Korchagina Matrena Timofeevna
TO WHOM IN Rus' LIVE WELL
Poem (1863-1877, unfinished)
Korchagina Matrena Timofeevna is a peasant woman, the third part of the poem is entirely devoted to her biography. “Matryona Timofeevna / A portly woman, / Broad and thick, / Thirty-eight years old. / Beautiful; gray hair, / Large, stern eyes, / The richest eyelashes, / Harsh and swarthy. / She has a white shirt on, / Yes, a short sundress, / Yes, a sickle over her shoulder "; The glory of a lucky woman leads wanderers to her. M. agrees to "lay out her soul" when the peasants promise to help her in the harvest: the suffering is in full swing. The fate of M. was largely prompted by Nekrasov, published in the 1st volume of "Lamentations of the Northern Territory", collected by E. V. Barsov (1872), the autobiography of the Olonets wailer I. A. Fedoseeva. The narrative is based on her laments, as well as other folklore materials, including "Songs collected by P. N. Rybnikov" (1861). The abundance of folklore sources, often almost unchanged included in the text of "Peasant Woman", and the very title of this part of the poem emphasize the typical fate of M.: this is the usual fate of a Russian woman, convincingly indicating that the wanderers "started / Not a deal - between women / Looking for a happy one." In the parental home, in a good, non-drinking family, M. lived happily. But, having married Philip Korchagin, a stove-maker, she ended up “from a girl’s will to hell”: a superstitious mother-in-law, a drunkard father-in-law, an older sister-in-law, for whom the daughter-in-law must work like a slave. True, she was lucky with her husband: only once it came to beatings. But Philip only returns home from work in the winter, the rest of the time there is no one to intercede for M., except for grandfather Saveliy, father-in-law. She has to endure the harassment of Sitnikov, the master's manager, which ceased only with his death. Her first-born Demushka becomes a consolation in all troubles for a peasant woman, but due to Savely's oversight, the child dies: he is eaten by pigs. An unrighteous judgment is being carried out over a heartbroken mother. Not guessing in time to give a bribe to the boss, she becomes a witness to the abuse of the body of her child.
For a long time K. cannot forgive Savely for his irreparable oversight. Over time, the peasant woman has new children, "there is no time / Neither to think nor be sad." The heroine's parents, Savely, are dying. Her eight-year-old son Fedot is threatened with punishment for feeding someone else's sheep to a she-wolf, and his mother lies under the rod instead of him. But the most difficult trials fall on her lot in a lean year. Pregnant, with children, she herself is likened to a hungry she-wolf. Recruitment deprives her of her last intercessor, her husband (he is taken out of turn). In delirium, she draws terrible pictures of the life of a soldier, soldier's children. She leaves the house and runs to the city, where she tries to get to the governor, and when the porter lets her into the house for a bribe, she throws herself at the feet of the governor Elena Alexandrovna. With her husband and newborn Liodo-rushka, the heroine returns home, this incident cemented her reputation as a lucky woman and the nickname "governor". Her further fate is also full of troubles: one of her sons has already been taken to the soldiers, "They burned twice ... God anthrax ... visited three times." In the "Woman's Parable" her tragic story is summed up: "The keys to a woman's happiness, / From our free will / Abandoned, lost / God Himself!" Part of the criticism (V. G. Avseenko, V. P. Burenin, N. F. Pavlov) met the "Peasant Woman" with hostility, Nekrasov was accused of implausible exaggerations, false, fake common people. However, even ill-wishers noted some successful episodes. There were also reviews about this chapter as the best part of the poem.
All characteristics in alphabetical order:
Composition.
Life of Matrena Timofeevna based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'"
The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, begun in one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, was written for several years, up to one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, although it remained unfinished.
To write such a work, Nekrasov began to study Russian folk art, peasant life. Thus, the author was preparing for a great literary feat - to create a monumental poem glorifying the Russian people. In my opinion, the reader should treat this work as a chronicle, a document written on the basis of real facts. In addition, the poem is also perceived as a folk narrative, since issues that are relevant to the people, age-old for people's consciousness are being resolved: about truth and falsehood, about grief and happiness. The poem takes on the significance of a folk encyclopedia.
For Nekrasov, the Russian people are "a hero of their time", the spiritual strength of the country. In the image of one hero, the author personifies the entire human race. People cease to be a crowd, they become a society in which women play a special role. The Russian woman has always been for the poet the bearer of life, a symbol of national existence. Therefore, one of the parts of the poem "Peasant Woman" can be safely renamed and called "The Life of Matryona Timofeevna."
Having found the definition of the term “life” in the dictionary, we learn that this is a description of the life of spiritual and secular persons canonized by the Christian Church, their biography.
Indeed, the whole part is built on telling as much as possible about the life of Matryona Timofeevna, to acquaint the reader with the heroine. Nekrasov writes this part, the only one in the poem, in the first person, bringing us closer to the spiritual inner world of man.
The first meeting with the heroine takes place at the moment when she returns from the field in a crowd of "reapers and reapers". Before the reader appears the image of a Russian peasant woman who is able to perform difficult and physically difficult work. She did not try to get away from work. Now it's time to work, is it leisure to interpret?
At any time, the heroine is able to sacrifice herself and her strength for the common good. Human happiness and duty for her is the main activity. She is ready to sacrifice herself.
Judging by the first meeting of the reader with the heroine, one can quite definitely say that Matryona Timofeevna is a smart, strict, hardworking woman and, moreover, a very caring mother. Many trials fell to her share, despite the fact that in her childhood she lived like "in Christ's bosom." As a girl, the heroine learned a lot: she worked in the field, brought breakfast to her father - a shepherd, spun - in general, did household chores. But "the betrothed turned up." They gave Matrena Timofeevna in marriage, she ended up "from a girl's holi to hell." For new relatives, the heroine became like a "slave". Husband Philip once beat her, but even this fact is not enough for Matryona Timofeevna to take revenge or hate him. She forgave, continuing to treat him as gently and affectionately: "Filippushka" or "Filyushka". She did not even resist the beatings, "turning the other cheek." This testifies to the closeness of her soul to God, deep faith in him, because she lives according to the biblical commandments. Then she gave birth to a son Demushka. And again the heroine is faced with a new problem, which is helped by her “father-in-law’s parent”, the only person who pities her. Grandfather Saveliy is presented in the poem as "the hero of Svyatorussky." It can also be attributed to the saints. It personifies the image of a holy, courageous person. Saveliy embodies heroism: mind, will, calmness and sanity. His feelings develop in trials, like Matryona Timofeevna. He was the only one who respected and felt sorry for the heroine, a defenseless girl who had to suffer so much. Even when Demushka died because of Savely, Matryona Timofeevna was able to forgive him. And this is not given to every woman, because in most cases, few mothers are able to forgive the "killer" of their child. Nor is it surprising that the mother's first reaction was to curse the poor old man. The same man was perfectly aware of his sin, therefore he answered absolutely calmly to the anger and violence of the woman, reasoning that only "God knows what he is doing." Feeling guilty and trying to atone for his sin, Savely went to the monastery, spending the last years of his life there.
More than twenty years have passed since the death of Matryona's son. The heroine gave birth to Fedotushka, with the appearance of which the innocent woman again had to suffer for the happiness of the child. For the fault of the stupid boy, the mother took upon herself the pain and cruelty of the punishment assigned to her son. Even for the sake of her ruthless husband, Matryona was ready for anything. She was not afraid to meet the governor's wife. At that moment, Matrena gave birth to a boy. Upon learning of the woman's misfortune, the governor helped her. Philippa saved.
This is the last difficult test that the heroine herself tells us about, and it makes it clear to the reader that the woman in Nekrasov's poem is a strong personality who managed to defend her human dignity in conditions of production and slavery. With her existence, Matryona Timofeevna explained what an indestructible spiritual and moral force is hidden in the mother's soul. Therefore, it is not in vain that the author describes the entire life path of the heroine, showing that she is a holy person, ready to die not for herself, but for others.
The main character personifies the whole nation as a whole. The consciousness of this morality, the “strength of the people”, which foreshadowed the sure victory of the people in the struggle for a happy future, was the source of that joyful vivacity that is felt even in the rhythms of the great poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Rus'".
Tasks and tests on the topic "The Life of Matrena Timofeevna based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'""
- Spelling - Important topics for repeating the exam in the Russian language
Lessons: 5 Assignments: 7
Matryona Timofeevna (part "Peasant Woman"), based on the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'"
"Peasant Woman" picks up and continues the theme of the impoverishment of the nobility. Wanderers find themselves in a ruined estate: "the landowner is abroad, and the steward is dying." A crowd of servants released into the wild, but completely unadapted to work, is slowly stealing away the master's property. Against the backdrop of blatant devastation, collapse and mismanagement, labor peasant Rus' is perceived as a powerful creative and life-affirming element:
The strangers sighed lightly:
Them after the yard aching
seemed beautiful
Healthy, singing
A crowd of reapers and reapers...
In the center of this crowd, embodying the best qualities of the Russian female character, Matryona Timofeevna appears before the wanderers:
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy.
She has a white shirt on
Yes, the sundress is short,
Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.
The type of "dignified Slav woman", a peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, is recreated, endowed with restrained and strict beauty, full of self-esteem. This type of peasant woman was not ubiquitous. The life story of Matryona Timofeevna confirms that it was formed in the conditions of a seasonal fishery, in a region where most of the male population went to the cities. On the shoulders of the peasant woman lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the entire measure of responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. Harsh conditions honed a special female character, proud and independent, accustomed to relying on her own strength everywhere and in everything. Matrena Timofeevna's story about her life is built according to the laws of epic narration common to the folk epic. "The Peasant Woman," notes N. N. Skatov, "is the only part, all written in the first person. However, this story is by no means only about her private share. The voice of Matrena Timofeevna is the voice of the people themselves. That is why she sings more often than she talks, and sings songs not invented for her by Nekrasov. "Peasant Woman" is the most folklore part of the poem, it is almost entirely built on folk poetic images and motifs.
Already the first chapter of "Before Marriage" is not just a narrative, but, as it were, a traditional rite of peasant matchmaking taking place before our eyes. Wedding parables and lamentations "They equip themselves in the huts", "Thanks to the hot baenka", "My dear father ordered" and others are based on truly folk ones. Thus, talking about her marriage, Matrena Timofeevna talks about the marriage of any peasant woman, about all their great multitude.
The second chapter is directly titled "Songs". And the songs that are sung here are, again, folk songs. The personal fate of the Nekrasov heroine is constantly expanding to the limits of the all-Russian, without ceasing at the same time to be her own destiny. Her character, growing out of the general people, is not completely destroyed in it, her personality, closely connected with the masses, does not dissolve in it.
Matrena Timofeevna, having achieved the release of her husband, did not turn out to be a soldier, but her bitter thoughts on the night after the news of her husband's impending recruitment allowed Nekrasov to "add about the position of a soldier."
Indeed, the image of Matrena Timofeevna was created in such a way that she, as it were, experienced everything and went through all the states that a Russian woman could be in.
This is how Nekrasov achieves an enlargement of the epic character, striving for his all-Russian features to shine through the individual. In the epic, there are complex internal connections between individual parts and chapters: what is only outlined in one of them often unfolds in another. At the beginning of the "Peasant Woman" the theme of noble impoverishment, stated in "The Landowner", is revealed. The story outlined in the priest's monologue about "at what price the priesthood is bought" is picked up in the description of Grigory Dobrosklonov's childhood and youth in "A Feast for the Whole World."
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.bobych.spb.ru/
He did not carry a heart in his chest,
Who did not shed tears over you.
In the work of N.A. Nekrasov, many works are devoted to a simple Russian woman. The fate of a Russian woman has always worried Nekrasov. In many of his poems and poems, he speaks of her plight. Starting with the early poem “On the Road” and ending with the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, Nekrasov spoke about the “female share”, about the dedication of the Russian peasant woman, about her spiritual beauty. In the poem “In full swing the village suffering”, written shortly after the reform, a true reflection of the inhuman hard work of a young peasant mother is given:
Share you! - Russian woman's share!
Hardly harder to find...
Talking about the hard lot of the Russian peasant woman, Nekrasov often in her image embodied high ideas about the spiritual power of the Russian people, about its physical beauty:
There are women in Russian villages
With calm gravity of faces,
With beautiful strength in movements,
With a gait, with the eyes of queens.
In the works of Nekrasov, the image of a “majestic Slav” appears, pure in heart, bright in mind, strong in spirit. This is Daria from the poem "Frost, Red Nose", and a simple girl from the "Troika". This is Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina from the poem "Who in Rus' should live well."
The image of Matrena Timofeevna, as it were, completes and unites the group of images of peasant women in Nekrasov's work. The poem recreates the type of the “dignified Slav”, a peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained and strict beauty:
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy.
She, smart and strong, the poet entrusted to tell about his fate. “Peasant Woman” is the only part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, all written in the first person. Trying to answer the question of the men-truth-seekers, can she call herself happy, Matrena Timofeevna tells the story of her life. The voice of Matrena Timofeevna is the voice of the people themselves. That is why she sings more often than talks, sings folk songs. "Peasant Woman" is the most folklore part of the poem, it is almost completely built on folk poetic images and motifs. The whole life story of Matrena Timofeevna is a chain of continuous misfortunes and suffering. No wonder she says about herself: “I have a downcast head, I carry an angry heart!” She is convinced: "It's not a matter of looking for a happy woman between women." Why? After all, there was love in the life of this woman, the joy of motherhood, the respect of others. But with her story, the heroine makes the peasants think about the question of whether this is enough for happiness and whether all those hardships and hardships that befall the Russian peasant woman will outweigh this cup:
Silent, invisible to me
The storm has passed,
Will you show her?
For me insults are mortal
Gone unpaid
And the whip passed over me!
Slowly and unhurriedly Matrena Timofeevna leads her story. She lived well and freely in her parents' house. But, having married Philip Korchagin, she ended up with a "maiden's will to hell": a superstitious mother-in-law, a drunkard father-in-law, an older sister-in-law, for whom her daughter-in-law had to work like a slave. With her husband, she, however, was lucky. But Philip only returned from work in the winter, and the rest of the time there was no one to intercede for her, except for grandfather Savely. A consolation for a peasant woman is her first-born Demushka. But due to Savely's oversight, the child dies. Matrena Timofeevna becomes a witness to the abuse of the body of her child (in order to find out the cause of death, the authorities perform an autopsy of the child's corpse). For a long time she cannot forgive Savely's "sin" that he overlooked her Demushka. But the trials of Matrena Timofeevna did not end there. Her second son Fedot is growing up, then misfortune happens to him. Her eight-year-old son is facing punishment for feeding someone else's sheep to a hungry she-wolf. Fedot took pity on her, he saw how hungry and unhappy she was, and the wolf cubs in her den were not fed:
Looking up, head up
In my eyes ... and howled suddenly!
In order to save her little son from the punishment that threatened him, Matryona herself lies under the rod instead of him.
But the most difficult trials fall on her lot in a lean year. Pregnant, with children, she herself is likened to a hungry she-wolf. A recruiting set deprives her of her last intercessor, her husband (he is taken out of turn):
hungry
Orphans are standing
In front of me...
unkindly
The family looks at them
They are noisy in the house
On the street pugnacious,
Gluttons at the table...
And they began to pinch them,
Bang on the head...
Shut up, soldier mother!
Matrena Timofeevna decides to ask the governor for intercession. She runs to the city, where she tries to get to the governor, and when the porter lets her into the house for a bribe, she throws herself at the feet of the governor Elena Alexandrovna:
How do I throw
At her feet: “Stand up!
Deception, not godly
Provider and parent
They take from children!
The governor took pity on Matryona Timofeevna. The heroine returns home with her husband and newborn Liodorushka. This incident cemented her reputation as a lucky woman and the nickname "governor".
The further fate of Matryona Timofeevna is also full of troubles: one of the sons has already been taken to the soldiers, "they burned twice ... God anthrax ... visited three times." The "Baby Parable" sums up her tragic story:
Keys to female happiness
From our free will
abandoned, lost
God himself!
The life history of Matryona Timofeevna showed that the most difficult, unbearable conditions of life could not break a peasant woman. The harsh conditions of life honed a special female character, proud and independent, accustomed to relying on her own strength everywhere and in everything. Nekrasov endows his heroine not only with beauty, but with great spiritual strength. Not resignation to fate, not stupid patience, but pain and anger are expressed in the words with which she ends the story of her life:
For me insults are mortal
Gone unpaid...
Anger accumulates in the soul of a peasant woman, but faith remains in the intercession of the Mother of God, in the power of prayer. After praying, she goes to the city to the governor to seek the truth. Saved by her own spiritual strength and will to live. Nekrasov showed in the image of Matryona Timofeevna both a readiness for self-sacrifice when she stood up for her son, and strength of character when she does not bow to formidable bosses. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is, as it were, woven from folk poetry. Lyrical and wedding folk songs, lamentations have long told about the life of a peasant woman, and Nekrasov drew from this source, creating the image of his beloved heroine.
Written about the people and for the people, the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is close to the works of oral folk art. The verse of the poem - Nekrasov's artistic discovery - perfectly conveyed the lively speech of the people, their songs, sayings, sayings, which absorbed centuries-old wisdom, sly humor, sadness and joy. The whole poem is a truly folk work, and this is its great significance.
In many of his works, Nekrasov reflects on the fate of the Russian peasant woman: in the poem "Frost, Red Nose", the poems "Troika", "The village suffering is in full swing ...", "Orina, the soldier's mother" and in many others. In the gallery of wonderful female images, a special place is occupied by the image of Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina, the heroine of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.
Popular rumor brings the truth-seekers to the village of Klin, where they hope to meet a happy peasant woman. How much severe suffering befell this "happy" woman! But such beauty and strength emanates from her whole appearance that it is impossible not to admire her. As she recalls the type of "stately Slav", about which Nekrasov wrote with enthusiasm in the poem "Frost, Red Nose".
In trouble - it will not fail, it will save:
Stop a galloping horse
Will enter the burning hut!
Matrena begins her unhurried story about her own fate, this is a story about why the people consider her happy. Matryona Timofeevna, according to her, was lucky as a girl:
I was lucky in the girls:
We had a good
Non-drinking family.
The family surrounded their beloved daughter with care and affection. In the seventh year, the peasant's daughter began to be taught to work: "she herself ... ran to the herd for a dumpling, brought breakfast to her father, grazed the ducklings." And this work was her joy. Matrena Timofeevna, having worked out in the field, will wash herself in the bathhouse and is ready to sing and dance:
And a good worker
And sing and dance the huntress
I was young.
But how few bright moments in her life! One of them is an engagement to his beloved Filippushka. Matryona did not sleep all night, thinking about the upcoming marriage: she was afraid of "bondage". And yet love turned out to be stronger than fears of falling into slavery.
Then it was happiness
And hardly ever again!
And then, after marriage, she went "from a girl's holi to hell." Exhausting work, "mortal insults", misfortunes with children, separation from her husband, who was illegally recruited, and many other hardships - such is the bitter life path of Matryona Timofeevna. With pain she says about what is in her:
No broken bone
There is no stretched vein.
I am amazed at the steadfastness, the courage with which this wonderful woman endured suffering without bowing her proud head. Your heart bleeds when you read the lines of a poem about the inconsolable grief of a mother who lost her first-born son Demushka:
I rolled around with a ball
I twisted like a worm
Called, woke Demushka
Yes, it was too late to call! ..
The mind is ready to be clouded by a terrible misfortune. But a huge spiritual strength helps Matryona Timofeevna to survive. She sends angry curses to her enemies, the camp and the doctor, who torment the “white body” of her son: “Villains! Executioners! Matrena Timofeevna wants to find "their justice," but Savely dissuades her: "God is high, the tsar is far ... We cannot find the truth." "But why, grandfather?" - asks the unfortunate. "You are a serf woman!" - and this sounds like a final verdict.
And yet, when a misfortune happens to her second son, she becomes “impudent”: she decisively knocks down the elder Silantius, saving Fedotushka from punishment, taking his rods on herself. Matryona Timofeevna is ready to endure any trials, inhuman torments in order to defend her children, her husband from everyday troubles. What tremendous willpower a woman must have to go alone on a frosty winter night dozens of miles away to a provincial town in search of the truth. Boundless is her love for her husband, which has withstood such a severe test. The governor, amazed by her selfless act, showed "great mercy":
They sent a messenger to Klin,
The whole truth has been brought
Filipushka was rescued.
Self-esteem, which manifested itself in Matrena Timofeevna in her girlhood, helps her to go majestically through life. This feeling protects her from the impudent claims of Sitnikov, who seeks to make her his mistress. Anger against the enslavers thickens in a cloud in her soul, she herself speaks about her angry heart to the peasant truth-seekers. Enormous inner strength, hatred of the oppressors and the ability to protest - these are the wonderful qualities that Nekrasov primarily emphasizes in the Russian peasant woman. People like her testified to what a heroic, invincible power is hidden in the people's soul.
All the heroines of Nekrasov are selfless, strong women, capable of sacrificing themselves to those they love. An example of amazing stamina, nobility, self-denial is shown to us by the images of his poem "Russian Women" - Princesses Trubetskaya and Volkonskaya. Accustomed to the magnificence of secular life, luxury and prosperity, they, defying the condemnation of the world, knowing what torments they doom themselves to, follow their Decembrist husbands to Siberia. The deceitful, empty high society for them is only a “masquerade”, “impudent rubbish triumph”, where “mean revenge” and hypocrisy reign, the men there are “a bunch of Judas, and women are slaves”.
Why do Nekrasov's heroines pass such a severe sentence on men? Yes, because they, having succumbed to the temptations of secular life, did not want to share the fate of the Decembrists, to sacrifice themselves in the name of freedom, happiness and justice. Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya change the vanity of the world “for a feat of selfless love”, they, like their husbands, want to suffer for freedom, they are also not indifferent to the fate of the Russian people: Princess Trubetskoy “dreams of the groans of barge haulers on the Volga banks”, and Volkonskaya, having come into contact with life of the people and recognizing the breadth of his soul, he exclaims:
You love the unfortunate, Russian people!
Suffering made us...
A woman in Nekrasov's poetry is always doomed to injustice, her unfortunate fate is predetermined by the society in which she lives. In the poem "Troika" Nekrasov refers to a young girl who still has her whole life ahead of her; she is full of mischief and fun, girlish playful dreams are not alien to her. She still does not know what awaits her in life, and "looks eagerly at the road", flirting with the "passing cornet." But Nekrasov predicts a miserable and miserable existence for her; neither beauty nor a cheerful disposition will help her avoid a difficult female lot:
For a slut you go man.
Having tied an apron under the arms,
You will drag an ugly chest,
Your picky husband will beat you
And the mother-in-law to bend in three deaths.
A truly majestic and bright image of a Russian woman appears before us in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'". This is the peasant woman Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina. Her whole life, which takes place in overwork, is an example of amazing stamina, patience and strength of character. It was about such women as Matryona that Nekrasov wrote:
Stop a galloping horse
He will enter the burning hut.
No life's failures and blows of fate can break her, she is able to withstand any trials, and, in spite of everything, she does not give in to despair and anger and resignedly bears her cross. The epic tone of the narrative gives her image the character of universality. Nekrasov interprets the story of Matryona as the fate of a Russian peasant woman in general and, drawing her heroic feat in life, shows that people like her have the right to a different life, to true freedom and justice.
"Who will protect you?" - Nekrasov addresses a woman in one of his poems. He understands that, besides him, there is no one else to say a word about the sufferer of the Russian land, whose feat is invisible, but great!
