Painting - view of the depiction of the island, depiction on the plane; pr-e art-va, made with paints applied to any surface. Advantage: the image of a person in his diverse connections with the environment. Zh-s is able to convey volume and space on the plane, it is difficult to reveal. the world of human chuv-in and har-ditch. The pictorial approach is the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in the finest gradation of tonal transitions.

Types of painting destination: monumental (the oldest type) and monumental-decorative, easel, miniature, icon painting, theatrical-decorative, decorative-applied. Icon painting and miniature (illustration of a handwritten book) - medieval art. Easel painting - the Renaissance.

Views by technique. Monumental painting techniques: fresco(the technique of painting with water-based paints on wet plaster; wall painting); panel(image for decorating a wall or ceiling); mosaic(an image or a pattern of particles that are homogeneous or different in material: from stone - pebbles, from smalt - an alloy of glass, from ceramic tiles); stained glass windows(colored glass compositions); grisaille(creating the illusion of relief). Easel painting techniques: other equipment encaustics(wax painting, performed in a hot way, with melted paints); tempera(basic icon painting - paints on egg yolk); oily well (material tangibility of the image - the Renaissance); pastel(with dry, soft colored pencils without rims); watercolor(well, water-based paints that require fast, accurate work); gouache(Well, with water-based paints with the addition of glue and white, the tones lighten when dried).

Well, according to topics: religious-mythological and secular. The system of genres in secular journalism in the 17th century: portrait- individual, pair and group, ceremonial and intimate, psychological and genre, outside the environment and in the environment. environment, self-portrait. The art of the portrait goes back to an ancient ritual n-tu (Fayum n-t). Scenery- as an independent genre appeared in Egyptian paintings. Heyday - art of the 19th century: romantic and realistic - national landscape (lyric and epic), plein air, mood, philosophical. Rural and urban (veduta - the Venetian city of the 18th century - Canaletto, Guardi) n, sea. Still life- depicting inanimate objects and natural forms - fruits, flowers, dishes. The heyday of the genre: Flemish (genre of shops), Dutch (genre of breakfasts or vanita- "vanity of vanities", depicted with a skull) and the Spanish well of the 17th century. → in avant-garde art. animalistic genre - depiction of living things, birds, fish (historical, allegorical, battle, everyday genres). nude- depiction of a naked body: goes back to the mythological f-si. Impressionism is a mixture of genres.

Express. Wed w-si: drawing (line), color (color), chiaroscuro, composition. coloring- color system pr-i, character of the relationship of color elements. There are warm-cold, light-dark, calm-tense colors. Painting- easel pr-e w-si, which has an independent value. The oriental type of painting is the traditional form of a freely hanging unfolded silk scroll (horizontal or vertical). The picture consists of a base (linen canvas, wooden board, cardboard), a primer is applied to the cat - it will prepare. special layer. composition (adhesive, oil, emulsion) and paint layer. W-s m / b single-layer and multi-layered. By texture (har-ru on top of the colorful layer is distinguished valeric And pasty well. Valer is a tonal nuance, a subtle difference of the 1st color in lightness, conveys the relationship of figures, objects with light and air (D. Velasquez, Jan Vermeer Delftsky, J. B. Chardin, C. Corot, V. Surikov). Pastose oil - work with dense layers, texture, relief, volume of oil (Titian, Rembrandt, W. van Gogh). Composition of the painting: division into near, medium and distant plans, pyramidal composition (classicism); diagonal (baroque, romanticism, realism); division into major and minor elements or the absence of this division (impressionism). Staffage- secondary elements of the pictorial composition - depicting small figures of people or animals that do not play a plot role.

Painting- a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paint to a solid or flexible surface. There are two types of painting: easel and monumental. Easel painting includes works that exist regardless of the place of creation. Basically, these are paintings created on an easel (that is, a machine tool) of an artist. In easel painting, works made with oil paints predominate, but other dyes (tempera, acrylic paints, etc.) can also be used. Pictures are painted mainly on canvas stretched over a frame or pasted on cardboard, on cardboard, in the past wooden boards were widely used, any flat materials can be used. Monumental painting is carried out directly on the walls and ceilings of buildings and other structures. In the past, painting with water-based paints on damp plaster (fresco) prevailed. In Italy, until the beginning of the 16th century, tempera was used to paint details on a dried “clean fresco”. The technique of “pure fresco” requires special skill from the artist, so other technologies were also used, for example, not so stable painting on dry plaster - secco, later paintings were made with oil paints that were not very suitable for monumental painting. Colored images on paper (watercolour, gouache, pastel, etc.) are formally (for example, according to their place in the collection) referred to graphics, but these works are often considered as picturesque as well. All other color image methods are related to graphics, including images created using computer technology. The most common paintings are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as stretched canvas, wood, canvas, treated wall surfaces, etc. There is also a narrow interpretation of the term painting as works made with oil paints on canvas, cardboard, hardboard and other similar materials. Russian word painting indicates the realism of this art in the Baroque era, when Western-style paintings began to be painted in Russia, mainly with oil paints. In iconography, the verb “to write” is used, just as in Greek. At the same time, “painting” can be understood as an energetic, original manner of writing, that is, as a kind of writing. In connection with painting and writing, semioticians also see a certain manner of creating signs. History of painting develops and wanders precisely in these two senses: in figurativeness, realism and - symbolism: from the icon (image) to abstraction. Techniques and directions of painting: oil; tempera; enamel; gouache (since the artist uses paper as the main material, which is typical for graphic types of fine art - it is also classified as graphics; this is also evidenced by the use of the latter to create monochrome works); pastel (to this technique, a remark similar to that made regarding the previous one is valid); ink (and in this case, as in the previous two, it cannot be unequivocally attributed to graphics; in the East, for example, calligraphy, which mostly uses this material, is traditionally considered painting, as , however, and academic Chinese painting mainly used ink - an achromatic scale); painting on plaster: fresco and a secco; sfumato glue painting; wax painting: encaustic, wax tempera and cold method (wax paints on turpentine); painting with ceramic paints; painting with silicate paints; watercolor painting (the technique of watercolor is different, some techniques are closer to painting, some to graphics; therefore, it is no coincidence that such a phrase is present in the thesaurus: “draw with watercolor”) dry brush; acrylic; mixed media;Painting techniques are almost inexhaustible. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: painting is created by nature, time and man. This was already noted by Leonardo da Vinci. Traditional painting techniques: encaustic, tempera (with egg), wall (lime), glue and other types. Since the 15th century, oil painting has become popular; in the 20th century, synthetic paints appeared with a binder made of polymers (acrylic, vinyl, etc.). Paints can be prepared from natural and artificial pigments. Gouache, watercolor, Chinese ink and semi-drawing technique - pastel - are also referred to as painting. Painting can be done on any basis: on stone, plaster, canvas, silk, paper, skin (including the body of an animal or human - tattoos), metal, asphalt, concrete, glass, ceramics, etc. etc., etc. Painting meets and coexists with the plastic arts, including architecture and sculpture; it can participate in the formation of the artificial and natural environment. Painting, like other visual arts, is illusory: it is an imitation of three-dimensional space in a plane, achieved through linear and color perspective. But its visual and, moreover, color aspect (the eye perceives almost infinite information in an instant) determines the exclusive place of painting among all the visual arts. At the same time, the development of art, visual methods and means of expression, has long gone beyond the understanding of its main tasks - "reproduction of reality". More Plotinus says: "Do not copy nature, but learn from it"; and this principle has guided many artists over the centuries. Therefore, the tasks of painting imply not only such an organization of space on a plane, which is guided and limited by the reconstruction of a three-dimensional environment on it, moreover, individual methods have long been perceived as “dead ends” on the path of art development (in the context of understanding and rethinking the adequacy of perception). The plane, like color, has an independent integrity and value, together they dictate their conditions in the synthesis of forms and on the plane as such, and in interaction with three-dimensional-temporal space. The artist can no longer be satisfied with a set of illusory techniques (“illusionism”), he follows the needs of a new understanding of beauty, abandoning irrelevant methods of self-expression and influencing the viewer, looking for new forms of such, dialectically returns to the best of the rejected, and thus comes to an understanding and realization of new values. Such an understanding of the methods and technical, expressive tasks of art was cultivated among other theorists and masters by V. A. Favorsky and Fr. Pavel Florensky, and later independently developed by V. A. Favorsky himself. Of course, this is not the only “correct” way for the development of contemporary art and painting, however, many provisions of such a vision are very convincing and productive. Regarding the fallacy of the strict exclusion of painting from the plastic arts, even the theory of "orthodox" art history has also long since reassessed. Here is what is said not in some intricate conceptual study, but in the Popular Art Encyclopedia: “Plastic arts are divided, in turn, into pictorial and non-pictorial. The former include painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art… The non-pictorial ones include architecture, arts and crafts, and artistic design… The boundaries between fine and non-fine arts are not absolute…” The functions of painting. Like other art forms, painting can perform cognitive, aesthetic, religious, ideological, philosophical, socio-educational or documentary functions. However, the main and primary expressive and meaningful value in painting is color, which in itself is the bearer of the idea (including due to psychological factors of influence and perception). This is very convincingly explained and shown, for example, by the theory of I. Itten. It is no coincidence that there is such a thing as "literary" when painting, for one reason or another, not having sufficient plastic and expressive qualities, draws a purely narrative, "literary" component into its arsenal. Nevertheless, evolving together with man and with the whole world, painting has acquired both a new interpretation and a new understanding of tasks. So, initially possessing clear signs of independent plastic characteristics (it is no coincidence that one of the main parameters separating pictorial technique from graphic is a brushstroke, which provides a wide range of plastic possibilities - to the greatest extent, of course, the most common form - oil painting, but also, of course, , - many of its new types and techniques, implying the synthesis of forms). The idea of ​​the ways and tasks of painting, as well as all the means and methods of self-expression, art history and the creative environment, have been clearly influenced by the development of the general cognitive process, but naturally they themselves have influenced it, touching on many aspects of the worldview and human activity. The rethinking of the functions of painting, as, indeed, of all creativity, went through the denial of its expediency as such (“Only realizing that it is completely meaningless, you can start creating,” says R.-M. Rilke); - through the realization that "this is a deep irrational process" - not only the same R.-M. Rilke and correctly perceived, well understood by him, P. Klee, but also many artists and philosophers; moreover, their very development prepared a new understanding of art and its tasks: it was impossible to fit the fullness of fleeting life, technical and technological, and finally - social and moral transformations - into the Procrustean bed of ideological and academic dogmas and clichés, priestly isolating art from the very development of life, reducing precisely to the “well-understood and long-known” functions of this deep creative process itself. Paintings created by people who, to varying degrees, inadequately perceive the surrounding reality, in whose works there are no attempts to get closer to its realistic display, stand apart. In some cases, such canvases are created by persons with mental deviations from the generally accepted norm, and even by patients of medical institutions. genres of painting. Portrait. A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people who exist or have existed in reality. "The portrait depicts the external appearance (and through it the inner world) of a specific, real person who existed in the past or exists in the present." [The boundaries of the portrait genre are very mobile, and often the portrait itself can be combined in one work with elements of other genres. historical portrait- depicts some figure of the past and created according to the memories or imagination of the master. Posthumous (retrospective) portrait- made after the death of the depicted people according to their lifetime images or even completely composed. portrait-painting- the person portrayed is presented in a semantic and plot relationship with the world of things surrounding him, nature, architectural motifs and other people. Portrait walk- the image of a walking person against the backdrop of nature originated in England in the 18th century and became popular in the era of sentimentalism Portrait-type- a collective image, structurally close to the portrait Costumed portrait- a person is presented as an allegorical, mythological, historical, theatrical or literary character. self-portrait- It is customary to single out a separate subgenre. religious portrait (donor's or ktitor's)- an ancient form of portraiture, when the person who made the donation was depicted in the picture (for example, next to the Madonna) or on one of the wings of the altar (often kneeling). By the nature of the image: Ceremonial portrait- as a rule, involves showing a person in full growth. semi-front- has the same concept as the formal portrait, but usually has a waist or generational cut and fairly developed accessories. chamber portrait- waist, chest, shoulder image is used. The figure is often given on a neutral background. Intimate portrait - is a rare variety of chamber music with a neutral background. Expresses a trusting relationship between the artist and the person being portrayed. small-format and miniature portraits, done in watercolor and ink. Scenery- a genre of painting in which the main subject of the image is primordial, or nature, to one degree or another transformed by man. It existed since antiquity, but lost its importance in the Middle Ages and reappeared in the Renaissance, gradually becoming one of the most important painting genres. Marina- a genre of fine art depicting a sea view, as well as a scene of a sea battle or other events taking place at sea. It is a kind of landscape. As an independent type of landscape painting, the marina stood out at the beginning of the 17th century in Holland. Historical painting - a genre of painting that originates in the Renaissance and includes works not only on the plots of real events, but also mythological, biblical and gospel paintings. Depicts the events of the past that are important for an individual nation or all of humanity. Battle painting - a genre of fine art devoted to the themes of war and military life. The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of land, sea battles and military campaigns. The artist seeks to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to show the heroism of the war, and often to reveal the historical meaning of military events. still life - representation of inanimate objects in the visual arts. It originated in the 15th - 16th centuries, but as an independent genre took shape only in the 17th century in the work of Dutch and Flemish artists. Since then, it has been an important genre in painting, including in the work of Russian artists. Genre painting is part of the everyday genre in the visual arts. Everyday scenes have been the subject of painting since antiquity, but as a separate genre genre painting took shape only in the Middle Ages, having received especially strong development in the era of social changes in modern times. Architectural painting. Painting, the main theme of which was not the natural, but the architectural landscape. Includes not only the image of architectural structures, but also the image of interiors. Animal painting This is a painting, the main plot for which is the image of animals. Furry art is an image of anthropomorphic animals. Decorative painting. Monumental painting is a part of monumental art, painting on buildings and structures. Theatrical and decorative painting is scenery and costume designs for theatrical performances and films; sketches of individual mise-en-scenes. Decorative painting - ornamental and plot compositions created by means of painting on various parts of architectural structures, as well as on products of decorative and applied art.

Painting

(from Russian lively and write) - a type of fine art, which consists in creating paintings, paintings that most fully and life-like reflect reality.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to a hard surface is called painting. The main expressive means of painting is color, its ability to evoke various feelings, associations, enhances the emotionality of the image. The artist usually draws up the color necessary for painting on a palette, and then turns the paint into color on the plane of the picture, creating a color order - coloring. By the nature of color combinations, it can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark.

The images of painting are very clear and convincing. Painting is capable of conveying volume and space, nature on a plane, revealing the complex world of human feelings and characters, embodying universal ideas, events of the historical past, mythological images and a flight of fancy.

Painting is divided into easel and monumental. The artist paints pictures on canvas, stretched on a stretcher and mounted on an easel, which can also be called an easel. Hence the name "easel painting".

And the very word "monumental" speaks of something big and significant. Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the internal or external walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). A work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (wall, support, ceiling, etc.). Significant themes for monumental paintings are also chosen: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales, etc. Mosaic and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art, merge directly with monumental painting. Here it is important to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts.

It is necessary to distinguish such types of painting as decorative painting, icon painting, miniature, theatrical and decorative painting. Each of the varieties of painting is distinguished by the specifics of technical execution and the solution of artistic and imaginative tasks.

Unlike painting as an independent type of fine art, the pictorial approach (method) can also be used in its other types: in drawing, graphics, and even in sculpture. The essence of the pictorial approach lies in the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in a fine gradation of tonal transitions.

The variety of objects and events of the surrounding world, the close interest of artists in them led to the emergence during the XVII-XX centuries. genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, everyday (genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of painting, a combination of genres or their elements can be found. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water-based paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases, it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolor, gouache, pastel, can refer to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, performed immediately, and multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

Important means of artistic expression in painting are, in addition to color [color], the spot and the nature of the stroke, the treatment of the colorful surface (texture), the valerae, showing the subtlest changes in tone depending on the lighting, the reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and aerial perspective, the spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light and shade modeling of the form, and the transfer of the general color tone of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need a good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial sketches from nature, he worked out the necessary elements of the composition. Work on a painting can begin with drawing a composition with a brush, underpainting and directly painting the canvas with one or another pictorial means. Moreover, even preparatory sketches and sketches sometimes have an independent artistic value, especially if they belong to the brush of a famous painter.

Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 20th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.

In ancient times, there was a desire to reproduce the real world the way a person sees it. This caused the emergence of the principles of chiaroscuro, elements of perspective, the emergence of three-dimensional pictorial images. New thematic possibilities for depicting reality by pictorial means were revealed. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings, tombs and other structures, was in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture.

Medieval painting was predominantly religious in content. It was distinguished by the expression of sonorous, mostly local colors, expressive contours.

The background of frescoes and paintings, as a rule, was conditional, abstract or golden, embodying the divine idea in its mysterious shimmer. Color symbolism played a significant role.

In the Renaissance, a sense of the harmony of the universe, anthropocentrism (a person in the center of mixing pure colors, and the effects of transferring texture. Artists went out to paint their paintings in the open air.

At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.

Abstract painting appears (see avant-garde, abstractionism, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continues, which will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most beloved techniques of artists.

The process of development of European painting in the XVII - XVIII centuries. becomes more complex, national schools are formed, each with its own traditions and characteristics. Painting proclaimed new social and civic ideals, psychological problems deepened, a sense of the conflicting relationship between the individual and the world around him. The appeal to the diversity of real life, especially to the everyday environment of a person, led to a clear formation of a system of genres: landscape, still life, portrait, everyday genre, etc. Various pictorial systems were formed: dynamic baroque painting with its characteristic open, spiral composition; rococo painting with a play of exquisite nuances of color, light tones; painting of classicism with a clear, strict and clear pattern.

In the 19th century painting played an active role in public life. The painting of romanticism was distinguished by an active interest in the dramatic events of history and modernity, the contrast of light and shadow, and the saturation of color.

From time immemorial, man has been striving for perfection, seeking harmony in the world that surrounds him. Finding beauty, he tries to find a way to preserve this beauty and bring it to his descendants. Fine art is one of the few methods invented by man in primitive times. Then the ancient people painted on the rocks and walls of caves, depicting scenes of the life of their people. This is how the art of painting began to emerge in primitive society. Over time, artists have learned to use a variety of means and methods of drawing. New genres and types of painting appeared. Passing on the accumulated knowledge and experience from generation to generation, people managed to preserve the picture of the world in its original form. And today we have the opportunity to admire all parts of the world, looking at the works of artists from different eras.

Difference from other types of fine art

Painting, unlike other ways of transmitting visual images, is done by applying paint to canvas, paper or other surface. This type of fine art has an unusual artistic style of expression. The artist, playing with imagination and shades of colors, is able to give the viewer not just a reflection of the visible world, but by adding fresh images of himself, convey his vision and emphasize something new and unusual.

Types of painting and their brief description

This type of art is characterized depending on what paints and materials are used. There are various techniques and types of painting. There are 5 main varieties: miniature, easel, monumental, theatrical and decorative and decorative.

miniature painting

It began to develop even before the invention of printing, in the Middle Ages. At that time, there were handwritten books, which the masters of art decorated with finely drawn intros and endings, as well as decorated texts with colorful miniature illustrations. In the first half of the 19th century, miniature painting was used to create small portraits. For this, artists preferred watercolors, because thanks to pure and deep colors and their combinations, portraits acquired a special grace and nobility.

easel painting

This art of painting got its name due to the fact that the paintings are made using an easel, that is, a machine tool. Canvases are painted most often on canvas, which is stretched on a stretcher. Also, paper, cardboard, and wood can be used as a material basis. A picture painted on an easel is a completely independent work. It can depict both the fictional by the artist and the actual in all its manifestations. It can be both inanimate objects and people, both modernity and historical events.

monumental painting

This type of fine art is a pictorial creation of a large scale. Monumental painting is used to decorate the ceilings and walls of buildings, as well as various building structures. With its help, artists identify significant social and historical events that affect the development of society and contribute to the formation of people in the spirit of progress, patriotism and humanity.

Theatrical and decorative painting

This type is used for make-up, props, decoration of costumes and scenery, helping to reveal the plot of the performance. Costumes, make-up and scenery are made according to the sketches of the artist, who seeks to convey the style of the era, social status and personal character of the characters.

decorative painting

It refers to the decoration of the interior and buildings, using colorful panels, which create a visual increase or decrease in the size of the room, the illusion of breaking through the wall, etc.

Painting in Russia

We have listed the main types of painting, which differ in the way the painter uses material for creativity. Now let's talk about the features of this type of art inherent in our country. Russia has always been famous for its vast expanses with rich flora and fauna. And each artist sought to capture on canvas all the beauty of nature and convey to the viewer the splendor of the images.

Various types of landscapes in painting can be observed on the canvases of famous creators. Each of them, using his own technique, tried to convey to the viewer his own emotions and his own vision. Russian painting is glorified by such masters as Levitan, Shishkin, Savrasov, Aivazovsky and many others. To write their famous paintings, they used different techniques. And just as the inner worlds of the masters of painting are diverse, so are their creations and the emotions evoked in the audience in the end. The most sincere and deep feelings give rise to the famous works of our painters.

So, for example, “Morning in a Pine Forest” by Shishkin fills us with subtle light and gives us peace of mind. We seem to feel the morning fresh air, plunging into the coniferous atmosphere and watching the cubs play. While Aivazovsky's "Seashore" takes us into the abyss of worries and anxiety. Rural autumn landscapes of Levitan present a portion of nostalgia and memories. And Savrasov's creation "The Rooks Have Arrived" envelops with a slight sadness and gives hope.

Confirmation of the colossal potential and talent of the Russian people, as well as love for their homeland and nature, is Russian painting. Everyone can verify this by looking at the pictures of our compatriots. And the main task is to preserve the living Russian painting tradition and the creative abilities of the people.

The great figure, scientist and Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci said: "Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard." And one cannot but agree with him. Real art is truly perceived comprehensively. We see, and contemplate, and hear, and in our souls we keep the works of art we like. And world masterpieces remain in our memory for many years.

Genres and types of painting

Drawing a picture, the master performs it in a certain state, a special character. The work will not turn out to be full-fledged, worthy of love and attention, if only form and color are depicted on it. The artist is obliged to endow objects with a soul, people with charisma, a spark, perhaps a secret, nature with peculiar feelings, and events with real experiences. And genres and types of painting help the creator in this. They allow you to correctly convey the mood of the era, event, fact, it is better to capture the main idea, image, landscape.

The main ones include:

• Historical- depiction of facts, moments in the history of different countries and eras.
• Battle- transmits battle scenes.
• Domestic- Scenes from everyday life.
• Scenery These are paintings of nature. There are sea, mountain, fantastic, lyrical, rural, urban, space landscapes.
• Still life- illustrates inanimate objects: kitchen utensils, weapons, vegetables, fruits, plants, etc.
• Portrait- This is an image of a person, a group of people. Often, artists like to paint self-portraits or canvases depicting their lovers.
• animalistic- Pictures about animals.

Separately, one can single out another plot-thematic genre and include here works, the subject of which are myths, legends, epics, as well as paintings of everyday life.

Types of painting also mean separate ones. They help the artist achieve perfection when creating a canvas, tell him in which direction to move and work. There are the following options:

- Panorama- an image of the area in a large-scale format, a general view.

- Diorama- an image of battles, spectacular events curved in a semicircle.

- Miniature- Manuscripts, portraits.

- Monumental and decorative painting- painting on walls, panels, plafonds, etc.

- icon painting- paintings on religious themes.

- decorative painting- creation of artistic scenery in cinema and theater.

- easel painting In other words, pictures.

- Decorative painting of everyday objects of life.

As a rule, each master of fine arts chooses for himself one particular genre and type of painting that is closest to him in spirit, and mostly works only in it. For example, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Gayvazyan) worked in the style of a seascape. Such artists are also called marine painters (from "marina", which in Latin means "sea").

Techniques

Painting is a certain manner of executing the plot, its feeling through the world of colors and strokes. And of course, such reproduction cannot be done without the use of certain techniques, patterns and rules. The very concept of "technique" in the visual arts can be defined as a set of techniques, norms and practical knowledge, with the help of which the author conveys the idea and plot of the picture most accurately, close to reality.

The choice of painting technique depends on what kind of materials, type of canvas will be taken to create a work. Sometimes an artist can take an individual approach to his work, take advantage of a mixture of different styles and trends. This author's approach allows you to create truly unique works of art - world masterpieces.

In technical terms, there are several options for painting. Let's consider them in more detail.

Painting of ancient times

The history of painting begins with rock carvings of primitive man. At this time, the paintings are not distinguished by the liveliness of the plots, the riot of colors, but there was a peculiar emotion in them. And the plots of those years clearly inform us about the existence of life in the distant past. The lines are extremely simple, the subject is predictable, the directions are unambiguous.

In ancient times, the content of the drawings becomes more diverse, more often they depict animals, different things, make whole biographies on the entire wall, especially if the pictures are created for the pharaohs, in which they then believed very much. After about another two thousand years, wall paintings begin to acquire colors.

Ancient painting, in particular, Old Russian, is well conveyed and preserved in old icons. They are a shrine and the best example, conveying the beauty of art from God. Their color is unique, and the purpose is perfect. Such painting conveys the unreality of being, images and instills in a person the idea of ​​a divine principle, of the existence of an ideal art, which must be equal to.

The development of painting did not pass without a trace. For a long time, mankind has managed to accumulate real relics and the spiritual heritage of many centuries.

Watercolor

Watercolor painting is distinguished by the brightness of colors, purity of color and transparency of application to paper. Yes, it is on a paper surface that it is best to work in this fine art technique. The drawing dries quickly and as a result acquires a lighter and matte texture.

Watercolor does not allow you to achieve interesting tints when using dark, solid shades, but it perfectly models the color when the layers are superimposed one on top of the other. In this case, it turns out to find completely new, unusual options that are difficult to obtain with other artistic techniques.

Difficulties with watercolor

The complexity of working in such a technique as watercolor painting lies in the fact that it does not forgive mistakes, does not allow improvisation with cardinal changes. If you did not like the applied tone or you got a completely different color that you wanted, then it is unlikely that you will be able to fix it. Any attempts (washing with water, scraping, mixing with other colors) can lead to both a more interesting shade and complete contamination of the picture.

Changing the location of a figure, an object, any improvement in composition in this technique is essentially impossible to do. But due to the quick drying of paints on painting, it is ideal for drawing sketches. And in terms of depicting plants, portraits, urban landscapes, it can compete with oil paintings.

Oil

Each of the technical varieties of painting has its own specifics. This applies to both the manner of performance and the artistic transmission of the image. Oil painting is one of the favorite techniques of many artists. It is difficult to work in it, because it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience: from preparing the necessary items, materials to the final stage - covering the resulting picture with a protective layer of varnish.

The whole process of oil painting is quite laborious. Regardless of which base you choose: canvas, cardboard or hardboard (fibreboard), you must first cover it with primer. It will allow the paint to lie down and hold well, not to stand out from the oil. It will also give the background the desired texture and color. There are a lot of types and recipes for various soils. And each artist prefers his own, specific, to which he is accustomed and which he considers the best option.

As mentioned above, the work takes place in several stages, and the final is the coating of the picture with varnish substances. This is done in order to protect the canvas from moisture, the appearance of cracks (mesh) and other mechanical damage. Oil painting does not tolerate work on paper, but thanks to the whole technology of applying paints, it allows you to keep artworks safe and sound for centuries.

fine arts of china

I would like to pay special attention to the era of Chinese painting, since it has a special page in history. The Eastern direction of painting has developed over more than six thousand years. Its formation was closely connected with other crafts, social changes and conditions taking place in people's lives. For example, after the introduction of Buddhism in China, religious frescoes acquired great importance. In times (960-1127), historical paintings become popular, including stories about everyday life. Landscape painting has established itself as an independent direction already in the 4th century AD. e. Images of nature were created in blue-green colors and Chinese ink. And in the ninth century, artists increasingly began to paint pictures that depicted flowers, birds, fruits, insects, fish, embodying their ideals and the nature of the era in them.

Features of Chinese painting

Traditional Chinese painting is notable for its specific style as well as the materials used for painting, which in turn influences the methods and forms of Oriental art. First, Chinese painters use a special brush to create paintings. It looks like watercolor and has a particularly sharp tip. Such a tool allows you to create sophisticated works, and, as you know, the style of calligraphy is still widely used in China. Secondly, ink is used everywhere as paints - Chinese ink (it happens that together with other colors, but it is also used as an independent paint). This has been happening for two thousand years. It is also worth noting that before the advent of paper, people in China painted on silk. Today, modern masters of art perform their work both on paper and on a silk surface.

This is not all the technical possibilities of painting. In addition to the above, there are many others (gouache, pastel, tempera, fresco, acrylic, wax, painting on glass, porcelain, etc.), including author's options for art.

Epochs of painting

Like any art form, painting has its own history of formation. And above all, it is characterized by different stages of development, multifaceted styles, interesting directions. Not the last role here is played by the era of painting. Each of them affects not just a piece of the life of the people and not only the time of some historical events, but a whole life! Among the most famous periods in the art of painting are: the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the work of impressionist artists, modern, surrealism and many, many others. In other words, painting is a visual illustration of a certain era, a picture of life, a worldview through the eyes of an artist.

The concept of "painting" literally means "to write life", to depict reality vividly, masterfully, convincingly. To convey on your canvas not only every detail, every little thing, moment, but also the mood, emotions, color of this or that time, the style and genre of the entire work of art.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3

1. Painting as an art form……………………………………………….4

2. Kind of fine art - graphics………………………………4

3. An ancient form of art - sculpture…………………………………...6

4.Architecture - the art of designing and building……………………7

5.Main trends and techniques of contemporary art…………..9

6.Kinetic art………………………………………………..14

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….16

List of used literature……………………………………...17

Introduction

The concept of "art" is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and imaginative forms of reflection of reality.

In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation (mimesis), sensual expression of the supersensible, and the like.

Aesthetics considers art as a form of social consciousness, a specific kind of spiritual and practical assimilation of the world, as an organic unity of creation, cognition, evaluation and human communication, in the narrow sense - fine art, a high degree of skill, mastery in any field of human activity.

Main types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, literature, cinema, theater.

Consider the basic concepts of some types, trends and techniques of contemporary fine art.

1. Painting as an art form

Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 11th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.

At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.

Abstract painting appears (avant-garde, abstractionism, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist's personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continued, which undoubtedly led to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most beloved techniques of artists.

2. Kind of fine art - graphics

Graphics (from gr. grapho - I write, I draw) - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (xylography), metal engraving (etching), lithography, linocut, engraving on cardboard, etc.

The drawing belongs to the unique graphics because each drawing is one of a kind. Works of printed graphics can be reproduced (replicated) in many equivalent copies - prints. Each print is an original, not a copy of the work.

Drawing is the basis of all types of graphics and other types of fine arts. As a rule, a graphic image is performed on a sheet of paper. An artist sometimes needs very simple means - a graphite pencil or a ballpoint pen - to make a graphic drawing. In other cases, to create his works, he uses complex fixtures for a printing press, lithographic stones, cutters (engravers) for linoleum or wood, and much more.

The term "graphics" was originally used only for writing and calligraphy. The art of type has long been associated with graphics. It received a new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when graphics was defined as an independent art form.

The language of graphics and its main expressive means are line, stroke, contour, spot and tone. Actively participates in creating the overall impression of the graphic work of a white sheet of paper. You can achieve an expressive pattern even when using only black. That is why graphics are often called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics.

The boundaries between graphics and painting are very flexible, for example, the technique of watercolor, pastel, and sometimes gouache is attributed to one or another type of art, depending on the extent to which color is used, what prevails in the work - a line or a spot, what is its purpose.

One of the distinguishing features of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to space. The pure white background of the sheet, not occupied by images, and even the background of the paper that shows through under the colorful layer, are conventionally perceived as space. This can be seen especially clearly in book graphics, when an image placed on a blank page is perceived as located in the space of the interior, street, landscape in accordance with the text, and not on a snowy field.

The artistically expressive virtues of graphics lie in its conciseness, capacity of images, concentration and strict selection of graphic means. Some understatement, a conventional designation of an object, as if a hint at it, constitute a special value of a graphic image, they are designed for the active work of the viewer's imagination.

In this regard, not only carefully traced graphic sheets, but also cursory sketches, sketches from nature, sketches of the composition have an independent artistic value.

A variety of genres are available in graphics (portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre, etc.) and almost unlimited possibilities for depicting and figuratively interpreting the world.

.3. An ancient art form - sculpture

Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve, sculpture, plastic) - a type of fine art, the works of which have a material three-dimensional volume. These works themselves (statues, busts, reliefs, and the like) are also called sculpture.

Sculpture is divided into two types: round, freely placed in real space, and relief (bas-relief and high relief), in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane. Sculpture can be easel, monumental, monumental and decorative according to its purpose. Sculpture of small forms stands out separately. By genre, sculpture is divided into portrait, everyday (genre), animalistic, historical and other. Landscape and still life can be recreated by sculptural means. But the main object for the sculptor is a person who can be embodied in various forms (head, bust, statue, sculptural group).

The technology for making sculptures is usually complex and multi-stage, involving great physical labor. The sculptor cuts or carves his work out of solid material (stone, wood, etc.) by removing excess mass. Another process of creating volume by adding plastic mass (plasticine, clay, wax, etc.) is called modeling (plasticity). Sculptures also create their work by casting from substances that can change from liquid to solid (various materials, gypsum, concrete, plastic, etc.). Unmelted metal for sculpture is processed by forging, embossing, welding and cutting.

In the XX century. there are new opportunities for the development of sculpture. So, in abstract sculpture, non-traditional methods and materials are used (wire, inflatable figures, mirrors, etc.). Artists of many modernist movements proclaim ordinary objects as works of sculpture.

Color, which has long been used in sculpture (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance), is actively used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of easel sculpture today. The appeal to polychromy in sculpture or the rejection of it, the return to the natural color of the material (stone, wood, bronze, etc.) are associated with the general direction of the development of art in a given country and in a given era.