The concept of deviant behavior is considered at the intersection of sciences. Deviatio is Latin for "deviation". Thus, through this concept, deviant behavior is characterized, as a result or in the process of which the norms of culture and society are violated.
At first glance, the question “Is deviant behavior good or bad?” has an unequivocal answer: evil. But are geniuses, creators, religious figures the norm? No, and their behavior can also often be described as deviant, which is usually revealed when studying them, in surveys. Ya. I. Gilinsky, who made a significant contribution to the study of deviance, supports the point of view that there is a positive value of deviant behavior for society - an increase in the level of organization of the system, the elimination of outdated standards.
In order not to get lost in terms, we use a more or less acceptable definition that limits the concept so much that it prevents its expansion to all deviations from the norm, but does not narrow it down to pathologies. Deviant behavior is the behavior of an individual or group that deviates from the norms of society, which can interfere with satisfaction from life or cause difficulties in performing the necessary tasks for the person or other people, therefore, it is condemned or even persecuted in order to change or eradicate.
Social factors
1. Structural theory of deformation
The reason for deviant behavior is the tension between cultural goals and the lack of means that are available to achieve these goals.
2. Theory of labels, stigmas
Deviant behavior is a product of social control, since deviation is not in the action itself, but only in the reaction to it.
Labeling "deviant" leads to further repetition and distribution as a response to the reaction of society, that is, a person begins to define himself as a deviant and act within the boundaries of this role. E. Lemert introduced the term "secondary deviance", which reflects this process.
3. Differentiated Association
The main idea is that learning to deviant behavior occurs in groups in which a person spends time. If a person associates himself with a person or group that is guided by principles and methods that deny social norms, he himself begins to deny them. Such reasons often form the deviant behavior of adolescents, since the value of the opinion of the group is high for them.
Individual factors, development
In psychology, too, they are trying to answer what are the causes of deviant behavior. A whole area has emerged - the psychology of deviant behavior, which studies mental states, human reactions that deviate from the norms of society, as well as patterns of development that lead to them, and ways to improve the quality of life of a deviant.
The following psychological theories will help to discern the factors that led to the formation of deviation. The fundamental provisions of each of them: the individual bears full responsibility for his actions, crimes and deviations are the result of dysfunction of mental processes.
1. Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud believed that all people have aggressive impulses that are suppressed by culture in the process of socialization. Problems in the course of socialization lead to the fact that a person directs his or her inward or outward.
2. Cognitive theory of development
It is based on the fact that in the process of development a person goes through three stages of the formation of moral norms. A detailed study of the stages was carried out by Kohlberg.
And the third stage, corresponding to moral maturity, is the formation of one's own moral principles. In actions, people at this stage are guided not by the principles of punishment, encouragement, power, recognition, but by the inherent correctness of a single act.
Getting stuck at any stage can lead to deviations. An interesting consequence of the theory is that in the third stage, a person may well behave like a deviant, protesting against those norms and rules that are not fair.
Adoption of interaction patterns. In a social situation, it is often observed how deviant behavior is accepted by the group and even glorified. Desiring to receive a reward, praise, fame, a person begins to copy a certain course of action.
In addition to rewards, there is also the lack of punishment factor. When the one who is being watched does what he wants and gets what he wants, rejecting the norms, but not incurring any punishment for it, others follow him.
According to this theory, correction is achieved through the elimination of rewards, the annulment of rewards. A person does not find reinforcement and soon leaves the path of violating social norms.
Structure and forms
A general classification of deviant behavior is given by E. V. Zmanovskaya, who distinguishes several groups. In her opinion, deviant behavior can be:
- Antisocial. This type is characterized by a contradiction to legal norms, human actions violate public order.
- Asocial. A person does not take into account moral standards, which harms his ties with other people.
- Intent on destroying yourself. People with this form of impairment tend to behave in ways that harm their own health.
At the same time, deviant behavior can be divided into types depending on how exactly the deviation is expressed. The main types of deviant behavior contain the following deviations:
- Disciplinary.
- Criminal or illegal.
- Actions due to mental illness.
Most often observed, of course, egoistic deviations. A short period of deviations from the norms is typical for periods when a person is in groups that consider this behavior to be correct. The focus on satisfying one's desires, obtaining some kind of benefit, power, fame or recognition by others are the main motives for deviant behavior. Specific clinical forms:
- Aggression outward or inward.
- Drug addiction.
- Eating Disorders.
- Deviant sexual behavior.
- Overpriced hobbies.
- Communicative deviations.
- Immorality, immorality.
- Unaesthetic behaviour.
Fighting, leaving or ignoring
By the way an individual interacts with the environment, one can determine the main way of interaction with reality in a deviant. In connection with the certain nature of the conflict with the environment, the existence of a form of deviation is explained, which organically reflects the conflict. V. D. Mendelevich identifies four such methods:
- Counteraction.
- Painful confrontation.
- Care.
- Ignoring.
On their basis, several specific types of deviations are considered. On the question of the relationship of some of them to deviance, discussions are still open.
Deviant and delinquent behavior are sometimes confused, although the latter is more likely to be illegal actions, and the former does not fall there, but they both refer to deviations from the norms. At the same time, the delinquent is not the same as the criminal. The so-called unconscious nature of the consequences is inherent in the delinquent, which is why delinquents commit offenses.
Illegal acts are committed by them spontaneously. This happens to frivolous people prone to. Often there is no malicious intent, teenagers have fun and indulge, which in the end leads to sad consequences. The term can rightly be used in cases where there is a criminal act, and his intentions were innocent (by definition, E. Anchel).
2. Addictive
The addictive type is characterized by avoiding reality by using substances or activities in order to maintain intense emotions. These people perceive life as “gray and boring”, it is difficult for them to carry out methodical everyday work, they cannot bear routine duties, although, on the other hand, they show excellent results in crisis situations.
3. Pathocharacterological
Features of deviant behavior of the pathocharacterological type are due to pathological changes in character: personality disorders, obvious character. In choosing people of this type, they are often guided not by realistic motives, but by aspirations exaggerated by pathology: a thirst for recognition, power, domination. There is a constant reassessment of opportunities, there is a great passion for manipulation, the perception of people around them, like pawns on the board.
4. Psychopathological
In this type of behavioral problems are due to the symptoms of psychopathology. They include hallucinations, illusions, disorders of thinking and will, etc.
5. Based on hyperpowers
The characterization of deviant behavior based on hyperabilities is complicated by the fact that this type usually occurs in gifted people, and their deviations from the norm depend on those abilities that have developed strongly. A person may be unable to properly understand others, cope with daily activities, etc.
Signs and treatment
The tendency to deviant behavior is formed both by the conditions in the family and by individual characteristics. Children under 5 years of age are not diagnosed with deviant behavior. The essential signs of deviant behavior that Wikipedia cites, which do not contradict the position of V. D. Mendelevich, are as follows:
- Deviation from moral/cultural norms.
- Society condemnation.
- Harm to yourself or others.
- Not represented by a single episode (periodically, serially or constantly).
- The development of social maladaptation.
Successful correction of deviant behavior of adolescents is achieved through the method of cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps to develop adequate responses to environmental stimuli by relearning (there is a stimulus, there is no negative reaction - the brain eventually remembers and builds a new reaction model), in combination with mild medical intervention (sedative drugs, antidepressants). Other methods -, - will allow you to work out problems more deeply: conflicts in the family, trauma, signs of social phobia, etc.
Prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents in connection with the data obtained should be focused on advice and discussion. A parent, psychologist or significant adult takes over the function of the prefrontal cortex and helps to distinguish right from wrong, without ever allowing pressure. Diagnosis of deviant behavior of adolescents should take into account manifestations of delinquent, aggressive, suicidal and dependent behavior.
Correction of deviant behavior can be concentrated both on the process of psychotherapy to harmonize the internal state of the individual, and on taking medications if the source is rooted in psychopathologies. Most problems in a person's life are either solved quickly, or can be significantly simplified, or require the supervision of specialists to improve the quality of life. The main thing is not to be afraid to ask for help, since deviant behavior can lead not only to the complication of relationships with loved ones, but also to the destruction of the individual. Author: Ekaterina Volkova
- a set of actions and deeds that deviate from the rules adopted by society. Manifested by aggressiveness, sadism, theft, deceit, vagrancy, anxiety, depression, purposeful isolation, suicide attempts, hypersociality, victimhood, phobias, eating disorders, addictions, obsessions. Types of deviations are considered as separate mental disorders and as symptoms of a certain syndrome, disease. Diagnosis is performed by clinical and psychological methods. Treatment includes the use of medications, psychocorrection, psychotherapy, social rehabilitation measures.
Causes of deviant behavior of adolescents
The causes of deviations in adolescents can be combined into two large groups. The first is the features of the social environment:
The second group of reasons leading to the formation of deviant behavior in adolescents are medical and biological factors. The physiological basis of deviations are:
- Burdened heredity. The development of deviations is facilitated by reduced defense mechanisms, limited adaptive functions of the individual. These features are observed in the inheritance of mental deficiency, abnormal character traits, a tendency to alcoholism, drug addiction.
- Pathologies of the central nervous system. The biological inferiority of the nerve cells of the brain develops with severe diseases in the first years of life, craniocerebral injuries. It is manifested by emotional instability, a decrease in adaptive capabilities.
- Features of puberty. Hormonal restructuring of the body, active maturation of the cerebral cortex, the formation of higher mental functions can be manifested by a sharpening of character traits, antisocial actions.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of deviant behavior in adolescents is complex. The development of deviations is based on the state of disorientation in the system of social values and norms. The period of age crisis is characterized by an acute need for self-determination, self-expression. The absence of a favorable social environment, a stable system of values, and the support of significant persons (peers, adults) leads to the formation of pathological behavioral patterns. Often they are based on the desire to attract attention, to prove their importance, independence, independence, strength. Actions are often illegal, antimoral in nature.
Classification
There are several options for classifying the deviant behavior of adolescents. As part of the medical approach, the typology proposed by V. D. Mendelevich, a Russian psychiatrist, psychotherapist, pathopsychologist, is widespread. It is based on ways of interacting with reality, the nature of the violation of social norms:
- Delinquent type. Includes actions, deeds, treated as criminal: theft, robbery, violence.
- addictive type. A desire is formed to escape from reality, to maintain intense emotions. Adolescents artificially achieve a change in mental state: they use chemicals (alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse), fix attention on certain stimuli, actions (trance, masturbation).
- pathological type. Behavior is determined by pathological character traits formed in the process of education. This group includes character accentuations, psychopathy (hysteroid, schizoid, epileptoid, etc.).
- psychopathological type. Behavioral reactions of a teenager are a manifestation of psychopathological syndromes and symptoms of mental illness. Example: apathy is a symptom of depression, hypomania is a manifestation of bipolar disorder.
- Hyperpowers. Giftedness, talent, genius are manifested by actions that deviate from normal.
Symptoms of deviant behavior in adolescents
Adolescent deviations do not have a clearly defined staging. Development goes from single deviant actions to regular repetitive actions, organized activities, lifestyle. Progress can take weeks, months, years.
The main clinical manifestation of adolescent deviant behavior is the difficulty of social adaptation: frequent conflicts with teachers, classmates, change of friends, adherence to "bad companies". Public maladaptation is manifested by leaving home, abandoning school, skipping classes, being addicted to the Internet, and computer games. Educational activities are difficult, there is no interest in classes, academic performance is low. Distractedness, low concentration of attention, lack of strong-willed abilities are characteristic. Hobbies often change, things remain unfinished.
In the emotional and personal sphere, infantilism is clearly expressed - a low level of responsibility, control over one's behavior, organization of the household sphere of life. This is manifested by slovenliness, lateness, inability to draw up a work plan, act according to it. Emotional instability prevails, frequent mood swings. Depending on the type of deviation, there are phobias, depressions, outbursts of aggressiveness, tantrums, stubbornness, impulsive destructive acts. Self-esteem is often inadequate, compensated by restrictive behavior (isolation), cruelty, feigned indifference.
At the physiological level, deviant behavior is accompanied by sleep disturbances, appetite, daytime sleepiness, decreased immune system functions, dysmenorrhea, and psychosomatic reactions. Adolescents are underweight or overweight, prone to infectious diseases, functional disorders (headaches, fever, blood pressure fluctuations, digestive disorders).
It is worth noting that unusual abilities are also signs of deviation, but are rarely considered as pathological symptoms. Gifted brilliant teenagers do not cause concern on the part of society, they do not need medical help. Special conditions for development are organized by educational institutions.
Complications
In the absence of medical, psychotherapeutic and pedagogical assistance, deviant reactions of adolescents become a way of life. The most unfavorable options are organized crime, alcoholism, prostitution. Adolescents and young people from these groups are most susceptible to violent death, the incidence of socially significant infections (tuberculosis, HIV, STDs), and death. Suicide is a complication of deviations. Spontaneous death is the result of emotional instability, impulsiveness, lack of professional help.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of deviant behavior in adolescents is performed by a psychiatrist and medical psychologist. The process of making a diagnosis is based on a number of clinical and psychological methods:
- observation, conversation. The psychiatrist interviews the patient: finds out living conditions, features of family relationships, habits, hobbies. Assesses the general condition, features of the emotional sphere, behavioral responses.
- Interviews with parents and relatives. The psychiatrist listens to the complaints of people in close contact with the patient. The opinion of other people is important, since deviant adolescents often have reduced criticism of their own state.
- Psychological testing. A clinical psychologist invites a teenager to answer the questions of tests, personality questionnaires. The Minnesota Multifactorial Personality Inventory (MMPI), the pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire (PDO), the Eysenck questionnaire, and the anxiety scale are often used. The result allows you to determine the dominant personality traits, character traits.
- Projective methods. Used by a clinical psychologist to identify repressed emotions - aggression, fear, anxiety. Presented by drawing tests, Szondi's test, Rosenzweig's test.
Data from special diagnostic methods are supplemented by documentation from other professionals interacting with the adolescent. When making a diagnosis, the psychiatrist takes into account the characteristics of school teachers, the district police officer, extracts from the outpatient card of a pediatrician, a pediatric neurologist, and doctors of other specialties.
Treatment of deviant behavior in adolescents
The treatment of social deviations requires an integrated approach, including pharmacological, psychocorrectional, psychotherapeutic assistance. The adolescent psychiatrist develops a treatment plan that includes:
- Psychotherapy. Sessions are aimed at understanding the teenager's character traits, teaching behavioral methods of self-regulation. An analysis of conflict situations, possible options for actions, reactions is carried out. Psychotherapeutic meetings are recommended for parents to restore full-fledged relationships.
- Psychocorrection. The purpose of the classes is to stabilize the emotional state, develop the functions of attention, thinking. The result increases the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic work, self-confidence, arouses interest in learning (a prerequisite for social rehabilitation).
- Pharmacotherapy. The use of medications is an additional method of treatment, indicated for patients with a biological predisposition to deviations: those with psychotic disorders, neurological pathologies. There are no specific drugs for the treatment of antisocial behavior. The use of lithium, antipsychotic drugs, anticonvulsants reduces the severity of aggression. The isolated use of pharmacotherapy is ineffective.
In parallel with medical, psychological assistance, social and pedagogical rehabilitation is carried out. Events are organized on the basis of educational institutions by social teachers, subject teachers, school psychologists. A promising way to treat deviant forms of behavior is group psychotherapy. Meetings involve modeling frequent problem situations. During role-playing games, teenagers learn methods of conflict resolution, observe their own reactions and their results, learn to build productive relationships with peers.
Forecast and prevention
In most cases, with complex treatment, deviant behavior of adolescents has a favorable prognosis - young people have the flexibility of adaptive mechanisms, rehabilitation and psychotherapeutic measures give a positive result. Greater efforts are required in cases where the deviation develops against the background of a neurological and / or psychotic disease. Prevention is based on the early detection of pathological intra-family relationships, learning problems.
Deviant behavior is considered if it is contrary to generally accepted social norms, legally established or established historically in a particular society and period. To understand what deviant behavior is, it is necessary to define a social norm. Under the social norm is meant the limits of what is allowed, on the one hand, and mandatory, on the other, in the actions of a person or a community of people, which guarantees the preservation of the structure of society.
Deviations from the norm can be conditionally divided into positive and negative. Positive deviations are understood as actions or activities aimed at combating obsolete social standards. Negative deviations from social norms characterized as destructive, leading to devastating consequences.
Sociology defines deviant behavior as antisocial, representing a social and physical danger to an individual in a certain social environment to which he belongs. Psychiatry calls deviation actions, single actions and statements that contradict norms and are produced by a person. within the framework of psychopathology. Psychology understands deviant behavior as deviations from moral, ethical and moral norms and social norms, as well as causing harm to oneself or others.
Causes
About 40% of people who show signs of deviant behavior are violators of public order and commit illegal acts causing significant harm to others. Half of these people have psychopathic deviations.
Children of younger and adolescence demonstrate delinquent behavior due to a lack of attention from adults or, conversely, tend to avoid overprotection, to escape from supervision. This explains the running away from home. Also deviant behavior of teenagers can be caused by misunderstanding and disagreements in contacts with peers, ridicule on their part. In some cases, children simply experience incomprehensible boredom, they are driven by a desire to change the situation.
The causes of deviant behavior in children and adolescents are:
- life in an incomplete family;
- flaws in education;
- pathological changes in character;
- excessively expressed certain traits of character.
All these reasons can also lead to the development of early alcoholism and drug addiction. Psychology believes that the reasons why children and adolescents try alcohol and drugs are curiosity, the desire to get comfortable in the team, and the desire to change consciousness.
Forms and types of deviant behavior
Deviant behavior is relative, not absolute, as it is verified exclusively by the norms of a certain social group. For example, a bare-chested woman who appears on the Russian streets will be absolutely sent either to a police stronghold or straight to a specialized institution in a supervised chamber. Whereas in remote areas of Africa, no one will be surprised. In a broader sense, we can talk about the following deviant deviations: alcoholism, addiction to drugs, prostitution, criminal behavior, suicide.
The following types of deviation can be distinguished:
- delinquent;
- addiction;
- specific character;
- psychopathology.
Delinquency- these are extreme forms of behavioral deviations, characterized by the commission of criminally punishable acts. The reason for this is psychological immaturity. Unlike criminal inclinations, the actions of a delinquent teenager are dictated by the desire to misbehave against the background of incorrect upbringing, disobedience and denial of authority.
Addictive type behavior is a form of destruction. Such people are looking for a way out of the realities of their own lives by artificially changing their consciousness or focusing on some activity. Such manifestations are characteristic of people with low self-esteem, painfully dependent on something. They are characterized by a tendency to blame others, a constant, often unnecessary, lie.
Deviations in character are most often formed wrong upbringing, excessive indulgence to children's whims. These people are prone to dominance, do not tolerate objections, are stubborn and touchy, they have the psychology of a child, infantilism.
The psychopathological type goes beyond the norm and must be corrected by medical specialists. One of the subspecies of this type is a tendency to self-destruction: taking drugs and alcohol, suicidal tendencies.
Forms of deviant behavior of adolescents
One of the deviations is hyperkinetic conduct disorder. In the absence of diagnosed mental pathologies, this is a variant of the norm. The causes of deviant behavior are certain character traits. Hyperkinetic disorders are manifested as inattention, lack of concentration, increased activity, excessive excitability. Such children cannot concentrate and complete the work they have begun. They are characterized by inadequate negative self-esteem, as well as the inability to keep a distance from older people.
Some cases of manifestations of deviant behavior are limited to the family circle. In these cases, one cannot speak of psychopathic deviations in any way, since the teenager treats only relatives. Deviations are theft, cruelty towards domestic, aggressive behavior.
The following characteristics of deviant behavior are socialized and unsocialized disorders. In the first case, adolescents demonstrate rejection and aggression towards elders, but show sociability in a peer group, are in a group. The group may consist of both antisocial personalities and children who do not show signs of deviation. Such adolescents tend to have behavioral and psychoemotional disorders against the background of depressive states. Violations are manifested as strong unmotivated anxiety, fear for one's life and health, loss of interest in life, obsessive fears, doom.
Unsocialized behavioral disorders also manifest aggression and antisocial actions. However, such children are not members of groups and, as a rule, feel lonely and misunderstood, or deliberately destroy existing ties, do not want to maintain relationships. Such children demonstrate cruelty, do not recognize authorities, do not agree with their elders. In relation to peers, a teenager shows pugnacity, unmotivated aggression and anger, does not listen to anyone. May show a tendency to destruction, destruction, physical violence.
One of the forms of adolescent deviation is delinquent behavior. It is characterized by acts against the rules, but not limited by law. This can be bullying of the younger, vandalism, petty theft and theft, extortion, petty hooliganism.
Separately, it must be said about deviations in the sexual sphere of a teenager. During puberty, there are already sexual desires, and no one has explained what to do to a teenager. Then there are deviations in intimate behavior. It can be expressed by an unhealthy interest in one's own and others' genitals, voyeurism, exhibitionism. Having matured, the teenager ceases to show signs of deviations in behavior.
In some cases, bad inclinations have time to develop into habits that remain in an adult or turn into a pathological form. Teenage same-sex relationships are considered one of the types of deviations in the sexual sphere. Often this behavior is dictated by the situation or conditions in which the teenager is.
Correction of signs of deviant behavior is the responsibility of psychologists, since pedagogical methods are not enough. The number of cases of deviation in adolescents is increasing, and this is a reason to think. Now in our society manifestations of deviant behavior are an acute social problem. Parents often do not devote enough time to raising children, and simply communicating with them. Teachers are increasingly treating teenagers and their problems formally.
To combat the rise in deviant behavior, prevention must be carried out in two directions. First, within the framework of general prevention, it is necessary to involve children in the social processes taking place in educational institutions, to form a sense of belonging to a team, responsibility. Secondly, prevention consists in identifying adolescents who need an individual approach, analyzing psychology and the causes of deviations, and conducting corrective work with such a child.
No society is able to force all its individuals to act according to its norms all the time, in other words, in any society there is deviant behavior.
Deviant (deviant) behavior is an act, activity of the subject that does not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms, stereotypes, and patterns in a given society. Deviation takes various forms. Terrorist criminals, hermits, ascetics, hippies, sinners and saints - all these are deviations from the norms accepted in society.
Signs of deviant behavior
1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.
2) Deviant behavior and the person who displays it cause a negative assessment from other people (social sanctions).
3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.
4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).
5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.
6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.
7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.
8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.
The term "deviant behavior" can be applied to children at least 5 years old.
« The core" of deviant behavior in the classification of F. Pataki are:
Crime
Alcoholism
Addiction
Suicide
- "pre-deviant syndrome" - a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:
- affective type of behavior;
- family conflicts;
- aggressive type of behavior;
- early antisocial behaviors;
- negative attitude towards learning;
- low level of intelligence.
Forms of deviant behavior.
Violence means the use by one or another subject of various forms of coercion (up to armed action) against other subjects (classes, social and other groups, individuals) in order to acquire or maintain economic and political dominance, gain rights and privileges, achieve other goals.
The forms of manifestation of violence are varied.
- Physical violence
- mental abuse
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
Drug addiction, substance abuse
Withdrawal is a condition that occurs as a result of a sudden cessation of the intake (introduction) of substances that cause substance abuse.
Drunkenness is interpreted as immoderate consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.
Alcoholism is characterized by a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual.
Offenses are one of the forms of antisocial behavior directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens.
All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors.
Crime is the most dangerous form of deviant human behavior, expressing conflict in the form of antagonism between individual, group and public interests.
Offenses in the form of a misdemeanor are manifested in a defiant demeanor, foul language, pugnacity, petty theft, drunkenness, and vagrancy. Misdemeanors are regulated by the norms of various branches of law: administrative, civil, labor, etc.
Crime is one of the most pressing problems modern Russian society.
To correct behavioral disorders in children of middle school age, it is necessary to determine the type and causes of behavioral disorders, while it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of children,
Age features of children 13-15 years old
The importance of this period in a person's life is explained by the fact that at this time the foundations of the moral and social attitudes of the individual are laid.
1) there are numerous qualitative shifts that are in the nature of a breakdown of the former: features, interests and relationships (this breakdown occurs most often rapidly, unexpectedly, transiently);
2) changes at this age are accompanied by:
a) subjective difficulties of a teenager (internal experiences, confusion, physiological difficulties),
b) difficulties for parents and teachers in educating teenagers (stubbornness, rudeness, negativism, irritability, etc.).
Psychologists call this age - "time 5 NOT"
They don't want to learn as much as they can.
They don't want to listen to advice.
DO NOT clean up after themselves.
Do NOT do household chores.
DO NOT come on time.
Biological factor in the development of a teenager.
During this period, the following changes occur: endocrine changes, a growth spurt, restructuring of the motor apparatus, an imbalance in the growth of the heart and blood vessels (the heart grows faster than the circulatory system as a whole and this sometimes leads to malfunctions in the cardiovascular system).
Consequently:
- Sexual attraction develops
- abrupt changes in states, reactions, mood (imbalance, irritability, agitation, periodic lethargy, apathy, asthenic - weakness),
- awkwardness, angularity, lack of coordination of movements, fussiness, violent and direct expression of emotions.
The main need of this age is the need to communicate with peers. Communication is the knowledge of oneself through others, the search for oneself, attention to one's inner life, self-affirmation of the personality. Since communication prevails, there is a colossal decrease in the motivation for learning. Teenagers are interested in everything but not in educational activities.
Sex differences in communication:
- boys are less sociable,
Girls are drawn to older boys.
Emotions and feelings of a teenager.
The emotional sphere is of great importance in the life of a teenager. The mind recedes into the background. Sympathy for people, teachers, subjects, life circumstances are formed exclusively on the wave of emotions, both negative and positive. At this age, they like to "bathe" in their own emotions - sadness, loneliness, anger, guilt, euphoria. Adolescents express their emotions exceptionally violently and directly, they are often extremely unrestrained.
Relationships with adults.
a) “alienation” from adults occurs: less closeness and trust in relations with parents, they noticeably try not to participate in family affairs;
b) demonstrative behavior: scandals, whims, rudeness towards adults. All this is a hidden demand to recognize their adulthood and rights. A teenager understands that his adulthood is still unsteady, but through demonstrativeness he compensates for this uncertainty.
c) upholding justice. Adolescents in everyday life accuse adults of injustice - adults demand what they themselves do not fulfill. This is due to the fact that at this age moral development acquires a new meaning that goes beyond real life (justice, love, friendship, sincerity). The way out of this situation for parents is not to passively agree with the claims of the children, but to express and reasonably defend their own position.
A person becomes deviant gradually. Milestones
formation of deviant behavior are:
The emergence of a contradiction between social norms and personality;
Manifestation of disagreement, denial of social demands by the child;
Manifestation of illegal actions (petty hooliganism, deceit, theft, etc.);
Relapses of illegal actions;
Accumulation of experience of antisocial behavior (violence, hooliganism, prostitution, etc.);
Inclusion in a group with antisocial behavior;
Violation of laws;
Commission of crime
Family as a factor of negative personality formation:
a) immoral situation in the family: drunkenness, quarrels, fights, rudeness in relationships, dishonesty, etc., which creates a negative role model, forms an appropriate worldview;
b) problems of family composition: single-parent families, families with one child, large families, distant families, etc., which leads to a lack of pedagogical influence on the child, the formation of his personality on the part of only one of the parents, or to excessive attention and connivance in the process education.
These negative factors of influence of the family contribute to the creation of a negative attitude towards the home, family, and parents in the child, encourage him to strive to leave home and spend most of his time outside of it. Under these conditions, a category of “street children”, neglected and homeless, is being formed.
This is facilitated by: aggressive environment in the house, rudeness towards the child; prolonged inattention to his interests and problems, weaning him to deal with something to the parent (parents), to see in him (in them) support, unwillingness to communicate with him (them); switching parents to their personal problems and leaving the child to himself for a long time; shifting the upbringing of a child to grandparents without their appropriate support (with age, older people are unable to provide the necessary educational impact on their grandchildren, which leads to their neglect); deficiencies in upbringing, the child’s lack of healthy interests, hobbies, perseverance, etc.
Factors of environmental (streets, cities, "flocks", etc.) impact on a person in the process of his development.
Negative hobbies at home, non-pedagogical use of the possibilities of the game in the development of the child, etc.
The negative influence of the immediate environment, and above all the anti-pedagogical behavior of parents, adults, peers, etc.
The negative impact of the media, especially television, video products.
There are other environmental factors that negatively affect the upbringing of a person.
D. Disadvantages in raising a child:
a) errors of family education;
b) greenhouse conditions, the removal of the child from any life problems, any vigorous activity, contributing to the formation of callousness, infantilism and inability to empathize with human difficulties and tragedies, to overcome life's difficulties in a critical situation;
c) mistakes and omissions in the process of education and upbringing in an educational institution, especially in kindergarten and school;
d) negative moral guidelines of education;
e) teaching the child certain negative models of life and activity (self-realization in life). Under these conditions, a person begins to identify himself with the heroes of various adventures, "try on" various activities.
This is especially facilitated by television, cinema, video films, which act as a kind of “textbooks” for various forms of criminal activity;
f) environmental negative "expectations" in relation to a child, a teenager from a dysfunctional family, who has a negative comradely environment, violates discipline, etc. Such expectations often directly or indirectly provoke a child to delinquency;
g) introducing a child, teenager to alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling;
h) lack of unity and coherence in the educational activities of parents in the family, in the interaction of the family and the school, family, school and administrative bodies working with children and adolescents, etc.;
i) shortcomings in the system of re-education, correction of offenders and their subsequent adaptation in everyday life (social environment).
Negative personal position of the child himself:
a) deviations in the self-esteem of a teenager: overestimated - leads to excessive ambition and self-mobilization, which, combined with the immoral ability of self-expression, leads to offenses; understated - gives rise to self-doubt, behavioral dualism, split personality and creates problems for her
in a team, restrains self-expression;
b) indifference to moral values and self-improvement. Often this is due to the lack of a moral example and the unformed need to be better;
c) a negatively realized need for self-assertion and rivalry in adolescents with behavioral deviations, unhealthy rivalry. These needs, their orientation in adolescence predetermine the adolescent's aspiration for self-activity;
d) the complexity of the formation in a child, adolescent, young man of the need and active desire for self-correction;
Having described the main groups of factors that determine the formation of negative, deviant behavior in children, it is necessary to determine the most important areas of pedagogical activity for their prevention and overcoming.
REGIONAL STATE STATE INSTITUTION
"AN ORGANIZATION THAT PROVIDES TRAINING,
FOR ORPHANS AND CHILDREN LEFT WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE "Children's Home No. 16", Oktyabrsky, Vaninsky Municipal District
KHABAROVSK REGION
REPORT
SOCIOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR. CAUSES AND FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Completed:
Papizhuk Yulia Sergeevna
social pedagogue of the Recruitment Service,
preparation and support
foster families
KGKU Orphanage 16
Oktyabrsky
Vaninsky municipal district
Khabarovsk Territory
October 2016
Table of contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………..3
Chapter 1. Determination of social norms ……………………… 7
Chapter 2. The concept and types of deviant behavior……………..10
Chapter 3The main forms of deviant behavior …………...15
Chapter 4. Causes of social deviations …………………..18
Conclusion …………………………………………………………22
Literature………………………………………………………..23
Introduction
In any social society, there are always social norms adopted in this society, i.e., rules (written and unwritten) by which this society lives. It is common for the whole world, social being and every person to deviate from the axis of their existence and development.Deviation or non-observance of these norms is a social deviation, or deviation.The reason for this deviation lies in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the outside world, the social environment and himself. The diversity arising on the basis of this property in the psychophysical, sociocultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the flourishing of society, its improvement and the implementation of social development.
Deviant behavior, it seems to me, is one of the most important problems of any social society. It has always been, is and will be present in human society. And no matter how much we want to get rid of it, there will always be people called deviants, i.e. those who cannot and do not want to live according to the rules and norms adopted in the society in which they live.
However, different social societies differ from each other in the degree of social deviation, I mean that in different social beings there may be a different number of individuals that fall under the definition of "deviant". Also, in different societies there may be a different degree of deviance itself, that is, the average level of deviation from the social norms of one society may differ from another. Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has put this problem at the center.
attention of social psychologists, doctors, law enforcement officials.
To explain the causes, conditions and factors that determine this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. At all times, society has tried to suppress, eliminate unwanted forms of human activity and their carriers. Methods and means were determined by socio-economic relations, public consciousness, and the interests of the ruling elite. Problems of social "evil" have always attracted the attention of scientists. Philosophers and lawyers, physicians and teachers, psychologists and biologists considered and evaluated various types of social pathology: crime, drunkenness and alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide, etc.
In the depths of sociology, a special sociological theory was born and formed - the sociology of deviant (deviant) behavior and social control. The sociology of deviant behavior is a discipline that systematically studies the manifestations of deviation - as socio-psychological and social factors, and also systematizes all available material, all scientific sources, study approaches, principles relating to behavior, activities of people and groups that do not correspond to generally accepted norms. At the same time, sociology itself is engaged in the study of the most common causes and consequences of deviation, its influence on the development of social processes, shows the way for appropriate effective control, elimination, and prevention of consequences of this type.
The object of the sociology of deviations is the subjects of deviant behavior - people, groups of people, organizations.
The subject of this discipline are the characteristics and nature of social phenomena as deviant behavior and viewing them as specific.
The origins of the sociology of deviant behavior are E. Durkheim, and it owes its constitution as an independent scientific direction primarily to R. Merton and A. Cohen.
In the former CCCP, deviant behavior was studied for a long time mainly within the framework of special disciplines: criminology, narcology, suicidology, etc. Sociological research began in Leningrad in the late 60s and early 70s. V. S. Afanasiev, A. G. Zdravomyslov, I. V. Matochkin, Ya. I. Gilinsky. In the development and institutionalization of the sociology of deviant behavior, great merit belongs to Academician V. N. Kudryavtsev.
Of course, Russian society cannot remain in this position for long. The deviant behavior of a significant mass of the population today embodies the most dangerous destructive tendencies for the country.
In this work, I have set the following tasks:
define deviant behavior and deal with the various forms of its manifestation. In particular, one should distinguish between deviant behavior, which is socially creative in nature, is a product or reflection of social innovation, and deviant behavior, which is generated or opens the way to social pathology, is socially negative; .
explain the reasons for the emergence of deviations from social norms in some members of a social society, considering various approaches to the study of this problem.
Chapter 1 Defining Social Norms
In order to define what deviant behavior is, it is first necessary to define the concept of “social norms”.
Social norms - prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal samples (templates) that determine what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. They differ in scale.
The first type is the norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth get-togethers, groups of friends, families, work teams, sports teams). These are called "group habits".
For example, the American sociologist E. Mayo, in 1927-1932. who conducted the famous Hawthorne experiments, discovered the norms that were applied in relation to newcomers accepted into the production team, senior comrades:
Don't be official with "yours";
Don't tell superiors anything that might harm group members;
Do not communicate with superiors more often than with “your own”;
Do not make more products than your comrades.
The second type is the norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. They are called "general rules". These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners. Every social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette. There is a secular
etiquette, there are manners of behavior of youth. There are national traditions and customs.
All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed.
For violation of some norms, a mild punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look.
Violation of other norms is followed by harsh sanctions - imprisonment, even the death penalty. A certain degree of defiance exists in any society and in any group. Violation of palace etiquette, the ritual of a diplomatic conversation or marriage causes embarrassment, puts a person in a difficult position. But it does not entail harsh punishments.
In other situations, sanctions are more tangible. Using a cheat sheet in an exam threatens with a decrease in grade, and the loss of a library book - a fivefold fine. Social norms perform very important functions in society. They regulate the general course of socialization, integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society, control deviant behavior, serve as models, standards of behavior.
How can this be achieved with the help of norms? First, the norms are also the obligations of one person in relation to another or other persons. By forbidding newcomers to communicate with superiors more often than with their comrades, the small group imposes certain obligations on its members and puts them in certain relations with superiors and comrades. Therefore, norms form a network of social relations in a group, society.
Secondly, norms are also an expectation: from a person who observes this norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and walking towards - on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collisions and confusion occur. The effect of norms is even more evident in business. In principle, it is impossible if partners do not comply with written and unwritten norms, rules, and laws. It should be, the norms form a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals, direction of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.
Norms perform their functions depending on the capacity in which they manifest themselves - as standards of behavior (duties, rules or as an expectation of behavior (the reaction of other people).
From all this it follows that if an individual complies with all the norms prescribed by society, then his behavior is not deviant, but if he does not comply with any rules, then the behavior of this individual will be deviant. But usually in society there are no people who would observe absolutely all the norms. Until when is some non-compliance with social norms not out of the ordinary behavior? To do this, it is necessary to refer to the very concept of "deviation".
Chapter 2. The concept and types of deviant behavior
Unfortunately, there is no such happy society in which all its members would behave in accordance with general regulatory requirements. The term "social deviance" refers to the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them. Social deviance can take many different forms. Youth criminals, hermits, ascetics, hardened sinners, saints, geniuses, innovative artists, murderers - all these are people who deviate from generally accepted norms, or, as they are also called, deviants.
In simple societies with few members and simple norm structures, deviant behavior is easily identified and controlled. In societies with a complex structure of often conflicting social norms, the problem of deviations from generally accepted behavior grows to a very significant extent. The difficulty of determining the existence of any social deviance can be illustrated by the following example: if the majority of adolescents in a social group are prone to criminal behavior, and many adults in this group often break the law, in whom should we record deviant behavior - in criminals or non-criminals? In connection with the many difficulties that arise in the analysis of this problem, it should be analyzed in more detail.
Cultural and mental deviations. One individual may have deviations in social behavior, another in personal organization, and a third in the social sphere and in personal organization. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, i.e. deviations of a given social community from the norms of culture. Psychologists are interested in mental deviations from the norms in the personality organization: psychosis, neuroses, paranoid states, etc. If these two types of deviations are combined, then the deviation from cultural norms is committed by a mentally abnormal person.
People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, radical political behavior is defined as an outlet for emotional hostility, i.e. as a mental disorder; prostitution - as a consequence of emotional deprivation of childhood, when the child had few opportunities for the integration of personality, his own "I". Sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are also associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental deviations.
Naturally, personal disorganization is far from the only cause of deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms adopted in society, and vice versa, individuals who are mentally quite normal commit very serious deviations. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.
Individual and group deviations. The most ordinary boy from a stable family, surrounded by decent people, can reject the norms accepted in his environment and show clear signs of criminal behavior (become a delinquent). In this case, we are faced with an individual deviation from the norms within the same subculture. Such a person is usually regarded as an individual deviant. At the same time, in every society there are many deviant subcultures, the norms of which are condemned by the generally accepted, dominant morality.
society. For example, teenagers from difficult families spend most of their time in basements. The "basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes. In this case, there is not an individual, but a group deviation from the norms of the dominant culture, since adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture. The subculture in this case contains patterns of behavior brought by individual deviants. In the example under consideration, every teenager who returns to the generally accepted way of life in society will be an individual deviant from the point of view of this “basement” subculture, and it can apply its measures of social control towards him. Another example of a group of social deviation can be considered a group of bureaucrats who no longer see the real environment behind the papers and live in the illusory world of paragraphs, circulars and orders. A subculture has also been created here, getting into which each employee must obey the current cultural bureaucratic norms.
So, we can distinguish between two ideal types of deviations:
individual deviations, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;
group deviation, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.
In real life, deviant personalities cannot be strictly divided into these two types. Most often, these two types of deviations intersect.
Primary and secondary deviations. The concept of primary and secondary deviations was first formulated and developed in detail by X. Becker. It helps to see the process of becoming the personality of a complete deviant.
Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Each member of society commits many small violations throughout his life, and in most cases, those around him do not consider such people to be deviants.
Deviants remain primary as long as their actions fit within the framework of a socially accepted role.
A secondary deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in a group, which is socially defined as deviant. The person is identified as a deviant. Sometimes, in the case of even a single deviant act (rape, homosexuality, drug use, etc.) or an erroneous or false accusation, the individual is labeled a deviant. This labeling process can be a turning point in an individual's life path. Indeed, an individual who has committed a primary deviation from generally accepted norms continues to live the same life, occupy the same place in the system of statuses and roles, and continue to interact with members of the group. But as soon as he gets the label of a deviant, he immediately appears
a tendency to break off many social ties with the group and even to isolate from it. Such a person can be removed from his favorite work, profession, rejected by respectable people, and even earn the name of a "criminal" person; it can become dependent on deviant (eg, alcoholics) or criminal (eg, a criminal group) associations that begin to use the fact of individual deviation, separating this individual from society and instilling in him the moral standards of their subculture. Thus, a secondary deviation can turn a person's whole life upside down. Favorable conditions are created for the repetition of the act of deviant behavior. After the repetition of the offense, isolation is further intensified, stricter measures of social control begin to be applied, and the person may go into a state characterized by permanent deviant behavior.
It should be noted that some deviations can be positive, and some negative. Moreover, in different social groups, the concepts of what are positive and what are negative deviations are different. For example, in a criminal group, a recidivist thief is an authoritative person, for the rest of society he is a criminal, and vice versa, a law enforcement officer who protects society from criminal elements causes a negative attitude among criminals. Thus, deviations can be divided into culturally approved and culturally condemned. Culturally approved, these are deviations that are supported by society as a whole. This includes people who stand out from the crowd with genius, some positive personal qualities, famous actors, athletes, etc. Such personalities are ideals for most members of society.
Conversely, individuals whose behavior causes disapproval in society are culturally condemned deviants. These include criminals, alcoholics, drug addicts, homosexuals. It often happens when several of these deviations are combined in one person.
Chapter 3 . The main forms of deviant behavior
Crime
Addiction
Alcoholism
Prostitution
suicide
Runaways and vagrancy
Fears and Obsessions
Vandalism and graffiti
Crime. In domestic psychology, the origins of deviant behavior and, accordingly, offenses are in difficult education and pedagogical or socio-cultural neglect.
Illegal acts in adolescence are even more deliberate and arbitrary. There is alienation from the family against the background of family problems and "non-pedagogical" methods of education.
Addiction is a general term for a complex of causes and effects associated with the use of narcotic substances. Drug addiction is the disease of the century. The common reasons for introducing young people to drugs are:
Naturally, in each specific case, the impetus for drug use is due to unique coincidences of circumstances, a cumulative effect, a merger of external and internal causes. Accident cannot be ruled out.
Alcoholism. Worldwide, alcohol consumption is on the rise. Alcohol consumption by children and adolescents is one of the most acute social and pedagogical problems.
Prostitution. Society has always been looking for ways and means to combat prostitution. In history, there were main forms of policy in relation to prostitution: prohibitionism (prohibition), regulation (registration and medical supervision), abolitionism (preventive, explanatory and educational work in the absence of prohibitions and registration). As historical experience has shown, neither legal nor medical regulation directed against representatives of this ancient profession does not completely solve the problem. Practice shows that social and spiritual transformations in society radically change the situation.
Suicide. From the Latin "to kill oneself" is the intentional deprivation of one's life. The extreme point in a series of mutually passing forms of self-destructive behavior. Suicidal behavior - conscious actions, guided by ideas about depriving oneself of life.
Runaways from home, vagrancy. Vagrancy is one of the extreme forms of outsiderdom. Vagrancy can be characterized as deviant behavior, it is always associated with other types of deviant behavior: alcoholism, drug addiction, crime. Vagrancy causes moral and psychological damage to the person himself and to those who encounter them.
Fear and obsession. The emergence of various fears (phobias) is quite typical for childhood and adolescence. More often
all this is a neurotic fear of the dark, loneliness, separation from parents and loved ones, an increase in influence on one's health.
Vandalism and graffiti. Vandalism is one form of destructive behavior. Graffiti is an original form of manifestation of deviant behavior among adolescents and young people.
Thus, we can conclude that deviant behavior should be considered and known in all its manifestations to both parents and teachers, educators, leaders of youth. The correct behavior of adults when factors appear that lead to deviant behavior of adolescents will help solve the emerging problem at the stage of its early formation.
Chapter 4
What are the causes of deviant behavior? First of all, culturally condemned behavior.
The process of socialization (the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values necessary for his successful functioning in a given society) reaches a certain degree of completeness when a person reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition of an integral social status by a person (a status that determines a person's position in society). However, failures and failures are possible in the process of socialization. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - these are various forms of negative behavior of individuals, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law.
The answer to the question: why do deviants appear, they try to give sociological or cultural theories of social deviations. In accordance with them, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they go through in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the personality. When the processes of socialization are successful, the individual first adapts to the cultural norms surrounding him, then perceives them in such a way that the approved norms and values of the society or group become his emotional need, and the prohibitions of culture become part of his consciousness. He perceives the norms of the culture in such a way that he automatically acts in the expected manner of behavior most of the time. Individual errors are rare, and everyone around knows that they are not his usual behavior.
One of the most important factors in teaching moral values and behavioral norms is the family. When a child is socialized in a happy, strong and healthy family, he usually develops as a self-confident and in his environment, well-mannered person who perceives the norms of the surrounding culture as fair and self-evident. The child is oriented in a certain way to his future. If family life is somehow unsatisfactory, then children often develop with gaps in education, in the assimilation of norms and with deviant behavior. Numerous studies of youth crime have shown that about 85% of young people with deviant behavior were brought up in dysfunctional families. American researchers in the field of social psychology have identified five main factors that determine family life as dysfunctional: super-severe paternal discipline (rudeness, extravagance, misunderstanding); insufficient maternal supervision (indifference, carelessness); insufficient paternal affection; insufficient maternal affection (coldness, hostility); lack of cohesion in the family (scandals, hostility, mutual hostility). All these factors have a significant impact on the process of socialization of the child in the family and, ultimately, on the education of a person with deviant behavior.
However, there are also numerous cases of manifestation of deviant behavior in perfectly prosperous families. The fact is that the family is far from the only (albeit the most important) institution in society that participates in the socialization of the individual. The norms accepted from childhood can be revised or discarded in the course of interaction with the surrounding reality, in particular with the social environment.
Deviant behavior of individual individuals can also be the result of such a phenomenon as anomie (a state of lack of norms). This happens in a constantly changing society, where there is no single and unchanging system of norms. In such a situation, it can be difficult for a person to choose a line of normative behavior, which subsequently gives rise to deviant behavior of the individual.
When moral norms forbid doing some actions that many individuals want to do, another phenomenon of deviant behavior arises - norms of justification. These are cultural patterns by which people justify the fulfillment of any forbidden desires and actions without an open challenge to existing moral norms.
Thus, deviant behavior plays a dual role in society: on the one hand, it poses a threat to the stability of society, on the other hand, it maintains this stability.
So, for example, if there are numerous cases of social deviations in a society or social group, people lose a sense of expected behavior. There is a disorganization of culture and the destruction of the social order.
On the other hand, deviant behavior is one of the ways in which a culture can adapt to social change. There is no modern society that would remain static for a long time. Even communities completely isolated from world civilizations must change their patterns of behavior from time to time due to environmental changes. But new cultural norms are rarely created through discussion and further acceptance by all members of social groups. New
social norms are born and develop as a result of the daily behavior of individuals, in the clash of constantly emerging social circumstances. The behavior of a small number of individuals deviating from old, habitual norms may be the beginning of the creation of new normative patterns. Gradually, overcoming traditions, deviant behavior containing new viable norms increasingly penetrates people's minds. As the members of social groups adopt behavior that contains new norms, it ceases to be deviant.
Conclusion
So, we have determined that deviant (deviant) behavior is the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them. Deviant behavior is a consequence of an unsuccessful process of personality socialization: as a result of a violation of the processes of identification and individualization of a person, such an individual easily falls into a state of “social disorganization”, when cultural norms, values and social relationships are absent, weaken or contradict each other. This condition is called anomie and is the main cause of deviant behavior.
Given that deviant behavior can take a variety of forms (both negative and positive), it is necessary to study this phenomenon, showing a differentiated approach.
Deviant behavior often serves as the basis, the beginning of the existence of generally accepted cultural norms. Without it, it would be difficult to adapt culture to changing social needs. At the same time, the question of the extent to which deviant behavior should be widespread and what types of it are useful, and most importantly, tolerant for society, is still practically not resolved. If we consider any areas of human activity: politics, management, ethics, then it is impossible to answer this question quite definitely (for example, which norms are better: the republican cultural norms that we have adopted or the old monarchical, modern norms of etiquette or the norms of etiquette of our fathers and grandfathers?). It is difficult to give a satisfactory answer to these questions. However, not all forms of deviant behavior require such a detailed analysis. Criminal behavior, sexual deviations, alcoholism and drug addiction cannot lead to the emergence of new cultural patterns useful for society. It should be recognized that the vast majority of social deviations play a destructive role in the development of society. And only a few deviations can be considered useful. One of the tasks of sociologists is to recognize and select useful cultural patterns in the deviant behavior of individuals and groups. [ 2 . C. 126].
Literature
Smelzer N. Sociology. - M.: Phoenix, 1994.
Frolov S.S. Sociology. - M.: Logos, 1996.
Moscow State Social University. Deviant behavior of children and adolescents: problems and ways to solve them // Proceedings of the Moscow City Scientific and Practical Conference. - M.: Soyuz, 1996.
