.
Bibliography
Novels
- 1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
- 1900-1901 - "Three"
- 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
- 1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
- 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin"
Tale
- 1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
- 1908 - "Confession"
- 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
- 1913-1914 - "Childhood"
- 1915-1916 - "In people"
- 1923 - "My Universities"
Stories, essays
- 1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the New Life newspaper)
- 1892 - "Makar Chudra"
- 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
- 1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
- 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
- 1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose), "Twenty-six and one"
- 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
- 1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
- 1911 - "Tales of Italy"
- 1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
- 1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
- 1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
Plays
Publicism
- 1906 - "My Interviews", "In America" (pamphlets)
- 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 came out as a separate edition)
- 1922 - "On the Russian peasantry"
Initiated the creation of a series of books "The History of Factories and Plants" (IFZ), took the initiative to revive the pre-revolutionary series "Life of Remarkable People"
Movie incarnations
- Alexei Lyarsky ("Gorky's Childhood", 1938)
- Alexey Lyarsky ("In People", 1938)
- Nikolai Walbert (My Universities, 1939)
- Pavel Kadochnikov ("Yakov Sverdlov", 1940, "Pedagogical Poem", 1955, "Prologue", 1956)
- Nikolai Cherkasov (Lenin in 1918, 1939, Academician Ivan Pavlov, 1949)
- Vladimir Emelyanov (Appasionata, 1963)
- Afanasy Kochetkov (This is how a song is born, 1957, Mayakovsky began like this ..., 1958, Through the icy mist, 1965, Incredible Yehudiel Khlamida, 1969, The Kotsiubinsky family, 1970, "Red diplomat", 1971, Trust, 1975, "I am an actress", 1980)
- Valery Poroshin ("The Enemy of the People - Bukharin", 1990, "Under the Sign of Scorpio", 1995)
- Alexey Fedkin ("Empire Under Attack", 2000)
- Alexey Osipov ("Two Loves", 2004)
- Nikolai Kachura (Yesenin, 2005)
- Georgy Taratorkin ("Captivity of Passion", 2010)
- Nikolay Svanidze 1907. Maksim Gorky. "Historical chronicles with Nikolai Svanidze
Memory
- In 1932, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky. The historical name was returned to the city in 1990.
- In Nizhny Novgorod, the central district children's library, the drama theater, the street, and the square in the center of which there is a monument to the writer by sculptor V.I. Mukhina bear the name of Gorky. But the most remarkable is the museum-apartment of M. Gorky.
- In 1934, in Voronezh, a Soviet propaganda passenger multi-seat 8-engine aircraft was built at an aviation plant, the largest aircraft of its time with a land chassis - ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky".
- In Moscow, there was Maxim Gorky lane (now Khitrovsky), Maxim Gorky embankment (now Kosmodamianskaya), Maxim Gorky square (formerly Khitrovskaya), Gorkovskaya metro station (now Tverskaya) of the Gorkovsko-Zamoskvoretskaya (now Zamoskvoretskaya) line, Gorky street ( now divided into Tverskaya and 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya streets).
Also, the name of M. Gorky bears a number of streets in other settlements of the states of the former USSR.
Russian Soviet writer, playwright, publicist and public figure, founder of socialist realism.
Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16 (28), 1868 in the family of a cabinetmaker Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Orphaned at an early age, the future writer spent his childhood in the house of his maternal grandfather, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin (d. 1887).
In 1877-1879, A. M. Peshkov studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Sloboda Kunavinsky Primary School. After the death of his mother and the ruin of his grandfather, he was forced to leave his studies and go "to the people." In 1879-1884 he was an apprentice shoemaker, then - in a drawing workshop, after - in an icon painting. He served on a steamer that sailed along the Volga.
In 1884, A. M. Peshkov made an attempt to enter Kazan University, which ended in failure due to lack of funds. He became close to the revolutionary underground, participated in illegal populist circles, conducted propaganda among the workers and peasants. At the same time he was engaged in self-education. In December 1887, a streak of life failures almost led the future writer to suicide.
A. M. Peshkov spent 1888-1891 wandering around in search of work and impressions. He traveled around the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus, managed to be a farm laborer in the village and a dishwasher, work in the fish and salt mines, as a watchman on the railway and as a worker in repair shops. Clashes with the police earned him a reputation for being "unreliable." At the same time, he managed to make the first contacts with the creative environment (in particular, with the writer V. G. Korolenko).
On September 12, 1892, the story of A. M. Peshkov “Makar Chudra” was published in the Tiflis newspaper “Kavkaz”, signed with the pseudonym “Maxim Gorky”.
The formation of A. M. Gorky as a writer took place with the active participation of V. G. Korolenko, who recommended the new author to publishers, corrected his manuscript. In 1893-1895, a number of the writer's stories were published in the Volga press - "Chelkash", "Revenge", "Old Woman Izergil", "Emelyan Pilyai", "Conclusion", "Song of the Falcon", etc.
In 1895-1896, A. M. Gorky was an employee of the Samarskaya Gazeta, where he wrote feuilletons daily under the heading “By the way,” signing with the pseudonym “Yehudiel Khlamida”. In 1896 - 1897 he worked in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf".
In 1898, the first collection of works by Maxim Gorky, Essays and Stories, was published in two volumes. It was recognized by critics as an event in Russian and European literature. In 1899, the writer began work on the novel Foma Gordeev.
A. M. Gorky quickly became one of the most popular Russian writers. He met with,. Neo-realist writers began to rally around A. M. Gorky (, L. N. Andreev).
At the beginning of the twentieth century, A. M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. In 1902, his plays "At the Bottom" and "Petty Bourgeois" were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The performances were an exceptional success and were accompanied by anti-government speeches of the public.
In 1902, A. M. Gorky was elected an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, but by personal order, the election results were annulled. In protest, V. G. Korolenko also refused their titles of honorary academicians.
A. M. Gorky was arrested more than once for social and political activities. The writer took an active part in the events of the Revolution of 1905-1907. For the proclamation on January 9 (22), 1905, with a call to overthrow the autocracy, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (released under pressure from the world community). In the summer of 1905, A. M. Gorky joined the RSDLP, in November of the same year he met with at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. His novel "Mother" (1906) received a great response, in which the writer depicted the process of the birth of a "new man" in the course of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat.
In 1906-1913, A. M. Gorky lived in exile. He spent most of his time on the Italian island of Capri. Here he wrote many works: the plays "The Last", "Vassa Zheleznova", the novel "Summer", "The Town of Okurov", the novel "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin". In April 1907, the writer was a delegate to the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP. He visited A. M. Gorky on Capri.
In 1913, A. M. Gorky returned to. In 1913-1915, he wrote the autobiographical novels "Childhood" and "In People", since 1915 the writer published the magazine "Chronicle". During these years, the writer collaborated in the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, as well as in the Enlightenment magazine.
A. M. Gorky welcomed the February and October revolutions of 1917. He began working at the publishing house "World Literature", founded the newspaper "New Life". However, his differences of opinion with the new government gradually increased. The journalistic cycle of A. M. Gorky “Untimely Thoughts” (1917-1918) caused sharp criticism.
In 1921, A. M. Gorky left the Soviet for treatment abroad. In 1921-1924 the writer lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia. His journalistic activity during these years was aimed at uniting Russian artists abroad. In 1923, he wrote the novel My Universities. Since 1924 the writer lived in Sorrento (Italy). In 1925, he began work on the epic novel The Life of Klim Samgin, which remained unfinished.
In 1928 and 1929, A. M. Gorky visited the USSR at the invitation of the Soviet government and personally. His impressions of traveling around the country were reflected in the books "On the Union of Soviets" (1929). In 1931, the writer finally returned to his homeland and launched a wide literary and social activity. On his initiative, literary magazines and book publishing houses were created, book series were published (The Life of Remarkable People, The Poet's Library, etc.)
In 1934, A. M. Gorky acted as the organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. In 1934-1936 he headed the Writers' Union of the USSR.
A. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 at a dacha in Pod (now in). The writer is buried in the Kremlin wall behind the Mausoleum on Red Square.
In the USSR, A. M. Gorky was considered the founder of the literature of socialist realism and the founder of Soviet literature.
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- (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) (1868 1936) writer, literary critic and publicist Everything in Man is everything for Man! There are no pure white people or completely black people; people are all colorful. One, if it is great, is still small. Everything is relative to… Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
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MAKSIM GORKY- Russian writer, founder of the concept of socialist realism in literature. Maxim Gorky pseudonym. Real name Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod*. At the age of nine ... ... Linguistic Dictionary
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Books
- Maksim Gorky. Small collected works, Maxim Gorky. Maxim Gorky is one of the key figures in Soviet literature, the founder of the method of socialist realism. He went from an aspiring writer of romantic works to a writer with ...
- Maksim Gorky. Book about Russian people, Maxim Gorky. Perhaps only Gorky managed to reflect in his work the history, life and culture of Russia in the first third of the 20th century on a truly epic scale. This applies not only to his prose and ...
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov). Born March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod - died June 18, 1936 in Gorki, Moscow Region. Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.
Since 1918, he was nominated 5 times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the World Literature publishing house, petitioned the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where in recent years life received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was one of the ideologists of god-building, in 1909 he helped the participants in this trend to maintain a factional school on the island of Capri for workers, which he called "the literary center of god-building."
Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from officers. M. S. Peshkov in the last years of his life worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Alyosha Peshkov fell ill with cholera at the age of 4, his father managed to get him out, but at the same time he became infected himself and did not survive; the boy almost did not remember his father, but the stories of his relatives about him left a deep impression - even the pseudonym "Maxim Gorky", according to the old Nizhny Novgorod residents, was taken in memory of Maxim Savvateevich.
Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned at an early age, Alexei spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work. In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he went on a wandering and soon reached the Caucasus.
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin". 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with,.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the Bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists Gerhart Hauptmann, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Hardy, George Meredith, Italian writers Grazia Deledda, Mario Rapisardi, Edmondo de Amicis, composer Giacomo Puccini, philosopher Benedetto Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, spoke in defense of Gorky. England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and his actual wife, actress Maria Andreeva, set off through Europe to America, where they stayed until autumn. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). Returning to Russia in autumn, he writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". At the end of 1906, due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived with Andreeva for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.
1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the Chronicle magazine and the Parus publishing house.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the publishing house "Sail" published the autobiographical story "In People" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of public and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from the repressions of the Bolsheviks and hunger.
1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and personally for the first time comes to the USSR and makes a 5-week trip around the country: Kursk, Kharkov, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in a series of essays "On the Soviet Union". But he does not stay in the USSR, he goes back to Italy.
1929 - the second time he comes to the USSR and on June 20-23 visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, and writes a laudatory review of his regime. October 12, 1929 Gorky leaves for Italy.
1932, March - two central Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestia simultaneously published Gorky's pamphlet article under the title, which became a catchphrase - "Who are you with, masters of culture?"
October 1932 - Gorky finally returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History of the Civil War", "Poet's Library", "History of a Young Man of the 19th Century", the journal "Literary Studies", he writes plays "Egor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, speaks at it with the main report.
1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel".
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed.
On May 27, 1936, after visiting his son's grave, Gorky caught a cold in the cold windy weather and fell ill. He was ill for three weeks, and on June 18 he died. At the funeral, among others, Stalin also carried the coffin with Gorky's body. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed by order, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.
Personal life of Maxim Gorky:
Wife in 1896-1903 - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (nee Volzhina) (1876-1965). The divorce was not formalized.
Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934), his wife Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna ("Timosha").
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna, her husband Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich.
Great-granddaughters - Nina and Nadezhda.
Great-grandson - Sergei (they bore the surname "Peshkov" because of the fate of Beria).
Granddaughter - Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna, her husband Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich.
Great-grandson - Maxim.
Great-granddaughter - Ekaterina (they bear the surname Peshkovs).
Great-great-grandson - Alexei Peshkov, son of Catherine.
Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (1898-1903).
Adopted and godson - Peshkov, Zinovy Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Gorky's godson, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son, his wife Lydia Burago.
Actual wife in 1903-1919 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1868-1953) - actress, revolutionary, Soviet statesman and party leader.
Adopted daughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (father - real state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).
Adopted son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (father - real state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).
Cohabitant in 1920-1933 - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna (1892-1974) - baroness, adventurer.
Novels of Maxim Gorky:
1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
1900-1901 - "Three"
1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin".
The stories of Maxim Gorky:
1894 - "Wretched Pavel"
1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished, the third chapter was not published during the life of the author)
1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
1908 - "Confession"
1909 - "Summer"
1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
1913-1914 - "Childhood"
1915-1916 - "In people"
1923 - "My Universities"
1929 - "At the End of the Earth".
Stories and essays by Maxim Gorky:
1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the New Life newspaper)
1892 - "Makar Chudra"
1892 - "Emelyan Pilyai"
1892 - "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka"
1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose)
1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
1899 - "Twenty-six and one"
1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
1906 - "Comrade!", "Sage"
1908 - "Soldiers"
1911 - "Tales of Italy"
1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
1929 - "Solovki" (essay).
Plays by Maxim Gorky:
1901 - "Philistines"
1902 - "At the bottom"
1904 - Summer Residents
1905 - "Children of the Sun"
1905 - "Barbarians"
1906 - "Enemies"
1908 - "The Last"
1910 - "Eccentrics"
1910 - "Children" ("Meeting")
1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935)
1913 - "Zykovs"
1913 - "Fake Coin"
1915 - "The Old Man" (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin).
1930-1931 - "Somov and others"
1931 - "Egor Bulychov and others"
1932 - "Dostigaev and others".
Journalism of Maxim Gorky:
1906 - "My Interviews", "In America" (pamphlets)
1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 it was published as a separate publication).
1922 - "On the Russian peasantry."
