Chichikov is a new hero in Russian literature.  chichikov - a new hero of the era

As you know, evolution is driven by small mutations. The new organism differs from the previous ones, it is somewhat more developed, more adaptable, but it also goes beyond the usual for this time. Only then the norm is fixed, becomes habitual until the time when the new "mutant" does not move evolutionary progress further forward.

Society is also driven by its "mutants" - individuals who capture the essence of the new era better than others. On the practical side, Chichikov is just such a person who captures his own era, becomes, as it were, above time, he is dynamic and changing.

The figures of the landlords, in turn, are static, they only personify something. Also, if you look outside of Gogol's symbolism, but only on the practical side, the Landlords represent a frozen way of life, which will later be replaced by enterprising bourgeois, of which Chichikov is a bright forerunner.

He understands and, as it were, reads the figure of each landowner, selects the optimal “keys” of communication for everyone. By the way, Ostap Bender, a character who also soared above his time and became evidence of a new era, will have a similar property in the future. Just like Bender, Chichikov is a dreamer, despite his penchant for mundane forms such as hoarding money, saving and prestige.

Of course, in many ways the main character of "Dead Souls" is a harbinger of the degradation of society, the next stage of the fall and the path to the Apocalypse. No wonder Gogol rhymes with him various eschatological motifs and figures of Napoleon and even the Antichrist.

Based on the historical canvas, Chichikov really portends a new era. He is exactly the type that will further supplant the landlords and replace the usual way of life. Like Lopakhin, he acts completely original for his time and adheres to his personal, strange for most ideals.

If the landlords are absurd and vicious in comparison with him, but at the same time sincere and more humane, then Chichikov does not have much humanity, he only thinks about practical benefits. Such an ideology is somewhat characteristic of Western society, it can even be called a kind of embodiment of the American dream. Therefore, it is in many ways an alien element, as well as the era that comes with it.

Chichikov's composition as a new hero of the era

According to Belinsky, Gogol described the real Russian reality through Chichikov. The image of the hero reflected the entry of the bourgeoisie into Russian life. Chichikov is an ordinary character in the original capitalist union. Chichikov was born into the family of a poor nobleman. After the death of his father, the hero inherited a dilapidated house and a small piece of land. All his life he followed the instructions of his father. The elder Chichikov said that the son should take care of and collect everything to the last penny.

On the advice of his father, Chichikov was ready for deceit, pleasing and flattery for the sake of wealth and power. From an early age, he learned to evaluate and use the people around him for his own benefit. He showed resourcefulness in any situation and iron restraint for his own benefit. Due to speculation, Chichikov increased the small capital received as an inheritance. After accumulating 5 rubles, Chichikov made a second bag to accumulate more. Money replaced the hero's conscience, friendship and honor. To accumulate more, the hero decided to pull off a scam with dead souls. The whole life of the young hero consisted of a chain of fraudulent scams and crimes.

The hero shows ingenuity and with effort turns any scam to increase his pennies. Chichikov realized that a person's life is controlled by money. He began to travel all over Russia and buy dead souls.

Chichikov was attracted to the life of wealthy nobles. For the sake of a rich life, he was ready for deceit and theft. He tried to adapt to noble life. Chichikov became a gentleman with good manners and an entrepreneur. His entrepreneurial abilities were expressed during the first formation. The meanness of Chichikov is expressed in the fact that he uses any opportunity and is ready to cash in on the grief of other people. The hero sought to get into the provinces, in which a large number of peasants died. The death of people hung from hunger and lack of harvest.

Chichikov was a versatile person. He knew how to adapt to any situation and always knew how to orient himself according to the circumstances. The hero knew how to charm and arouse admiration in any interlocutor. In his speech, Chichikov did not use obscene words or insults. Chichikov, as a hero of modern times, was educated and energetic, as well as dexterous. Due to his qualities, he found an approach to any person.

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Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, "was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality." The writer's satire was directed against the "general order of things", and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landlords Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdrev and Plyushkin, the officials of the provincial town from Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" are terrible in their vulgarity. “It was possible to go crazy,” A. I. Herzen wrote, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who loiter in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the birth of the bourgeois. This is a typical hero of the initial capitalist hoarding, a representative of those businessmen who appeared in large numbers in Russia in the 1930s, when the crisis of the feudal system was sharply outlined.

Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with an insignificant land”, which has become a real tradesman in his way of life. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all, save and save a penny: “You will do everything and break everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a profitable position. Already in his youth, the hero learned to evaluate people in terms of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and meanness of soul. By petty speculations, he "made increments" to the half, donated by his father. “When he had accumulated money up to five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began to save in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience.

Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now the time is convenient. Lost in cards, swirled and squandered, as it should. Chichikov's whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was this: "hooked - dragged, broke - do not ask." Chichikov shows tremendous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarks on any scam if they promise success and promise a cherished penny. The hero understands that capital is becoming the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from the landowners. Life and the environment taught him that "you can't take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight ahead."

Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Imagining himself a Kherson landowner, he sincerely seeks to adapt himself to the nobility psychologically and in everyday life, which finds expression in the appearance and habits of the hero.

Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur in his soul. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The meanness of the hero is that he is ready to cash in on grief, people's illnesses. The author notes that Chichikov seeks to get into those provinces where epidemics and epidemic diseases have passed, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in more frequent crop failures and famines. About the acquisition of the hero, the author writes: "Acquisition is the fault of everything, because of it, deeds were made, to which the world gives the name of not very clean."

The images of the landowners are created by describing the village, the manor house and the interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov's proposal, describing the very process of buying and selling; Gogol at the same time highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no display here through the attitude to serfdom, through the description of life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting the landlords, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways.

In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation, to navigate in any situation has developed; depending on the conditions, the manner and tone of Chichikov's conversation changes. Everywhere he fascinates, sometimes arouses admiration and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who ever existed in the world ... He never allowed himself an obscene word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or rank ... "

The new hero of the era has many advantages that the local nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to each person, quickly guessing the characteristics of the character of people, accurately determining their strengths and weaknesses; to win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov, with Korobochka Chichikov "spoke ... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all."

In a conversation “with the rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted to the governor in passing that you enter his province like in paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere ... He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards ... ” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him.

Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, willpower. Gogol writes: "We must do justice to the irresistible strength of his character." With regard to practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero - the "acquirer" stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal local way of life, in which immobility, inertness and death have firmly built a nest for themselves.

At the same time, Chichikovo also has features in common with the landowners - this is the absence of civic interests, socio-political conservatism. Chichikov worships neither humility nor virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is prudent, knows how to patiently wait for the right moment. Thirst for profit, the desire to take a commanding position in society do not give him rest. Civil and patriotic feelings are alien to Chichikov, with complete indifference he treats everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests.

The noble society took the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, beyond any bag of money, there is something that affects people scoundrels, and people neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone. In Chichikovo, bourgeois features are manifested with such force and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.

The protagonist of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is Mr. Chichikov. The beginning of the assessment of this image is given by the author's portrait, from which, in fact, the story begins. According to him, this gentleman was “not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young. Such an appearance, in which there are no characteristic features, sets the reader up for the perception of the image of a “little man”.

Of course, Chichikov is a completely new image in Russian literature of those years. But this does not mean that he has no literary relatives. Analyzing the names and associations that arise in the poem in connection with Chichikov, we can conclude that, first of all, in this image, the characters bequeathed by the Pushkin tradition are synthesized. If we turn to the history of the creation of the poem, it is necessary to take into account the fact documented by the writer himself. In the autumn of 1835 Gogol talked with Pushkin. Pushkin, at the end of the conversation, urged Gogol to take on an extensive narrative and even presented him with his own plot. In addition, Gogol considered Pushkin his literary mentor, whose opinion and experience he could not but listen to.

The images of Pushkin's works found their artistic interpretation and embodiment in Gogol's work. True, Pushkin's secular romantic and robber in the guise of a knight of profit, money-grubber and demonic egoist Hermann is depicted by Gogol in a parodic projection.

Let us recall Chichikov in the scenes of preparation for the ball and the ball itself. Encouraged by a love letter from an unknown lady, he, in the spirit of a romantic hero, plunges into a very blissful and excited mood: “And the letter is very, very curly written!” Preparing for the ball, Chichikov devotes a lot of time to his toilet. Spinning around the mirror, he made himself “a lot of pleasant surprises, winked his eyebrow and lips, and even did something with his tongue ... Finally, he lightly patted his chin, saying: “Oh, you are such a muzzle!” and started getting dressed. Let's draw a parallel and remember how Pushkin's Onegin was preparing for the ball:

It's three hours at least

Spent in front of the mirrors

And came out of the restroom

Like windy Venus.

Further, Chichikov manifests himself completely unexpectedly. Seeing the governor's young daughter at the ball, he "stopped suddenly, as if stunned by a blow." But, unlike Onegin - a genius in the science of "gentle passion", - Gogol's character turns out to be a useless womanizer: "Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single sensible word and muttered the devil knows what it is, which Gremin would never have said , neither Zvonsky, nor Lidin ”(heroes of fashionable stories).

But Chichikov is not only a parody hero-lover, he is also a parody romantic robber, according to the lady, pleasant in every respect, he bursts into Korobochka, "like Rinaldo Rinaldini"; besides, he planned to take away the governor's daughter (the "true" testimony of Nozdrev, who, according to him, was in close relations with Chichikov, elevated this fiction to the rank of a real event). Chichikov is also identified with Captain Kopeikin, a counterfeit banknote maker who fled from the neighboring province from legal persecution. True, this fact later aroused doubts among officials: “after all, Captain Kopeikin ... without an arm and a leg, but Chichikov ...”

Chichikov is a demonic personality, he is associated with Napoleon, who was kept on a stone chain, behind six walls and seven seas, and now released "from the island of Helena, and now he is sneaking into Russia, as if Chichikov, but in fact he is not at all Chichikov. Of course, the officials did not believe this, but, however, they became thoughtful and, considering this matter, each one to himself, found that Chichikov's face, if he turns and becomes sideways, is very similar to the portrait of Napoleon. “The police chief, who served in the campaign for 12 years and personally saw Napoleon, also could not but admit that he would in no way be taller than Chichikov, and that Napoleon, too, by the warehouse of his figure, cannot be said to be too fat, but not so much so that thin." The description of Chichikov's resemblance to Napoleon is a parodic quotation of the corresponding passage from The Queen of Spades: Hermann has "Napoleon's profile"; He was sitting at the window with folded arms and a threatening frown. In this position, he surprisingly resembled a portrait of Napoleon.

It is in this parodic comparison of Chichikov, a petty swindler and a rogue, with the image of a romantic hero, a romantic robber, the arbiter of the destinies of the world, Napoleon, that Gogol's innovation consists. This comparison allows us to highlight the main idea of ​​the author: the Chichikovs are “little people”, in whose hands the control of the world is right now. They mark the time when vice ceased to be heroic and evil ceased to be majestic. Having absorbed all the romantic images, he discolored and devalued them, placing at the head of all moral values ​​the inherited slogan: "Save a penny." However, Gogol, in accordance with the Christian worldview, through the mouth of Murazov, gives Chichikov a chance for correction and rebirth: “If only one of those people who love goodness would use as much effort for it as you do to get your penny!” Gogol's hero has the hope of rebirth, because he has reached the limit of evil in its extreme manifestations - low, petty and ridiculous. Evil exists not only in its pure form, but also in its insignificant forms. And it is precisely in its hopelessness that the possibility of an equally complete and absolute rebirth lurks.

Topic: "Chichikov - the new" hero "of the era."

Target: to learn to build a reasoning based on the text from the analysis of the proposed fragment; to develop the skills of structuring a detailed answer to the proposed question, taking into account the educational task, the ability to use a literary text and literary critical material as an argumentative base, to analyze and introspect the work performed, the ability to find errors and improve the work performed; to cultivate a sense of decency and attentive attitude towards people around, purposefulness.

Texts for work in the Russian language lesson (control test according to the 9th grade program).

1 option

1) It is most fair to call him: the owner, the acquirer. 2) Acquisition is the fault of everything. 3) Because of him, things were done to which the light gives the name of not very clean. 4) True, in such a character there is already something repulsive. 5) But wise is he who does not shy away from any character, but, fixing him with a searching look, explores him to the original causes. 6) Everything quickly turns into a person. 7) And more than once, not only a broad passion, but an insignificant passion for something petty grew in one born for the best deeds, made him forget great and holy duties and see the great and holy in insignificant trinkets. 8) Countless, like the sands of the sea, human passions, and all are not alike one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first obedient to a person and then already become his terrible rulers. 9) And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies something that will later plunge a person to dust and knees before the wisdom of heaven. (N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" Chapter 11).

1 option

1. From sentence 7-8 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 8-9, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiceless consonant following the prefix.

4. Explain the setting of the dash in sentence 2.

5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 1-4)

6. Write out an introductory word from sentences 3-6.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-7) containing a separate circumstance.

Key (1 option)

1. grew

2. countless

3. concluded

6. true (sentence 4)

8. commas with homogeneous members of the sentence.

9. 1.2 - comparative turnover, 3 - SSP, 4 - SSP, 5.6 - isolated agreed definitions expressed by single adjectives

Option 2

1) The method of revealing gradation is Gogol's conscious attitude. 2) In "Selected Places ..." he writes: "My heroes follow one another, one more vulgar than the other."

3) In the process of portraying the landowners, the image of the main character, Chichikov, also unfolds before the readers. 4) The landlords and officials, described by Gogol, compete in mental emasculation. 5) But both of them are clearly superior to Chichikov - an active knight of the "penny". 6) He is more greedy in his striving for acquisition than Korobochka, tearing seven skins from his serfs, more callous than Sobakevich and more arrogant than Nozdryov in the means of enrichment.

7) In the final chapter, supplementing Chichikov's biography, he is finally exposed as a clever predator, acquirer and entrepreneur of the bourgeois warehouse, a civilized scoundrel, the master of life.

8) Gogol, a sharp-sighted observer, correctly saw the growth in the depths of the feudal-serf regime of bourgeois tendencies, rapidly developing. 9) And these tendencies found in him a merciless exposer, who noticed in them the terrible, enslaving power of money, associated with monstrous speculations, with deliberately fraudulent adventures. (A.I. Revyakin "History of Russian literature of the 19th century." M. "Enlightenment" 1985)

Option 2

1. From sentence 5-6 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 3-4, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiced consonant following the prefix.

3. Write out the passive participle from sentence 9.

5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 7-9)

6. Write out an agreed definition from sentences 4-5.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-6) containing a separate definition.

8. Explain the punctuation marks in sentence 7.

9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 8 and explain their setting.

10. Choose the correct answer, in which the characteristic of the 9th sentence is given:

1) simple complicated sentence

2) compound sentence

3) complex sentence

4) a complex sentence with a coordinating and subordinating connection

Key (Option 2)

1. tearing

2. deployed

3. related

4. common application at the end of a sentence

6. outlined by Gogol (4 sentence)

8. 1,2 - participle turnover, 3,4,5 - homogeneous members

9. 1.2 - common application, 3 - participial turnover

3 option

1) Remember Chichikov's travel box - this is a poem! 2) This is a poem about acquisition, squeezing sweat in the name of a million. 3) There is a city poster, torn from a cabinet, and a funeral ticket, telling his sober mind about the transience of life. 4) The same pile of Plushkin, only not disheveled, but brought into symmetry, where each item is to the point. 5) Plyushkin's pile is a cemetery of dead things, Chichikov's box is a business man's traveling suitcase.

6) The comic journey ends tragically, and tragedy permeates the final lines of Dead Souls about a trio flying into the unknown.

7) Before this ending, Chichikov falls asleep, reassured by his successful escape from the city, and as if in a dream he sees his own childhood, about which the author himself tells.

8) This story about Chichikov's childhood will then give acceleration to his troika, pick it up as if on wings and carry it to the unknown second volume.

9) In this passage, the contrast is especially felt - immense Rus' and the "state carriage" - a symbol of a soulless, terrible state power. (Zolotussky I. Article “Chichikov is mixed with completely different yeast” “Literature at School”, No. 2, 1999).

3 option

1. From sentence 4-5 write out a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

2. From sentences 4-5, write out a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix of which depends on the voiceless consonant following the prefix.

3. Write out the passive participle from 3 sentences.

4. Explain the setting of the dash in sentence 5.

5. Write the number of the compound sentence (sentences 5-6)

6. From sentences 2-3 write out homogeneous terms.

7. Write out the number of the sentence (from sentences 1-3) containing a separate definition.

8. Explain the punctuation marks in sentence 7.

9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 9 and explain their setting.

10. Choose the correct answer, in which the characteristics of 7 sentences are given:

1) simple complicated sentence

2) compound sentence

3) complex sentence

4) a complex sentence with a coordinating and subordinating connection

Key (Option 3)

1. deceased

2. disheveled

3. plucked

4. dash between subject and predicate, expressed by nouns (compound nominal predicate with a missing link)

6. acquisitiveness, squeezing sweat; poster, ticket

8. 1,2 - participial turnover, 2 - homogeneous predicates, 3 - subordinate attributive

9. 1 and 2 dashes - a common application, 3 commas - homogeneous members

How to check your work.

1. See if there is an introduction in the work and answer the question: “Does the introduction correspond to the content of the main work, does it prepare for the perception of the main part of the work?” If not, rebuild the introduction or remove it.

2. See if the proposed fragment is correctly interpreted, whether all the thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained.

3. See if there is a working thesis in the work and whether it corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment.

4. Reread the argument and answer the question: “Does the argument support the working thesis and the interpreted fragment?” If it does not confirm, “frame” with reflections or replace (we carry out similar work with each of the arguments).

5. See if there is a final part in the work, whether it has something in common with the introduction, working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, whether it is a logical conclusion from all that has been said above. If not, rebuild the output.

6. Check whether all sentences and parts of the work are related in meaning and grammatically.

7. Check for errors. If in doubt about the spelling of a word, check it in a dictionary or replace it with a synonym. If it is not possible to analyze the structure of the sentence, rebuild it. Eliminate speech and grammatical errors (“mint out” phrases).

Criteria for evaluation:

K1. There is an introduction and it correlates with the interpretation of the fragment and the working thesis, corresponds to the content of the main part of the work, prepares for its perception (1 point).

K2. The proposed fragment was interpreted, all the thoughts and concepts contained in it were worked out and explained (2 points).

The fragment is interpreted, but not all concepts are considered and explained (1 point).

Fragment not interpreted (0 points).

K3. The working thesis corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment (2 points).

There is a working thesis, but it does not correspond to the interpretation of the fragment (1 point).

There is no working thesis (0 points).

K4. The arguments confirm the working thesis and the interpreted fragment (the first three theses are taken into account) (for each correctly chosen argument - 3 points; the maximum number of points is 9).

K5. The final part echoes the introduction, working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, is a logical conclusion from all that has been said above (3 points).

The conclusion logically completes the main part of the work, but it does not correlate with the introduction and working thesis (1 point)

There is no conclusion or it does not correlate with the content of the work (0 points).

K6. All sentences and parts of the work are interconnected in meaning and grammatically (3 points).

There is one logical error (2 points).

There are two logical errors (1 point).

More than 2 logical errors were made (0 points).

The maximum number of points is 20.

Grades: 15-20 points - "5"

11-14 points - "4"

9-13 points - "3"

0-8 points - "2"

Board layout.

Reverse side (board closed)

Homework:

1 option

Mark the most striking lyrical digressions in the text of the poem (chapter 5 (digression about the aptly said Russian word), chapter 7 (about two types of writers; about barge haulers), chapter 11 (about the troika bird, about the road, about Rus' and its heroes, about choosing a hero.) What artistic function do they serve?

Option 2

Prepare a message on the topic: "What does Gogol's image of the road mean?"

Board in turn

1 leaf

Fragments from the 11th chapter of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"

1) It is very doubtful that the hero chosen by us will be liked by readers ... a good-natured person is still not taken as a hero ... it's time to finally hide the scoundrel

2) Who is he in relation to moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtuous, is evident. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why is a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?

3) But wise is he who does not disdain any character, but, fixing him with an inquisitive look, examines him to the original causes.

central sash

Chichikov - a new hero of the era?

Essay-reasoning

Structure:

1. Introduction

A) + - Introduction

B) Working with a fragment (interpretation of a fragment)

C) Working thesis formulated on the basis of the interpretation of the fragment

2. The main part of the work is a reasoning with a proof or an illustration of the working thesis, containing at least 2-3 arguments (link to the text, citation, partial quotation, partial retelling; link to the literary-critical evaluation of the work), confirming the provisions put forward in the thesis.

3. The final part (conclusion from all that has been said above).

2 sash

Thesis is a statement that summarizes an idea.

Argument - argument, proof.

During the classes

1. Recording homework

2. Definition of a learning task

Today we are practicing the skills of writing an essay-reasoning in accordance with the educational task that you are invited to solve when completing the task in part C2 on the GIA. The difference is that as an argumentative base we will use the text of the work and its literary-critical assessment (texts proposed for the test in the Russian language lesson, teaching aids, literary-critical materials). Thus, we will continue preparing for the Russian language exam and work out several topics of the essay that you will be asked to write after completing the study of the poem "Dead Souls" and the works of N.V. Gogol.

At the end of the lesson, we have to clarify the wording of the topic of the lesson, written on the board.

For today's lesson, you wrote an essay on the topic: "Who is he, this Chichikov?" Using the "How to check the work" consultant sheet, checked the written work, eliminated errors and evaluated your work in accordance with the evaluation criteria.

3. Work with essays written by students. Who gave themselves a rating of "5"? (one work is taken by the teacher for verification, students are divided into pairs, exchange notebooks and check each other's work using a consultant sheet. All notes and corrections are made in pencil. After checking, a second grade is given. When grading, only the literary component is taken into account in accordance with the proposed criteria). To complete the work - 15 minutes.

4. Analysis of the work assessed by the teacher(works of students evaluated by classmates are submitted for control).

5. Work with the proposed sample(work is analyzed without output).

Who is this Chichikov?

So why is he still, by definition of the author, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Human passions are countless, like the sea sands, and all are not alike, and all of them, low and beautiful, are first submissive to a person and then already become his terrible rulers,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of "low" passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is the living conditions, the time imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and at the instructive lesson that his "passion" - acquisitiveness - receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this very same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies something that will then plunge a person to dust and knees before the wisdom of heaven.” But the intention of the author was not destined to come true. Chichikov remained the Chichikov with whom we part, turning over the last page of the poem - a “strange scoundrel”, who, however, has something to learn.

Literature in general, a literary work and every literary hero in particular is a "textbook of life". So what lessons do we learn by solving the riddle of Chichikov? A hero can teach us moderation, accuracy, the ability, if necessary, to curb one's desires, diplomacy in relations with people, organization, perseverance and determination. But the most important lesson learned from communicating with Chichikov is the lesson of decency. On the example of the unseemly deeds of our hero, we are convinced that the biggest sin is to play with the fate of people, to step over people on the way to achieving any, even a very “high” goal. There is nothing more immoral than the phrase: "The end justifies the means." Only the goal that is achieved by "moral means" can be justified and will bring good luck and peace of mind to those who achieve it.

6. There is no final part in the work. Let's finish the job together. So what lessons do we learn by solving the riddle of Chichikov? (conversation with the class, the conclusion is read out)

7. Clarify the wording of the topic(It is advisable to quote the word "hero" and remove the question mark).

Who is this Chichikov?

F. M. Dostoevsky argued that every person is a riddle, and it should be solved in order to remain a person. And N.V. Gogol continued and developed his idea: "... he is wise who does not shun any character, but, fixing him with a searching look, explores him to the original causes." Following the precepts of the classics, we will try to unravel the riddle of Chichikov. Indeed, by “solving” the other, we become wiser, because everyone, even if not a very “virtuous hero”, has something to learn.

Namely, the author sees his main character, Chichikov, as such. In the 11th chapter of the poem "Dead Souls", starting a detailed description of his character, "looking for" the "original causes" of his "moral qualities", N.V. Gogol suggests that the "hero" chosen by him can hardly please the reader, unequivocally calling him a scoundrel. And already completing the story about him, he urges us not to be “strict” to him. It seems that the author himself is ambivalent about his hero, and for him he is a mystery.

So who is Chichikov? Is he a scoundrel or a “virtuous” person? And if a scoundrel, then what is the reason for his meanness? Where is the riddle of Chichikov hidden and how to solve it?

I. Zolotussky spoke about Chichikov like this: "... he is still some kind of strange scoundrel." Carefully reading the lines of the work, we are convinced of this. Chichikov is a dual nature. He, one might say, "a scoundrel involuntarily", not devoid of positive qualities.

There is no doubt that Chichikov is a scoundrel. Father's instructions that you need to please teachers and bosses, "get along" with those who are richer and can be useful, save a penny, which is "more reliable than anything in the world" and can "break everything" not only "burrowed deep ... into the soul" Pavlushi, but also received creative development. He has succeeded in this! Pavlusha not only “saved a penny”, denying himself everything and preparing for a future comfortable life (this is not the biggest sin), but also “stepped over people”, moving towards the intended goal (and this is already a sin, and the one who acts like that you can’t call it otherwise than a scoundrel). Let us recall how subtly he "pumped out" money from his classmates, how he "cheated, greatly cheated" his teacher. It should be noted that he had something to cheat on when he was "with strength and power." But the circumstances changed, and the former beloved student somehow meanly acted, refusing to help the one who was in a humiliated position and "from whose hand he fed." And the case of the “insensitive” and “unshakable” povytchik, under whose leadership the official Chichikov worked in the sweat of his brow. And our hero “knocked up” to him, “attracted his disposition” and “cheated” him, “cheated” him in the most dishonorable way, playing on his paternal feelings. Yes, not just "cheated", but also "sat out"! And having stepped over this “most difficult threshold”, our hero already “easier and more successfully” coped with multi-level difficulties that arose on the way to the cherished goal, honing the skill of a trickster-swindler. He "tried on" various roles, skillfully reincarnated, did not disdain any means, played people like a cat with a mouse. Well, who is he after that, if not a scoundrel! It is no coincidence that A.I. Revyakin calls him “a clever predator”, “civilized scoundrel”, accuses him of greed (“more greedy in striving for acquisition than Korobochka”), of callousness (“calmer than Sobakevich”), of arrogance (“impudent Nozdryova in the means of enrichment"), issuing him an unconditional guilty verdict: Chichikov surpasses all landowners "in spiritual emasculation."

But is our hero so monstrously heartless? We dare to assume that it is not. It is no coincidence that I. Zolotussky calls him a “strange scoundrel”, N.G. Chernyshevsky claims that Chichikov is “the most difficult character”, and N.V. Gogol, being a brilliant artist and a great psychologist, simply could not create such an unambiguous image. still make him the main character of his "top" work. Chichikov has a lot of advantages. He, unlike the landowners and officials, is unusually active. His ingenuity knows no bounds. What is his adventure with the purchase of dead souls and enrichment at the expense of the inertia and short-sightedness of the landowners, the “inhibition” of the “state-bureaucratic machine” worth! He is careful. Even while doing rough work, he favorably differed from his colleagues, petty officials. He is sensitive. Let's remember the moment of his meeting with the blonde, the embodiment of purity and innocence. He thought, forgot about everything around him. And when meeting with an already familiar blonde at the governor's ball, "Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single sensible word." And in this muteness "hidden" a share of true experience. Chichikov is a subtle psychologist. The “grain” of this hero is the ability to adapt to people, to guess them. With Manilov he is amiable, with Korobochka he is persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive, he bargains with Sobakevich as relentlessly as Sobakevich with him, Plyushkin conquers with his "generosity". Chichikov is capable of deep reflection. It is interesting to comprehend the character of Chichikov the following place in the work. After one of his failures - dismissal from customs for smuggling -, Chichikov reflects: “Why me? Why did I get in trouble? Who is yawning now in office? - everyone buys. I didn’t make anyone unhappy: I didn’t rob a widow, I didn’t let anyone into the world ... Why do others prosper and why should I disappear like a worm? And this is true: Chichikov wanted to get rich by "inflating" the state, but he, at this stage of his life, did not commit dishonorable acts towards people. Continuing his reflections, Chichikov asks himself the question: “And what will my children say then? “Here,” they will say, “father, the beast, did not leave us any fortune!” This also characterizes our hero on the positive side: his father's lesson went for the future (his father, by and large, left him only a covenant that largely determined his future fate: following the behest of a mismanaged and irresponsible father, Chichikov turned into a swindler and a swindler). And our hero wants to provide his children with a comfortable life. Yes, and all the reflections that accompany Chichikov's actions are a kind of attempt to understand them, to give oneself an account of them. This does not happen with other characters in the poem. They tend to act like beings of a low spiritual organization, almost like animals. Chichikov does not give up when he suffers from numerous failures and is returned to his original position. “You can’t help grief by crying, you have to do the job,” he gives himself an attitude, again from scratch he gets down to business and again achieves what he wants. One can envy such purposefulness, organization and perseverance! It should be taken into account that Chichikov had to achieve everything in his life on his own, without counting on outside help, and this is very difficult! Let us return to the author's assessment of the moral qualities of his hero. Admiring his ability to endure and limit himself in everything if necessary, the author says that he is "the most decent person that ever existed in the world." And here is another fragment from the work, in which the author positively assesses the moral qualities of his hero: “It is impossible, however, to say that the nature of our hero was so severe and callous and his feelings were so blunted that he knew neither pity nor compassion; he felt both, he would even want to help, but only so that it did not consist in a significant amount ... But in him there was no attachment to money proper for the sake of money; they were not possessed by stinginess and stinginess. No, they didn’t move him: he imagined life ahead in all contentments, with all sorts of prosperity ... So that finally later, over time, he would certainly taste all this, that’s what the penny was saved for, sparingly denied to himself and to another. And who among us, hand on heart, does not dream of a comfortable and "sweet" life? But not everyone knows how to curb their passions and limit themselves in everything, but Chichikov knew how.

So why is he still, by definition of the author, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Human passions are countless, like the sands of the sea, and all are not alike, and all of them, low and beautiful, are first submissive to man and then become his terrible rulers,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of "low" passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is the living conditions, the time imposing harsh and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and at the instructive lesson that his "passion" - acquisitiveness - receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence there is something that will later plunge a person into dust and kneel before wisdom.

At the lesson of literature, we got acquainted with the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". This poem has become very popular. The work was repeatedly filmed both in the Soviet Union and in modern Russia. Also, the names of the main characters became symbolic: Plyushkin - a symbol of stinginess and storage of unnecessary things, Sobakevich - an uncouth person, Manilovism - immersion in dreams that have no connection with reality. Some phrases have become catchphrases.

The main character of the poem is Chichikov. The portrait of Chichikov is different from other residents of the city. He is not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin, not old, but not young either. The author refers him to the "gentlemen of the middle hand." But still, Chichikov liked everything in his appearance to be noble, because. appearance is one of his main weapons. At first he wore a lingonberry-colored tailcoat, but later, towards the end of the poem, he changes it for a European-style jacket. This can be explained by the fact that he feels a change in his position in society. His status has grown, the poet now needs to look different. He tried to flatter people with high ranks and did not allow rudeness in conversation, and with equals or with lower ranks he behaved proudly. All the heroes spoke of him as a decent person, even "Sobakevich, who rarely spoke of someone on the good side," called him "an unpleasant person."

The origin of Chichikov is "dark and modest." He is a nobleman, pillar or personal - it is not known. His childhood passed in a small house, without comrades, friends, with a sick father. The father constantly forced his son to learn to read and write, and brought him up on the principle of "do not lie, obey your elders and carry virtue in your heart." When the father sent his son to the school, he gave him instructions: “Look, Pavlusha, study, don’t be a fool and don’t hang out, but most of all please the teachers with the bosses. Get along with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you. Behave better so that you are treated, and most of all take care and save a penny: this thing is the most reliable thing in the world. ” Chichikov followed his father’s instructions and was very successful in this matter. As a result, he grew up to be an egoist whose greed has no limits.
At school, he pleased the teacher, as his father instructed, and graduated with good grades. Chichikov also succeeded in commercial affairs. He denied himself everything and sold his comrades their own treats, after which he took the initiative in various ways and began to earn good money from it. A penny became for him above all human relations. When his former comrades collected money to help a teacher in trouble, Chichikov dissuaded himself by lack of money and was ready to give only a nickel of silver. Thus began his policy of hoarding.

In the service, Chichikov found an approach even to the most impregnable boss. He subtly feels the nature of a person and is a good artist. All this helps in the work. I would also like to note his patience. Not everyone is willing to wait that long to achieve their goal, given all the ups and downs that Chichikov has experienced. I would like to tell you about his service at customs. At the beginning, he pretends that he came to serve with good intentions. The authorities raise him, and then he is taken for his true goals. But by negligence, he involves his comrade in this case. After, allowing himself stupidity, he manages to quarrel with him. And in the end they inform the authorities about each other.