Tolstoy Lev Nikolayevich (1828 - 1910) - Count, a popular writer who achieved incredible popularity in the history of world literature. Belongs to the richest and most famous family, which has occupied a prominent position since the time of Peter the Great. There are a lot of descendants of Leo Tolstoy. To date, there are more than three hundred people.
short biography
This great man was born on September 9, 1828. His parents died early, so his relative T. A. Ergolskaya took care of him. At the age of 16, he was able to enter the university in Kazan. But soon the lectures bored him. In addition, Young Leo Tolstoy did not shine with outstanding learning abilities, as a result of which he failed the exam. He wrote a leave of absence and left the place.
He was greatly influenced by his older brother Nikolai, with whom Leo went to the Caucasus, where he fought with the highlanders of Shamil. He decided to devote himself to a military career. In Tiflis, he passed the exam and became a cadet in the 4th battery, stationed in a Cossack village on the Terek River.
When the Crimean War began, he went to Sevastopol, where he fought gloriously. For this, Lev Nikolaevich received the Order of St. Anna and two medals. At the same time, he wrote stories about Sevastopol. After the end of hostilities, he moved to St. Petersburg. There he immediately attracted the attention of famous people and entered their circle. His writing skills were greatly appreciated.
In 1856 Tolstoy finally left military service.
The writer's marriage
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy began to like Sofya Andreevna Bers (1844-1919), who was the daughter of a doctor from Moscow. Sofya Andreevna was then only 17 years old. He married in 1862. Her chosen one was 18 years old. Immediately after his marriage, Lev Nikolaevich moved with his wife to Yasnaya Polyana. The writer gave himself entirely to his family and thought that he had finally given up writing, but in 1863 he had thoughts about a new work. A few years later, he finished work on the novel Anna Karenina. Without waiting much time, Tolstoy wrote several more works.
In 1910, the writer decided to move away from his family, anticipating his imminent death. He died seven days after leaving.
Everyone is familiar with the work of the greatest writer, but not everyone knows about his descendants. Did the children of Leo Tolstoy connect their fate, like their father, with literature? Perhaps they have found another calling for themselves?
If you investigate Tolstoy Leo Nikolaevich, it will turn out to be large and rich in branches.
home style
For almost 50 years of marriage, Lev Nikolayevich and his wife produced 13 children: four daughters and nine sons. Unfortunately, five of the babies died in infancy. The rest of the children of Leo Tolstoy lived a long life. Their wonderful father believed that in life every person should have only the most necessary things. Therefore, he gave the poor a lot of household goods, among which were furniture, clothes, even a piano. This, of course, did not please his wife very much, because of which disagreements began in the friendly family. The children of Lev Nikolayevich were brought up in strictness and without any excesses that were due to them, according to a high family. They played with peasant children, ate and dressed without frills. The grown children of Lev Nikolayevich behaved differently. Some took everything they could from life. Others continued to lead an ascetic life, following the rules of their father.
Sons of Leo Tolstoy
As mentioned above, the writer had 9 of them:
- Sergei Lvovich (July 10, 1863 - December 23, 1947). Firstborn. Russian musician and composer. He was smart, dexterous and sensitive to art. But he was also quite distracted. Sergei Lvovich himself wrote several pieces of music. He studied not only Russian folklore, but also the music of India. Initially, he studied at the Physics and Mathematics Department of Moscow University, but music attracted him from an early age. He represented Russia at The Sufi Order in the UK. He also wrote a number of articles about the music that Leo Tolstoy loved during his lifetime, namely “Music in the life of Leo Tolstoy”, “Musical works loved by Leo Tolstoy”, “Leo Tolstoy and Tchaikovsky”.
- Tolstoy Ilya Lvovich (05/22/1866 - 12/11/1933), was a writer, memoirist, journalist and teacher. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy considered Ilya the most gifted in literature of all his children. Despite this, Ilya Tolstoy did not graduate from high school, but went to serve in the army. Studying was not as easy for him as for other children. He emigrated in 1016 to America, where he earned his living by lecturing. In this distant country he died.
- Lev Lvovich (1869-1945). Author, writer, playwright, sculptor. His first published work was the children's story "Monte Cristo" in 1891 in the magazine "Rodnik". After that, he began to publish in Severny Vestnik, Vestnik Evropy, Novoye Vremya and in other publications. A little later, the process of publishing books began. He lived in France, then moved to his wife's homeland in Switzerland. Contemporaries believed that a bad writer, painter and sculptor came out of him. Lev Lvovich was very jealous of the glory of his father, for which he often spoke of his hatred for his parent.
- Pyotr Lvovich (1872-1873).
- Nikolay Lvovich (1874-1875).
- Tolstoy Andrei Lvovich (1877-1916) Andrei Lvovich took part in the war between the Russians and the Japanese, was wounded. After he was awarded the St. George Cross for his courage. In 1907, Andrei Lvovich got a job as a civil servant in the department of special assignments. He was very attached to his mother, who adored him. His father directed him on the path of helping the people, but he had other views. Andrei believed that he should fully enjoy the privileges of his ancestry. Most of all in his life he was attracted to women, wine and card games. He was officially married several times.
- Tolstoy Alexey Lvovich (1881-1886).
- Mikhail Lvovich (1879-1944) had talent in the musical field. From a very early age, he really liked music, he could skillfully play the balalaika, harmonica, piano, wrote romances, and learned to play the violin. Despite the fact that he wanted to be a composer, Mikhail Lvovich followed in his parents' footsteps and chose a career as a military man. He also emigrated, lived in France, then in Morocco, where he died.
- Lvovich (1888-1895) the youngest son of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, the thirteenth child in the family. He had a very similar appearance to his father. Tolstoy himself had hopes for this child, he thought that he would continue his work in the future. The boy was incredibly talented, cordial and sensitive to the people around him, he surprised everyone with his seriousness and kindness. But a misfortune happened - Ivan died of scarlet fever. Lev Nikolaevich loved him with all his heart. For him it was a great and heavy loss.
Of the nine sons of the writer, seven lived a long life and left behind a large offspring, which we will discuss below.
Daughters of Lev Nikolaevich
Fate gave the Tolstoy family only four girls. One of them (Varenka) died in infancy. Everyone's favorite Mashenka (Maria Lvovna) also died young and left no children behind. Let's talk about the writer's daughters in more detail:
1. Tatyana Lvovna (Sukhotina) Tolstaya. (10/04/1864 - 09/21/1950).
She was a writer and memoir writer. In 1899 she married Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotinin. From 1917 to 1923 she managed the museum-estate in Yasnaya Polyana. She was capable of many things, but she was the best at writing. She inherited this from her father.
2. Maria Lvovna (1871-1906). From adolescence, she helped her father keep track of correspondence, translated texts, and acted as a secretary. She was a good person. But she could not boast of good health. Maria constantly quarreled with her mother, but she was unusually friendly with her father, fully shared his views, led an ascetic lifestyle. She was smart. Despite very poor health, she traveled unaccompanied even to distant provinces to heal the sick, taught children at the school she opened. Maria married Prince Obolensky, but she could not give birth to children. In 1906, she suddenly fell ill. Despite all the efforts of the doctors, Maria died. Her father and husband were by her side until the last moment of her life.
3. Varvara Lvovna (1875-1875).
4. Tolstaya Alexandra Lvovna (1884-1979). Writer of memoirs about his father. She is well educated at home. Her teachers were educators and adult sisters who taught her more than her mother Sofya Andreevna. Just like her mother, her father paid little attention to her in her early childhood. After Tolstaya Alexandra Lvovna celebrated her 16th birthday, her rapprochement with her father took place. Since that time, she devoted her life to Lev Nikolaevich. She did the work of a secretary, under the dictation of Lev Nikolayevich wrote down his diary, learned shorthand, typewriting. She was talked about as a difficult child. She had to be dealt with longer and harder than with her brothers and sisters. But she grew up smart and dexterous. As a teenager, she began to study the works of her father, he transferred the copyright to her literature to her. She rejected the authorities who imposed their conservatism. As a result, she was sent to prison for 3 years. After 1929, she managed to open an educational institution and a hospital. In 1941, Tolstoy's daughter moved to the United States, where she helped other emigrants settle. She lived for quite a long time - 95 years. She died in 1979.
As we can see, not all children of Leo Tolstoy were able to live long. But it is not uncommon for the time when children could die from the common cold. Many sons and daughters of the writer, who became adults, had their own children - the grandchildren of Leo Tolstoy.
Grandchildren and great-grandchildren
Leo Tolstoy had 31 grandchildren and several dozen great-grandchildren. Below in the article we will talk about them.
1. Sergei Sergeevich Tolstoy (08/24/1897, Great Britain - 09/18/1974, Moscow).
Educator, specialist in English. Son of Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. No children, although he was married three times. Known for writing memoirs about his grandfather Lev Nikolayevich, although he was brought up in the family of another grandfather - K.A. Rachinsky.
2. Tatyana Mikhailovna Sukhotina (11/06/1905 - 08/12/1996) Daughter of Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya.
- Albertini Luigi. Born on 09/09/1931 in Rome. Photographer, farmer.
- Albertini Anna. Born 1934, died 1936
- Albertini Marta. She was born on May 11, 1937 in Rome.
- Albertini Christina. She was born on May 11, 1937 in Rome.
3. Tolstaya Anna Ilinichna (12/24/1888 - 04/03/1954). Daughter of Ilya Lvovich.
- Holmberg Sergey Nikolaevich. Born on 11/07/1909 in Kaluga, died on 06/03/1985
- Holmberg Vladimir Nikolaevich Born on April 15, 1915 in Kaluga, died in 1932.
4. Tolstoy Nikolai Ilyich (12/12/1891 - 12/02/1893). Son of Ilya Lvovich. Have no children.
5. Tolstoy Mikhail Ilyich (10/10/1893 - 03/28/1919) Son of Ilya Lvovich. Have no children.
6. Andrey Ilyich Tolstoy (04/01/1895 - 04/03/1920). Son of Ilya Lvovich. Have no children. He was an officer when the imperialist war was going on.
7. Tolstoy Ilya Ilyich (12/16/1897 - 04/07/1970). Son of Ilya Lvovich. He was a candidate of pedagogical sciences, as well as an associate professor at the Moscow Institute. He was an expert in the field of Slavic lexicography. Creator of the Serbian-Croatian-Russian dictionary.
- Tolstoy Nikita Ilyich. Born (04/05/1923 - 06/27/1996).
8. Vladimir Ilyich Tolstoy (05/01/1899 - 11/24/1967). Son of Ilya Lvovich. Worked as an agronomist. He gave lectures on the writer Tolstoy, took an active part in the creation of the Leo Tolstoy museums in Moscow and Yasnaya Polyana.
- Tolstoy Oleg Vladimirovich Born on 07/03/1927 in Tetovo, Yugoslavia, died on 09/01/1992 in Moscow.
- Tolstoy Ilya Vladimirovich Born on 06/29/1930 in Novy Bechey, Yugoslavia, died on 05/16/1997 in Moscow.
9. Tolstaya Vera Ilyinichna (06/19/1903 - 04/29/1999). Daughter of Ilya Tolstoy.
- Tolstoy Sergei Vladimirovich Born 10/20/1922
10. Tolstoy Kirill Ilyich (01/18/1907 - 02/01/1915). Son of Ilya Lvovich.
Have no children.
11. Tolstoy Lev Lvovich (06/08/1898 - 12/24/1900). Son of Lev Lvovich.
12. Pavel Lvovich Tolstoy (08/02/1900 - 04/08/1992). Son of Lev Lvovich. An agronomist by profession. Lived in Sweden.
- Tolstaya Anna Pavlovna. She was born on May 5, 1937. She lives in Sweden.
- Tolstaya Ekaterina Pavlovna. She was born on August 3, 1940. She is a teacher by profession.
- Tolstoy Ivan (Yuhan) Pavlovich. Born on January 25, 1945. Tax inspector by profession.
- Eberg Maria (May). She was born on February 15, 1932, an illegitimate daughter.
13. Tolstoy Nikita Lvovich (08/04/1903 - 09/25/1992). Son of Lev Lvovich.
- Fat Maria (Maria). She was born on May 8, 1938. She is a psychiatrist by profession.
- Tolstoy Stefan (Stepan). Born on November 18, 1940. Lawyer by profession.
14. Petr Lvovich. (09/08/1905 - 06/04/1970). Son of Lev Lvovich.
He was engaged in animal husbandry. He lived and died on his estate - Sofialund (Sweden).
- Leo Tolstoy. Born on January 31, 1934. Lawyer by profession.
- Tolstoy Peter. Born on August 10, 1935. Agronomist by profession.
- Tolstoy Andrei. Born on July 28, 1938. Agronomist by profession.
- Fat Elizabeth (Elizabeth). She was born on October 28, 1941. She lives in Germany.
15. Tolstaya Nina Lvovna (06.11.1906 - 09.01.1987). Daughter of Lev Lvovich.
- Lundberg Christian. Born on December 25, 1931. Jeweler by trade.
- Lundberg Wilhelm. Born on August 17, 1933
- Lundberg Staffan. Born on February 19, 1936
- Lundberg Stellan. Born on December 30, 1939
- Lundberg Gerdt. Born on 06/20/1948
16. Tolstaya Sofya Lvovna (09/18/1908 - 11/05/2006). Daughter of Lev Lvovich. Artist. Lived in Sweden.
- Seder Signe.
- Seder Anna Charlotte.
17. Tolstoy Fedor (Theodor) Lvovich (07/02/1912 - 10/25/1956). Son of Lev Lvovich.
- Tolstoy Michael. Born on 06/28/1944
- Tolstoy Nikolay. Born on 01.10.1946
18. Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya (09/20/1914 - 01/29/2007). Daughter of Lev Lvovich. Artist.
- Pause Christopher. Born on 06/02/1941. Agronomist by profession. Lives in Sweden.
- Pause Greger. Born on February 14, 1943. By profession a civil engineer.
- Paus Tatiana. She was born on December 16, 1945.
- Paus Peder. Born on 02/09/1950
19. Tolstaya Darya Lvovna (02.11.1915 - 29.11.1970). Daughter of Lev Lvovich.
- Straiffert Yeran. Born on 12/01/1946
- Straiffert Helena. She was born on January 18, 1948.
- Straiffert Suzanne. She was born on April 15, 1949.
- Straiffert Dorothea. She was born on December 14, 1955.
20. Tolstaya Sofia Andreeva (04/12/1900 - 07/29/1957). Daughter of Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy. Have no children.
21. Tolstoy Ilya Andreevich (02/03/1903 - 10/28/1970). Son of Andrei Lvovich.
A geographer by profession, he created the world's first dolphinarium.
- Tolstoy Alexander Ilyich. (07/19/1921 - 04/12/1997). Geologist by profession.
- Tolstaya Sofia Ilyinichna. (07/29/1922 - 04/18/1990)
22. Tolstaya Maria Andreevna (02/17/1908 - 05/03/1993). Daughter of Andrei Lvovich.
- Vaulina Tatyana Alexandrovna. (09/26/1929 - 02/19/2003)
23. Tolstoy Ivan Mikhailovich (10.12.1901-26.03.1982). Son of Mikhail Lvovich. Church regent.
- Tolstoy Ilya Ivanovich Born on September 20, 1926
24. Tatyana Mikhailovna Tolstaya (02/22/1903 - 12/19/1990). Daughter of Mikhail Lvovich.
- Lvov Mikhail Alexandrovich. Born on December 21, 1923 in Paris.
25. Tolstaya Lyubov Mikhailovna. Born and died in September 1904. Daughter of Mikhail Lvovich.
26. Tolstoy Vladimir Mikhailovich (12/11/1905 - 02/06/1988). Son of Mikhail Lvovich. By profession an architect.
- Penkrat Tatyana Vladimirovna She was born on 10/14/1942 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
- Tolstaya-Sarandinaki Maria Vladimirovna. She was born on August 22, 1951 in the USA.
27. Tolstaya Alexandra Mikhailovna (12/11/1905 - 01/11/1986). Daughter of Mikhail Lvovich.
- Alekseeva-Stanislavskaya Olga Igorevna. She was born on 03/04/1933 in Paris.
28. Tolstoy Petr Mikhailovich (10/15/1907 - 02/03/1994). Son of Mikhail Lvovich.
- Tolstoy Sergei Petrovich. Born 11/30/1956 in Nyack, New York, USA.
29. Tolstoy Mikhail Mikhailovich (09/02/1910 - 1915). Son of Mikhail Lvovich.
30. Tolstoy Sergei Mikhailovich (09/14/1911 - 01/12/1996). Son of Mikhail Lvovich. Doctor by profession. He was president of the Society of Friends of Leo Tolstoy in France.
- Tolstoy Alexander Sergeevich. Born on May 19, 1938 in Paris
- Tolstoy Mikhail Sergeevich. (05/19/1938 - 01/01/2007)
- Tolstaya Maria Sergeevna. Born on 08/08/1939
- Tolstoy Sergey Sergeevich. (01/29/1958 - 07/03/1979)
- Sergeevich. Born on January 29, 1959 in Paris. Photographer by profession.
31. Tolstaya Sofia Mikhailovna (01/26/1915 - 10/15/1975). Daughter of Mikhail Lvovich.
- Lopukhin Sergey Rafailovich. Born on 01/03/1942 in Paris.
- Lopukhin Nikita Rafailovich Born on May 13, 1944 in Paris.
- Lopukhin Andrey Rafailovich. Born on 06/03/1947 in Lecunbury (France).
There is practically no information about many of the writer's grandchildren and great-grandchildren. This is understandable, because they live on different continents, do not do any great deeds that could glorify them.
Sofia Andreevna
Let us say separately a few words about Leo Tolstoy's granddaughter Sonyushka (as she was affectionately called). She was the full namesake of the writer's wife and her grandmother, who doted on the girl, even became her godmother. When the girl was 4 years old, she and her mother moved to England. Since that time, she no longer met her grandparents, but often wrote letters to them, sent cute postcards. Her mother was involved in her upbringing, since her father (Andrei Tolstoy) left the family. In 1908 the Family returned to Russia. Sonya's mother bought an apartment in Moscow, where the descendants of Leo Tolstoy still live.
Sophia grew up smart, received a good education, knew several languages. She left her mark on history by becoming the wife and greatest love of Sergei Yesenin. He dedicated his immortal works to her. Sofya Andreevna wore a copper ring on her finger all her life, given to her by Yesenin. Now it is an exhibit in Yasnaya Polyana.
S. A. Tolstaya-Yesenina since 1928. She worked a lot in the museum of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. In 1941-1957. was the director of the museum. She did a great job of restoring Yasnaya Polyana after the Nazi occupation.
Young descendants of the 2000s
Also in the family tree of Leo Tolstoy, young descendants were born in the early 2000s and are his great-great-great-great-grandchildren:
1. On the line of Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy.
Karkishko Nikolai Grigorievich 06/10/2004 of birth.
Lysyakov Oleg Ivanovich 01/25/2010 year of birth.
2. On the line of Leo Lvovich Tolstoy.
Leo Lundberg. Born on December 31, 2010
3. Through Mikhail Lvovich Tolstoy.
Mazhaev Dmitry Alekseevich. November 28, 2001, born.
Mazhaev Sergey Alekseevich. 05/21/2007 of birth.
Diara Aminata. Born July 17, 2003, lives in France.
Leo Christopher Lvov. 09/28/2010 of birth.
The fate of the descendants of Tolstoy
As we can see, most of the descendants of Leo Tolstoy inherited his longevity, but only a few followed his creative path. The fate of all of them scattered in different parts of our Earth.
The total number of descendants of the writer
Currently, there are more than 350 descendants of Leo Tolstoy. Once every two years they meet on the land of their glorious ancestor in Yasnaya Polyana. One cannot but rejoice that more than 100 years after the death of the writer, his descendants have a connection with each other. It can be said with confidence that the name of Leo Tolstoy and his work does not leave his descendants indifferent. Who knows, perhaps one of them will still surprise the world with their writing talent.
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy(-), Russian writer, critic, public figure.He later writes in his Confessions:
“The doctrine communicated to me from childhood disappeared in me just as in others, with the only difference being that since I began to read philosophical works from the age of 15, my renunciation of the doctrine became conscious very early. stopped standing up for prayer and stopped going to church and fasting on his own initiative..."
During his youth, Tolstoy was fond of Montesquieu and Rousseau. The latter is known for his confession: At the age of 15, I wore a medallion with his portrait around my neck instead of a pectoral cross.". .
"... Acquaintance with Western atheists helped him even more to embark on this terrible path ...", - wrote Father John of Kronstadt
It was these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
Military service. The beginning of writing
In the same years, Tolstoy began to think about the "foundation of a new religion." Being a 27-year-old officer, being near Sevastopol, one day after a carbon monoxide revelry and a major loss, in his diary dated March 5, he writes:
“The conversation about deity and faith led me to a great, enormous idea, the implementation of which I feel able to devote my whole life to. This idea is the foundation of a new religion, corresponding to the development of mankind, the religion of Christ, but cleansed of faith and mystery, a practical religion that does not promise future bliss, but giving bliss on earth."
Tolstoy brings down hope for the coming bliss from heaven to earth, and Christ is conceived in this religion only as a man. The seed of this reflection matured for the time being, until it sprouted in the 80s, at the time of the spiritual crisis that overtook Tolstoy.
"War and Peace", "Anna Karenina".
The beginning of Tolstoy's spiritual crisis coincides with the end of the novel. The internal throwing of the hero of the novel Levin is a reflection of what was happening in the soul of the author himself.
spiritual crisis. Creating a Doctrine
In the 80s. Tolstoy noticeably grows cold towards artistic work and even condemns his former novels and short stories as lordly "fun". He is fond of simple physical labor, plows, sews boots for himself, becomes a vegetarian, gives his family all his large fortune, renounces literary property rights. At the same time, his dissatisfaction with his usual way of life is growing.
Tolstoy connects his new social views with moral and religious philosophy. Tolstoy's new worldview was widely and fully expressed in his works Confession (1879-80, published 1884) and What is my faith? (1882-84). The works "Study of dogmatic theology" (1879-80) and "Combination and translation of the four gospels" (1880-81) lay the foundation for the religious side of Tolstoy's teachings.
"His whole philosophy was now reduced to morality. - writes I.A. Ilyin - And in this morality there were two sources: compassion, which he calls "love", and abstract, resonating reason, which he calls "reason"".
God is defined by Tolstoy primarily through the denial of all those properties that are revealed in the Orthodox dogma. Tolstoy has his own understanding of God.
"This point of view- notes I.A. Ilyin, - can be called autism (autos in Greek means self), i.e., closure within oneself, judgment about other people and things from the point of view of one’s own understanding, i.e., subjectivist non-objectivity in contemplation and evaluation. Tolstoy is an autist: in worldview, culture, philosophy, contemplation, assessments. This autism is the essence of its doctrine".
Gradually, his worldview degenerates into a kind of religious nihilism. Tolstoy criticized and denied the Creed, the Catechism of St. Philaret, the Epistle of the Eastern Patriarchs, and the Dogmatic Theology of Metropolitan Macarius. And all that is behind these works.
Excommunication
In the last decade of his life, Tolstoy maintains personal relationships with V.G. Korolenko, A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky. At this time, the following were created: "Hadji Murad", "False coupon", the unfinished story "There are no guilty in the world", "Father Sergius", the drama "The Living Corpse", "After the Ball", "The Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich ... ".The last years of his life Tolstoy spends in Yasnaya Polyana in constant mental suffering, in an atmosphere of intrigue and strife between the Tolstoys, on the one hand, and S.A. Tolstoy, on the other. He is often tormented by the thought of leaving home. He explains these torments by "a discrepancy between life and beliefs."
Ilyin I.A. Worldview of Leo Tolstoy. Collected works: In 10 volumes. V.6. Book III, p.462
Ibid., p.463
Andreev I.M. Russian writers of the XIX century, M., 2009, p.369
See the book "Father John of Kronstadt and Count Leo Tolstoy" (Jordanville, 1960)
The noble family of Tolstoy comes from an ancient Germanic surname. Their ancestor was Indris, who left Germany in the middle of the 14th century and settled in Chernigov together with his two sons. Here he was baptized and received the name Leonty. The ancestor of the Tolstoy was the great-grandson of Indris, Andrei Kharitonovich, who moved from Chernigov to Moscow and here already from Vasily the Dark received the nickname Tolstoy, which later began to be passed on to his descendants. The first of the representatives of this family were military. This tradition was preserved by all generations of the Tolstoys, however, subsequently, many Tolstoys glorified their family both as prominent government officials and as figures of art and literature.
Genealogical table Genus of Counts Tolstoy.
Family of Count Tolstoy(genealogical table).
Vasilchikovs, a noble and princely family, descending from the nephew of the ancestor of the Tolstoy - Vasily Fedorovich.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Tula State University
Department of History and Cultural Studies
SUMMARY by discipline
"Cultural heritage of the Tula region"
Genealogical tree of L.N. Tolstoy - the great writer of the land of Tula
Completed: student gr. 220691ya
Akimov A.S.
Checked:
Shekov A.V.
1. Yasnaya Polyana - the family estate of Leo Tolstoy 3
2. Princes Volkonsky 7
3. Count Tolstoy 13
4. Parents of Leo Tolstoy 19
List of sources used 22
APPLICATION. Genealogical tree of Leo Tolstoy 23
1. Yasnaya Polyana - Leo Tolstoy's family estate
"Yasnaya Polyana! Who gave you your beautiful name? Who was the first to take a fancy to this marvelous corner and who was the first to lovingly consecrate it with their labor? And when was it? Yes, you are indeed clear - radiant. Bordered from the east, north, west by the dense forests of the Kozlova notch, you look at the sun all day long and revel in it.
IN
Coat of arms of Counts Tolstoy
So Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy, the son of Leo Tolstoy, wrote about Yasnaya Polyana.
Once Yasnaya Polyana was one of the guard posts that protected Tula from the invasion of the Tatars. Yasnaya Polyana is located on the very road, which from ancient times was the main and even the only one connecting the south and north of Rus'. This is the so-called Muravsky (Moravsky) Way, which went from Perekop itself to Tula, without crossing a single large river along its length. Slavic tribes, pressed by the Tatars, once moved along this road from south to north. On the same road, the steppe nomads made their raids: Pechenegs, Polovtsy and Tatars - robbed and burned villages and fortified outposts-cities, took the inhabitants into captivity. “I fought those places and ruined them,” writes a chronicler of the 16th century, “and many people were beaten and many villages and villages were burned, nobles and boyar children with their wives and children and many Orthodox peasants were full of poimash and swedosh; but many are full, as if even old people do not remember such a war from the filthy.
Yasnaya Polyana is surrounded by age-old forests - Zaseka, or zasechnye forests. These are Tolstoy's favorite places for hunting and walking. The name "notch" dates back to the 16th century. It was then that the Moscow governments of Vasily III (Dark) and especially Ivan IV (the Terrible) created a defensive line of the so-called notch line. Initially, natural impenetrable forests and swamps were used for defense against the Tatars - “great fortresses” bordering on the steppe south. These forests stretched across the future Tambov, Tula, Ryazan and Kaluga provinces. They were called Zasechny because the Russians cut down centuries-old trees in them and felled them with their tops to the south, and the trunk was not cut off from the root, but only “notched” so that it would be more difficult for nomads to disassemble the rubble.
These forests were protected by the sovereign's people from felling and fires, as evidenced by special royal decrees: "And close to the sovereign's Ukrainian cities, forests and forest fences, and all the fortresses that were built from the arrival of military people, personally protect them from fire firmly." And the lands along the aisles were populated by service people, who were responsible for protecting the borders of central Russia. The governor under Ivan the Terrible in Krapivna was Ivan Ivanovich Tolstoy. From time immemorial, these lands to the west of Yasnaya Polyana were protected by the Volkonsky.
Where the Yasnaya Polyana railway station is now located, in ancient times there was a Kozlova notch. It was located between two glades - Raspberry in the south and Yasnaya in the north. Sometimes forest blockages were reinforced with palisades, earthen ramparts and ditches. Such moats were located not far from Yasnaya Polyana, hence the name of one of the neighboring villages - Moats. Traces of ancient ramparts and ditches can also be found near the village of Novoe Basov, right in the field. This place used to be called Zavitai.
Over time, the need for protection from the Tatars disappeared and the notches became government forests. A part of this protected forest around Yasnaya Polyana has survived to this day. True, this forest has thinned out over the past hundred years, has become cleaner and lost its originality. Now, unfortunately, it can no longer be called virginal, as Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy remembered him.
Behind the Funnel, to the north of Yasnaya Polyana, factories appeared for the manufacture of iron ore from iron ore, from which weapons were cast, and household products were produced. The place where a large iron foundry eventually grew up was called Oblique Mountain. Not far from here, in Sudakovo, lived friends of Lev Nikolaevich's parents - the Arsenyevs, who bequeathed to young Tolstoy custody of their young son before their death. Lev Nikolaevich in 1856-1857 was a frequent guest of the "Sudakov young ladies" - the older sisters of his ward - and even had the intention of marrying one of them - Valeria.
The village of Yasnaya Polyana did not look the same in Petrine times as it did during Tolstoy's lifetime. Lev Nikolayevich draws us the following picture of the village of Yasnoye at the beginning of the 18th century: In the south, two versts from the village of Yasnoye, in an open high place stands a single-domed church with a graveyard surrounded by a low stone wall; turrets crowned with onion domes were set in the corners. From the place where the estate is now, the cemetery could be seen among the flat fields of the Podstepye as a green island, above which a bell tower towered. The Nikolo-Kochakovskaya Church was built no later than the middle of the 17th century in the architectural style that was typical for church architecture in the late 16th - early 17th centuries on the territory of the Moscow State.
Behind the fence on the north-eastern side of the church is the Tolstoy family crypt, where the parents of Leo Nikolayevich and brother Dmitry are buried. In the "Roman of a Russian Landowner" we find a description of this crypt and a visit by the young Tolstoy.
“Having prayed over the ashes of his father and mother, who were buried together in the chapel, Mitya left it and thoughtfully walked towards the house; but, before he had passed the cemetery, he ran into the family of the Telyatinsky landowner.
But we paid a visit to expensive graves, - Alexander Sergeevich told him with a friendly smile. - You, right, were also with your own, Prince?
But the prince, who was still under the influence of the sincere feeling experienced in the chapel, was apparently unpleasantly affected by the neighbor's joke; he, without answering, looked at him dryly ... "
On the eastern side, between the crypt and the fence, is the grave of Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky. The ashes of Volkonsky and the monument were transferred to the Kochakovsky cemetery in 1928, when the cemetery of the Spaso-Andronevsky Monastery in Moscow was liquidated. The inscription is carved on the red marble monument:
"General of Infantry and Cavalier Prince Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonskoy was born on March 30, 1763, died on February 3, 1821."
Near the monument to N. S. Volkonsky, there is a monument to A. I. Osten-Saken, the sister of the writer’s father, guardian of the young Tolstoy from 1837 to 1841, transported from Optina Pustyn. The poetic epitaph carved on dark marble was most likely written by the thirteen-year-old Leo Tolstoy:
Asleep for earthly life,
You crossed the path unknown
In the abodes of heavenly life
Your sweet peace is wound up.
In the hope of a sweet goodbye -
And with faith to live beyond the grave,
Nephews this sign of remembrance -
Erected: to honor the ashes of the deceased.
WITH
The researcher of the Kochakovsky necropolis, Nikolai Pavlovich Puzin, writes the following about the death of his sons Peter and Nikolai and aunt Tatyana Alexandrovna: “These losses of persons close to Tolstoy fall during the period of writing and printing Anna Karenina, when grief visited his family more than once.” “We are in grief,” Tolstoy wrote to A. A. Fet. - Petya the smaller fell ill with croup and died in two days. This is the first death in eleven years in our family, and it is very difficult for my wife. You can take comfort in the fact that if you choose one of the eight of us, this death is easier for everyone and for everyone. The death of Peter's son was reflected in Anna Karenina, where Dolly Oblonskaya recalls the death of her child.
In the same fence with the graves of sons Beloved aunt Tatyana Alexandrovna is buried. It was a heavy loss for Lev Nikolaevich: “I lived with her all my life. And I’m terrified without her,” he writes in one of the letters. And next to it is the gravestone of Pelageya Ilyinichna Yushkova, the second sister of Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy.
Almost all members of the Leo Tolstoy family are buried at the family cemetery in Kochaki: Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, her sister Tatyana Andreevna Kuzminskaya, daughter Maria Lvovna, married Obolenskaya, sons - Alexei, Vanechka, and grandchildren - Anna, Ilya and Vladimir Ilyichi Thick.
The history of each family, clan, native village or city is always interesting in itself: through it we learn the immediate and more distant history of our people, our country.
When we turn to the study of the history of the ancestors of great writers, such as Pushkin or Leo Tolstoy, we not only satisfy our interest in what role their ancestors played in the history of the Russian state, but we begin to better understand much of what they wrote, the heroes of the works and the personality of the author. The counts of Rostov in "War and Peace" - especially Ilya Andreevich and Nikolai, the princes Bolkonsky - the old prince, Princess Marya, Prince Andrei could not be what we know and love them if Tolstoy had not embodied in them many character traits and even some episodes from the life of their ancestors: counts Tolstoy and princes Volkonsky.
If Tolstoy did not know Tolstoy the American, Dolokhov's appearance would have been different; had it not been for Sonya and Tanya Bers, whom Lev Nikolayevich knew from their very childhood, we would not have met the charming Natasha Rostova.
And how many unfulfilled plans, how many unfinished works, with fragments, and sometimes with whole chapters of which we can get acquainted in the 90-volume Collected Works of L.N. Companions of Peter the Great!
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy devoted many years to the study of Russian history, he was especially deeply interested in the period from Peter I to the December uprising of 1825. He reads the books of Solovyov, Ustryalov, Golikov, Gordon, Pekarsky, Pososhkov, Bantysh-Kamensky in his library. He asks friends and acquaintances to send him everything that is about the era of Peter I, about urban and rural life of that time, diaries and travel notes of Peter's contemporaries, descriptions of battles and geographical information.
Leo Tolstoy's interest in the history of Yasnaya Polyana, his family, is undeniable in a way. This is an interest that helps to understand the history of the people, the history of the Russian state through the history of individuals, their relationships and characters, through the attitude of landowners to serfs and forced peasants to masters.
He carefully examines the genealogy of his ancestors - Tolstoy, princes Volkonsky, and Gorchakov, and Trubetskoy - according to the so-called velvet book, P. Dolgorukov's genealogy book and other sources, because he intends to introduce some of his ancestors into the future novel. This does not mean that he wanted to glorify his ancestors in his historical novel. Here is what Lev Nikolayevich writes on April 4, 1870: “I am reading the story of Solovyov. Everything in this history was ugly in pre-Petrine Russia: cruelty, robbery, righteousness, rudeness, stupidity, inability to do anything. The government began to correct. And the government is just as ugly up to our time. You read this story and involuntarily come to the conclusion that a number of outrages have happened in the history of Russia. But how did a series of outrages produce a great and united state?! This alone proves that it was not the government that produced history.
And in a letter to A.A. Tolstoy in 1873, Lev Nikolayevich asks: does Alexandra Andreevna or her brother know “something about our Tolstoy ancestors that I don’t know. I remember that Count Ilya Andreevich collected information. If there is something written, will he send it to me. The darkest episode for me from the life of our ancestors is the exile in Solovetsky, where Peter and Ivan died. Who is Ivan's wife? (Praskovya Ivanovna, born Troekurova)? When and where did they return? - God willing, I want to go to Solovki this summer. I hope to learn something there. It is touching and important that Ivan did not want to return when this right was returned to him. You say: Peter's time is not interesting, it's cruel. Whatever it is, it is the beginning of everything. Unraveling the skein, I involuntarily reached the time of Peter the Great, and that is the end.”
Tolstoy is an artist, and therefore he creates his own history, history-art. “No matter what you look at,” he writes to N. N. Strakhov on December 17, 1872, “it’s all a task, a riddle, the solution of which is only possible through poetry.”
Petr Tolstoy
great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, journalist
Although many modern Tolstoys live abroad (they emigrated after the revolution), the descendants of the "block of Russian literature" remained in our country as well. For example, Pyotr Tolstoy, whose father returned from exile in 1944 with his brother. Thanks to his family, Peter knew about his great-great-grandfather from childhood: he repeatedly visited Yasnaya Polyana, got to know family relics closely. This representative of the Tolstoy family is a very famous Russian journalist and TV presenter who has been working on Channel One for many years. Now he hosts the programs "Politics" and "Time will show." About the famous great-great-grandfather in an interview, Peter said this:
Tolstoy remained honest with himself, always remained so, even when he was mistaken
Fekla Tolstaya
great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, journalist
Second cousin of Peter Tolstoy and also a very famous Russian journalist. Her real name is Anna, but she is known mainly under the name Thekla, a childhood nickname that later turned into a pseudonym. Tolstaya was born into a family of philologists and followed in the footsteps of her parents: she graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, speaks five languages. However, already in childhood, she was drawn to television: as a schoolgirl, Fekla began acting in minor roles in films, and in 1995 she entered GITIS at the directing department. Behind Fekla there are many projects on radio and television, including author's programs about his own family tree "Tolstoy", as well as "War and Peace": Reading a novel. In a conversation with MK Bulvar, the journalist happily spoke about the advantages of her huge family, whose members are scattered all over the world:
If you have relatives in another country, you understand it completely differently. I can explore, for example, Rome with my beautiful niece, who, like a Roman, shows me places that I have loved since childhood - and this is an incomparable feeling. The same can be said about my relatives in Paris or New York. I get into the family, talk to their friends
Andrey Tolstoy
great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, reindeer breeder
Another descendant representing the Swedish branch of the family, Andrey Tolstoy, is a simple farmer who has been breeding deer for many years. He achieved great success: Andrei is one of the most famous reindeer herders in Scandinavia. He admitted that he could not read "War and Peace" at school. However, then he still mastered the four-volume book. A few years ago, Andrei visited Russia for the first time.
Vladimir Tolstoy
great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, adviser to the President of Russia
Vladimir Ilyich is a man without whom there would be no meetings of Tolstoy's descendants (which are held regularly today), and the fate of Leo Tolstoy's estate Yasnaya Polyana would remain in jeopardy. In the early 90s, they wanted to take away the estate's lands for new buildings, cut down the forests ... But in 1992, Vladimir Ilyich published a large amount of material about all the troubles in Komsomolskaya Pravda. Soon he was appointed director of the museum-reserve. Now Tolstoy is an adviser to the President of the Russian Federation, and his wife Ekaterina Tolstaya is in charge of the museum. Vladimir confessed to the Tula newspaper Molodoy Kommunar, speaking of his relatives:
Each of us has his own personality, each of us has his own view of the world. And everyone is talented in their own way. Fat people can do everything: they take pictures, draw, write. And at the same time they are embarrassed by their talents: modesty is another family quality ...
Victoria Tolstoy
great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, jazz singer
Yes, yes, she is Tolstoy, not Tolstaya: the Swede Victoria decided not to incline her last name, but to make it more “authentic”. How did the Swedish line of the Tolstoy family appear? The son of Lev Nikolaevich, Lev Lvovich, was forced for health reasons to turn to the Swedish doctor Westerlund. And then he fell in love with his daughter Dora ... The modern representative of this family branch, singer Victoria, is better known in her homeland under the pseudonym "Lady Jazz". By her own admission, Victoria does not know the Russian language and has not read the novels of Lev Nikolayevich, however, in her work she often turns to classical Russian composers. At the moment, the blonde has already 8 albums on her account, one of which is called My Russian Soul (“My Russian Soul”). Victoria told JazzQuard:
When I was in Moscow a few years ago, I visited the Tolstoy House Museum. I remember I saw a portrait of a lady from the Tolstoy family there and was amazed at how similar this young woman from past centuries was to me! Then for the first time I really felt my involvement in the Tolstoy family: how much connects and unites us at the deepest genetic level!
Ilaria Stieler-Timor
great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, teacher of Italian
Shtiler-Timor is the great-granddaughter of Leo Tolstoy's eldest daughter, Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya. According to Ilaria, her grandmother tried to start a theatrical career, but because of her difficult financial situation, she was married to a wealthy Italian, Leonardo Albertini, who was one of the founders of the Corriere della Sera newspaper. More recently, Stieler-Timor has been living in Israel, where he teaches Italian. She visited Russia for the first time in 1985, since then she has kept in touch with her Russian relatives. The Israeli portal Haaretz.com quotes Ilaria.
