What is management: a complete overview of the concept, types, principles and methods of effective company management. Who is management and what does it do?

Management is the means, methods and types of management of people and production in order to achieve the goals. In other words, everything related to coordination and leadership. The main role in this process is assigned to a person, it is he, and not a machine or a computer, that controls. The word "management" itself is translated from English as "administration," coordination "," the ability to lead ". A complete overview of the concept includes an extended list of definitions.

This term can be understood as:

• Management related work. Determination of development paths, development of specific tasks, ways of their implementation;
• The leadership process itself. If in the first case we mean planning and forming an action strategy, then here we are talking about direct leadership. This is the delegation of duties, motivation of employees, coordination of actions, control;
• organizational structure managing a company, an association of people, the state, etc. For example, authorities, the board of directors of an enterprise, etc .;
• The Art of Resource and Personnel Management, namely, the correct distribution of material and human resources;
• Scientific discipline for the study of management, its principles and laws.

This term simultaneously means theoretical discipline and practical activity.

Fundamentals of Management

The whole point of the guide is threefold:

1. “Who” and “whom” governs;
2. "How" this process takes place;
3. "With the help of what" is carried out.

Briefly, the management process can be described as follows:

• The desired is compared with the real state (ask simple questions: “where are we now?” and “where are we going?”)
• Requirements for action (“what needs to be done?”)
• Decision making, strategy selection (“what is the best way and way?”)
• Monitoring and evaluation (“what have we achieved, and what follows from this?”)

At the heart of effective leadership is a focus on human relationships. When interacting with the external environment (for example, sales), this means customer orientation. In terms of the internal "kitchen" - focus on staff.

The next important point- the competence of the authorities. To give instructions, you need to be well versed not only in business, sociology or, but also in the production processes of your company. It is impossible to allow a "breakaway" from reality, when the manager gives orders without understanding the essence of the company's work.

Components of management

This term includes several components:

1. Production. This includes ensuring a high return on production, competent adjustment of the workflow, in which costs are minimal and profits are maximum.
2. Staff coordination. Organization of "healthy" relationships in the team, establishing links between employees and departments, building an operational network of information and distribution of instructions.
3. Forecasting, planning and market research.

Main tasks of management

Competition requires maximum efficiency from all participants in economic relations. This is the only way to “survive” in the market. The main goals of management are to ensure the smooth operation of the enterprise and control the activities of internal and external elements of the organization.

The firm must simultaneously be successful in relations with the outside world.(sales, partnerships) and corporately (motivation of employees, competent distribution of responsibilities, operational work, etc.)

Main tasks:

• Development of the company, maintaining its competitiveness;
• Maintaining a strong position in the market, in the chosen niche, increasing influence, developing new markets;
• Development and application of new ways and ways of enterprise development;
• Stimulation of employees with the help of material and non-material methods;
• Formation of the organization's development strategy, determination of ways to achieve goals;
• Analysis of available and required resources, search for sources of their provision;
• Achieving and maintaining the required level of profit;
• Forecasting and overcoming the risks that have arisen without prejudice to the functioning of the enterprise;
• Analysis of work efficiency, monitoring the implementation of goals.

Main principles

Certain principles underlie the management processes:

1. Division of labor. Each link in the production process takes on certain responsibilities, has a specific specialization. This allows you to perform more tasks with the same resources.
2. unity of command. Even if there are many departments in one firm, an employee must receive instructions from one boss. Confusion in the administrative sphere leads to a decrease in labor productivity.
3. discipline and order. The functioning of the organization is strictly regulated. Activities are carried out according to the schedule, the staff needs to know their duties, to be in the right place. Material resources must also be stored and used in accordance with the regulations. The duty of the leader to control the implementation of the regulations, to fine the guilty and to encourage the zealous.
4. Distribution of powers and taking responsibility. Responsibility lies not only with the manager, but also with the employees who have received the task.
5. Justice. Decisions, punishments and rewards must be fair. This inspires respect among employees and trust in the company and management.
6. Personal interests are subordinated to the public. The interests of the group take precedence. For superiors, demonstrating this principle is a good way to set an example for staff.
7. Reward. Conscientiousness, devotion to the interests of the company should be noted.
8. Initiative. Constant search for new solutions, as well as encouragement of initiative on the part of employees.
9. Maintaining the corporate spirit. Building a cohesive team and maintaining unity through the development of a corporate culture, joint pastime. Employees should be proud of the enterprise in which they work.

Management functions

To understand the importance of management, it is enough to consider this process and its functions in detail.

Goal setting

Determination of the result on which all activities are oriented. The correct setting of tasks is necessary in order to form the best strategy for the development of the company. This process can also be used to motivate employees, to form a corporate spirit.

Planning

This function is responsible for identifying and sourcing resources to achieve the organization's goals. This also includes the development of ways to achieve the goals.

Organization of activities

Formation of the organizational structure. This includes the distribution of tasks and powers between employees, the organization of their joint work, the development of criteria for evaluating the work of employees.

Control

The manager is obliged to constantly monitor the implementation of the assigned tasks, analyze the effectiveness of labor, draw conclusions about which decisions were appropriate and which did not bring benefits.

In other words, he controls the observance of discipline, production moments (delivery of raw materials, adjustment of equipment, etc.), the quality of goods and services, the work schedule, and on this basis evaluates the results of work and builds tactics for further actions.

Coordination

One of the additional functions responsible for the coordinated activities of all management links. Since any activity is based on an efficient division of labor, it is necessary to bring all the links of the chain together. Various divisions of the company need a close relationship and dialogue between managers and ordinary employees. Interference and deviations from the given schedule must be eliminated in a timely manner. This becomes the task of the manager.

Coordination can be achieved by drawing up and coordinating work plans, meetings and announcements.

Motivation

This feature is designed to improve productivity. You can achieve the desired effect by activating employees and stimulating them. It is necessary to make sure that the staff act not only in their personal interests, but also in the interests of the company. Motivation is carried out by maintaining a corporate spirit, holding appropriate events, encouraging, including material.

Management methods

Main methods:

• Economic. This is a market regulation of the work of companies, material relations within the organization.
• Administrative. The so-called "direct action". Administrative methods are associated with discipline and responsibility, planning and coordination.
• Socio-psychological. It is based on building relationships with partners, within the team, moral motivation of employees.

As part of the functioning of the enterprise, all methods are combined depending on the situation.

Production management

Management is divided into types depending on the tasks performed and methods for achieving the desired.

Production is designed to ensure competitiveness and high demand for the goods and services of the company. In this case, "production" does not necessarily mean an industrial enterprise, it can be banking institutions, various commercial firms.

This type includes the organization of production, the construction of strategic forecasts, the use of innovations. Tasks:

1. Control of system operation, elimination and prevention of failures;
2. Optimization of output volume;
3. Coordination of labor resources, maintaining discipline and order, encouraging distinguished employees, motivational activities for staff;
4. Monitoring the rationality of the use of equipment, maintaining it in good condition.

Strategic management

Strategic management involves the development and implementation of the planned ways for the development of the enterprise. Depending on the chosen tactics, a specific work plan is drawn up.

For example, the need to increase income can be met in several ways. Increase the scale of production, improve the quality of goods, etc.

After considering all possible options, the manager chooses the most realistic and effective way. Then there is the planning and distribution of tasks for staff.

Financial management

In simple words, this is the process of managing the material resources of an enterprise. The duties of the financial director include managing the budget of the organization and its competent distribution. He is engaged in the analysis of expenses and incomes of the enterprise, the study of its solvency, the construction of a rational financial policy.

Responsibilities of the Finance Supervisor:

• Optimization of cash flow, cost reduction;
• Minimizing financial risks;
• Maintaining the profitability of the company;
• Assessment of financial opportunities and prospects;
• Implementation of anti-crisis management.

The CFO is responsible for ensuring that the company brings a stable income and does not go bankrupt.

Investment management

This type is responsible for the company's investments, namely, for attracting new investments and profitable investment of the enterprise itself. It is carried out mainly with the help of long-term planning (business plan) and fundraising - the search for sponsors, grants.

Information management

Collection, management and distribution of various information. Produced with the help of computer networks, special software. It is necessary to provide the company with up-to-date information, study and predict the needs of the client.

Functions:

1. Regulation of office work and document flow of the organization;
2. Obtaining information about the state of the market, consumer expectations;
3. Public presentation of the company;
4. Organization of internal data (information about employees, production, finances, etc.)

Risk management

Any commercial activity is potentially associated with risk, therefore the responsibility of the risk manager becomes forecasting and preventing possible problems. If trouble has already arisen, it is incumbent on him to minimize losses and try to take advantage of the situation.

Step by step, this process looks like this:

• Identification of the risk factor, assessment of the degree of danger, possible damage to the company;
• Selection of tools and methods to deal with the problem;
• Development and implementation of a risk strategy designed to reduce losses;
• Evaluation of the first results of the activities carried out, if necessary, finalization of the strategy.

Environmental management

Sometimes this species is singled out in a separate category, first of all it is associated with environmental protection. The goal is to create and maintain ecological production through the rational use of natural resources, waste processing, and minimization of harmful emissions into the environment.

HR management

The job description of a manager involves working with people. Any tasks and goals of the organization are achieved with the help of personnel. This type is responsible for recruitment, training, human resource management.

international Management

Regulates foreign economic relations and communications of the company, is responsible for export and import, cooperation with other companies in the scientific and technical field. Helps by expanding business in other countries.

Advertising management

Responsible for effective advertising and promotion of the company's products and services. The main tasks are information support of promotional activities, their planning and setting goals to be achieved as a result. This also includes the organization of advertising activities, its regulation, control and evaluation of achievements.

Subjects and objects of management

Subjects are individuals who directly manage and control all areas of the company's activities. These are managers and administrators who hold their positions on a permanent basis and have the authority to make decisions.

Management activities are focused on objects. These are any resources and structural units that need regulation. For example, personnel, production, finance, sales, logistics, sales, real estate.

Management levels

Management is carried out at several levels. You can be responsible for a small structural unit of the company (section, team, group), a larger unit (department, department, workshop) or the entire organization. In accordance with these units, three levels are distinguished:

Lowest link, or line level

The so-called "junior bosses" who control the execution of operational actions. Make short-term and operational decisions. Their work is associated with a large number of different actions, constant communication with subordinates, and psychological stress. Most often responsible for the resources, organization and discipline of small working groups. An example is a shift foreman, head nurse, head teacher.

middle link

Such leaders are at the head of large divisions within the company, the company's branches. They make tactical decisions, are responsible for the functioning of the whole direction. Their responsibilities include supervising the work of "junior authorities". An example is the dean, the head of the sales department, the head of the department, the head of the shop.

Top management - top managers

These are people who make decisions at the highest level and carry out strategic planning. An example is the director of an organization, the head of a public authority, etc.

Who is a manager

This is a person in a leadership position. Among them are managers and managers. Managers do not make important decisions, but participate in management and have a number of people subordinate to them.

Managers are also called employees whose duties include communicating with people.. These are managers of the trading floor, office managers, the director of the trading floor. They do not have subordinates and are responsible for contacts with consumers, partners, and the public.

Required Skills

A manager must have certain skills and qualities, he:

1. . He is responsible for organizing the work of the enterprise in a particular area (arranging the supply of raw materials, advertising, etc.) and maintaining stability;
2. Psychologist. This quality is necessary for the effective regulation of relations in the team. You need to know your subordinates well to stimulate work, resolve conflicts, build “healthy” relationships between superiors and employees. , body language help to better understand people, to act correctly and efficiently;
3. Specialist in his field. It is important to understand all the intricacies of your specialization in order to optimize the workflow;
4. who knows how to rally a team, has influence and the ability to act quickly, make quick decisions in non-standard situations;
5. , carry out effective planning, work within a certain time frame, monitor compliance by staff with a given work schedule;
6. Speaker. The activities of the manager are often associated with public speaking;
7. stress resistant. A necessary feature, since leadership work is associated with stress and constant problem solving or forecasting;
8. Motivated, proactive. only an active person interested in the results of his work can;
9. Good teacher. It is important to be able to explain and show some features of the work by example.

How to achieve the respect of subordinates and rationally manage business processes? Several rules must be followed.

Get better at influencing others. does not force them to work, but convinces employees that they are also interested in the success of the company.

Get Feedback. Constant interaction with the staff allows you to "keep abreast" of everything that happens and respond to any interference and trouble quickly and efficiently. Feedback helps to convey thoughts and instructions even to peripheral workers (cleaners and janitors). Communicate with employees during breaks, attend corporate events, ask about dates of birth and hobbies of subordinates. Attention to detail inspires respect and trust in superiors.

Motivate those around you. Find out the needs and values ​​of employees. A vacation signed on time, a salary bonus, or just a heart-to-heart conversation brings amazing results if made to the place and for those who need it. For subordinates, you should always be an example, a true enthusiast and professional.

Stay up to date. Do not be shy to talk with the staff, knowing the "inner kitchen" of the enterprise, its culture and features help to plan your own actions correctly.

Creativity. Going beyond “dry” relationships and processes makes work more interesting for both the manager and subordinates. Learn to think outside the box and in an original way, make non-trivial decisions that will become an advantage for the whole company.

Learn to plan. Carefully work out the strategy at the creation stage, discuss projects with subordinates in order to make your work easier and further interest employees.

If you take a good look, it turns out that management is much more than decision-making and managing people. Even a lower-level manager who does his job well, . And the skills and abilities of a good manager will be useful not only at work, but also in everyday life, in order to be able to set goals correctly and achieve them, plan your time and establish the necessary contacts.

The word "management" can be found today not only in specialized publications on economics and management. It has firmly entered the lexicon of the most ordinary people.

How correctly it is used in various situations, what is management like in various fields of activity - we will consider these and other questions in the following article.

As you might guess, the word "management" (management) came to us from the English language, where it means "leadership, management, administration."

In approximately the same meaning, this word is used in Russian: management is the principles and methods of organizing a production, commercial or any other process, as well as people united by a certain structure and managing an enterprise or organization.

People who do not have experience in managing even two or three subordinates often do not understand why management is needed at all and why this art takes a long time to learn. It would seem that there is nothing complicated here: your subordinates work, and you just walk around and indicate what they need to do.

But in order to give a correct indication, you need to understand the essence of the ongoing processes. That is, management must be effective, otherwise it loses its meaning and brings only harm instead of good. The manager in his work relies on knowledge of the principles of management and on his understanding of the current situation. The success of the business he leads depends on his decisions.

The simplest example. From a certain warehouse, certain goods must be taken out and loaded into the back of a truck, and the loading time is limited. A competent manager will order to take out the goods in advance and put them on the loading platform in a certain order: the most massive and durable - closer, small and fragile - further. When the truck arrives, the workers will quickly stack the goods in the truck in the order they are stacked on the site.

Speaking about the management of an organization, they usually understand the set of principles and methods in accordance with which the organization is managed, as well as the people who manage it: the head, heads of departments and areas, lower managers.

Even the smallest organization, consisting of two or three people, needs to be managed. In any business that is performed by several people, there must be a boss (manager) and a subordinate. The boss determines the goals of the activity and the ways in which they are achieved, the subordinate carries out the decisions of the boss. This does not mean that the boss should only give commands, but if there are no commands, sooner or later the business will fall into decay.

A good professional in their field is not always a good manager - which is why many self-employed entrepreneurs do a great job until the business needs expansion, but when they reach a qualitatively new level, they either fail or are forced to hire a professional manager. A large enterprise cannot do without management in any case.

One of the areas of management must necessarily deal with the quality of products or services provided. Quality management is a system of methods and organization of personnel aimed at maintaining a certain level of quality of an enterprise's activities and at increasing this level. It includes control, planning and quality improvement activities.

Today, there are several quality management systems in the world, the most famous of which is the ISO system of standards, which is constantly developing and improving. It is a strictly regulated activity that requires compliance with certain performance indicators of both the organization as a whole and each of its divisions.

Having passed the ISO certification, the company gets the opportunity to reach a new level of cooperation with local and foreign partners.

A very important part of the management of any company is its financial management - the competent management of financial resources in order to effectively use and increase them.


Financial management is not a function of accounting - its activity lies in the strategic management of finances, and not in the organization of accounting and compliance with tax discipline. The CFO is generally responsible for the company's profitability by operating the company's assets based on available financial information.

Professional financial management is the basis for the success of any commercial enterprise.

In the last couple of decades, the terms "management" and "manager" have thoroughly entered our lives, but often people use them without understanding the meaning. In this article we will talk about what management is.

Management: definition of the concept

The term "management" comes from the English "management", which literally translates as "leadership, management". There are several concepts of management:

1. Management is first and foremost a science. This is a whole system of knowledge, which is a theoretical and practical basis in the management of any resources.
2. Management is the management process itself, which is carried out through the performance of the following functions: planning, organization, coordination, motivation, control and analysis.
3. Management is the art of management. In addition to scientific knowledge, management requires talent and the ability to apply this knowledge, science provides knowledge and practical experience in management, but in a particular situation, you need to feel how to act.
4. In addition, management is understood as the administrative apparatus, that is, the totality of all departments of managerial personnel.

In accordance with all these concepts, a manager is a professional manager who has special knowledge, skills, and ideally, talent and his own management style.

There are three levels of managers: top managers, middle managers and lower managers.

• Top managers include the so-called top managers, these are directly the heads of enterprises and government bodies.
• Middle managers are managers who report to top managers and manage line managers.
• Line managers are line managers who directly manage performers.

In addition, the question often arises: What is the management of the organization?. The answer to it is simple - it is the direct management of the organization, the enterprise, the use of the organization's resources to achieve the goals, through the implementation of management functions.

What is a management system

A management system is a system for managing the various resources of an organization, be it human, technical, financial, and others, in order to achieve its goals.

Quality management systems are based on such fundamental sciences as mathematics, psychology, statistics, econometrics, computer science. The management system is a dynamic system, it adapts to changing conditions, that is, it develops.

A modern company sets itself and solves a whole range of tasks that determined the structure of modern management, which includes the following main subsystems:

• Financial management
• Investment management
• Strategic management
• Information management
• Innovation management
• Marketing
• Project management, which includes: personnel management, design management, quality management.
• Risk management
• Environmental management

Consider the most commonly used terms in our life.

What is financial management

This is a subsection of management that studies financial resources and how to manage them, in order to increase and increase. Financial management includes both the acquisition, distribution, use of financial resources, as well as control and analysis of their use.

What is strategic management

Strategic management is engaged in the development and implementation of development strategies for enterprises and organizations. After all, it is precisely the right goals and the right ways to achieve them that are the basis of quality management.

What is investment management

This direction of management deals with the management of investment activities of various scales, from a separate investment project to investment on a national scale.

What is innovation management

This is a management subsystem that deals with the study and implementation of innovations in production and enterprise management. In addition, using various methods and tools, the need for changes, readiness for these changes and the economic effect of their implementation are being studied.

What is quality management

This is a direction of management that deals with the development and implementation of a quality system in an enterprise or organization. Quality standards are recognized all over the world, and in order for an enterprise to enter the market with its product or service, it is necessary to comply with these standards.

Now you know what management is, the definition of management, and you will be able to use it correctly. Remember that each direction of management should be studied in depth, this discipline will be useful to anyone who wants to build their career. At the same time, each of us is a manager of our own life for ourselves, because every day we are faced with questions: how to live, how to achieve your goals, how to rationally use your time, and the quality of your life depends on the right decisions.

One of the most popular specialties today, which young people choose after receiving secondary education, is management. What is this profession? Who can be a manager? Let's talk about it in this article.

Where to go to study

One of the most difficult questions for parents of teenagers is where to send their child to study after graduation. Only one in ten guys can clearly say what he wants to become. As a rule, these guys are not so much interested in earning money, most of all they want to learn the business they have loved since childhood.

If neither the young man nor the girl knows who they want to work, then parents come to help in choosing a specialty. Most often, they choose the most demanded, in their opinion, faculties - jurisprudence, finance or management.

What professions can a manager choose for himself after? How much can a manager earn? Is it difficult to study in this specialty? Let's deal with these questions in turn.

About the profession - subject and method

Management - what kind of profession is it? How long ago did managers appear, because the name is relatively modern? Meanwhile, management is one of the oldest professions known to man. This term has many definitions, but in short, management is management, and a manager is someone who manages a process or an object.

At all times, any enterprise needed a manager, someone who would set the path for the development of activities. This person may not be in a profession specific to the business, but has a good knowledge of how to market the product produced by the business or how to expand. The activities of the manager today have not changed. Receiving a diploma in the specialty "management", the student must possess the knowledge that will allow him to become an effective leader.

Is it difficult to study the specialty "management"

What kind of profession, we have already figured out. Is it difficult to study in this specialty? Of course, everyone has their own inclinations. So, learning will not seem difficult to those who have humanitarian analytical skills. In the first year, general subjects such as higher mathematics or computer science are required, but there will definitely not be strength of materials and physics. Starting from the second year, students will pay more and more attention to economic specialties. Introduction to the profession of management also begins in the second year, in the first year students will lay the foundation for political economy. By the end of the university, they will receive the maximum amount of knowledge about managing an enterprise, processes, and people.

Management divisions

Today, a person who heads a particular enterprise is usually called a manager, while employees responsible for the activities of a particular service belong to the category of top management. It is clear that the larger the enterprise, the more different services (operational departments or divisions) there can be. For example, how many divisions are there in the store? Reception of goods, storage, placement of goods on the showcase, sale of goods, turnover of funds. In addition, there is still an accounting department that deals with tax accounting, calculation of wages, profits. If this is a manufacturing enterprise, then there will be much more services.

Who can work as a manager in an enterprise

What department can be headed by a manager? There are various specialties related to management. For example, financial management is a profession closely related to the circulation of funds, their accounting and control. Having received a specialty with this name, a student can work in a bank, at any enterprise in the financial department, and engage in auditing.

Very popular among students today and "management of the organization." What is the profession? It is of a more general nature and implies knowledge of the functioning of the enterprise as a whole, the ways of its development in the domestic market, entering the external one.

Sports management is suitable for those who are passionate about one or another type of sports activity. If an athlete wants to develop, create his own team, then he can get such an education. Management will allow a specialist to work successfully in the foreign market if the company makes transactions related to export and import.

Where can a student get a job after graduation

It would be naive to believe that after you get an education in the specialty "management", you will immediately be taken to an interesting position in the top management of the enterprise. Nevertheless, general knowledge gained in and real life with real problems are two big differences.

Therefore, if you do not have the opportunity to get a job “by pull”, then it is better to start building a career by getting some not very high position. For example, you want to become the manager of a large retail chain of stores. Suppose you studied at the university how to deal with competitors, increase profits and how to motivate employees. But you don't know how it works in practice! There is nothing shameful in working for six months or a year as a consultant in a store, then becoming a hall administrator. You will see how the store works, what employees and customers think about it. By placing yourself in a higher position based on your experience and your knowledge, you will be able to make effective decisions.

Professions related to management

Recently, many professions with the prefix "manager" have appeared. Since we found out that management is management, professions may not have anything to do with economics.

SMM-manager - a person who is engaged in the promotion and promotion of sites. The acronym SMM stands for Social Media Marketing.

Content manager - a person responsible for filling content (information) sites.

An arbitration manager is a person who, in the course of his activity, is engaged in helping enterprises that are on the verge of bankruptcy.

A developer manager is a person who is engaged in the development of an enterprise, increasing its recognition in the market.

A business coach is a person who (most often based on his experience) tells how you can become a successful manager or bring your company to the TOP. In order to become a business coach, you need to have a big name or a fairly well-developed business, otherwise who will want to learn something from you.

A brand manager is a specialist who promotes the name (brand) of an organization. Organizes concerts, promotions, events that will increase the company's reputation.

And finally

Now you have a broader understanding of such a specialty as management, what kind of profession it is. As you can see, not always the one who graduated exclusively from the Faculty of Economics can work as a manager. If you feel in yourself managerial abilities and interest in this profession, then feel free to enter the university for this specialty.