What is forte and piano definition. Lesson summary on the subject of musical literacy and listening to music with a presentation

Volume (relative)

The two basic notations for loudness in music are:

Moderate degrees of loudness are indicated as follows:

Except signs f and p , There are also

Additional letters are used to indicate even more extreme degrees of volume and silence. f and p . Yes, quite often musical literature there are designations fff and ppp . They do not have standard names, usually they say "forte-fortissimo" and "piano-pianissimo" or "three fortes" and "three pianos".

In rare cases, with additional f and p even more extreme degrees of sound intensity are indicated. So, P. I. Tchaikovsky in his Sixth Symphony used pppppp and ffff , and D. D. Shostakovich in the Fourth Symphony - fffff . A unique case is Galina Ustvolskaya's Sixth Piano Sonata. The composer used the notation ffffff (six fortes), as well as marking Espressivissimo ("more expressive").

Dynamic designations are relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate the exact volume level, but that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p , and somewhat quieter than mf . Some computer programs When recording sound, there are standard key velocity values ​​that correspond to one or another volume designation, but, as a rule, these values ​​\u200b\u200bare customizable.

Below is a table of correspondence of these designations to sound volume levels in backgrounds and sons.

gradual change

To denote a gradual change in volume, the terms crescendo (ital. crescendo), denoting a gradual increase in sound, and diminuendo (ital. diminuendo), or decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradual weakening. They are abbreviated in notes as cresc. and dim.(or decresc.). For the same purposes, special signs are used - "forks". They are pairs of lines connected on one side and diverging on the other. If the lines diverge from left to right (<), это означает усиление звука, если сходятся (>) - weakening. Next snippet music notation indicates a moderately loud start, then an increase in sound and then its decrease:

"Forks" are usually written under stave, but sometimes over it, especially in vocal music. Usually they denote short-term changes in volume, and signs cresc. and dim.- changes over a longer period of time.

Notation cresc. and dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions poco(Russian poko - a little), poco a poco(Russian poko a poko - little by little), subito or sub.(Russian subito - suddenly), etc.

Abrupt changes

Sforzando(ital. sforzando) or sforzato(sforzato) denotes a sudden sharp accent and is indicated sf or sfz . Sudden increase in several sounds or short phrase called ringforzando(ital. rinforzando) and is designated rinf. , rf or rfz .

Designation fp (forte piano) means "loudly, then immediately quietly"; sfp (sforzando piano) indicates a sforzando followed by a piano.

Accent

Accent(Italian accento) - highlighting individual tones or chords through stronger stress

In music, dynamics is a change in the strength of sound, that is, loudness. Surely everyone noticed that music never sounds equally loud or equally quiet all the time. The strength of the sound changes all the time. The composer deliberately makes some fragments quieter and some louder. Thus, you can emphasize the nature of the music, draw the listener's attention to some point. For example, when solemn music sounds, it must certainly be loud, if the character changes and the music becomes sad, dull, then it immediately becomes quieter.

How is dynamics defined?
In order for the performer to play the work in the required dynamics, that is, to correctly follow all the composer's instructions, special signs are put in the musical score. There are two main types of volume: quiet and loud. Types of dynamics are usually called the Italian words piano (quietly) and forte (loudly) (by the way, the piano instrument got its name due to the fact that it could make both very quiet sounds and quite loud ones). In order to make the musical notation a little easier, we decided to leave only the first letters of these words. Thus, if the composer wants a certain part of his work to sound quiet, he puts the “p” sign on top, if it is loud, then “f”.

In addition to the basic "piano" and "forte", there are also other types of dynamics. For example, "pianissimo" and "fortissimo" in sheet music are marked with the signs "pp" and "ff". If such a sign is placed, then the music should sound very quiet (“pp”) or very loud (“ff”). But that's not all, some works require super loud sounding, then the signs "ppr" "rrrr" and "rrrr" are put on, it reads like: "piano-pianissimo, piano-piano-pianissimo and piano-piano-piano-pianissimo" that is, the sign "rrrr" is extremely rare, but sometimes it is used. In this case, the listener will be able to hear the sound of the instrument or orchestra with great difficulty. The super loud sound is also denoted in the same way: "ff", "fff", "ffff" and "fffff". Music played even on “3rd forte” (“fff”) will sound simply deafening.

Amplifying and reducing the intensity of sound
There are two more types of having dynamics: "crescendo" (read: "crescendo" - gradually adding sound) "diminuendo" (read: "dimimnuendo" - which means: "gradually reducing the sound"). In the notes, it is indicated either by “cres” and “dim”, or by the signs “< » («crescendo») и « >"("diminuendo"). The composer puts signs in the notes above the place where the sound should be added or subtracted.

DYNAMIC SHADES

The musical terms that define the degree of loudness of a music performance are called dynamic hues (from Greek word dynamicos - power, that is, the power of sound). Of course, you have seen such icons in sheet music: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. See how they are spelled in full, pronounced and translated: pp -- pianissimo "pianissimo" -- very quietly; p - piano "piano" - quietly; mp - mezzo piano "mezzo piano" - moderately quiet, a little louder than the piano; mf - mezzo forte "mezzo forte" - moderately loud, louder than mezzo piano; f - forte ("forte" - loudly; ff - fortissimo "fortissimo" - very loudly. Sometimes, much less often, you can find such designations in the notes: ppp (piano-pianissimo), prrr. Or fff, (forte -fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quiet, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf - sforzando (sforzando) indicates the selection of a note or chord. Very often there are such words in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or an icon indicating a gradual decrease in sound Cresc. (crescendo), or an icon - indicate, on the contrary, that you need to gradually increase the sound. The designation cresc. is sometimes preceded by poco a poco (poco a poco) - little little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words are also found in other combinations. After all, gradually you can not only increase the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - fading. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down. Approximately the same meaning has the word smorzando (smortsando) - muffling, fading, weakening the sonority and slowing down the pace. You have probably heard the play "November" from the cycle "The Seasons" by Tchaikovsky more than once. It has the subtitle "On the Troika". Starts not very loud (mf) simple melody similar to Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song reappears - now quiet (p), then approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually melting away.

creative portraits composers. - M.: Music. 1990 .

See what "DYNAMIC SHADES" is in other dictionaries:

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- (French nuance) a shade, a barely noticeable transition in the intonations of speech, in the meaning of words, in colors, etc. The term "N." widely used in music, where it refers mainly to the performance of musical phrases and individual sounds (consonances). ... ...

It can have a fundamental pitch from to subcontroctave to up to the fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz). Its volume cannot exceed the threshold of pain (See Threshold of pain). In terms of duration and timbre, Z. m. is very ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

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Sound is a musical sound that has: a certain pitch (the pitch of the main tone is usually from to subcontroctave to the fifth octave re (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz); timbre, which is determined by the presence of overtones in the sound and depends on the sound source. ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Dynamics. Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notation associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Notation 1.1 Loudness (relative) ... Wikipedia

A sound that has a certain pitch (the pitch of the main tone is usually from to subcontroctave to the fifth octave re (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz); timbre, which is determined by the presence of overtones in the sound and depends on the sound source. According to the timbre, sounds ... ... Wikipedia

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Books

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• Beatles for two. For guitar duet, . This collection is for fans of the music of the great Liverpool Four. In it you will find translations popular songs"The Beatles" for two guitars. In order to play these songs, you are required to...

In this lesson, we will talk about another means of conveying emotions - dynamics (loudness) of music.

We have already said that musical speech is very similar to speech in our traditional sense. And one of the ways to express our emotions (besides the tempo of reproducing words) is another, no less powerful one - this is the volume with which we pronounce the words. Gentle, affectionate words are spoken quietly, commands, indignation, threats and appeals are loud. Like human voice, music can also "shout" and "whisper".

What do you think the explosives called "dynamite" have in common, sports team"Dynamo" and tape "speakers"? They all come from one word - δύναμις [dynamis], translated from Greek as "strength". That's where the word "dynamics" comes from. The shades of sound (or, in French, nuances) are called dynamic shades, and the strength musical sound called dynamics.

The most common dynamic nuances, from softest to loudest, are listed below:

• pp - pianissimo - pianissimo - very quiet
• p - Piano - piano - quiet
• mp - Mezzo piano - mezzo piano - moderately quiet
• mf - Mezzo forte - mezzo forte - moderately loud
• f - Forte - forte - loud
• ff -Fortissimo - fortissimo - very loud

To indicate even more extreme degrees of volume, additional letters f and p are used. For example, the designations fff and ppp. They do not have standard names, usually they say "forte-fortissimo" and "piano-pianissimo", or "three fortes" and "three pianos".

The designation of dynamics is relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate the exact volume level, but that the passage should be played somewhat louder than p and somewhat quieter than mf.

Sometimes the music itself tells you how to play. For example, how would you play a lullaby?

That's right - quiet. How to play an alarm?

Yes, loud.

But there are cases when it is not clear from the musical notation what character the composer put into the piece of music. That's why the author writes under musical notation hints in the form of dynamics icons. More or less like this:

Dynamic nuances can be indicated both at the beginning and in any other place in a musical work.

There are two more signs of dynamics that you will encounter quite often. In my opinion, they look a bit like bird beaks:

These icons indicate a gradual increase or decrease in the sound volume. So in order to sing louder - the bird opens its beak wider (<), а чтобы спеть потише – прикрывает клюв (>). These so-called "forks" appear under the musical text, as well as above it (especially over the vocal part).

In this example, a long dynamic fork (<),означает, что фрагмент нужно играть все громче и громче, пока не закончится знак крещендо.

And here the tapering “fork” (>) under the musical phrase means that the fragment needs to be played quieter and quieter until the diminuendo sign ends, and First level the volume in this example is mf (mezzo forte), and the final one is p (piano).

For the same purposes, the verbal method is also often used. The term "" (Italian crescendo, abbreviated cresc.) denotes a gradual increase in sound, and "" (Italian diminuendo, abbreviated dim.), or decrescendo(decrescendo, abbreviated decresc.) - gradual weakening.

cresc designations. and dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions:

• poco - poco - a little
• poco a poco - poco a poco - little by little
• subito or sub. - subito - suddenly
• più - I drink - more

Here are some more terms related to dynamics:

• al niente - al ninte - literally "to nothing", to silence
• calando - kalando - "going down"; slow down and turn down the volume
• marcato - marcato - emphasizing each note
• morendo - morendo - fading (calming down and slowing down the pace)
• perdendo or perdendosi - perdendo - losing strength, drooping
• sotto voce - sotto voce - in an undertone

In conclusion, I would like to draw your attention to one more dynamic nuance- this is accent. In musical speech, it is perceived as a separate sharp cry.

In the notes, it is indicated:

• sforzando or sforzato (sf or sfz) - sforzando or sforzato - sudden sharp accent
• forte piano (fp) - loudly, then immediately quietly
• sforzando piano (sfp) - indicates a sforzando followed by a piano

Another “accent” when writing is indicated by the > sign above or below the corresponding note (chord).

And finally, here are a couple of examples where you, I hope, will be able to put all the knowledge you have gained into practice.

The two basic notations for loudness in music are:

Moderate degrees of loudness are indicated as follows:

Except signs f and p , There are also

Additional letters are used to indicate even more extreme degrees of volume and silence. f and p . So, quite often in the musical literature there are designations fff and ppp . They do not have standard names, usually they say "forte-fortissimo" and "piano-pianissimo" or "three fortes" and "three pianos".

In rare cases, with additional f and p even more extreme degrees of sound intensity are indicated. So, P. I. Tchaikovsky in his Sixth Symphony used pppppp and ffff , and D. D. Shostakovich in the Fourth Symphony - fffff .

Dynamic designations are relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate the exact volume level, but that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p , and somewhat quieter than mf . Some computer sound recording programs have standard key velocity values ​​that correspond to one or another volume designation, but, as a rule, these values ​​\u200b\u200bare customizable.

gradual change

The terms used to denote a gradual change in volume are crescendo(Italian crescendo), denoting a gradual increase in sound, and diminuendo(ital. diminuendo), or decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradual weakening. They are abbreviated in notes as cresc. and dim.(or decresc.). For the same purposes, special signs - "forks" are used. They are pairs of lines connected on one side and diverging on the other. If the lines diverge from left to right (<), это означает усиление звука, если сходятся (>) - weakening. The following fragment of musical notation indicates a moderately loud beginning, then an increase in sound and then its weakening:

"Forks" are usually written below the staff, but sometimes above it, especially in vocal music. Usually they denote short-term changes in volume, and signs cresc. and dim.- changes over a longer period of time.

Notation cresc. and dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions poco(quiet - a little), poco a poco(poco a poco - little by little) subito or sub.(subito - suddenly), etc.

Sforzando notation

Abrupt changes

Sforzando(ital. sforzando) or sforzato(sforzato) denotes a sudden sharp accent and is indicated sf or sfz . The sudden increase in a few sounds or a short phrase is called ringforzando(ital. rinforzando) and is designated rinf. , rf or rfz .

Designation fp means "loud, then immediately quiet"; sfp indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Music terms related to dynamics

• al niente- literally "to nothing", to silence
• calando- "going down"; slow down and lower the volume.
• crescendo- reinforcing
• decrescendo or diminuendo- turning down the volume
• perdendo or perdendosi- losing strength
• morendo- fading (calming down and slowing down the pace)
• marcato- emphasizing each note
• piu- more
• poco- a little
• poco a poco- little by little, little by little
• sotto voice- in an undertone
• subito- suddenly

Story

One of the first to introduce indications of dynamic shades into musical notation was the Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli, but before late XVIII centuries, such designations were rarely used by composers. Bach used the terms piano, più piano and pianissimo(written in words), and we can assume that the designation ppp at that time meant pianissimo.

See also

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See what "Forte-fortissimo" is in other dictionaries:

Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notations associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Notation 1.1 Loudness (relative) 1.2 Gradual changes ... Wikipedia

Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notations associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Notation 1.1 Loudness (relative) 1.2 Gradual changes ... Wikipedia - (it. forte) music. strongly, loudly, in full force of sound; denoted by lat. f cf. piano). New dictionary foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. forte [te] [it. forte] (music). 1. Strongly, loudly, in full force of sound (about the performance of musical, vocal ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- [ital. fortissimo] Music. I. adv. Even louder, stronger than forte. Play fortissimo. II. unchanged; cf. Very loud, strong sounding voice or musical instrument; place in piece of music, executed in this way. Effective f. From… encyclopedic Dictionary

fortissimo- 1. adv.; (Italian fortissimo); music Even louder, stronger than forte. Play fortissimo. 2. unchanged; cf. Very loud, strong sounding voice or musical instrument; place in a piece of music performed in this way. Effective... ... Dictionary of many expressions

I non-cl. cf. 1. Very loud, strong sounding voice or musical instrument. 2. A place in a piece of music that requires a very loud, strong sound of a voice or instrument. II adv. qualities. the situation 1. Very loud, louder than... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova