How often Tolstoy uses the word family, family to designate the house of the Rostovs! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this, such a familiar and kind word to everyone! Behind this word - peace, harmony, love.
How are the Bolkonskys' house and the Rostovs' house similar?
(First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship, a patriarchal way of life (general feelings of grief or joy are seized not only by family members, but even by their servants: “The Rostov lackeys joyfully rushed to take off his (Pierre) cloak and take a stick and a hat”, “Nikolai takes money from Gavrila for a cab"; the Rostov valet is just as devoted to the Rostov house as Alpatych is to the Bolkonsky house. "The Rostov family", "Bolkonsky", "Rostov House"; "Bolkonsky's estate" - already in these definitions the sense of unity is obvious: " On Nikolin's day, on the prince's name day, all of Moscow was at the entrance of his (Bolkonsky) house ... ". "The prince's house was not what is called "light", but it was such a small circle, which, although it was not heard in the city, but in which it was most flattering to be accepted ... ").
Name the distinguishing feature of the Bolkonsky and Rostov houses.
(Hospitality is a hallmark of these houses: “Even in Otradnoye, up to 400 guests gathered”, in Bald Mountains - up to a hundred guests four times a year. Natasha, Nikolai, Petya are honest, sincere, frank with each other; open their souls to their parents, hoping for complete mutual understanding (Natasha - to his mother about self-love; Nikolai - to his father even about losing 43 thousand; Petya - to everyone at home about the desire to go to war ...); Andrey and Marya are friendly (Andrey - to his father about his wife). Both families are very different care of parents about children: Rostova - the eldest hesitates between the choice - carts for the wounded or family heirlooms (future material security of children). Son - a warrior - mother's pride. She is engaged in raising children: tutors, balls, trips to society, youth evenings, Natasha's singing , music, preparation for studying at Petit University, plans for their future family, children.The Rostovs and Bolkonskys love children more than themselves: Rostova - the eldest cannot bear the death of her husband and younger Petit; old man Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even strictness and his exactingness comes only from the desire for good for children.)
Why is the personality of the old man Bolkonsky interesting to Tolstoy and to us, readers?
(Bolkonsky attracts both Tolstoy and the modern reader with his originality. “An old man with keen intelligent eyes”, “with a gleam of intelligent and young eyes”, “inspires a sense of respect and even fear”, “was harsh and invariably demanding.” A friend of Kutuzov, he even in his youth he received general-in-chief. And disgraced, he did not cease to be interested in politics. His energetic mind requires an exit. Nikolai Andreevich, honoring only two human virtues: "activity and mind", "was constantly busy writing his memoirs, then calculations from higher mathematics, turning snuffboxes on the machine, then working in the garden and observing buildings ... ". "He himself was engaged in raising his daughter. " No wonder Andrei has an insistent insistence on communicating with his father, whose mind he appreciates and whose analytical abilities never cease to amaze. Proud and adamant, the prince asks his son “to hand over the note... to the sovereign after... my death.” And for the Academy, he prepared a prize for the one who writes the history of the Suvorov wars... Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find something useful ".
He creates a militia, arms people, tries to be useful, to apply his military experience in practice. Nikolai Andreevich sees with his heart the sacredness of his son and himself helps him in a difficult conversation about his wife and unborn child.
And the year unfinished by the old prince to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings from accidents and troubles: “There was a son whom it was a pity to give to a girl.”
The old prince was engaged in the upbringing and education of children himself, not trusting and not entrusting this to anyone.)
Why is Bolkonsky demanding of his daughter to the point of despotism?
(The key to the puzzle is in the phrase of Nikolai Andreevich himself: “But I don’t want you to look like our stupid young ladies.” He considers idleness and superstition to be the source of human vices. And the main condition for activity is order. A father who is proud of his son’s mind knows that between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on the unity of views... Thoughts ... He understands how rich the spiritual world of his daughter is, knows how beautiful she can be in moments of emotional excitement. Therefore, it is so painful for him the arrival and courtship of the Kuragins, that "stupid, heartless breed.")
When and how will paternal pride manifest itself in Princess Marya?
(She will be able to refuse Anatole Kuragin, whom her father brought to marry the Bolkonskys, she will indignantly reject the patronage of the French General Roma; she will be able to suppress pride in the scene of farewell to the ruined Nikolai Rostov: “do not deprive me of your friendship.” She will even say with her father’s phrase: “I it will hurt.)
How is the Bolkonsky breed manifested in Prince Andrei?
(Like his father. Andrei will be disappointed in the world and go into the army. The son will want to realize his father’s dream of a perfect military charter, but Andrei’s work will not be appreciated. outstanding officer. The courage and personal bravery of the young Bolkonsky in the battle of Austerlitz does not lead the hero to the heights of personal glory, and participation in the battle of Shengraben convinces that true heroism is modest, and the hero is outwardly ordinary. Therefore, it is so bitter to see Captain Tushin, who, according to Andrey's conviction, "we owe the success of the day," at a meeting of officers ridiculed and punished.Only Andrey will stand up for him, be able to go against the general opinion.
Andrey's activity is as tireless as his father's work... Work in the Speransky commission, an attempt to draw up and approve his own plan for the deployment of troops at the Shengraben, the liberation of the peasants, and the improvement of their living conditions. But during the war, the son, like his father, sees the main interest in the general course of military affairs.)
In what scenes will the feeling of fatherhood manifest itself with particular force in the old man Bolkonsky?
(Nikolai Andreevich does not trust anyone, not only fate, but even the upbringing of his children. With what “outward calmness and inner malice” does he agree to Andrei’s marriage to Natasha; the impossibility of being separated from Princess Marya pushes him to desperate acts, malicious, bilious: with the groom will tell his daughter: "... there is nothing to disfigure yourself - and she is so bad." By courtship of the Kuragins, he was offended for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to the daughter whom he loved more than himself.")
Reread the lines about how the old man reacts to his son's declaration of love for Rostova: he screams, then "plays a subtle diplomat"; the same methods as in the courtship of the Kuragins to Marya.
How will Marya embody her father's ideal of a family?
(She will become paternally demanding of her children, observing their behavior, encouraging good deeds and punishing evil ones. A wise wife, she will be able to instill in Nikolai the need to consult with herself, and noticing that his sympathies are on the side of his youngest daughter, Natasha She will reproach herself for not enough, as it seems to her, love for her nephew, but we know that Marya is too pure in soul and honest, that she never betrayed the memory of her beloved brother, that for her Nikolenka is a continuation of the prince Andrey She will call her eldest son “Andryusha”.)
As Tolstoy proves his idea, there is no moral core in parents - will there not be one in children?
(Vasil Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to attach them more profitably, to get away with it. All Kuragins endure the shame of matchmaking easily. with a beautiful smile, she condescendingly related to the idea of \u200b\u200brelatives and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, is only slightly annoyed by an unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their "restraint" change them: Helen will scream in fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry like woman, having lost her leg. Their calmness - from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole "had the ability of calmness, precious to the world, and unchanging confidence." like a shot: "Where you are, there is debauchery, evil."
They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only on themselves. Empty flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give warmth and care to others. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We must take a girl while she is still a flower in a bud” (Anatole).)
Arranged marriages... Will they become a family in Tolstoy's sense of the word?
(The dream of Drubetskoy and Berg came true: they married successfully. In their houses everything is the same as in all rich houses. Everything is as it should be: comme il faut. But there is no rebirth of heroes. There are no feelings. The soul is silent.)
But the true feeling of love regenerates Tolstoy's favorite heroes. Describe it.
(Even the “thinking” Prince Andrei, in love with Natasha, seems different to Pierre: “Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person.”
For Andrei, Natasha's love is everything: "happiness, hope, light." "This feeling is stronger than me." "I wouldn't believe anyone who told me that I could love like that." "I can't help but love the light, it's not my fault", "never experienced anything like it." “Prince Andrei, with a radiant, enthusiastic and renewed face, stopped in front of Pierre ...”
Natasha wholeheartedly responds to Andrei's love: "But this, this has never happened to me." "I can't bear the separation" ...
Natasha comes to life after Andrei's death under the rays of Pierre's love: “The whole face, gait, look, voice - everything suddenly changed in her. Unexpected for her, the power of life, hopes for happiness surfaced and demanded satisfaction”, “Change ... surprised Princess Marya”.
Nikolai "got closer and closer to his wife, discovering new spiritual treasures in her every day." He is happy with the spiritual superiority of his wife over him and strives to be better.
The hitherto unknown happiness of love for her husband and children makes Mary even more attentive, kinder and more tender: “I would never, never have believed,” she whispered to herself, “that you can be so happy.”
And Marya worries because of her husband’s temper, she worries painfully, to tears: “She never cried from pain or annoyance, but always from sadness and pity. And when she cried, her radiant eyes took on an irresistible charm. In her face, “suffering and loving,” Nikolai now finds answers to his questions that torment him, is proud of him and is afraid of losing her.
After the separation, Natasha meets Pierre; her conversation with her husband takes a new path, contrary to all the laws of logic... Already because at the same time they were talking about completely different subjects... This was the surest sign that "they fully understand each other.")
Love gives vigilance to their souls, strength to their feelings.
They can sacrifice everything for the beloved, for the happiness of others. Pierre belongs undividedly to the family, and she belongs to him. Natasha leaves all her hobbies. She has something more important, the most precious - family. And the main talent is important for the family - the talent of care, understanding, love. They are: Pierre, Natasha, Marya, Nikolai - the embodiment of family thought in the novel.
But the epithet "family" in Tolstoy is much broader and deeper. Can you prove it?
(Yes, the family circle is Raevsky’s battery; father and children are Captain Tushin and his batteries; “everything is like the children looked”; the father of the soldiers is Kutuzov. And the girl Malashka Kutuzov is her grandfather. from Andrey about the death of Nikolai Andreevich, he will say that now he is the father for the prince. The soldiers stopped the words Kamensky - father to Kutuzov - father. "A son worried about the fate of the Motherland" - Bagration, who in a letter to Arakcheev will express his son's concern and love to Russia.
And the Russian army is also a family, with a special, deep sense of brotherhood, unity in the face of a common misfortune. The spokesman for the people's attitude in the novel is Platon Karataev. He, with his paternal, paternal attitude towards everyone, became for Pierre and for us the ideal of serving people, the ideal of kindness, conscientiousness, a model of “moral” life - life according to God, life “for everyone”.
Therefore, together with Pierre, we ask Karataev: “What would he approve of?” And we hear Pierre’s answer to Natasha: “I would approve of our family life. He so desired to see beauty, happiness, tranquility in everything, and I would proudly show him us. It is in the family that Pierre comes to the conclusion: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people only need to do the same. It's so simple.)
Perhaps, Pierre, brought up outside the family, did he place the family at the center of his future life?
(Amazing in him, a man, is childish conscience, sensitivity, the ability to heartily respond to the pain of another person and alleviate his suffering. “Pierre smiled his kind smile,” “Pierre sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room,” “he was shy.” He feels his mother’s despair who lost her child in burning Moscow; empathizes with the grief of Marya, who lost her brother; considers himself obliged to reassure Anatole and asks him to leave, and in the salon of Sherer and his wife, he will deny rumors about the escape of Natasha with Anatole. Therefore, the goal of his public service is good, "active virtue".)
In what scenes of the novel is this property of Pierre's soul manifested most clearly?
(A big child, a child is called Pierre and Nikolai, and Andrei. Bolkonsky will entrust him, Pierre, with the secret of love for Natasha. He will be entrusted with Natasha, the bride. He will advise her to turn to him, Pierre, in difficult times. ", Pierre will be a real friend in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt - Akhrosimova will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha at the first adult ball in her life. He will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, which no one invited dance, and ask his friend Andrey to engage her.)
What are the similarities and differences in the mental structure of Pierre and Natasha?
(The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Pierre, in a confidential conversation with Andrei, confesses to a friend: “I feel that, besides me, spirits live above me and that there is truth in this world”, “we lived and will live forever there, in everything (he pointed to the sky)". Natasha "knows" that in a previous life everyone was angels. Pierre was the first and very keenly felt this connection (he is older) and involuntarily worried about Natasha's fate: he was happy and for some reason sad, when he listened to Andrei's confession of love for Rostova, he seemed to be afraid of something.
But after all, Natasha will also be afraid for herself and for Andrei: “How I am afraid for him and for myself, and for everything I am afraid ...” And Andrei’s feeling of love for her will be mixed with a sense of fear and responsibility for the fate of this girl.
This will not be the feeling of Pierre and Natasha. Love will revive their souls. There will be no place of doubt in the soul, everything will be filled with love.
But the insightful Tolstoy saw that even at the age of 13, Natasha, with her responsive to everything truly beautiful and kind soul, noted Pierre: at the table she looks from Boris Drubetskoy, whom she vowed to “love to the very end”, to Pierre; Pierre is the first adult man whom he invites to dance, it is for Pierre that the girl Natasha takes a fan and plays an adult out of herself. "I love him so much".
The "unchanging moral certainty" of Natasha and Pierre can be traced throughout the novel. “He did not want to curry favor with the public,” he built his life on internal personal foundations: hopes, aspirations, goals, which were based on the same family interest; Natasha does what her heart tells her to. In essence, Tolstoy emphasizes that "doing good" with his favorite characters means responding "purely intuitively, with heart and soul" to those around him. Natasha and Pierre feel, understand, “with their characteristic sensitivity of the heart,” the slightest falsehood. Natasha, at the age of 15, tells her brother Nikolai: "Don't be angry, but I know that you won't marry her (Sonya)." “Natasha, with her sensitivity, also noticed her brother’s condition”, “She knew how to understand what was ... in every Russian person”, Natasha “does not understand anything” in Pierre’s sciences, but attributes them to great importance. They never “use” anyone and call for only one type of connection - spiritual kinship. They truly blow it, experience it: cry, scream, laugh, share secrets, despair and again look for the meaning of life in caring for others.)
What is the significance of children in the Rostov and Bezukhov families?
(Children for people who are “non-family” are a cross, a burden, a burden. And only for family they are happiness, the meaning of life, life itself. hands of the children of Nikolai and Pierre! Remember the same expression on the face of Nikolai and his favorite - black-eyed Natasha? Remember with what love Natasha peers into her younger son's facial features, finding him similar to Pierre? Marya is happy in the family. None similar to happy we will not find family pictures in the Kuragins, Drubetskoys, Bergs, Karagins. Remember, Drubetskoy was “unpleasant to remember childhood love for Natasha”, and all the Rostovs are absolutely happy only at home: “Everyone screamed, talked, kissed Nikolai at the same time ", Here, at home, among relatives, Nikolai is happy as he has not been happy for a year and a half. The family world for Tolstoy's favorite heroes is the world of childhood. In the most difficult moments of their lives, Andrei and Nikolai remember their relatives: Andrei on the Austerlitz field recalls home , Mary; under the bullets - about the order of the father. The wounded Rostov, in moments of oblivion, sees his home and all his own. These heroes are living, understandable people. Their experiences, grief, joy cannot but touch.)
Is it possible to say that the heroes of the novel have a child's soul?
(They, the author's favorite heroes, have their own world, a high world of goodness and beauty, a pure children's world. Natasha and Nikolai transfer themselves to the world of a winter fairy tale on Christmas Eve. In a magical waking dream, 15-year-old Petya spends the last night in his life at the front Rostov. "Come on, our Matvevna," Tushin said to himself. "Matvevna" was imagined in his imagination by a cannon (large, extreme, old-fashioned casting ...). And the world of music also unites the heroes, elevating, spiritualizing them. Petya Rostov directs an invisible orchestra in a dream, "Princess Marya played the clavichord", Natasha is taught to sing by a famous Italian. Nikolai gets out of a moral impasse (losing to Dolokhov in 43 thousand!) Under the influence of his sister's singing. And books play an important role in the lives of these heroes. Andrey stocks up in Brunn "on a trip with books. Nikolai made it a rule not to buy a new book without first reading the old ones. We will see Marya, Natasha with a book in her hands, and never Helen.)
IV. Results.
Even the purest word "childish" is associated in Tolstoy with the word "family". “Rostov again entered this family children's world of his” ... “Rostov felt, as under the influence of these bright rays of Natasha's love, for the first time in a year and a half. On his soul and on his face bloomed that childish and pure smile, which he had never smiled since he left home. Pierre has a childlike smile. The childlike, enthusiastic face of Junker Nikolai Rostov.
The childishness of the soul (purity, naivety, naturalness), which a person preserves, is, according to Tolstoy, the heart - the guilt of morality, the essence of beauty in a person:
Andrey, on the Pratsenskaya height, with a banner in his hands, raises a soldier behind him: “Guys, go ahead! he shouted in a child's voice.
Childishly unhappy eyes will look at Andrei Kutuzov, having learned about the death of the elder Bolkonsky, his comrade-in-arms. Marya will respond with a childish expression of extreme resentment (tears) to her husband's outbursts of unreasonable anger.
They, these heroes, even have confidential, homely vocabulary. The word "darling" is pronounced by the Rostovs, and the Bolkonskys, and Tushin, and Kutuzov. Therefore, class partitions are broken, and the soldiers on the Raevsky battery accepted Pierre into their family and called him our master; Nikolai and Petya easily enter the officer family, the families of the young Rostovs - Natasha and Nikolai are very friendly. The family develops in them the best feelings - love and self-giving.
"People's Thought" in the novel "War and Peace". Historical plan in the novel. Images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. Connection in the novel of the personal and the general. The meaning of the image of Platon Karataev.
Target: to summarize throughout the novel the role of the people in history, the attitude of the author to the people.
During the classes
The lesson-lecture is conducted according to the plan with the recording of theses:
I. Gradual change and deepening of the idea and theme of the novel "War and Peace".
II. "The thought of the people" is the main idea of the novel.
1. The main conflicts of the novel.
2. Tearing off all kinds of masks from court and staff lackeys and drones.
3. "Russian soul" (The best part of the noble society in the novel. Kutuzov as the leader of the people's war).
4. Depiction of the moral greatness of the people and the liberation nature of the people's war of 1812.
III. Immortality of the novel "War and Peace".
In order for the work to be good,
one must love the main, basic idea in it.
In "War and Peace" I loved the thought of the people,
due to the War of 1812.
L. N. Tolstoy
Lecture material
L. N. Tolstoy, based on his statement, considered the “folk thought” to be the main idea of the novel “War and Peace”. This is a novel about the fate of the people, about the fate of Russia, about the people's feat, about the reflection of history in a person.
The main conflicts of the novel - Russia's struggle against Napoleonic aggression and the clash of the best part of the nobility, expressing national interests, with court lackeys and staff drones, pursuing selfish, selfish interests both in the years of peace and in the years of war - are connected with the theme of the people's war.
“I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy. The protagonist of the novel is the people; a people thrown into an alien to its interests, unnecessary and incomprehensible war of 1805, a people who rose in 1812 to defend the Motherland from foreign invaders and defeated in a just, liberation war a huge enemy army led by a hitherto invincible commander, a people united by a great goal - "clear your land from invasion."
There are more than a hundred mass scenes in the novel, over two hundred named people from the people act in it, but the significance of the image of the people is determined, of course, not by this, but by the fact that all important events in the novel are evaluated by the author from the people's point of view. The popular assessment of the war of 1805 is expressed by Tolstoy in the words of Prince Andrei: “Why did we lose the battle near Austerlitz? There was no need for us to fight there: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. The popular assessment of the battle of Borodino, when the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit was laid on the French, is expressed by the writer at the end of part I of the third volume of the novel: “The moral strength of the French, attacking army was exhausted. Not that victory, which is determined by picked up pieces of matter on sticks, called banners, and by the space on which the troops stood and are standing, but a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his impotence, was won by the Russians under Borodin".
The "thought of the people" is present everywhere in the novel. We clearly feel it in that merciless "tearing off the masks" that Tolstoy resorts to when drawing the Kuragins, Rostopchin, Arakcheev, Benigsen, Drubetskoy, Julie Karagina and others. Their calm, luxurious life in St. Petersburg went on as before.
Often secular life is given through the prism of popular views. Remember the scene of the opera and ballet performance in which Natasha Rostova meets Helen and Anatole Kuragin (vol. II, part V, ch. 9-10). “After the village... it was all wild and surprising to her. ... - ... she felt ashamed of the actors, then funny for them. The performance is drawn as if an observant peasant with a healthy sense of beauty is watching him, surprised at how ridiculously the gentlemen are amused.
The “folk thought” is felt more vividly where heroes close to the people are depicted: Tushin and Timokhin, Natasha and Princess Marya, Pierre and Prince Andrei - they are all Russian in soul.
It is Tushin and Timokhin who are shown as the true heroes of the battle of Shengraben, the victory in the battle of Borodino, according to Prince Andrei, will depend on the feeling that is in him, in Timokhin and in every soldier. “Tomorrow, no matter what, we will win the battle!” - says Prince Andrei, and Timokhin agrees with him: “Here, your excellency, the truth, the truth is true.”
In many scenes of the novel, both Natasha and Pierre, who understood the “hidden warmth of patriotism” that was in the militias and soldiers on the eve and on the day of the Battle of Borodino, act as carriers of the popular feeling and “folk thought” in many scenes of the novel; Pierre, who, according to the servants, "forgave", is in captivity, and Prince Andrei, when he became "our prince" for the soldiers of his regiment.
Tolstoy depicts Kutuzov as a person who embodied the spirit of the people. Kutuzov is a truly popular commander. Expressing the needs, thoughts and feelings of the soldiers, he speaks during the review near Braunau, and during the Battle of Austerlitz, and during the liberation war of 1812. “Kutuzov,” writes Tolstoy, “with his whole Russian being knew and felt what every Russian soldier felt ...” During the war of 1812, all his efforts were directed towards one goal - to cleanse his native land from invaders. On behalf of the people, Kutuzov rejects Lauriston's proposal for a truce. He understands and repeatedly says that the Battle of Borodino is a victory; understanding, like no one else, the popular nature of the war of 1812, he supported the plan proposed by Denisov for the deployment of partisan operations. It was his understanding of the feelings of the people that made the people choose this disgraceful old man as the leader of the people's war against the will of the tsar.
Also, the “folk thought” was fully manifested in the depiction of the heroism and patriotism of the Russian people and the army during the Patriotic War of 1812. Tolstoy shows the extraordinary stamina, courage and fearlessness of the soldiers and the best part of the officers. He writes that not only Napoleon and his generals, but all the soldiers of the French army experienced in the battle of Borodino "a feeling of horror before the enemy, who, having lost half of the army, stood just as menacingly at the end as at the beginning of the battle."
The War of 1812 was not like other wars. Tolstoy showed how the "club of the people's war" rose, drew numerous images of partisans, and among them - the memorable image of the peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty. We see the patriotism of civilians who left Moscow, abandoned and destroyed their property. “They went because for the Russian people there could be no question whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. You can’t be under the control of the French: that was the worst of all.”
So, reading the novel, we are convinced that the writer judges the great events of the past, the life and customs of various sections of Russian society, individual people, war and peace from the standpoint of popular interests. And this is the “folk idea” that Tolstoy loved in his novel.
The family for Tolstoy is the soil for the formation of the human soul, and at the same time, in War and Peace, the introduction of the family theme is one of the ways to organize the text. The atmosphere of the house, the family nest, according to the writer, determines the warehouse of psychology, views and even the fate of the characters. That is why, in the system of all the main images of the novel, L. N. Tolstoy identifies several families, on the example of which the author's attitude to the ideal of the hearth is clearly expressed - these are the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs and the Kuragins.
At the same time, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are not just families, they are a whole way of life, a way of life based on Russian national traditions. Probably, these features are most fully manifested in the life of the Rostovs - a noble-naive family, living with feelings and impulsive impulses, combining both a serious attitude to family honor (Nikolai Rostov does not refuse his father's debts), and cordiality, and warmth of intra-family relations, and hospitality, and hospitality, always characteristic of the Russian people.
The kindness and carelessness of the Rostov family extend not only to its members; even a stranger to them, Andrei Bolkonsky, being in Otradnoye, struck by the naturalness and cheerfulness of Natasha Rostova, seeks to change his life. And, probably, the brightest and most characteristic representative of the Rostov breed is Natasha. In its naturalness, ardor, naivety and some superficiality - the essence of the family.
Such purity of relations, high morality make the Rostovs related to representatives of another noble family in the novel - with the Bolkonskys. But in this breed, the main qualities are opposite to those of Rostov. Everything is subject to reason, honor and duty. It is precisely these principles that the sensual Rostovs, probably, cannot accept and understand.
The feeling of family superiority and proper dignity are clearly expressed in Marya - after all, she, more than all the Bolkonskys, inclined to hide her feelings, considered the marriage of her brother and Natasha Rostova unsuitable.
But along with this, one cannot fail to note the role of duty to the Fatherland in the life of this family - protecting the interests of the state for them is higher than even personal happiness. Andrei Bolkonsky leaves at a time when his wife is due to give birth; the old prince, in a fit of patriotism, forgetting about his daughter, is eager to defend the Fatherland.
And at the same time, it must be said that in the relations of the Bolkonskys there is, albeit deeply hidden, love natural and sincere, hidden under the mask of coldness and arrogance.
The straight, proud Bolkonskys are not at all like the comfortably homely Rostovs, and that is why the unity of these two clans, in Tolstoy's view, is possible only between the most uncharacteristic representatives of families (the marriage between Nikolai Rostov and Princess Marya), therefore the meeting of Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky in Mytishchi serves not to connect and correct their relationship, but to complete and clarify them. This is precisely the reason for the solemnity and pathos of their relationship in the last days of Andrei Bolkonsky's life.
The low, “mean” breed of the Kuragins is not at all like these two families; they can hardly even be called a family: there is no love between them, there is only the envy of the mother for her daughter, the contempt of Prince Vasily for his sons: the “calm fool” Ippolit and the “restless fool” Anatole. Their proximity is the mutual guarantee of selfish people, their appearance, often in a romantic halo, causes crises in other families.
Anatole, a symbol of freedom for Natasha, freedom from the restrictions of the patriarchal world and at the same time from the boundaries of what is permitted, from the moral framework of what is permissible...
In this "breed", unlike the Rostovs and Bolkonskys, there is no cult of the child, no reverent attitude towards him.
But this family of intriguing Napoleons disappears in the fire of 1812, like the unsuccessful world adventure of the great emperor, all Helen's intrigues disappear - entangled in them, she dies.
But by the end of the novel, new families appear that embody the best features of both families - the pride of Nikolai Rostov gives way to the needs of the family and the growing feeling, and Natasha Rostova and Pierre Bezukhov create that home comfort, that atmosphere that they both were looking for.
Nikolai and Princess Marya will probably be happy - after all, they are precisely those representatives of the Bolkonsky and Rostov families who are able to find something in common; “Ice and fire”, Prince Andrei and Natasha, were not able to connect their lives - after all, even in love, they could not fully understand each other.
It is interesting to add that the condition for the connection of Nikolai Rostov and the much deeper Marya Bolkonskaya was the absence of a relationship between Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova, so this love line is activated only at the end of the epic.
But, despite all the outward completeness of the novel, one can also note such a compositional feature as the openness of the finale - after all, the last scene, the scene with Nikolenka, who absorbed all the best and purest that the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs and Bezukhov had, is not accidental. He is the future...
The theme of the family in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy (2nd version)
Leo Tolstoy is a great writer of the 19th century. In his works, he managed to raise many important questions, as well as give answers to them. Therefore, his works occupy one of the first places in world fiction. The pinnacle of his work is the epic novel War and Peace. In it, Tolstoy addresses the fundamental questions of human existence. In his understanding, one of such important issues that determine the essence of a person is the family. Tolstoy hardly imagines his characters as lonely. This theme is displayed most vividly and multifaceted in those parts of the work that tell about the world.
In the novel, different family lines intersect, the stories of different families are revealed. Lev Nikolaevich shows his views on the relationship of close people, on the family structure on the example of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys.
In the large Rostov family, the head is Ilya Andreevich, a Moscow gentleman, a kind man who idolizes his wife, adores children, rather generous and trusting. Despite the fact that his material affairs are in a state of disarray, since he does not know how to run a household at all, Ilya Andreevich could not limit himself and his entire family to the usual luxury. Forty-three thousand, lost by his son Nikolai, he paid, no matter how hard it was for him to do this, because he is very noble: his own honor and the honor of his children are above all for him.
The Rostov family is distinguished by kindness, sincerity, sincerity, readiness to help, which attracts people to itself. It is in such a family that patriots grow up, recklessly going to their death, like Petya Rostov. It was hard for his parents to let him go to the active army, which is why they worked for their son so that he would get into the headquarters, and not into the active regiment.
Hypocrisy and hypocrisy are not inherent in the Rostov family, therefore everyone here loves each other, children trust their parents, and they respect their wishes, opinions on various issues. Therefore, Natasha still managed to persuade her parents to take away from the besieged Moscow not dowry and luxury items: paintings, carpets, dishes, but wounded soldiers. Thus, the Rostov family remained true to their ideals, for which it is worth living. Even though it completely ruined the family, it still did not allow them to transgress the laws of conscience.
Natasha grew up in such a friendly and benevolent family. She is similar to her mother both externally and in character - just like her mother shows the same caring and thriftiness. But there are also traits of a father in her - kindness, breadth of nature, a desire to unite and make everyone happy. She is her father's favorite. A very important quality of Natasha is naturalness. She is not able to play a predetermined role, does not depend on the opinions of strangers, does not live according to the laws of the world. The heroine is endowed with love for people, the talent of communication, the openness of her soul. She can love and surrender to love completely, and it was in this that Tolstoy saw the main purpose of a woman. He saw the origins of devotion and kindness, disinterestedness and devotion in family education.
Another member of the family is Nikolai Rostov. He is distinguished neither by the depth of his mind, nor by the ability to think deeply and experience the pain of people. But his soul is simple, honest and decent.
In the image of the Rostovs, Tolstoy embodied his ideal of the strength of the family, the inviolability of the family nest, the home. But not all the young generation of this family followed in the footsteps of their parents. As a result of Vera's marriage to Berg, a family was formed that did not resemble either the Rostovs, or the Bolkonskys, or the Kuragins. Berg himself has much in common with Griboyedov's Molchalin (moderation, diligence and accuracy). According to Tolstoy, Berg is not only a philistine in himself, but also a particle of the universal philistinism (the mania of acquisitiveness in any situation prevails, drowning out the manifestations of normal feelings - an episode with the purchase of furniture during the evacuation of most residents from Moscow). Berg "exploits" the war of 1812, "squeezes" out of it the maximum benefit for himself. The Bergs do their best to resemble socially acceptable models: the evening that the Bergs arrange is an exact copy of many other evenings with candles and tea. As a result of the influence of her husband, Vera, still in her girlhood, despite her pleasant appearance and development, good manners instilled in her, repels people from herself with her indifference to others and extreme egoism.
Such a family, according to Tolstoy, cannot become the basis of society, because the “foundation” laid in its basis is material acquisitions, which, rather, devastate the soul, contribute to the destruction of human relations, rather than unification.
A somewhat different Bolkonsky family - serving nobles. All of them are characterized by special talent, originality, spirituality. Each of them is remarkable in its own way. The head of the family, Prince Nikolai, was harsh with all the people around him, and therefore, without being cruel, he aroused fear and respect in himself. Most of all, he appreciates the mind and activity in people. Therefore, raising his daughter, he tries to develop these qualities in her. The high concept of honor, pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind, the old prince passed on to his son. Both the son and the father of the Bolkonsky are versatile, educated, gifted people who know how to behave with others. Andrei is an arrogant person, confident in his superiority over others, knowing that in this life he has a high purpose. He understands that happiness is in the family, in himself, but this happiness is not easy for Andrei.
His sister, Princess Marya, is shown to us as a perfect, absolutely whole psychologically, physically and morally human type. She lives in constant unconscious expectation of family happiness and love. The princess is smart, romantic, religious. She meekly endures all the mockery of her father, reconciles herself to everything, but does not cease to love him deeply and strongly. Maria loves everyone, but she loves with love, forcing those around her to obey her rhythms and movements and dissolve in her.
Brother and sister Bolkonsky inherited the strangeness and depth of their father's nature, but without his imperiousness and intolerance. They are insightful, deeply understand people, like their father, but not in order to despise them, but in order to sympathize.
The Bolkonskys are not alien to the fate of the people, they are honest and decent people, trying to live in justice and in harmony with conscience.
In direct opposition to previous families, Tolstoy depicts the Kuragin family. The head of the family is Prince Vasily. He has children: Helen, Anatole and Hippolyte. Vasily Kuragin is a typical representative of secular Petersburg: smart, gallant, dressed in the latest fashion. But behind all this brightness and beauty lies a person who is completely false, unnatural, greedy and rude. Prince Vasily lives in an atmosphere of lies, secular intrigues and gossip. The most important thing in his life is money and position in society.
He is ready even for a crime for the sake of money. This is confirmed by his behavior on the day of his death, the old Count Bezukhov. Prince Vasily is ready for anything, just to receive an inheritance. He treats Pierre with contempt bordering on hatred, but as soon as Bezukhov receives an inheritance, everything changes. Pierre becomes a profitable match for Helen, because he can pay the debts of Prince Vasily. Knowing this, Kuragin indulges in any tricks, just to bring a rich but inexperienced heir closer to him.
Now let's move on to Helen Kuragina. Everyone in the world admires her stateliness, beauty, defiant outfits and rich jewelry. She is one of the most enviable brides in St. Petersburg. But behind this beauty and brilliance of diamonds there is no soul. It is empty, callous and heartless. For Helen, family happiness does not consist in the love of her husband or children, but in spending her husband's money, in arranging balls and salons. As soon as Pierre starts talking about offspring, she laughs rudely in his face.
Anatole and Hippolyte are in no way inferior to either their father or sister. The first spends his life in festivities and revelry, in card games and various kinds of entertainment. Prince Vasily admits that "this Anatole costs forty thousand a year." His second son is stupid and cynical. Prince Vasily says that he is a "restless fool".
The author does not hide his disgust for this "family". It has no place for good intentions and aspirations. The world of the Kuragins is a world of "secular mob", dirt and debauchery. The selfishness, self-interest and base instincts that reign there do not allow these people to be called a full-fledged family. Their main vices are carelessness, selfishness and an irrepressible thirst for money.
The foundations of the family according to Tolstoy are built on love, work, beauty. When they collapse, the family becomes unhappy, breaks up. And yet, the main thing that Lev Nikolayevich wanted to say about the inner life of the family is connected with the warmth, comfort, poetry of a real home, where everyone is dear to you, and you are dear to everyone, where they are waiting for you. The closer people are to natural life, the stronger the intra-family ties, the greater the happiness and joy in the life of each family member. This point of view is shown by Tolstoy on the pages of his novel.
The theme of the family in the novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy (variant 3)
What should be the family in the understanding of Tolstoy, we learn only at the very end of the novel. The novel begins with a description of an unsuccessful marriage. We are talking about Prince Bolkonsky and the little princess. We meet them both in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. It is impossible not to pay attention to Prince Andrei - he is so different from the others: “Apparently, all those who were in the living room not only knew him, but he was already tired of him so much that it was very boring for him to look at them and listen to them.” Everyone else is interested in this living room, because here, in these conversations, gossip, their whole life. And for the wife of Prince Andrei, a lovely little woman, here is her whole life. And for Prince Andrei? “Of all the faces that bored him, the face of his pretty wife seemed to bore him the most. With a grimace that spoiled his handsome face, he turned away from her. And when she turned to him in a flirtatious tone, he even “closed his eyes and turned away.” When they returned home, their relationship did not become warmer. Prince Andrei does not become more affectionate, but we already understand that the point here is not in his nasty character. He was too soft and charming in dealing with Pierre, whom he sincerely loved. With his wife, he treats "with cold courtesy." He advises her to go to bed early, supposedly worrying about her health, but really wanting only one thing: that she leave as soon as possible and let him talk to Pierre in peace. Before she left, he stood up and "politely, like a stranger, kissed her hand." Why is he so cold with his wife, who is expecting a child from him? He tries to be polite, but we feel that he is rude to her. The wife tells him that he has changed towards her, which means that he used to be different. In Scherer's living room, when everyone was admiring "this pretty future mother, full of health and liveliness, who so easily endured her situation," it was difficult to understand what irritated Prince Andrei in her. But everything becomes clear when she continues to talk to her husband at home “in the same flirtatious tone with which she addressed strangers.” Prince Andrei was sick of this coquettish tone, this light chatter, this unwillingness to think about his own words. I even want to stand up for the princess - after all, she is not to blame, she has always been like that, why didn’t he notice this before? No, Tolstoy answers, it's my fault. Guilty because he doesn't feel. Only a sensitive and understanding person can approach happiness, because happiness is a reward for the tireless work of the soul. The little princess does not make efforts on herself, does not force herself to understand why her husband has changed towards her. But everything is so obvious. She only needed to become more attentive - to take a closer look, listen and understand: you can’t behave like that with Prince Andrei. But her heart told her nothing, and she continued to suffer from her husband's suave coldness. However, Tolstoy does not take the side of Bolkonsky: in relations with his wife, he does not look very attractive. Tolstoy does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of why the life of the young Bolkonsky family turned out this way - both are to blame, and no one can change anything. Prince Andrei says to his sister: “But if you want to know the truth ... you want to know if I am happy? No. Is she happy? No. Why is this? I don't know...” One can only guess why. Because they are different, because they did not understand: family happiness is work, the constant work of two people.
Tolstoy helps his hero, freeing him from this painful marriage. Later, he will also “save” Pierre, who also drank adversity in family life with Helen. But nothing in life is in vain. Probably, Pierre needed to get this terrible experience of life with a vile and depraved woman in order to experience complete happiness in his second marriage. No one knows whether Natasha would have been happy if she had married Prince Andrei or not. But Tolstoy felt that she would be better off with Pierre. The question is, why didn't he connect them sooner? Why did you make me go through so much suffering, temptations and hardships? It is clear that they are made for each other. However, it was important for Tolstoy to trace the formation of their personalities. Both Natasha and Pierre did a great spiritual job, which prepared them for family happiness. Pierre carried his love for Natasha through many years, and over the years so much spiritual wealth has accumulated in him that his love has become even more serious and deeper. He went through captivity, the horror of death, terrible hardships, but his soul only grew stronger and became even richer. Natasha, who survived a personal tragedy - a break with Prince Andrei, then his death, and then the death of her younger brother Petya and her mother's illness - also grew spiritually and was able to look at Pierre with different eyes, appreciate his love.
When you read about how Natasha has changed after marriage, at first it becomes insulting. “Puttener and wider la,” rejoices at the baby diaper “with a yellow instead of green spot”, jealous, stingy, she abandoned singing - but what is it? However, it is necessary to understand why: “She felt that those charms that instinct had taught her to use before, now would only be ridiculous in the eyes of her husband, to whom she surrendered herself from the first minute - that is, with her whole soul, without leaving a single corner open to him. She felt that her connection with her husband was held not by those poetic feelings that attracted him to her, but was held by something else, indefinite, but firm, like the connection of her own soul with her body. Well, how can one not remember the poor little princess Bolkonskaya, who was not given to understand what was revealed to Natasha. She considered it natural to address her husband in a flirtatious tone, as if she were an outsider, and Natasha seemed stupid to “beat her curls, put on robrons and sing romances in order to attract her husband to her.” It was much more important for Natasha to feel Pierre's soul, to understand what worries him, and to guess his desires. Left alone with him, she spoke to him “as soon as a wife and husband talk, that is, with extraordinary clarity and speed, knowing and communicating each other’s thoughts, in a way contrary to all the rules of logic, without the mediation of judgments, conclusions and conclusions, but in a completely special way. way." What is this method? If you follow their conversation, it may even seem funny: sometimes their remarks look completely incoherent. But it's from the outside. And they do not need long, complete phrases, they already understand each other, because their souls speak instead of them.
How is the family of Marya and Nikolai Rostov different from the Bezukhov family? Perhaps because it is based on the constant spiritual work of Countess Marya alone. Her “eternal spiritual tension, which has only the moral good of children as its goal,” delights and surprises Nikolai, but he himself is not capable of it. However, his admiration and admiration for his wife also make their family strong. Nikolai is proud of his wife, understands that she is smarter than him and more significant, but does not envy, but rejoices, considering his wife a part of himself. Countess Mary, on the other hand, simply tenderly and submissively loves her husband: she has been waiting for her happiness for too long and no longer believed that it would ever come.
Tolstoy shows the life of these two families, and we can well conclude on which side of his sympathy. Of course, the ideal in his view is the family of Natasha and Pierre.
That family where husband and wife are one, where there is no place for conventions and unnecessary affectation, where shining eyes and a smile can say much more than long, confusing phrases. We do not know how their life will turn out in the future, but we understand: wherever fate throws Pierre, Natasha will always and everywhere follow him, no matter how hard and hard it threatens her.
Literature lesson outline. Topic: Family thought in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Target: on the example of the families of the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins, to reveal the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.Tasks:
1. Know the text of the novel "War and Peace", Tolstoy's ideal of the patriarchal family.
2. Be able to compare material and draw conclusions, re
say the material close to the text.
3. To instill in students a sense of respect for family values.
Theoretical lesson
Equipment: writing on the board, a portrait of the writer, multimedia material.
During the classes.
1. Organizing moment. (5 minutes)
2. Word of the teacher. (7 min.)
The family is one of the most important themes in Russian literature of the 60-70s of the 19th century. Saltykov-Shchedrin writes a family chronicle, F.M. Dostoevsky evaluates the fate of a random family, and Tolstoy has “a family thought.
Thus, the purpose of our lesson: on the example of comparing the families of the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins, to reveal the ideal of the family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.
The world of the family is the most important "component" of the novel. Tolstoy traces the fate of entire families. His heroes are connected by family, friendship, love relationships; often they are separated by mutual hostility, enmity.
On the pages of "War and Peace" we get acquainted with the family nests of the main characters: Rostovs, Kuragins, Bolkonskys. The family idea finds its highest embodiment in the way of life, the general atmosphere, in the relations between close people of these families.
You, I hope, having read the pages of the novel, visited these families. And today we have to figure out which family is ideal for Tolstoy, which family life he considers “real”.
As an epigraph to the lesson, let's take the words of V. Zenkovsky: “Family life has three sides: biological, social and spiritual. If any one side is arranged, and the other sides are either directly absent or neglected, then a family crisis is inevitable.
So, let's focus on the family of Count Rostov.
Film (5 min)
Count Rostov (student's speech, 5 min.): We are simple people, we can neither save nor increase. I am always happy to have guests. The wife even complains sometimes: they say, the visitors tortured her. And I love everyone, I have all the cute. We have a big friendly family, I have always dreamed of such a family, I am attached to my wife and children with all my heart. It is not customary in our family to hide feelings: if we are sad, we cry, if we are happy, we laugh. I want to dance - please.
Countess Rostova (student's speech 5 min.): I want to add to the words of my husband that in our family there is one main feature that binds everyone together - love. Love and trust, because "only the heart is vigilant." We are all attentive to each other.
Natasha: (student's speech 5 min.) Can I also say. My mother and I have the same first name. We all love her very much, she is our moral ideal. Our parents were able to instill in us sincerity and naturalness. I am very grateful to them for the fact that they are always ready to understand, forgive, help in the most difficult moments of life. And there will be many more such situations. Mommy is my best friend, I can’t sleep until I tell her all my secrets and worries.
(student's speech, 7 min) The world of the Rostovs is the world whose norms are affirmed by Tolstoy for their simplicity and naturalness, purity and cordiality; causes admiration and patriotism of the "Rostov breed".
The mistress of the house, Countess Natalya Rostova, is the head of the family, wife and mother of 12 children. We celebrate the scene of the reception of guests - "congratulations" - by Count Ilya Rostov, who, without exception, "both above and below him standing people" said: "Very, very grateful to you, for myself and for dear birthday girls." The count speaks to the guests more often in Russian, "sometimes in very bad, but self-confident French." The conventions of secular tact, secular news - all this is observed in conversations with guests. These details indicate that the Rostovs are people of their time and class and bear its features. And the younger generation breaks into this secular environment, like a "beam of the sun". Even the jokes of the Rostovs are pure, touchingly naive.
So, in the Rostov family, simplicity and cordiality, natural behavior, cordiality, mutual love in the family, nobility and sensitivity, closeness in language and customs to the people and at the same time their observance of a secular way of life and secular conventions, which, however, are not calculation and gain. So in the storyline of the Rostov family, Tolstoy reflects "the life and activities of the local nobility." We were presented with various psychological types: the good-natured, hospitable loafer Count Rostov, the Countess who tenderly loves her children, the reasonable Vera, the charming Natasha; sincere Nikolai. In contrast to the Sherer salon in the house of the Rostovs there is an atmosphere of fun, joy, happiness, sincere concern for the fate of the Motherland.
LN Tolstoy stands at the origins of folk philosophy and adheres to the folk point of view on the family - with its patriarchal way of life, the authority of parents, their concern for children. The author denotes the spiritual community of all family members with one word - Rostovs, and emphasizes the closeness of mother and daughter with one name - Natalya. Mother is a synonym for the world of the family in Tolstoy, that natural tuning fork by which the Rostov children will test their lives: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya. They will be united by an important quality laid down in the family by their parents: sincerity, naturalness, simplicity. Openness of soul, cordiality is their main property. Hence, from home, this ability of the Rostovs to attract people to themselves, the talent to understand someone else's soul, the ability to experience, sympathize. And all this is on the verge of self-denial. The Rostovs do not know how to feel “slightly”, “halfly”, they completely surrender to the feeling that has taken possession of their soul.
It was important for Tolstoy to show through the fate of Natasha Rostova that all her talents are realized in the family. Natasha - the mother will be able to educate in her children both the love of music and the ability for the most sincere friendship and love; she will teach children the most important talent in life - the talent to love selflessly, sometimes forgetting about themselves; and this study will take place not in the form of notations, but in the form of daily communication of children with very kind, honest, sincere and truthful people: mother and father. And this is the real happiness of the family, because each of us dreams of the kindest and most just person next to him. Pierre's dream came true...
How often Tolstoy uses the words "family", "family" to designate the house of the Rostovs! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this, such a familiar and kind word to everyone! Behind this word is peace, harmony, love.
Name and write down those main features of the Rostov family. (3 min)
Type of entry in the notebook:
Rostovs: love, trust, sincerity, openness, moral core, the ability to forgive, the life of the heart
Now we characterize the Bolkonsky family.
Film (5 min)
Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky: (student's speech 5 min) I have firmly established views on the family. I went through a harsh military school and I believe that there are two sources of human vices: idleness and superstition, and only two virtues: activity and intelligence. I have always been involved in raising my daughter myself, in order to develop these virtues, giving lessons in algebra and geometry. The main condition of life is order. I do not deny that sometimes I am harsh, too demanding, sometimes I arouse fear, reverence, but how else. I honestly served my homeland and would not tolerate treason. And if it was my son, I, the old man, would be doubly hurt. I passed on patriotism and pride to my children.
Princess Marya: (student's speech, 5 min.) Of course, I am shy in front of my father and a little afraid of him. I live mostly in my mind. I never show my feelings. True, they say that my eyes treacherously betray excitement or love. This was especially noticeable after meeting Nikolai. In my opinion, we share a common feeling of love for the motherland with the Rostovs. In a moment of danger, we are ready to sacrifice everything. Nikolai and I will instill in our children pride, courage, fortitude, as well as kindness and love. I will be demanding of them, as my father was demanding of me.
Prince Andrei (student's speech 5 min): I tried not to let my father down. He managed to instill in me a high concept of honor and duty. Once dreamed of personal glory, but never achieved it. In the battle of Shengraben, I looked at many things with different eyes. I was especially offended by the behavior of our command in relation to the real hero of the battle, Captain Tushin. After Austerlitz, he revised his outlook on the world, and was largely disappointed. Natasha “breathed” life into me, but, unfortunately, I never managed to become her husband. If we had a family, I would bring up kindness, honesty, decency, love for the motherland in my children.
(student's speech 5 min) Distinctive features of the Bolkonskys are spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor, duty. The old prince, in the past Catherine's nobleman, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Not wanting to adapt to the new time, which required not to serve, but to serve, he voluntarily imprisoned himself in the estate. However, disgraced, he never ceased to be interested in politics. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky tirelessly makes sure that children develop their abilities, know how to work and want to learn. The old prince was engaged in the upbringing and education of children himself, not trusting and not entrusting this to anyone. He does not trust anyone, not only the upbringing of his children, but even their fate. With what "outward calmness and inner malice" he agrees to Andrei's marriage to Natasha. And the year to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings from accidents and troubles as much as possible: “There was a son whom it is a pity to give to a girl.” The impossibility of being separated from Princess Mary pushes him to desperate acts, vicious, bilious: in the presence of the groom, he will tell his daughter: "... there is nothing to disfigure yourself - and so bad." He was offended by the courtship of the Kuragins “for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to his daughter, whom he loved more than himself.
Nikolai Andreevich, who is proud of his son's mind and his daughter's spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on the unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are also full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a true family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.
How are the Bolkonskys' house and the Rostovs' house similar? First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship of close people, patriarchal way of life, hospitality. Both families are distinguished by the great concern of parents for children. Rostov and Bolkonsky love children more than themselves: Rostova - the eldest cannot bear the death of her husband and younger Petya; old man Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even his strictness and exactingness come only from the desire for good for children.
The life of the Bolkonsky family in the Bald Mountains is in some elements similar to the life of the Rostovs: the same mutual love of family members, the same deep cordiality, the same natural behavior, just like the Rostovs, great closeness to the people in language and relationships with ordinary people. On this basis, both families are equally opposed to high society.
There are also differences between these families. The Bolkonskys are distinguished from the Rostovs by the deep work of thought, the high intelligence of all family members: the old prince, and Princess Mary, and her brother, who are prone to mental activity. In addition, a characteristic feature of the "breed" of the Bolkonskys is pride.
Name and write down the main features of the Bolkonsky family: high spirituality, pride, courage, honor, duty, activity, intelligence, fortitude, natural love, hidden under the mask of coldness
Let's turn to the Kuragin family.
According to the roles, the dialogue between Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna Sherer. (5 minutes)
Prince Vasily (student's speech 3 min): I don't even have a bump of parental love, but I don't need it. I think it's all redundant. The main thing is material well-being, position in the world. Didn't I try to make my children happy? Helen married off the richest groom in Moscow, Count Pierre Bezukhov, Ippolit was attached to the diplomatic corps, Anatole almost married Princess Marya. To achieve the goals, all means are good.
Helen: (student's speech, 3 min) I don't understand your lofty words about love, honor, kindness. Anatole, Ippolit, and I have always lived in our pleasure. It is important to satisfy your desires and needs, even at the expense of others. Why should I be tormented by pangs of conscience, if the remoteness to change this mattress with Dolokhov? I am always right about everything.
(student's speech, 5 min) The external beauty of the Kuragins replaces the spiritual one. There are many human vices in this family. Hélène makes fun of Pierre's desire to have children. Children, in her understanding, are a burden that interferes with life. According to Tolstoy, the worst thing for a woman is the absence of children. The purpose of a woman is to become a good mother, wife.
Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are whole lifestyles, each of which, for its part, is fanned by its own poetry.
Family happiness that is simple and so deep for the author of War and Peace, the same that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them - this family, “peaceful” happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of universal calculation and lack of spirituality reigns . They are devoid of generic poetry. Their family closeness and connection is unpoetic, although it certainly exists - instinctive mutual support and solidarity, a kind of mutual guarantee of egoism. Such a family connection is not a positive, real family connection, but, in essence, its negation.
To make a service career, to “make” them a profitable marriage or marriage - this is how Prince Vasily Kuragin understands his parental duty. What are his children in essence - he is of little interest. They need to be "attached". The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. This is evidenced by the behavior of Anatole, the relationship of Helen with her brother, which Pierre recalls with horror, the behavior of Helen herself. In this house there is no place for sincerity and decency. You noticed that in the novel there is not even a description of the Kuragins' house, because the family ties of these people are weakly expressed, each of them lives apart, taking into account, first of all, their own interests.
Pierre said very precisely about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”
Vasil Kuragin is the father of three children, but all his dreams come down to one thing: to attach them more profitably, to get away with it. The shame of matchmaking is easily endured by all Kuragins. Anatole, who accidentally met Mary on the day of the matchmaking, holds Bourien in his arms. Helen, calmly and with a frozen smile of beauty, condescendingly treated the idea of \u200b\u200brelatives and friends to marry her to Pierre. He, Anatole, is only slightly annoyed by the unsuccessful attempt to take Natasha away. Only once will their “restraint” change them: Helen will scream in fear of being killed by Pierre, and her brother will cry like a woman, having lost her leg. Their calmness comes from indifference to everyone except themselves: Anatole "had the ability of calmness, precious to the world, and unchanging confidence." Their spiritual callousness, meanness will be stigmatized by the most honest and delicate Pierre, and therefore the accusation will sound from his lips, like a shot: “Where you are, there is debauchery, evil.”
They are alien to Tolstoy's ethics. Egoists are closed only on themselves. Empty flowers. Nothing will be born from them, because in a family one must be able to give warmth and care to others. They only know how to take: “I’m not a fool to give birth to children” (Helen), “We must take a girl while she is still a flower in a bud” (Anatole).
Features of the Kuragin family: lack of parental love, material well-being, the desire to satisfy their needs at the expense of others, the lack of spiritual beauty.
3. Summing up(7 min).
Only those who yearn for unity, Tolstoy, at the end of his epic, will grant the acquisition of a family and peace. In the epilogue, we see the happy family of Natasha and Pierre. Natasha, with her love for her husband, creates that amazing atmosphere that inspires and supports him, and Pierre is happy, admiring the purity of her feelings, that wonderful intuition with which she penetrates his soul. Understanding each other without words, according to the expression of their eyes, gesture, they are ready to go together to the end along the road of life, preserving the inner, spiritual connection and harmony that has arisen between them.
L.N. Tolstoy in the novel shows his ideal of a woman and family. This ideal is given in the images of Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya and the images of their families. Tolstoy's favorite heroes want to live honestly. In family relationships, the heroes keep such moral values as simplicity, naturalness, noble self-esteem, admiration for motherhood, love and respect. It is these moral values that save Russia in a moment of national danger. The family and the woman - the keeper of the family hearth - have always been the moral foundations of society.
Many years have passed since the appearance of Leo Tolstoy's novel, but the main values of the family: love, trust, mutual understanding, honor, decency, patriotism remain the main moral values. Rozhdestvensky said: "Everything begins with love." Dostoevsky said: "Man is not born for happiness and deserves it with suffering."
Every modern family is a big complex world with its own traditions, attitudes and habits, even its own view of raising children. Children are said to be echoes of their parents. However, in order for this echo to sound not only due to natural affection, but mainly due to conviction, it is necessary that customs, orders, rules of life be strengthened in the house, in the family circle, which cannot be transgressed not out of fear of punishment, but out of respect for the foundations of the family, to its traditions.
Do everything so that childhood and the future of your children are wonderful, so that the family is strong, friendly, family traditions are preserved and passed on from generation to generation. I wish happiness in the family, in the one in which you live today, which you yourself will create tomorrow. May mutual help and understanding always reign under the roof of your home, may your life be rich both spiritually and materially.
4. Homework.(3 min)
Write a mini-essay on the topic "My future family."
MOU secondary school No. 2 with. Divnoe G.A. Zavarukhin Subject:“What is an ideal family in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy (based on the novel "War and Peace"?
Target: show that Tolstoy's ideal is a patriarchal family with its saint
care of the elders for the younger and younger for the elders, with the ability
everyone in the family has more to give than to take, with relationships,
built on "good and truth",
develop students' ability to summarize what they have read,
educate respect for the home, family, her
traditions.
Equipment: portrait of L.N. Tolstoy, texts, cards - assignments,
What is needed for happiness? Quiet family life...
with the ability to do good to people ...
L.N. Tolstoy
My ideal is the life of simple working people,
the one that makes life, and the meaning that
he gives to her.
L.N. Tolstoy
During the classes
Topic presentation
Family ... What should she be? This is a difficult question, but you can handle it.
How will our lesson go?
PLAN
1. Work in groups on the problem.
2. Publication of results.
3. Work on the project "Ideal family in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy".
4.Presentation of projects.
5.Reflexive moment.
Guys! Please read the epigraph that I wrote on the board. Try to answer why I decided to introduce you to these words of the writer?
So what is the ideal of the family in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy? Before you start working on a problem, read the assignment you will be doing. First, each think about the question. You have 2 minutes.
MOU secondary school No. 2 with. Divnoe G.A. Zavarukhin
Choose who will be your “generator” of ideas today, please exchange opinions and present your conclusions in the diagram.
Group work.
What are the features of the Rostov family?
What is the difference between the Bolkonsky family and the Rostov family?
The family of Pierre and Natasha. On what principles were relationships built in their family?
Family life of Marya and Nikolai Rostov?
Advertising.
Project work.
Presentation of projects.
You have presented us with an ideal family in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy. Let's now write down the hallmarks by summarizing your projects.
Love for children Understanding
self-sacrifice
Kindness
Honesty, Patriotism
truthfulness
openness
souls Proximity to the people Naturalness
Guys, there is another feature of such a family. Let's get back to the epigraph. What is the writer talking about? What does it have to do with the topic of our conversation! So closeness to people is a must. Write it down.
Tell me, can we say the same about the family today? What qualities do we lack? Or maybe our family does not need all this?
Reflection.
Reflecting on what an ideal family is, I realized (a) that ...
8. Summary of the lesson
MOU secondary school No. 2 with. Divnoe G.A. Zavarukhin
So our lesson has come to an end. We found out what it is, the ideal family in the understanding of Tolstoy. And let us be different, but still in the family there remains the sacred care of the elders for the younger and the younger for the elders, the ability of everyone in the family to give more than they take, to build relationships on truth and kindness.
I hope that our conversation today will help you create a good family in the future. I will not give grades for work in the lesson: life will put them on its own. And to complete our conversation, I suggest that you write a mini-essay as homework
Introduction
Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest prose writers of the 19th century, the "golden age" of Russian literature. For two centuries now, his works have been read all over the world, because these amazingly lively and vivid verbal canvases not only occupy the reader, but make you think about many important questions for a person - and provide answers to some of them. A vivid example of this is the pinnacle of the writer's work, the epic novel "War and Peace", in which Tolstoy touches on topics that are burning for any thinking person. The theme of the family in the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy is very important, as well as for the author himself. That is why Tolstoy's heroes are practically never alone.
The text most fully reveals the structure and relationships of three completely different families: the Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins - of which the first two for the most part correspond to the opinion of the author himself on this issue.
Rostovs, or the great power of love
The head of the large Rostov family, Ilya Andreevich, is a Moscow nobleman, a very kind, generous and trusting person, who adores his wife and children. In view of his extreme spiritual simplicity, he does not know how to run a household at all, so the family is on the verge of ruin. But Rostov Sr. cannot refuse anything to the household: he leads a luxurious life, pays his son's debts.
The Rostovs are very kind, always ready to help, sincere and responsive, so they have many friends. It is not surprising that it was in this family that the true patriot of the Motherland Petya Rostov grew up. Authoritarianism is not inherent in the Rostov family at all: here children respect their parents, and parents respect their children. That is why Natasha was able to persuade her parents to take out not valuable things from besieged Moscow, but wounded soldiers. The Rostovs preferred to remain penniless rather than transgress the laws of honor, conscience and compassion. In the images of the Rostov family, Tolstoy embodied his own ideas about the ideal family nest, about the indestructible connection of a real Russian family. Isn't this the best illustration that can show how big the role of the family is in War and Peace?
The "fruit" of such love, such a highly moral upbringing is beautiful - this is Natasha Rostova. She absorbed the best qualities of her parents: from her father she took kindness and breadth of nature, the desire to make the whole world happy, and from her mother - caring and thriftiness. One of the most important qualities of Natasha is naturalness. She is not able to play a role, to live according to secular laws, her behavior does not depend on the opinions of others. This is a girl with a wide-open soul, an extrovert, capable of completely and completely surrendering to love for all people in general and for her soulmate. She is the ideal woman from Tolstoy's point of view. And this ideal was brought up by an ideal family.
Another representative of the younger generation of the Rostov family, Nikolai, does not differ in either depth of mind or breadth of soul, but he is a simple, honest and decent young man.
The "ugly duckling" of the Rostov family, Vera, chose a completely different path for herself - the path of selfishness. Having married Berg, she created a family that did not look like either the Rostovs or the Bolkonskys. This cell of society is based on external gloss and a thirst for enrichment. Such a family, according to Tolstoy, cannot become the foundation of society. Why? Because there is nothing spiritual in such a relationship. This is the path of separation and degradation, leading to nowhere.
Bolkonsky: duty, honor and reason
The Bolkonsky family, serving nobles, is somewhat different. Each of the members of this genus is a remarkable personality, talented, whole and spiritual. This is a family of strong people. The head of the family, Prince Nikolai, is a man of an extremely harsh and quarrelsome nature, but not cruel. Therefore, he is respected and feared even by his own children. Most of all, the old prince appreciates smart and active people, and therefore he tries to instill such qualities in his daughter. Andrei Bolkonsky inherited nobility, sharpness of mind, pride and independence from his father. The son and father of the Bolkonsky are diversified, intelligent and strong-willed people. Andrei is one of the most complex characters in the novel. From the first chapters of the epic to the end of his life, this person goes through the most difficult spiritual evolution, trying to comprehend the meaning of life and find his calling. The theme of the family in "War and Peace" is fully revealed at the end of Andrei's life, when he nevertheless understands that only a family man surrounded by people dear to his heart can become happy.
Andrei's sister, Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, is shown in the novel as an absolutely whole physically, psychologically and morally person. A girl who is not distinguished by physical beauty lives in constant expectation of quiet family happiness. This is a boat filled with love and care, waiting for a patient and skillful captain. This smartest, romantic and extremely religious girl dutifully endures all the rudeness of her father, never for a moment ceasing to love him strongly and sincerely.
Thus, the younger generation of the Bolkonsky family inherited all the best qualities of the old prince, ignoring only his rudeness, imperiousness and intolerance. Therefore, Andrei and Marya are able to truly love people, which means they are able to develop as individuals, climb the spiritual ladder - to the ideal, to the light, to God. Therefore, the war and peace of the Bolkonsky family are so difficult to understand for most of their contemporaries, therefore neither Maria nor Andrei love social life.
Kuragins, or the abomination of empty egoism
The Kuragin family is directly opposite to the two previous genera. The head of the family, Prince Vasily, hides the rotten nature of a greedy, through and through false brute behind an external gloss. For him, the main thing is money and social position. His children, Helen, Anatole and Hippolyte, are in no way inferior to their father: outwardly attractive, superficially smart and successful young people in society are in fact empty, albeit beautiful, vessels. Behind their own egoism and greed, they do not see the spiritual world - or do not want to see. In general, the Kuragin family are vile toads dressed in lace and hung with jewels; they sit in a dirty swamp and croak contentedly, not seeing the beautiful endless sky above their heads. For Tolstoy, this family is the personification of the world of the "secular mob", which the author himself despised with all his heart.
conclusions
Finishing the essay “The Theme of the Family in the Novel War and Peace”, I want to note that this topic is one of the main ones in the text. This thread permeates the fate of almost all the heroes of the work. The reader can observe in action the causal relationship between upbringing, the atmosphere in the parental home, the future fate of an adult person - and his influence on the world.
Artwork test
