Starting from the first decades of the 18th century, everything that happened in Russian literature was connected with the general national-historical development of the country, which was rapidly involved in common European life, gaining its own special place in it and at the same time becoming part of the world historical process.
An important stage in the development of Russian literature of the 18th century was the establishment of classicism as a literary trend, when the historical task of transforming versification was solved, and the beginning of the formation of the Russian literary language was laid. Classicism created new literary forms corresponding to the new content, new social and civic ideals. From the end of the 1730s, the birth of the “new” Russian literature was associated with the activities of M.V. Lomonosov, who made a huge contribution to the formation of the national Russian language and the transformation of Russian versification.
Reflecting the main stages in the formation of the Russian nation and statehood, Russian literature directly intervened in the solution of pressing political and social issues and became a powerful tool for the further growth of the national culture and self-consciousness of the Russian people, the most important factor in the moral impact on society. Already in the first decades, the foundations of ideological trends, themes, and literary genres were laid, which were further developed in literature. It was at this time that the foundations of European culture were laid, freed from the power of the Church. The literature of the 18th century became an important stage in the history of national culture. Great is its role in preparing the brilliant achievements of our literature in the next, golden age.
Russian literature of the 18th century prepared the conditions for the emergence of Pushkin, the first national artistic genius and the founder of the new greatest Russian literature, the highest invaluable contribution to world culture, to the beginning of a new formation. Having creatively mastered the achievements of the past, relying on the traditions of his predecessors, primarily G.R. Derzhavin, V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov, Pushkin developed the norms of the Russian literary language, created the greatest examples of the national Russian art of the word. He had a huge influence on the work of contemporary writers and for many years determined the main direction of our literature.
The literature of the 18th century fulfilled, first of all, its main task - to educate its contemporaries socially and morally. At the same time, it in many ways prepared the brilliant flowering of the classics of the 19th century.
In the last third of the 18th century, along with the emergence of the romantic trend, the growth of realistic tendencies sharply intensified. Russian literature began to look for approaches to social analysis. These tendencies did not develop into a definite ideological and aesthetic system. This will happen later, in the 30s of the XIX century. Before realism became the dominant trend, it was necessary to achieve a deep analysis of the psychology of character, to reveal more fully the soul of a person. The formation of both romanticism and realism began in the 18th century.
The work of a number of writers of the end of the century (Fonvizin, Radishchev, Derzhavin, Karamzin) organically merged into the development of a living literary process at the beginning of the next century.
The continuity of literary development was reflected in the appeal of the literature of the early 19th century to the themes, images, civic pathos of the literature of the previous century. This was reflected in poetry, and in drama, and in prose. Derzhavin's line in the development of Russian poetry was reflected in the poetry of Zhukovsky, and in the lyrics of Batyushkov, and in the works of the young Pushkin, the Decembrists. In the field of drama in the 19th century, the traditions of civil tragedy ("The Argives" by Kuchelbecker) and the satirical comedy of Fonvizin (in the plays of Griboyedov, Gogol, Ostrovsky) were inherited. The development of democratic prose in the middle of the century (Chulkov, Emmin, Levshin, etc.), with its appeal to everyday life, attention to folklore, which contributed to overcoming the abstractness of classicism, predetermined the further development of prose in the works of Izmailov, Narezhny, Gogol.
Thus, the process of development of Russian literature and Russian social thought of the 18th century prepared for the further stormy and brilliant flowering of the literature of the following century. The defining trend in the development of literature was the strengthening of its connection with life, the maturation of realistic tendencies in the poetry of Derzhavin, in the work of Fonvizin, Novikov, Krylov, Radishchev, whose heirs were Pushkin, Griboyedov, Gogol, Ostrovsky. The creative achievements of Karamzin in many respects anticipated the literary activity of Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and other poets and writers of the beginning of the century. Threads stretch from Radishchev to the Decembrists, Herzen, the revolutionary democrats of the 60s, who deeply realized the continuity of revolutionary traditions. Despite the difference in worldview and aesthetic principles, progressive writers of the 18th century proclaimed and approved in their work the ideal of a free, independent writer - a spokesman for public opinion.
From the middle of the 18th century, many works of Russian literature were translated into foreign languages and became known to foreign readers. So, already in the 18th century, Russian literature began to enter the mainstream of European literature.
Will be out by May. Lesson objectives. You must have been waiting for my letter, dear brother. The novel is found to be stretched out, but there is no superfluous word in it ”F. M. Dostoevsky. “They don’t understand how you can write in such a style. “Man is a mystery. About half of March I was ready and satisfied. Give it up and you won't be happy. I received 500 silver rubles from Muscovites. Thematic features of the "little man" in the image of Makar Devushkin.
"Lyceum life of Pushkin" - Living room. On October 19, 1811, the opening ceremony of the lyceum took place in the Catherine Palace. Malinovsky Ivan Nickname Cossack. Alexander I himself was present with his family, there were many guests. Member of the secret society of the Decembrists. Summer 1817 Days of graduation from the Lyceum. Project work on literature on the topic: "Lyceum years of A.S. Pushkin." Class. Report card of Pushkin Alexander. You are happy, my friend! Let's hug one last time! And you, a rake of rake, Born on a prank, A daring grip, a thug, A sincere friend ... Teacher: Gilmieva A.M. Creator of the almanac "Northern Flowers.".
"Shukshin's Stories" - I also live in the Altai Territory. “In the field, we always walked, returned dark, even if it was an eye. From the memoirs of mother and sister V.M. Shukshin. The main technique is antithesis. Vasya was stubborn. We just need to live smart ... ". Research plan: Grandfather Makar works at the "forge". Real fear is a consequence of war. We knew how to live. There are no male workers - suffering drives; children work. The garden was small. Conclusions:
"Russian literature of the 18th century" - The main literary trends. Literature of the 18th century. Portrait of Catherine II. Literature lesson in grade 9. I.N. Nikitin. Portrait of Peter I. Classicism Sentimentalism. F.S. Rokotov.
"Lermontov Grade 9" - Philosophical poems. Theme of love. "Motherland" "Borodino" "Farewell, unwashed Russia" "Two giants" "Complaints of a Turk". The main themes of Lermontov's creativity. "Clouds" "I love the chains of blue mountains." And sullenly You concealed what the thought languished about, And came out to us with a smile on your lips. Arsenyeva E. "Why am I so hurt and so sad ...". About nature. Lermontov's "Prophet" was a polemical response to Pushkin's poem of the same name. Pushkin's "Prophet" and Lermontov's "Prophet". Journalist, reader and writer. Nicholas I. About the fate of a generation. (Lermontov: personality, fate, era).
"Talking surnames in Ostrovsky's plays" - Year. Savva receives a good education, but cannot fully realize his abilities. Pelageya Egorovna is the wife of Gordey Tortsov. Gordey Karpych Tortsov. The heroes of the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Poverty is not a vice." Speaking surnames in the work of A. N. Ostrovsky. Lyubov Gordeevna. Purpose: We love Tortsov. Thus, through the surname, the author emphasizes the similarity of the brothers. Pelageya Egorovna Tortsova. Mitya.
Answers to school textbooks
4. Who is the author of the given texts?
Two astronomers happened together at a feast
And they argued quite among themselves in the heat.<...>
I couldn't pretend
to be like a saint
Inflate with an important dignity
And take a look at the philosopher.<...>
“Two astronomers happened together at a feast ...” - the fable of the same name by M.V. Lomonosov.
“I didn’t know how to pretend ...” - the poem “Confession” by G.R. Derzhavin.
5. What direction do we call classicism? When and where did it originate? What are its features in France and in Russia?
Classicism is an artistic style and aesthetic trend in European literature and art of the 17th - early 18th centuries. The most important feature of it was the appeal to the samples of ancient literature and art as an ideal aesthetic standard. Writers focused on the writings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Roman poet Horace. The aesthetics of classicism established a strict hierarchy of genres and styles.
High genres - tragedy, epic, ode.
Low genres - comedy, satire, fable.
Classicism as a cultural phenomenon originated in the 17th century in northern Italy, during the late Renaissance. In France, low genres prevailed, which reached such a high level that Molière's comedies were even called "high comedies". Classicism fell into decline after the French Revolution of 1789-1794.
Russian classicism is characterized by an appeal to national sources, and not to antiquity. It also developed mainly within the "low genres".
6. Give an example of a work related to classicism, briefly describe this work.
From the works of classicism, in the seventh grade, we studied only a short excerpt from “Ode on the day of accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty Empress Elisaveta Petrovna in 1747” by M. V. Lomonosov. According to the passage given in the textbook, it is impossible to characterize the complete work either briefly or in detail.
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8. Formulate the answer to the question, what are the achievements of the literature of the 17th-1st century, based on the judgments of V.I. Fedorov and the article in the textbook.
Prior to the 18th century, there was no fiction in Russia in the modern sense, that is, a collection of works intended for secular reading. The main ones were church books, lives, writings of the church fathers; fiction proper (for example, the works of Simeon of Polotsk) were not widely disseminated.
During the 18th century, Russian writers created a huge body of secular literature for reading and theatrical performances. For this, it was necessary, firstly, to master the literary achievements of other peoples, comprehend them and “transplant” them onto Russian soil.
Secondly, in order for literature to become an organic part of society, it was necessary to capture the most important social trends and express them in works of art. Thus, public life insistently demanded an improvement in morals, and Russian literature, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, actively educated its contemporaries.
Writers encourage such qualities as the direct manifestation of sympathies and antipathies, fidelity to the word, sensitivity and mercy, and most importantly, fidelity to one's public duty if the main character is a boyar or nobleman. Such qualities as duplicity, heartlessness, inability to act on the basis of one's feelings, selfishness of motives for certain actions are condemned.
Thirdly, Russian authors had to break away from foreign literature, which was more developed at that time, and find their own voice, gain individuality. It was this acquisition of one's own voice, the creation of national traditions, that paved the way for the flourishing of Russian classics of the next century.
