Dates of the reign of Russian princes. All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin in chronological order

1. Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given according to the PVL, except for those cases where there is a generally accepted clarification from independent sources. For the Kiev princes, the exact dates within the year (season or month and day) are indicated if they are named in the sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of the new one took place simultaneously. As a rule, the annals recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he did not return to Kiev). In other cases, the date of the removal from the table was usually not named and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was left by the former prince, but it is not said when the successor prince took it. Dates for Vladimir princes are indicated in a similar way. For the Horde era, when the right to the Vladimir Grand Duchy was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign indicates the date when the prince sat on the table in Vladimir itself, and the end - when he actually lost control of the city. For the Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of the death of the previous prince, and for the period of the Moscow strife, the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of the reign, as a rule, is indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For the presidents of the Russian Federation - from the date of taking office.
2. Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: Ways of political development. M., 1996. pp. 46.74; Glib IvakinІhistorical development Kiev XIII - middle XVI st. K., 1996; BDT. Volume Russia. M., 2004. pp. 275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. History Russian Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., - Kyiv, 2005. S. 411-419. Gorsky A. A. Rus' from the Slavic Settlement to the Muscovite Kingdom. M., 2004. - p.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative all-Russian center to Kiev began in the middle of the 12th century (from the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kyiv, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning XIV century, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Rus'". The Vladimir table with the sanction of the Horde was received by one of the specific princes of North-Eastern Rus', from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes, from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principalities became the core of the modern Russian state.
3. He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 22). According to the Lavrentievsky list of PVL and the Novgorod I chronicle, he settled in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, in 864 he founded Novgorod and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- S. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 14). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of him in the annals refer to Gorodische.
4. He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, the prince, tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor's infancy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, st. 1). In the Novgorod Chronicle I appears as a governor under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
5. He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 23), most likely in the summer, since he was supposed to go on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the autumn of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod Chronicle I, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
6. The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle in 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 42). Either this is just a feature of the design of the chronicle, or it took him time to sit down in Kyiv. When describing the death and funeral of Oleg, Igor is not mentioned. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the autumn of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of doom may have been november, since, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it was in November that the polyudye began. ( Litavrin G.  G. Ancient Rus', Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries. // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore of the Slavic peoples. M., 1983. - S. 68.).
7. Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals (in the list of Kiev princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kiev princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle), the ruler is not called (PSRL, vol. II, st. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). At the request of Olga, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Rus', but when he arrived in 961, he could not begin his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Rus' in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
8. The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946), and the first independent event - in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent rule nevertheless began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in the early spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).
9. Planted in Kiev by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After the death of his father, he continued to reign in Kyiv. Expelled from Kyiv and killed, the chronicle dates this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78). According to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.
10. According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) of the PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kiev in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to “In memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnikh - June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. Vol. 1. - P. 326. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).
11. At the time of his father's death, he was in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).
12. He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 142). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar Merseburgsky. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).
13. Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143-144, Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).
14. Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162), i.e. February 19, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date is added to the indication of Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The March style is used in the annals and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of fasting it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055, fasting began later, the author of the PVL used the March style of reckoning, erroneously increasing the term of Yaroslav's reign by one year. See. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Rus'. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday 20 February are shown in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. The most probable date is determined by the ratio of the day and the day of the week - Sunday 20 February 1054.
15. He arrived in Kyiv after the death of his father and sat on the throne according to his father's will (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). This probably happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav's body was taken from Vyshgorod to Kiev, according to the annals, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was organizing the funeral, according to Nestor's "Reading about Boris and Gleb" - Izyaslav buried his father in Kiev). The beginning of his reign is marked in the annals in 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed the death of Yaroslav to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).
16. Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 172-173).
17. Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182).
18. Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). Died 27th of December 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).
19. Sat on the throne 1st of January March 6584 (1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In the summer of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190).
20. Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).
21. Sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 204). Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
22. Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentievskaya and Troitskaya chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 206), according to Ipatievskaya chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
23. Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, Ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 295, vol. II, st. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208).
24. Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
25. Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultramart 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 is clearly mistaken (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).
26. Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).
27. Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, st. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles - July 30 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
28. Sat on the throne the day after the death of his brother. (HIL., 1950. - S. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227) (possibly August 1 due to the discrepancy between the date of Vsevolod's death by 1 day, see the previous note). August 13 1146 was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).
29. Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and retreated to Kyiv, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).
30. Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kiev, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).
31. He entered Kiev in August 1150 and sat down at Yaroslav's Court, but after protests from the people of Kiev and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
32. Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).
33. He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).
34. Sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
35. As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kiev table. He sat down in Kiev with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186. He died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).
36. He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).
37. Sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 344, vol. II, st. 476). Yielded power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, st. 477).
38. Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is, 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. - P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).
39. Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
40. Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the following year he ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348).
41. Village in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kiev on February 8, ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).
42. Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).
43. He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
44. By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This story is also told by Jan Dlugosz ( Shchaveleva N. I. Ancient Rus' in "Polish History" by Jan Dlugosh. M., 2004. - S.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention his reign at all, instead it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich, before his arrival, ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kiev (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kiev, but the chronicle does not directly speak about his entry into the city) , and the day before the arrival of Mstislav, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kiev (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this report, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the princes of Kyiv.
45. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the annals, the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected for May 15 ( Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kyiv for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week, see below). Pyatnov A. P. Kyiv and Kiev land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies/ №1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18.). The united army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting correspond exactly to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S.336.) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
46. Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).
47. Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
48. He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
49. Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
50. His reign in Kyiv is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). After a short time, having no support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he gave way to Roman Rostislavich ( Pyatnov A.V. Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - P. 500).
51. Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kiev in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).
52. Mikhalko Yuryevich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kiev table after Roman, sent his brother to Kyiv instead of himself. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian chronicles). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was taken prisoner by Davyd and Rurik Rostislavich to the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570).
53. Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
54. Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
55. In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
56. Sat in Kyiv 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. .234)
57. He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).
58. Sat in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).
59. He entered Kyiv in 1176 (ultramart 6685), on Ilyin's day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kyiv due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich with his brothers, but as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kyiv to him. He returned to Kyiv in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616).
60. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kiev to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kiev principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
61. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) . His co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Principality of Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 626). In historiography, their joint reign received the designation "duumvirate", however, Rurik is not included in the lists of Kiev princes, since he did not sit on the Kiev table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
62. He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman Mstislavich in the Ultra-March 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kyiv at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, and Rurik remained on Gor). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
63. Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yurievich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).
64. Took Kyiv 2 January 1203(6711 ultramart) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711), Roman opposed Rurik and besieged him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians are of the opinion that after the sack of Kyiv, Rurik left the city without becoming a prince in it ( Grushevsky M.S. Essay on the history of the Kyiv land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century. K., 1891. - S. 265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 419). After a quarrel that took place in Trepol at the end of a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kyiv, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the “fierce winter” in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. From .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. .240; Gorovenko A.V. Sword of Roman Galitsky. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - S. 148). In the list of Kyiv princes compiled by L. Makhnovets, Roman is indicated as a prince for two weeks in 1204 ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky List. - K., 1989. - P. 522), in the list compiled by A. Poppe - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). SPb., 1996. - S. 474), but the annals do not say that he was in Kyiv. There is a message about this only in the so-called Izvestiya  Tatishchev. Nevertheless, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his henchmen on the Kiev table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to the Kiev principality for this). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kyiv princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL. T.II, stb. 2) and named prince "All Rus'"- such a definition was applied only to the Kyiv princes (PSRL. T.II, stb.715).
65. He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Shortly after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) ceded Kyiv to his father.
66. He was cut short after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultramart 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)
67. He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428).
68. He sat down in Kyiv, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). He left Kyiv the following year when Vsevolod's troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). The reports in the annals under 1206 and 1207 may duplicate each other.
69. He sat down in Kyiv in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429), in the autumn of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433).
70. He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement with Vsevolod, in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718) he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message, perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kyiv. ( Pyatnov A.P. Fight for Kiev table in 1210s. Controversial questions chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
71. He sat down in Kyiv either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia First Chronicle clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314). chronicles Vsevolod is listed as a prince of Kiev under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411). However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
72. His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
73. His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the Novgorod First May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733 years) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. Date accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
74. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat in Kyiv in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-rulership. Sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) June 16 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). Having been defeated in the battle  under Torche on the feast of the Ascension ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv (at the end of May or at the beginning of June) 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).
75. In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev). In historiography it is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion is widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with that name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - S.14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. - S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from the Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kyiv.
76. Freed from the Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniil Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777), Kyiv was ceded to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the Novgorod First Chronicle, his second reign is not mentioned.
77. Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or soon after the battle na r. City ( 10th of March), in which the elder brother of Yaroslav, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (On the chronology of the reign of Yaroslav in Kyiv, see. Gorsky A. A. Problems studying “Words about death Russian land  To 750 - anniversary from time of writing // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature” 1990. T. 43).
78. A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustyn Chronicle, but it most likely simply started from the list here (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). Accept this reign M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Domongolian Rus. SPb, 2002. - S. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - S. 522).
79. He occupied Kiev in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kyiv, and continued to stay in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (c. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
80. He occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).
81. Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to the Lavrentievskaya and most of the later chronicles, Kyiv was taken on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470). According to the chronicles of Pskov origin (Annals of Abraham, Supraslskaya), in Monday 19 November. (PSRL, vol. XVI, st. 51). Cm. Stavisky V. I. On two dates storming Kyiv in 1240 according Russian chronicles // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature. 1990. T. 43
82. He returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the Battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, “near Kiev on an island” (on the island of the Dnieper) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when this happened, the annals do not say.
83. Over the years, the Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in the Russian terminology of "kings") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
84. In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitri Eykovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with Polish sources Starting with N. M. Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kiev under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).
85. After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde and sat in it. Died November 14
86. Received Vladimir as a parish in 1140s years. He sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not given in early chronicles. According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal - June 4(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). Vladimir left his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, st. 580), according to the Sofia First Chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 238).
87. He sat down in Vladimir in the ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks the siege retired (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).
88. Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).
89. Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
90. He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, April 13 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.
91. Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
92. Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).
93. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465).
94. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)
95. He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523), according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Exiled early in 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). This message is not found in other chronicles.
96. He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.
97. Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
98. In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
99. Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustynsky Chronicle, he is also called the Prince of Kyiv, however, the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
100. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).
101. He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
102. He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340. Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - S. 15-16).
103. He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
104. He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Rus' in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).
105. He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.
106. He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
107. He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).
108. He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.
109. In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 ( Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - P. 62).
110. He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).
111. Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
112. He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
113. Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) . When the Moscow troops approached, Vladimir left.
114. He received a great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 434). Sat in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (i.e. early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P. 378).
115. Having received a new label from the khan, he sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
116. Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but there were no real consequences. had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
117. He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
118. Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. The first seven years from 1264 to 1271 he was raised by his uncle, the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow (PSRL, vol. 15, st. 474). The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V. A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Aleksandrovich // Patriotic history. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultra-March 6712) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
119. Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
120. See above.
121. He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received a label for a great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Sofia second chronicle, October 5 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the Sophia First and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat down "at the Most Pure at the Golden Doors" (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir (V. D. Nazarov defends the version of Vasily's enthronement in Vladimir. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. V.4. - P.629).
122. He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
123. He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
124. Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
125. He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
126. He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner.
127. Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. Vityaz at crossroads: Feudal war in Russia XV c. - M. : Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
128. Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
129. He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). The first of the Moscow princes used the title Sovereign of All Rus'. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).
130. At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the Dubrovsky list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).
131. For the first time he was named Grand Duke in the agreement between Vasily II and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Suzdal, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that Prince Ivan was declared the Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
132. The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
133. From June 1471, in acts and annals, he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-ruler of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
134. He was planted by Ivan III "to the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Rus'" (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a wedding ceremony was held for the kingdom and for the first time the "hat of Monomakh" was used for the coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his mind, declaring his son Vasily his heir.
135. He was crowned by Ivan III for a great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
136. Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
137. Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was the regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
138. On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. He died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
139. Kasimov Khan, name before baptism Sain-Bulat. He was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Rus'", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. First mentioned in Ivan's petition on October 30, 7084 of September (i.e., in this case, 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T. I. Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V. I. Zemsky Sobor in 1575 and the appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich “Grand Prince of All Rus'” // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, there was a separate clause providing for “not wanting” Simeon and his children to reign.
140. Crowned the kingdom on May 31, 1584. He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.
141. After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Through eight days she went to a monastery, but in official documents she continued to be called the "empress queen and grand duchess."
142. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was married to the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about 3 p.m.
143. He inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites, who recognized False Dmitry as tsar, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
144. He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory  (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.
145. Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. He was overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
146. In the period - after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars ("seven boyars", in historiography the seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar (see N. Marchotsky. History of the Moscow War. M.,   2000.)
147. Headed the Boyar Duma. He negotiated with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, until the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted the incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
148. The highest body of executive power in the territory liberated from interventionists. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the whole land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky spoke out against the people's militia. In the spring of 1611, the Second Militia arose in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo headman on September 1, 1611) and D. M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new Zemsky government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king. After the unification of the First and Second Militias at the end of September 1612 D.T. Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemstvo government.
149. March 14, 1613 agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 , July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.
150. Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign."
151. Crowning the kingdom on September 28, 1645. He died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
152. Crowning the kingdom June 18, 1676. Died April 27, 1682.
153. After the death of Fedor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter the Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle of the court factions, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers, and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed the "senior king." Joint wedding to the kingdom

23.04.2017 09:10

Rurik (862-879)

Rurik Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed the Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians because of the Varangian Sea. Rurik is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised his daughter and stepson Askold. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and settlements to the management of his close associates, where they had the right to independently create a court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were in no way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kyiv prince, nicknamed the Prophet. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army for those times, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the glades the little son of Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repulsed the Pecheneg raids and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring subjugated tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good ability to rule, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she accepted Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was later canonized as a saint and named Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of government into her own hands, while her son grew up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium, John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then the skull of Svyatoslav was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Rus' under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea to his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Rus', which caused displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod for himself, then Polotsk, and then besieged Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was Prince of Novgorod since 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yotvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Rus' that defensive structures were built at the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Rus, which immediately increased the authority of the country in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to only as "Vladimir the Red Sun." Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod expelled him from Kyiv. Then Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, the King of Poland, Boleslav, for help. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Accursed because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and establishing a new faith. It was Yaroslav the Wise who published the first code of laws in Rus' called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace with each other.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, he was driven out by the people of Kiev themselves. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is possible that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated person, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to education in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He held onto the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the throne of Kiev after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he failed to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lubicz, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to materialize. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volhynia. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, which was done. The campaign ended with the victory of the Russians in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, tireless and favorably distinguished himself from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the recalcitrant princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and sent his son to reign in their place.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichi lost the throne of Kiev, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichi.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II desired to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take the veil as a monk, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav the Second (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his mind, disposition, friendliness and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the throne of Kiev, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Rus', that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a Grand Duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince Yuri Vladimirovich of Rostov. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the throne of Kiev began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the throne of Kyiv by Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did, becoming the Grand Duke, was to transfer the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads and vecha, pursued all those dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod III (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The decision of the father to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Konstantin in his claims to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Konstantin nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Rus', who in 1224 in the Battle of Kalka first defeated the Polovtsy, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsy. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. The hordes of the Mongols ravaged the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also, in the battle of the City, they defeated the army of the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, the hordes of the Mongols plundered the south of Rus' and Kyiv, after which all the Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Saray the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. This prince during his reign was engaged in restoring Rus' devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully with the Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. Alexander Nevsky was later canonized as a saint.

Yaroslav III (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, two of his brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. Nevertheless, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into destinies.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the great reign with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.

Andrew II (1294 - 1304)

Andrei II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed the principality in Pereslavl, which caused civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for a great reign, while bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail before the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Michael to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri III (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was her untimely death that Yuri Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy treacherously accused, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reigning, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry at the first meeting killed Yuri, avenging the death of his father.

Dmitry II (1326)

For the murder of Yuri the Third, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander of Tverskoy (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the people of Tver to kill Shchelkan, the khan's ambassador hated by all. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the forgiveness of the khan and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very cautious and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the principality of Tver. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Rus', which contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from the specific princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He laid the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Rus' and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label to the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Rus'. The prince died, leaving no heir from a pestilence.

John II (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label for the great reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Rus', swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The attitude of Rus' towards the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the usual dues. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiello and moved with a large army to Rus'. Dmitry and other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field, (near the river Don) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Rus' defeated the army of Mamai and Jagello. For this victory they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he took care of strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of government, since even during the life of his father he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Rus' with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigey, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Basil the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily II (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Vasily II Dark Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the Khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping in the future to marry his daughter to Vasily, but these expectations were not was destined to come true. Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Rus' rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily Kosoy Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily II. Under Vasily II, all metropolitans in Rus' began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the core of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus'. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Sudebnik was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Rus'. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Rus'" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleolog. He had a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought twice with Lithuania on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. Fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He withdrew all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which turned the boyars against him even more. From the marriage with Elena, Vasily III had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

She was appointed to rule by Vasily III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, very severely dealt with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers could not be realized, since Elena suddenly died.

John the Fourth (Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Rus' became in 1547 the first Russian Tsar. From the end of the forties he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Sudebnik was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms) were also carried out. John Vasilyevich conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire domestic policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was nicknamed the Terrible by the people. The enslavement of the peasants increased considerably.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not differ in sharpness of mind. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law of the tsar. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk Harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fedor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov's supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take tonsure, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile at Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which hit the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried his best to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in state buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed the rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry was not killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while having managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fyodor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand men. The army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently engaged in all state affairs, but caused displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not honor the old Russian customs enough, and neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inept Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushinsky thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and a troubled time of interregnum came to Russia, lasting three years.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent all over Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the zemstvo headman of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long rejections, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulinsky with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the parent of the king, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.

Alexei Mikhailovich (The Quietest) (1645 - 1676)

Alexei Mikhailovich Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, and was very pious. He could not stand quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Rus' with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone from now on to be baptized in the Greek manner - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Rus'. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a “fig”, as ordered by the patriarch, noblewoman Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which they managed to suppress, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Muscovite state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fyodor and John) and many daughters, he remarried the girl Natalia Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye - to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying state and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected king thanks to the Streltsy rebellion. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the dissenters, curb the archers, conclude an "eternal peace" with Poland, which is very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned her half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military figure. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. He built a new capital - St. Petersburg. The main dream of Peter was the elimination of Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, Petr Alekseevich tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, lasting 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out with the most cruel methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletsky in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for having equipped Bering on a round-the-world trip, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, who was still sentenced to death by his father, Peter the Great, for being disgusted with reforms, Peter Alekseevich, as the heir to the throne, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II ruled for a short time. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruky, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from state affairs with fun, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, therefore they chose Anna Ioannovna, Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of John Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into rights, destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, gave positions to the Germans Ostern and Munnich, as well as to the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was later called "Bironism".

Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet, established by Anna Ioannovna, and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she established the first loan banks in Russia, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia waged two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year war", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace with Sweden, part of Finland went to Russia. The death of Empress Elizabeth put an end to the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unsuitable for governing the state, but his temper was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against him, since he, to the detriment of Russian interests, showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, did not differ in certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship with the empress, he quickly signed the abdication and soon died.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed Pugachev's peasant uprising, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of Crimea by Turkey, and also Russia moved away from the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Russia got the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the education of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Pavel the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, one should note a very significant relief in the life of serfs (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, and the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, assuming the throne, vowed to govern the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which aroused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from domestic reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the agreement with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It greatly facilitated the life of the peasants.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After the rupture of relations with Turkey, on the side of which England, Sardinia and France sided, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

The Turkish war had to be ended by Alexander II. The Paris peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur Territory, and later Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917. This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power.

After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished.

After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country.

Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985); After the betrayal of Gorbachev, the USSR collapsed:

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991); After the drunkard Yeltsin, independent Russia was on the verge of collapse:

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Vladimir Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break for 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state) Who are the rulers of Russia? All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia.

All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.

Nicholas II (1894 - 1917) Due to the stampede that occurred during his coronation, many people died. So the name "Bloody" was attached to the kindest philanthropist Nikolai. In 1898, Nicholas II, taking care of world peace, issued a manifesto in which he called on all countries of the world to completely disarm. After that, a special commission met in The Hague to develop a number of measures that could further prevent bloody clashes between countries and peoples. But the peace-loving emperor had to fight. First, in the First World War, then the Bolshevik coup broke out, as a result of which the monarch was overthrown, and then shot with his family in Yekaterinburg. The Orthodox Church canonized Nicholas Romanov and his entire family as saints.

Rurik (862-879)

Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed the Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians because of the Varangian Sea. is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised his daughter and stepson Askold. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and settlements to the management of his close associates, where they had the right to independently create a court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were in no way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kyiv prince, nicknamed the Prophet. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army for those times, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the glades the little son of Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and, with a brilliant victory, provided the Russians with preferential rights to free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repulsed the Pecheneg raids and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring subjugated tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good ability to rule, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she accepted Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was later canonized as a saint and named Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of government into her own hands, while her son grew up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium, John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kiev. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then the skull of Svyatoslav was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Rus' under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kiev principality. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea to his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Rus', which caused displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod, then Polotsk, and then laid siege to Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was Prince of Novgorod since 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yotvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Rus' that defensive structures were built at the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Rus, which immediately increased the authority of the country in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to only as "Vladimir the Red Sun." Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod expelled him from Kyiv. Then Svyatopolk turned for help to his father-in-law, King Boleslav of Poland. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kiev, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Accursed because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and establishing a new faith. It was he who published the first code of laws in Rus' called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace with each other.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, he was driven out by the people of Kiev themselves. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is possible that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated person, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to education in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He held onto the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the throne of Kiev after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he failed to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lubicz, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to materialize. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volhynia. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, which was done. The campaign ended with the victory of the Russians in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, tireless and favorably distinguished himself from the rest by his remarkable mental abilities. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the recalcitrant princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and sent his son to reign in their place.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichi lost the throne of Kiev, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichi.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II desired to secure the throne of Kiev for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take the veil as a monk, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav II (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his mind, disposition, friendliness and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the throne of Kiev, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Rus', that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a Grand Duke. A stubborn struggle began between Izyaslav II and Prince Yuri Vladimirovich of Rostov. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the throne of Kiev began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the throne of Kyiv by Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did, becoming the Grand Duke, was to transfer the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads and vecha, pursued all those dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod III (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed the Big Nest, began to reign in Vladimir. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kiev, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The decision of the father to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Konstantin in his claims to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Konstantin nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Rus', who in 1224 in the Battle of Kalka first defeated the Polovtsy, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsy. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. The hordes of the Mongols ravaged the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also, in the battle of the City, they defeated the army of the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, the hordes of the Mongols plundered the south of Rus' and Kyiv, after which all the Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Saray the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. This prince during his reign was engaged in restoring Rus' devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully with the Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, as he traveled to the Golden Horde four times with rich gifts and bows. was later canonized as a saint.

Yaroslav III (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, two of his brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. Nevertheless, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into destinies.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the great reign with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.

Andrew II (1294 - 1304)

Andrei II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed the principality in Pereslavl, which caused civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for a great reign, while bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail before the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Michael to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri III (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was her untimely death that Yuri Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy treacherously accused, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reigning, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry at the first meeting killed Yuri, avenging the death of his father.

Dmitry II (1326)

For the murder of Yuri the Third, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander of Tver (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the people of Tver to kill Shchelkan, the khan's ambassador hated by all. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the forgiveness of the khan and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very cautious and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the principality of Tver. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Rus', which contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from the specific princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He laid the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Rus' and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label to the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Rus'. The prince died, leaving no heir from a pestilence.

John II (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label to the great reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Rus', swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The attitude of Rus' towards the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the usual dues. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiello and moved with a large army to Rus'. Dmitry and other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field, (near the river Don) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Rus' defeated the army of Mamai and Jagello. For this victory they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he took care of strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of government, since even during the life of his father he shared the reign with him. Expanded the Moscow principality. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Rus' with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigey, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Basil the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily II (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the Khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping to marry his daughter to Vasily in the future, but these expectations were not destined to come true . Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Rus' rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily Kosoy Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily II. Under Vasily II, all metropolitans in Rus' began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the core of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Rus'. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Sudebnik was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Rus'. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Rus'" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleolog. He had a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought twice with Lithuania on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. Fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He withdrew all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which turned the boyars against him even more. From the marriage with Elena, Vasily III had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

She was appointed to rule by Vasily III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, very severely dealt with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers could not be realized, since Elena suddenly died.

John the Fourth (Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Rus' became in 1547 the first Russian Tsar. From the end of the forties he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Sudebnik was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms) were also carried out. conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire domestic policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was nicknamed the Terrible by the people. The enslavement of the peasants increased considerably.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not differ in sharpness of mind. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law of the tsar. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk Harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fedor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov's supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take tonsure, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile at Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which hit the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried his best to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in state buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed the rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry was not killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while having managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fyodor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand men. The army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently engaged in all state affairs, but caused displeasure of the clergy and boyars, because, in their opinion, he did not honor the old Russian customs enough, and neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inept Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushinsky thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and a troubled time of interregnum came to Russia, lasting three years.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent all over Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the zemstvo headman of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected tsar, who, after long rejections, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulinsky with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the parent of the king, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.

Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1645 - 1676)

Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, and was very pious. He could not stand quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Rus' with the rest of the Orthodox world and commanded everyone from now on to be baptized in the Greek manner - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Rus'. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a “fig”, as ordered by the patriarch - noblewoman Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out in different cities, which they managed to suppress, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Muscovite state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fyodor and John) and many daughters, he remarried the girl Natalia Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye - to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying state and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected king thanks to the Streltsy rebellion. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in state affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the dissenters, curb the archers, conclude an "eternal peace" with Poland, which is very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned her half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest tsar, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, statesman, cultural and military figure. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. He built a new capital - St. Petersburg. The main dream of Peter was the elimination of Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, he tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, lasting 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out with the most cruel methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletsky in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for having equipped Bering on a round-the-world trip, and also established the Supreme Privy Council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated virtually all state power in his hands. He persuaded Catherine to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, who was still sentenced to death by his father, Peter the Great, for being disgusted with reforms, Peter Alekseevich, as the heir to the throne, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II ruled for a short time. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruky, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from state affairs with fun, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, therefore they chose Anna Ioannovna, Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of John Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into rights, destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, gave positions to the Germans Ostern and Munnich, as well as to the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was later called "Bironism".

Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet, established by Anna Ioannovna, and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she established the first loan banks in Russia, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia waged two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year war", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace with Sweden, part of Finland went to Russia. The death of Empress Elizabeth put an end to the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unsuitable for governing the state, but his temper was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against him, since he, to the detriment of Russian interests, showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, did not differ in certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship with the empress, he quickly signed the abdication and soon died.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed Pugachev's peasant uprising, won two Turkish wars, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of Crimea by Turkey, and also Russia moved away from the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov. Russia got the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the education of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, one should note a very significant relief in the life of serfs (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, and the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, assuming the throne, vowed to govern the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which aroused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from domestic reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the agreement with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It greatly facilitated the life of the peasants.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After the rupture of relations with Turkey, on the side of which England, Sardinia and France sided, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

The Turkish war had to be ended by Alexander II. The Paris peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur region, and later - Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

The history of the Russian state is already much more than a millennium, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and the establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived on vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, saturated with the most diverse personalities and rulers significant for the fate of the whole country. Yes, and the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so long and confusing that it would not be bad to figure out in more detail how we managed to overcome this long journey in several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of his life and for what he be remembered by posterity, leaving for centuries its shame and glory, disappointment and pride. Be that as it may, they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.

Main stages: rulers of Russia in chronological order, table

Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, and he can hardly list the list of rulers of Russia in chronological order for at least the last hundred years. And for a historian, this is far from being such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly talk about the contribution of each of them to the history of your native country. That is why historians decided to conditionally divide all this into main historical stages, linking them according to some specific feature, for example, according to the social system, foreign and domestic policy, and so on.

Russian rulers: chronology of stages of development

It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to the person who does not have special abilities, and knowledge in historical terms. The historical, as well as personal characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country in that particular period of time.

Among other things, over the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Rus' from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely be of interest to you) were replaced by one another, but the historical and political center of the country itself changed its place of deployment, and often this did not depend at all on from the people, who, however, did not suffer much from this. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, the princes ruled the country, and only after that came the monarchization, which ended in November 1917 with the Great October Revolution very tragically.

Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and subsequently the formation of new, almost completely independent states on the territories previously belonging to Russia. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help to better understand which road we have been moving up to this point, point out the advantages and disadvantages, sort out priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them again and again.

Russian rulers in chronological order: Novgorod and Kyiv - where did az come from

Historical materials, which have no reason to doubt, for this period, which begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign of the Kyiv princes, are in fact quite scarce. However, they allow you to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.

Interesting

The chronicle of the twelfth century "The Tale of Bygone Years" makes it clear that in 862 the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous strength of mind, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that a turning point in the history of Russia came, called the "calling of the Varangians", which ultimately helped to unite the Novgorod principalities with the Kyiv ones.

Varyag from the people of Rus Rurik succeeded Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, then he died, leaving his young son Igor, who could not be his only offspring, in the care of a distant relative Oleg.

Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg, left to look after Igor, decided not to limit himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kyiv and moved his capital there. It was rumored that he did not die from an accidental snakebite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to figure it out thoroughly.

After the death of the regent in 912, the son of Rurik came to power, Igor, which is the first of the Russian rulers, can be clearly seen both in Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in a larger amount than it was supposed to, for which they treacherously killed him.

Prince Igor's wife Duchess Olga she ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Rus' was made.

Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich. However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.

In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. However, he had to sit on the throne for only two years. Then he simply fell into the millstones of civil strife, was killed and ground into the "torment of time."

In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended the throne of Novgorod from his own housekeeper Malusha, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for the adoption of Christianity Great and Baptist. Eight years later, he ascended the throne of Kiev, seizing it, and also moving his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that very epic character fanned over the centuries with glory and a certain mystical aura, Vladimir the Red Sun.

Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise sat on the Kiev throne in 1016, which he managed to capture under the guise of unrest, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him his brother Svyatopolk.

From 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kiev, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich in the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.

Starting from this period, that is, in 1068, some personalities ascended the throne who did not leave any serious trace in historical terms.

Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich rose to the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.

It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power. Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh who left the throne after only twelve years.

The next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh sat on the throne, named Mstislav Vladimirovich.

Beginning in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne was taken by Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.

Fragmentation and civil strife in ancient Rus': the rulers of Russia in order and randomly

It must be said that the Russian rulers, whose chronology of leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge of their own historical basis, have always cared for the statehood and prosperity of their own peoples, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, however, their calculation and aspirations were not always justified, but you can’t judge the ancestors too harshly, you can always find several weighty or not very arguments in favor of one or another decision.

In the period when Rus' was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, the faces on the throne of Kyiv were replaced at a catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kyiv generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.

Great Russian Rulers: Chronology of Vladimir Principality

The beginning of the twelfth century for Rus' was marked by the formation of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kyiv, as well as the emergence of several other centers, from which strong pressure was observed from large feudal lords. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling in more detail on the princes of that era, although they did not leave a significant mark in the history of modern Russia, and perhaps their role was simply not yet appreciated by their descendants.

Rulers of Russia: a list of the times of the Moscow principality

After it was decided to transfer the capital to Moscow from the former capital of Vladimir, the feudal fragmentation of the Russian lands began to slowly decline, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. Yes, and the rulers of that time became much more lucky, they managed to hold out on the throne longer than the miserable Vladimir princes.

Starting from the year 48 of the sixteenth century, hard times came in Russia. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of the boyar families.

Monarchical rulers of Russia: chronology before and after Peter I

Historians are accustomed to distinguish three periods of the formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and the post-Petrine period.

After difficult, troubled times, came to power, glorified by Bulgakov, Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible(from 1548 to 1574).

After the father of Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Fedor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).

It is worth knowing that Tsar Fedor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik dynasty, but he could not leave an heir. Among the people, he was considered inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the year 98 of the sixteenth century, times of unrest began, which lasted until the year 12 of the next century. The rulers changed like pictures in a silent movie, each pulling in their own direction, little thinking about the welfare of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.

The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.

Son of Alexei Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.

Sofia Alekseevna, his blood sister was engaged in government from 1682 until 1689.

Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and stayed on it until 1725. It was the greatest period of national history, the country finally gained stability, the economy rushed uphill, and the new king began to call himself emperor.

In 1725, she took the throne Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left it in 1727.

In the year 30, she sat on the throne queen Anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.

Ivan Antonovich He stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.

Ekaterina Petrovna ruled from 41 to 61 years.

In the year 62, the throne was taken Catherine the Great, where she stayed until the 96th.

Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).

Following Paul came and Alexander I (1081-1825).

Nicholas I came to power in 1825 and left it in 1855.

Tyrant and slob, but very responsible Alexander II had the ability to bite his family on the legs, lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.

The last of the Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. Moreover, it was then that a completely new political system was formed, called the republic.

Soviet rulers of Russia: in order from the revolution to the present day

The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled the huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death, he was no longer able to decide anything, and in his place it was necessary to nominate a strong personality with an iron hand, which happened.

Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).

corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very "first" First Secretary until 1964.

Leonid Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place in 1964 and died in 1982.

After Brezhnev, the so-called "thaw" came, when he ruled Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).

Konstantin Chernenko took over as general secretary in 1984 and left a year later.

Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious "perestroika", and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president of the USSR (1985-1991).

Boris Yeltsin, named the leader of an independent Russia from anyone (1991-1999).

The present head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the Millennium, that is, 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when the country was quite successfully led by Dmitry Medvedev.

4th century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volhynians and Buzhans).
5th century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the basin of the middle Dnieper.
6th century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe Dulebs by the Avars (558).
7th century - Settlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
8th century - The beginning of the expansion of the Khazar Khaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the glades, northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian Kagan" in Constantinople ..
860 - Campaign of the Rus (Askold?) to Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - Capture of Kyiv by Varangians Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation of the Slavic alphabet by Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Campaign of the Slavs to Tsargrad (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kyiv.
883-885 - Subordination of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi by Prince Oleg. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. The first treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Rebellion in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
915 - Treaty of Prince Igor with the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Tsargrad.
943-944 - Prince Igor's 2nd campaign against Tsargrad. Treaty of Prince Igor with Byzantium.
944-945 - The campaign of the Rus to the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Tsargrad and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to the Volga Bulgaria, the Khazars, the tribes of the North Caucasus and the Vyatichi. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav in Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980s).
977-980 - Internecine wars for possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult that unites the gods of various tribes.
985 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied torcs against the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus'. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kyiv princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Grand Duke Vladimir's campaigns against the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed. Wars for the Grand Duke's Throne.
beginning of the 11th century - resettlement of the Polovtsy between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The murder of princes Boris and Gleb on the orders of Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. The suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - The defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over the Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Yaroslav the Wise conquers the Baltic tribes of Livs and Chuds.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. The unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yotvingians (a Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War of the Rus with the Lithuanians.
1041 - Rus' campaign against the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich against Tsargrad (the last campaign against Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) from among the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - The reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." The weakening of the supreme power of the Kyiv prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsy near the borders of the Pereyaslav principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated handwritten Russian book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Rus'.
1066 - Prince Vseslav of Polotsk raided Novgorod. The defeat and capture of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new raid of the Polovtsians into Rus', led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta River. The uprising of the townspeople in Kyiv, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kyiv together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle of Nezhatina Niva with outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - The reign of Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - War of the Rus with the Polovtsy. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsians on the Stugna River (1093).
1095-1096 - Internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lubech Congress of Princes. Assignment of principalities to princes on the basis of patrimonial law. The fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Principality of Murom from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky congress of princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsy. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsy.
1107 - Capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians. The defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - The first edition of "The Tale of Bygone Years" (Nestor). The uprising in Kyiv of dependent (enslaved) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up the "Statutes of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of judicial law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - Second edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsy.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - The reign of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal Principality.
1126 - The first election of a posadnik in Novgorod.
1127 - The final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - Reigning in Smolensk Rostislav Mstislavich. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Rus campaigns against the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania. Clashes between the Muromo-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsy.
1132-1139 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kyiv Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, Charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of merchant people, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Invitation to Novgorod Svyatoslav Olgovich. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kyiv and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Principality of Galicia by combining several specific principalities.
1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the throne of Kiev (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - lasted until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich intermittently: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). Strengthening of the internecine struggle between the Suzdal and Kyiv princes.
1147 - The first annalistic mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts by the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Ugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "Yuriev in the field" (Yuriev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and the city of Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - The reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - The revolt of the Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrei Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. The victory of Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.

Rus' Vladimirskaya

1169-1174 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The first mention in the annals of the name "nobles".
1174-1176 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings of citizens in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod The Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. The clash of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of Vladimir-Suzdal princes under the leadership of Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Rus' against the Polovtsy.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsy.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Novgorod attack on German merchants in Novotorzhok.
1189-1192 - 3rd crusade
1191 - Campaigns of Novgorodians with a koreley to the pit.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of the Novgorodians against Yugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorod liberties by the princes. Campaign of Vsevolod the Big Nest to Chernigov.
1198 - Conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians Relocation of the Teutonic Order of the Crusaders from Palestine to the Baltic. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality through the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great Founding of the fortress of Riga by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Sword for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The Order of the Sword-bearers captures Russian possessions in the Baltic. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov Principality from the Vladimir Principality. Unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich.
1209 - The first mention in the annals of Tver (according to V.N. Tatishchev, Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. The defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa River near the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - The reign of Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of land in the lower reaches of the Oka. The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against the Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the Crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the fortress of Riga.
1223 - The defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsy and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the river Kalka. Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the Crusaders.
1224 - The capture of Yuryev (Derpt, modern Tartu) by the knights of the sword - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic states.
1227 - Campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. The death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the Great Khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - The campaign of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes against the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt by the knights of the sword to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans near Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - the defeat of the great Khan Batu of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Sword by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. The death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Mongol-Tatar invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The ruin of the city of Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich of Galicia. Merger of the remnants of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). The death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersky and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - The devastation of the Mordovian lands, Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities by the Tatar-Mongolian troops.
1240 - Mongol-Tatar invasion of South Rus'. The ruin of Kiev (1240) and the Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva River ("Battle of the Neva")..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, the capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
The construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village of Lomonosovsky district, Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salt (11.04.1241), the devastation of Poland, the fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle near Lake Peipus ("Battle on the Ice"). The conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of her renunciation of claims to Russian lands. The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western Campaign".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galician) - the last battle of Daniil Romanovich of Galicia in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - The death of the great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - Ruinous "Nevryuev's army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - the reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". Struggle of Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongol census of the population of Rus', the creation of the Basque system for the collection of tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "numerals".
1261 - Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprisings of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax-farmers, tribute collectors. Order to collect tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa received a khan's label for possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Mapa (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - A joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovians to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army against Lithuania
1272-1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Foundation of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 The second Mongolian census of the population of Rus'.
1276-1294 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - Invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War between Novgorod and Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians, led by Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Annexation of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Accession to Moscow of the Pereyaslav principality.
1303-1325 - Prince Yuri Daniilovich reigned in Moscow. The conquest by Prince Yuri of Moscow of the Mozhaisk specific principality (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) by the Novgorodians of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, modern Priozersk). Rule in Lithuania by Grand Duke Gediminas. Accession to Lithuania of Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1312-1340 - reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich the Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva River.
1324 - The campaign of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with the Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow. The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the people of Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Feognost.
1326-1328 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339x).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive troops of the Mongol-Tatars.

Rus' Moscow

1328-1340 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Vladimir to Moscow.
Division by Khan Uzbek of Vladimir Principality between Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilievich of Suzdal.
1331 - Unification by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita of the Vladimir principality under his rule ..
1339 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver. Construction of the wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Annexation of Kyiv, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Accession to the Principality of Suzdal Nizhny Novgorod, Unzha and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades of the Swedish king Magnus I in the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition by Novgorod of the independence of Pskov. Bolotovsky agreement (1348).
1353-1359 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexei - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1355 - The division of the Suzdal principality between Andrei (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - subjugation of the Principality of Bryansk by Olgerd
1358-1386 - Svyatoslav Ioannovich reigned in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - The reign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - the seizure of power in the Golden Horde by the temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), subjugation of Kyiv land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Exacerbation of Moscow's relations with Tver and Lithuania. The construction of the white stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's 1st campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign against Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign against Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-shah (Arapsha) on the Pyan River Mamai united the uluses west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the Vozha River.
1380 - Mamai's campaign against Rus' and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. The defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow and the ruin of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - Beginning of minting coins in Moscow..
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Proclamation of independence from the metropolitan court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy to Murom and Ryazan. Kreva Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of a coalition of Vladimir princes against Novgorod. Payments by Novgorod of indemnity. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Rus'.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the sanction of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality from Lithuania.
1397-1398 - The campaign of the Moscow army on the Novgorod lands. Accession of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and Komi lands) to Moscow, return of the Dvina land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Novgorod army of the Dvina land.
1399-1400 - The campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who had taken refuge in Kazan 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich reigned in Tver, strengthening of Tver 1404 - capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - The war of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Yedigey's campaign against Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jogaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Beginning of minting coins in Novgorod.
1422 - Treaty of Melno, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland and the Teutonic Order (signed on September 27, 1422 on the shores of Lake Mielno). The order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemanie, retaining the Klaipeda region and the Polish Pomerania.
1425-1462 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the meaning of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania against Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition by the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Rus' between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins ​​Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - the struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, representing the "Russian" party and Sigismund, representing the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - The raid of the Horde army on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and robbery of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval by Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - The capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Ulu-Muhammed's campaign to the Zaoksky lands. The Battle of Belev on December 5, 1437 (the defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II refuses to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. The campaign of the Kazan Khan Mahmet (Ulu-Mohammed) to Moscow.
1438 - separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Kazimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Mukhammed) raided Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Campaign of Tverichans to the Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, the brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of Metropolitan Jonah at the cathedral of the Russian clergy. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Accession of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. The campaign of Mahmut, the son of Kichi-Mohammed, to Moscow. He burned the settlements, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army under the old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky treaty between Novgorod and Moscow. The first restriction of Novgorod liberties. 1454-1466 - Poland's thirteen-year war with the Teutonic Order, which ended with the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 The final division of the Kyiv Metropolis into Moscow and Kyiv. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize Metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decision to continue to appoint a metropolitan by the will of the Grand Duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - Truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition by Pskov of the sovereignty of Moscow.
1462 - Death of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.
1462 - Termination by Ivan III of the issue of Russian coins with the name of the Khan of the Horde. Statement of Ivan III on the rejection of the khan's label for a great reign ..
1465 - Scribe's detachment reaches the Ob River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate.
1468 - Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat marches on Ryazan.
1471 - the 1st campaign of the Grand Duke Ivan III to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army on the Shelon River. The campaign of the Horde to the Moscow frontiers in the trans-Oka zone.
1472 - Accession of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of the Rostov principality. The conclusion of the 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - the capture of the Crimea by Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to vassalage from Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Liquidation of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "Great standing" on the Ugra river of Russian and Tatar troops. Ivan III's refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - The campaign of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to the city of Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob in the Yugra land. The conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Accession of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The capture of Kazan (1487), the adoption by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of Bulgar". A protege of Moscow, Khan Mohammed-Emin, was elevated to the Kazan throne. Introduction of the local system of land use.
1489 - A campaign against Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Annexation of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign in the Wild Field" of the 60,000-strong Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to hit the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium "from the creation of the world". September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the date of the beginning of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a message to the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the river Narva.
1492-1494 - the 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and Verkhovsky principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Danish cession of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - Moscow's war with Sweden.
1496-1502 - rule in Kazan by Abdyl-Latif (Abdul-Latif) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Sudebnik of Ivan III. The first Russian embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Campaign of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty to the Northern Trans-Urals and to the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - the 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsky principalities. Accession to Moscow of Seversk land.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde, directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20,000-strong army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it had reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further, to the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - Russia's war with the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). A truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel to Russia (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian speech in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - The first raid of the Crimean Tatars on the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal peace" with Kazan. The unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession to the Moscow Principality of the Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich Smolensk by the troops and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian troops to Vilna (Vilnius).
1518 - The coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege Khan (Tsar) Shah Ali
1520 - Conclusion of a truce with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - Campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Mohammed-Girey (Magmet-Girey), Khan of Crimea and Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Full accession to Moscow of the Ryazan principality. Seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of Crimean khans Girey (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - Arrest of Novgorod-Seversky prince Vasily Shemyachich. Accession to Moscow Novgorod-Seversky Principality.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian performances in Kazan. The campaign of Russian troops in the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Building on the river Sura fortress Vasilsursk. Capture of Astrakhan by the Crimean troops..
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace negotiations between Moscow and Kazan. Proclamation of Safa-Girey as the Kazan tsar.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (since 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilievich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the juvenile Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuisky, from 1544 - Glinsky)
1544-1546 - Accession to Russia of the lands of the Mari and Chuvash, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Acceptance of the royal title by the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (marriage to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - The political program of Ivan Peresvetov: the creation of a permanent archery army, the reliance of royal power on the nobles, the capture of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops against Kazan Campaign of the Crimean Khan against Astrakhan. The erection in Astrakhan of the protege of the Crimea
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Sudebnik (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" Cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clerics). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilievich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subjugation of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120,000th army of Prince Yusuf of the Nogai Horde against Moscow.
1554 - 1st campaign of Russian governors against Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the lip and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate Yediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - War between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors in the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. Transition under the power of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - the regulation of the service of the nobility and the norms of local salaries. The collapse of the Nogai Horde into the Great, Small and Altyul Horde
1557 - The oath of the ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda for allegiance to the Russian Tsar. Recognition by Prince Ismail of the Great Nogai Horde of vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the citizenship of the Russian Tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - Capture of Narva and Derpt by Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. Campaign D. Ardashev to the Crimea. The transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the castle of Fellin. A. Kurbsky's victory over the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen One, the disgrace of A. Adasheva. The transition of Northern Livonia to the citizenship of Sweden.
1563 - Capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV Seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Breaking vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Edition of the "Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - The introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven-year Danish-Swedish war for dominance in the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin in 1570 basically restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Great Security Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Orel was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. The construction of the Terki fortress (Tersky town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance into the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction by order of Ivan the Terrible of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky. The conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and the Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks against Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Ivan the Terrible's punitive campaigns against Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray to Moscow. Capture and burning of Moscow. Flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet Giray. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars against Moscow. The victory of the governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the river Lopasna. Retreat of Khan Devlet Giray. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. The execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Khan of Kasimov, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Rus'".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pyarnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stefan Batory to the Polish throne (1586+).
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Stefan Batory captures Polotsk, Velikie Luki.
1580s - The first news about the Cossack towns on Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stefan Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikiye Luki by him. Capture of Korela by the Swedish commander Delagardie. The decision of the church council to prohibit the acquisition of land by churches and monasteries.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The murder by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan.
1581-1582 - Siege of Pskov by Stefan Batory and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack chieftain Yermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce of Russia with the Commonwealth for 10 years. Passage of Livonia and Polotsk into the possession of Poland. The resettlement of a part of the Don Cossacks in the tract Combs to the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on the calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvashs, Udmurts) against Moscow Introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar disorders" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyussky truce of Russia with Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod. The end of the Livonian War, which lasted (intermittently) for 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vaz (1632+)
1586-1618 - Accession of Western Siberia to Russia. Foundation of the city of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali is preserved in the upper reaches of the rivers Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol.
1587 - Resumption of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress near the portage between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - Foundation of the city of Saratov.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vaz comes to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Charles Vasa (the future king of Sweden Charles IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of the lands of landowners who served in the military and lived on their estates (the appearance of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of peasant output. The final attachment of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden. The return of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan to Russia. Recognition of Swedish control over Russia's Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on bonded serfs (their condition for life without the possibility of paying the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants (lesson years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Acceptance of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - Beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and limited output of peasants.
1604 - Construction by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars, the fortress of Tomsk. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - The reign of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code allowing the peasant output.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I. Shuisky. The overthrow and murder of False Dmitry I. The proclamation of V.I. Shuisky as king.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!".
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year term for detecting fugitive peasants and on sanctions for accepting and holding fugitive peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops under the leadership of D.I. Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow.
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). Beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Naming in the Tushino camp of Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. Entry of the Poles to Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of Lyapunov's militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. The capture of Patriarch Filaret, V.I. Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. The death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Elimination of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulino truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands with 29 cities to Poland. Renunciation of Prince Vladislav of Poland from claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as Patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - Beginning of Russian penetration into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena River and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian diocese.
1632 - Organization of "foreign system" troops in the Russian army. Founding by A. Vinius of the first ironworks in Tula. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakut prison (at the present site since 1643) 1630-1634 - the Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when the Swedish army, invading (under the command of Gustav II Adolf) Germany, won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lutzen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Campaign of the Cossacks I.Perfilyev and I.Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when France's entry into the war determined the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs failed, political hegemony passed to France. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - Hetman Ya. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, crosses over to Russia with his army. The beginning of the formation of suburban Ukraine (the regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Campaign of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lamsky (Okhotsk Sea, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Yermak.
1639 - Founding of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov Seat").
1642 - Termination of the defense of the fortress of Azov. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Formation of the nobility of the military class.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kodsky principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. Naval campaign of the Cossacks led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. Exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Baikal (K.Ivanov's campaign) Discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M.de Vries, who mistook Sakhalin for part of Hokkaido..
1643-1646 - V. Poyarkov's campaign from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of the salt tax and return to direct taxes due to mass unrest. Census of draft and partially non-draft population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing of S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the mouth of the Anadyr River through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings of townspeople in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convening a Zemsky Sobor to adopt a new Code, abolishing the collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final formalization of serfdom (the introduction of an indefinite investigation of the fugitives), the elimination of "white settlements" (feudal estates in cities exempted from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search for a denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The word and deed of the sovereign") Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E.Khabarov's campaigns against the Amur and the Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkov).
1651 - Beginning of church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German Quarter in Moscow.
1651-1660 - M. Stadukhin's campaign along the Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk route. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and ecclesiastical authorities.
1653 - The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the adoption of citizenship of Ukraine and the beginning of the war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a single trade duty, a ban on collecting travel fees in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, limiting peasant trade to trade from wagons, increasing the duties of foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the split of the church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Zaporizhzhya Army Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernihiv, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia while maintaining broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, lack of jurisdiction over Moscow, payment of tribute without interference Moscow collectors). Capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilna, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest Sweden's invasion of Poland. Beginning of the First Northern War
1656 - Capture of Nyenschantz and Derpt. Siege of Riga. Armistice with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of I. Vyhovsky as Hetman of Ukraine.
1658 - Nikon's open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issuance of copper money (the payment of salaries in copper money and the collection of taxes in silver). The termination of negotiations with Poland, the resumption of the Russian-Polish war. Invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine Gadyach agreement between the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky and Poland on the accession of Ukraine as an autonomous "principality of Russia" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of Russian troops near Konotop from the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslav Rada to approve the Treaty of Gadyach. Displacement of Hetman I. Vyhovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Approval by the Rada of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Y. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Treaty of Cardis between Russia and Sweden. Russia's renunciation of the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary.
1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmanships of the Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine
1665 - A. Ordin-Nashchekin's reforms in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's positions in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanship in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of Nikon of the rank of patriarch and condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Albazinsky prison on the Amur (since 1672, it was accepted into Russian citizenship) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian flotilla. New trading charter. Archpriest Avvakum's exile to the Pustozersky jail for "heresy" (criticism) of the rulers of the country. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial order (1667-1671). The conclusion of the Andrusov truce with Poland by A. Ordin-Nashchekin. The implementation of the division of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks ("Solovki sitting").
1669 - Transfer of Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine P.Doroshenko under Turkish rule.
1670-1671 - Rebellion of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don ataman S. Razin.
1672 - The first self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clerics in the "Ukrainian" regions. Russian-Polish agreement on helping Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire for the Right-Bank Ukraine ..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns against Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian embassy mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to consider Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish war for the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1676 - Occupation of the capital of Right-bank Ukraine Chigirin by Russian troops. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Türkiye receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of Russian troops over the Turks near Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish treaty to extend the truce with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to household taxation instead of field taxation.
1681-1683 - Seitov uprising in Bashkiria due to forced Christianization. The suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - The abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisaray peace treaty between Russia and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sofya Alekseevna and tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of localism. The beginning of the Streltsy rebellion in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the Streltsy rebellion. The execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran notch line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. Accession of Russia to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, the Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. Crimean campaigns by V. Golitsyn.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinskaya fortress (modern Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Ridge - the Uda River to the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. The overthrow of the government of Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky order. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. The organization of "kuppanstvo" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh River.
1695-1696 - Uprisings of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

Russian empire

1689 - 1725 - The reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - Azov campaigns.
1699 - City government reform.
1700 - Russian - Turkish armistice agreement.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. Start of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possession Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of EMPEROR OF ALL-RUSSIAN. RUSSIA BECAME AN EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - The reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - Repeal of the law of 1714 on uniform inheritance. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War.
1757 - Establishment of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass unrest of attached peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - The reign of Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility".
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - Invention of I.I. Polzunov steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree on permission for landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free Economic Society.
1767 - Decree forbidding peasants to complain about landowners.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliyivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "Plague riot" in Moscow.
1772 - First partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on freedom of organization of industrial enterprises.
1783 - Accession of the Crimea. Georgievsky treaty on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Srym Datov's uprising in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Letter of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - Publication of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev.
1793 - The second partition of Poland.
1794 - Uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - Third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - The reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free cultivators".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - Accession of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - leaving Moscow. December - The expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Accession to Russia of Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - Rebellion of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - Round-the-world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of "welfare union".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern secret society" and "Northern secret society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising on Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Rebellion in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of the railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Assistance to the Russian army in suppressing the uprising of the Hungarians in Austria.
1853 - Creation by Herzen in London of the Free Russian Printing House.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854, September - 1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun border treaty with China was concluded.
1859 - 1861 - The revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing border treaty with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
February 19, 1861 - Manifesto on the emancipation of peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemstvo and judicial reforms.
1868 - The Khanate of Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - City government reform.
1873 - Khan of Khiva recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 ​​- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of a secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and freedom". Creation of the "Black Repartition".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - The reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian Union.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese war.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - The assassination of Stolypin.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - First World War.
1917, February 18 - Strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - the crisis of power. August - Kornilov rebellion. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

1918, July 17 - the assassination of the deposed Emperor and the royal family.
1917, July 3 - July performances of the Bolsheviks.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convocation of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - Declaration of Russia as a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - Announcement of the composition of the third coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 25 - Appeal of V. I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on peace and land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening of the Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil war.
1918, March 3 - Brest peace.
1918, May - The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.

1921, March 18 - Signing of the Peace of Riga with Poland.
1921 - X Party Congress, resolution "On the unity of the party."
1921 - Beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - "Philosophical steamboat"
1924, January 21 - Death of V. I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of a resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party's policy in the field of culture
1929 - The year of the "great turning point", the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Famine
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the USA
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress ("Congress of Winners")
1934 - The inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Khasan
1939, May - Collision with Japan near the Khalkhin Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - Beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - The invasion of Soviet troops into Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of an agreement with Germany "On Friendship and Borders"
1939, November 30 - The beginning of the war with Finland
1939, December 14 - Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1940, March 12 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of the non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - Invasion of Germany and its allies in the Soviet Union
1941, June 23 - Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - The capture of Minsk by German troops
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - The beginning of the blockade of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow Conference
1941, September 30 - Beginning of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the battle of Moscow

1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - The defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - Beginning of the implementation of Operation Uranus
1943, January 10 - Beginning of Operation Ring
1943, January 18 - The end of the blockade of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk
1943, July 12 - Beginning of the Battle of Kursk
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kyiv
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - Beginning of the Iasi-Kishinev operation
1944, August 20 - Beginning of Operation Bagration
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Beginning of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Surrender of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of the soldiers of the USSR Japan
1945, September 2 - Surrender of Japan.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad"
1949 - Test of atomic weapons of the USSR. Leningrad case. Test of Soviet nuclear weapons. Formation of Germany and the GDR. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - "the cause of doctors"
1953 - Test of the hydrogen weapon of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I. V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact organization
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of I. V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of the construction of the nuclear-powered ship "Lenin"
1957 - Launch of the first satellite into space by the USSR
1957 - Establishment of the Economic Council
1961, April 12 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Displacement of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - The introduction of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Start of construction of BAM
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yu.V. Andropov
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX party conference
1988 - The beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M. S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR
1991, August 19-22 - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Coup attempt
1991, August 24 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (August 29, the Russian parliament prohibits the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya agreement, the abolition of the USSR, the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev steps down as president of the USSR.

Russian Federation

1992 - Beginning of market reforms in the Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - "Decree on a phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation." The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - the capture of the White House by military units, the arrest of A.V. Rutskoi and R.I. Khasbulatov.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Federation for a transitional period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - The entry of Russian troops into the Chechen Republic to restore "constitutional order."
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections for the post of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes president of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of an interim agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen fighters invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The beginning of the II Chechen campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced the early resignation of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as acting president of Russia.
2000, March - the election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk". 117 crew members of the nuclear submarine "Kursk" were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
2000, April 14 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This treaty assumes further reduction of strategic offensive arms of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official introduction by V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval by M.M. Kasyanov as Prime Minister of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - A terrorist act in Moscow - an explosion in the underpass of the Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people died, a hundred were injured.
2004, August 21-22 - There was an invasion of the city of Grozny by a detachment of militants numbering more than 200 people. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - In the sky over the Tula and Rostov regions, two passenger planes were blown up at the same time, taking off from Moscow's Domodedovo airport to Sochi and Volgograd. 90 people died.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the "retaliatory" beating of the Poles in Moscow.
November 1, 2005 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M rocket with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - First Single Voting Day (changes in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist "number 1" Shamil Basayev was destroyed.
2006, October 10, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel opened in Dresden a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
October 13, 2006 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was proclaimed the absolute world chess champion after defeating Bulgarian Veselin Topalov in a match.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin said the so-called. "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - In the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus' and the First Hierarch of ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus, signed the Act of Canonical Communion, a document that ended the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
July 1, 2007 - The Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged into the Kamchatka Territory.
2007, August 13 - Nevsky Express train accident.
2007, September 12 - Mikhail Fradkov's government resigned.
2007, September 14 - Viktor Zubkov is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Russia.
2007, October 17 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the England national team with a score of 2:1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
December 10, 2007 - Dmitry Medvedev is nominated as a candidate for the President of the Russian Federation from United Russia.
2008, March 2 - Elections of the third President of the Russian Federation were held. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev.
2008, August 8 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
August 26, 2008 - Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
September 14, 2008 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II died. Temporarily, the place of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is taken by the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill.
January 1, 2009 - The Unified State Exam became mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church has elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. They became Cyril.
2009, February 1 - Enthronement of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - Visit of US President Barack Obama to Russia.