Artistic materials in painting. Visual materials and tools used in visual activity

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Introduction

This work can be used in introductory lessons in the subjects of the art cycle, as a rule, these are the first introductory lessons in the 1st quarter of the academic year, as well as when changing assignments and performance materials. It can be used in the last lessons of the 4th quarter to get acquainted with new materials for the next academic year, as well as materials used in the open air. It is convenient to use in working with parents, both at parent-teacher meetings and individually.

1. Materials 1-4 class(Presentation)

1.1. Drawing materials

Pastel (classical)

It is a multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Pastel got its name from the Italian word "a pastello", which in the 16th century called the technique of drawing with a black pencil tinted with red sanguine or other colored pencils. It is made from a powder of very finely grated colorful pigments with the addition of binders (adhesives) and bleaching agents. Thinning agents are introduced to obtain different shades of color in terms of saturation and lightness. A good quality pastel should lay down easily on paper, not scratch or slide on it, and rub easily. According to the experience of good quality pastel "Koh-i-noor" or "Faber-Castell". The required number of colors in the set is 18-24.

Pastel (oil based)

It is a multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Unlike classic pastels, the binder of colorful pigments is a wax-oil base. Does not smudge, applied with strokes. According to the experience of good quality pastel "Faber-Castell" in a set of 18-24 colors. Fixer for oil pastels is not required.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative)

To work for the school year, both warm and cold shades may be required. Sheet size for work 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Since pastel (classical) contains a large amount of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes pastel work vulnerable to mechanical touch, moisture, and this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Ink. Mascara brushes

You will need black ink, for the academic year 1-2 bottles of 50 ml. Brushes for working with ink are round in cross section made of column hair or squirrels thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10.

White paper "Whatman", for the academic year you will need 10 sheets of 60x80 cm. The teacher cuts the required paper format for work, in accordance with the task and objectives of the lesson, by himself.

Gray paper. PVA glue, colored paper, scissors

It is intended for certain tasks related to the acquaintance of students with the concepts of "aerial perspective", tonal gradations, lightness, etc. There should be at least 7 shades from light gray to black. You can use pastel paper (sheets 50x65 cm in size, density 160 g / m2), you can choose shades from Oracal self-adhesive paper. PVA glue (if the paper is not self-adhesive), scissors ( with rounded ends).

Felt pens, markers

Main characteristics: should write for a long time, and allow you to draw lines from 1mm to 5mm thick. Color set 12-24.

Colored watercolor pencils

Required quantity 18-24 pcs. in a set. The choice is determined by the quality of application to the surface of the paper. Unlike ordinary colored pencils, watercolor pencils fit better on paper, the work done with watercolor pencils is brighter and more expressive. An obligatory addition to a set of pencils is a sharpener.

graphite pencils

In grades 1-4 they act as auxiliary material. Softness requirement "TM", "M". Only not in a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen with a sharpener. An elementary school student may not be able to cope.

1.2. Painting materials

Gouache

The word "gouache" in translation from Italian means "wet", "water paint". Gouache is prepared on a relatively small amount of a binder with a high concentration of pigment (powder), so it is opaque even with a small thickness of the paint layer. Due to the opacity of the paint layer, gouache allows the artist to make adjustments to the work. Water is used as a diluent for gouache paints. Gouache paints in finished form should have the following qualities:

• the consistency of "liquid sour cream";
• easy to take with a brush and leave it, lie down on the paper in an even layer, without clots, lumps, stripes and spots;
• after application undiluted with water, cover the underlying paint layer;
• after drying, do not stain, do not wear out and do not crack;
• during storage in vials do not thicken for a long time.

Gouache should be stored in tightly closed jars.

Required colors in the set:

• white;
• cadmium yellow medium;
• scarlet;
• kraplak red;
• ultramarine or cobalt blue;
• iron blue

Additionally, it is necessary to purchase jars of "white" and "yellow", since these paints in children run out first when working.

Gouache work should be stored in folders. It is not recommended to roll such works because of the fragility of the paint layer.

You will need brushes that are round in cross section, made of hair column or squirrels: thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10. The brushes are flat in cross section, made of column hair or squirrels, synthetic ones can be used: thin - No. 2-3; medium - No. 6-8; thick - No. 9-10. It is desirable to store the brushes in a special case, fixed inside it, then the pile will not change its shape. Brushes thrown at random, with an undried bristle, very often look like a broom.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

A palette is a small, thin rectangular or oval board on which the artist mixes paints while working. You need a white plastic palette measuring 30x40 cm, with small cup-shaped indentations along the edges. It is not recommended to use paper as a palette, since paper, when soaked from water, gives a pile, and gouache binders are absorbed into the paper palette, as a result of which only pigment gets on the drawing, which crumbles when the work dries.

1.3. Composition materials

colored paper

You will need paper of a wide range of shades. You can buy sets of paper from different manufacturers, each manufacturer has its own color scale, as a result there will be a large selection of shades of each color. Self-adhesive paper will also come in handy.

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

2. Materials 5-9 class(Presentation)

2.1 Drawing materials

graphite pencils

In grades 5-9 they act as the leading graphic material. Softness requirement: "T" ("H"), "F", "TM" ("HB"), "M" ("B"). Only not in a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen. Pencils are sharpened with a clerical knife 1 cm. Graphite is sharpened, 2 cm a wooden case is sharpened. Eraser for erasing is selected according to the criterion: the more gum remains on the paper during the erasing process, the higher its quality. An important addition is the soft eraser "Klyachka", which is easily kneaded in the hands, designed to remove an excess layer of graphite from the surface of the paper. Method of application: the eraser is rolled over the surface of the paper or lightly pressed against those parts of the picture that lighten up: the graphite sticks to the nag and is held by it after it is taken away from the paper.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative) see point 1.1.

To work for the school year, both warm and cold shades may be required. Sheet size for work 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Additionally, some jobs will require the color "Vanilla" or "CREMA". Since pastel (classical) contains a large amount of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes pastel work vulnerable to mechanical touch, moisture, and this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Gray paper. PVA glue, scissors, see paragraph 1.1.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

Tablet with clip format A-4

A pack of paper for office equipment format A-4

Sepia pastel pencils, dark brown

Pastel pencils are pastels in a wooden frame, they are a soft graphic material on a par with classic pastels, they are shaded over the surface, just like classic pastels: with a finger or blending. The work done with pastel pencils must be fixed with a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Pastel pencils color: white, gray, black. See paragraph above

rastushka

Cylindrical stick with pointed ends in the shape of a cone. On sale it is found from tightly twisted thin wrapping paper or felt of different diameters in cross section. It is used for shading and obtaining subtle colorful or tonal nuances in the work.

Ink. Mascara brushes see point 1.1.

Felt pens, markers, see point 1.1.

Colored watercolor pencils, see point 1.1.

2.2. Painting materials

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

2.3. Composition materials

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative) see point 2.1.

Colored paper see point 1.3.

Felt pens, markers, see point 1.1.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Graphite pencils see point 2.1

3. Materials for arts and crafts(Presentation)

3.1. Materials used in arts and crafts lessons in grade 5(embroidery with floss threads and weaving "CHI")

EMBROIDERY WITH THREADS OF MOULINE

There is an opinion that there is a desire to do some kind of work, I would like to see its final result, that is, a finished work that struck you with beauty and sophistication. Therefore, the presentation with which our introductory lessons and parent-teacher meetings begin clearly demonstrates what the stages of our work will ultimately lead to. And if your peer has completed it before you, then your hands themselves are drawn to such rainbow floss threads and all kinds of interesting devices.

A feature of the work in the material is that all of them are made according to the students' own sketches. And therefore, the work at the DPI lessons can be divided into several stages - this is the collection of materials for the implementation of sketches of future work, the implementation of a sketch series, the preparation of devices and materials for embroidery, and work in the material.

Materials needed to make embroidery sketches:

• Materials for making sketches of future work, these are student works made in the open air, art postcards, reproductions of artists' works.
• A-4 paper.
• Folder with files for sketches and collected material.
• Eraser.

Materials needed for embroidery (work in the material):

To copy an embroidery sketch onto fabric, use: a special marker, chalk, a simple pencil, carbon paper.

Various fabrics were used as the base fabric: crepe - satin, velvet, cotton, silk with a pronounced texture and plain dyed, linen:

For training exercises, we need a hoop. This is a special device for fixing the fabric in a taut state and protecting the fabric from contraction. The hoops are made of wood, plastic, metal and various shapes - round, oval, square. For us, their diameter is important, it is desirable that it be at least 25 - 30 cm.

We carry out works on a stretcher of A-4 format. The subframe is a rectangular fixture made of wooden blocks. On the stretcher, the fabric is fixed with buttons.

In the works, floss threads are used, these are high quality threads, they have a pleasant sheen and sufficient strength. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.

Embroidery needles should have an oval wide eye so that the thread in several additions (three or six, depending on what we are embroidering - a tree trunk, or a flower stalk) easily passes into the eye and does not fray during work. Numbers 3-5.

Medium length scissors with curved ends are considered universal in work.

And a prerequisite for successful work is the observance of all the rules of safe work in the classroom and during preparation for them. All devices and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

WEAVING "CHI"

Historical reference. "CHI" is one of the oldest types of weaving. Chiy - a mat woven from stalks of chiy grass (hence the name) or reeds. Weaving has long been common among the peoples of Central Asia, the Kazakhs. Skillfully woven mats were widely used to decorate the walls of the yurt. In the household of the Kazakhs, dairy products were dried on them, wool was laid out and sorted, wool was wrapped in it in the process of felting, they also served as a screen to delimit the living space of the yurt. Patterned mats were wrapped around the base of the yurt to decorate the walls and keep the heat inside the dwelling.

In the past, chi was also widely used in the visual arts among the peoples of Central Asia. An integral part of the Kyrgyz folk art are mats made from chiy stems braided with colored wool. Chiy is a tall stiff steppe grass, the stems of which are used to make mats with or without a pattern. Chia products are widely used in the daily life of the rural population. A chiy mat is placed in the wind as a barrier near the hearth. It is spread under felt carpets, protecting them from dampness and spoilage. A chiy mat encircles the entire yurt, insulates and decorates it.

At present, the chii technique has been preserved in the national and modern fine arts. Craftswomen choose a sketch and mark up the elements of the pattern. Then each stem is separately braided with wool of various colors, and interconnected.

Of considerable interest is the technique of weaving for us. Having studied the technology and techniques of weaving, students are happy to work in the "CHI" weaving technique, creating decorative compositions for decorating the interior. Before starting to work in the material, they independently develop sketches on a modular grid, thinking through the given topics, color combinations. Then choose the necessary materials and fixtures.

Materials necessary for making sketches of weaving "CHI"

• Folder with files for sketches.
• Artistic postcards, reproductions of artists' works.
• A-4 paper. A checkered student notebook is used as a modular sketch grid.
• Simple pencils of softness "TM", "M".
• Colored pencils, the number of colors in the set 18-24.
• Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work in the "CHI" technique

• Muline threads are ordinary and melange, these are high quality threads, they have a pleasant sheen and sufficient strength. We select the color of the threads in accordance with the completed sketch
• Modules - wooden slats, rectangular section 0.4x0.8 cm., We calculate the number according to the sketch made on the modular grid.
• Glue stick for fixing the modules on cardboard and for decorating the work.
• Small sharp scissors for cutting threads.
• Cardboard for fixing modules. Cardboard format A-4
• Frame for work.

In the process of work, it is imperative to comply with all safety rules. All materials, fixtures and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

3.2. Materials for arts and crafts lessons in grade 6 (patchwork)

PATCHWORK

This is a special style of sewing from pieces of fabric, which develops artistic taste and skill, cultivates patience, accustoms to accuracy. Patchwork technique is a fairly popular type of needlework, because. does not require large material costs and suggests the possibility of using the contents of "grandmother's chests". For patchwork, you can use any fabric, both new and used. Patchwork sewing is a kind of needlework in which, according to the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn from multi-colored and variegated pieces of fabric with a certain pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, and sometimes texture. Patchwork quilted things were inherited and served for many years.

The history of patchwork technology has about 3000 thousand years. Despite the antiquity of the roots, it is becoming more and more popular every year. If earlier patchwork was a favorite hobby of thrifty housewives, now it is a fashionable design trend. Today, products made in this style are very relevant. This is not only clothes, shoes and accessories, but even furniture and all kinds of interior items. Particularly beautiful works - impressive in their variety and originality of materials, shapes, structures and color combinations - are usually hung on the walls like paintings or carpets.

The purpose of our classes is to show that patchwork is not only a craft, but a full-fledged creative work, in which, first of all, its aesthetic aspect is valued. The presentation presents the works made at the lessons of arts and crafts.

Materials needed to make sketches.

• Analogues of works made in the technique of patchwork.
• Folder with files for sketches.
• A-4 paper.
• Simple pencils of softness "TM", "M".
• Rulers and squares.
• Colored pencils, the number of colors in the set 18-24.
• Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work in the material.

• Cotton and silk fabrics of various textures, cords, braid, lace. Almost all fabrics can be used in patchwork. But it is easier for beginners to work with cotton fabrics, they are more pliable in work, these are chintz, satin, linen. Fabrics are plain and with small patterns. The size of the fabric pieces is approximately A-4 size.
• Interlining (flizofix) - is a thin non-woven cushioning material with a one-sided adhesive coating, which gives strength to fabrics and prevents shedding. It will take 1 meter, the color is white.
• Iron with steamer.
• Tools for marking on fabric - special markers, crayons, pencils, plastic rulers and squares.
• Hand sewing needles with a sharp tip for stitching details, embroidery needles with an oval wide eye, tailor's pins.
• Bobbin threads of different colors and floss threads. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.
• Sharp scissors for cutting the details of the patchwork composition. For convenience, it is useful to have several pairs of scissors.

Bibliography

1. Magazines "Artistic Council" No. 48 2006, No. 1 2003
2. "All about color technique", Art spring, 2002.
3. Odnoralov N.V. "Materials, tools and equipment in the fine arts", M., ed. "Enlightenment", 1988
4. Yashukhin A.P. Painting: a textbook for students of pedagogical schools in the specialty No. 2003 "Teaching drawing and depicting arts." - M.: Enlightenment, 1985
5. Trouble G.V. Painting: A textbook for students of pedagogical institutes in the specialty No. 2109 "Drawing, fine arts and labor." - M: Enlightenment, 1986
6. Bazanova M.D. "Plein Air". - M. "Fine Arts" 1994
7. Anna Chudnovskaya. "Stylish bags from beach to glamorous." M. Eksmo. 2006
8. Margarita Maksimova. "Design ideas for home and garden" - M. Eksmo. 2006
9. "Wonderful Moments" The first Russian magazine on patchwork. №1 - 4. 2007
10. Marina Kuzmina. "Fabric accessories" NIOLA - PRESS 1998
11. Alice Westcheit. "Cozy home".- M.BMI AO 2001
12. Dyumina G.B. "Beads" - AST Astrel. M., 2001
13. Dyumina G.B. "Figures from beads" - AST Astrel. M., 2000
14. Lyndina Y. Biser. Technique "Brick stitch". Culture and traditions. - Yaroslavl. 2001.
15. Makhmutova H. Brief information on color science.-M., 1976
16. Izmailov Ch. "Psychology of color vision" - M., 1998
17. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Kuznetsov.
18. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940

Site addresses

Each has its own characteristics: techniques, performance technique and materials and tools used. Types of drawing and painting, the quality and accuracy of the image, as well as its aesthetic properties depend on what art materials the artist uses.

Drawing and painting: what's the difference?

Drawing - a type of graphics, which is a black and white or color image on paper, cardboard, made by hand. This concept includes both a simple drawing or sketch, and complex paintings using perspective. For drawing, materials such as:

• simple graphite pencils;
• colour pencils;
• markers;
• ink, ink (applied to paper with pens or pens);
• sanguine;
• coal.

Drawing, unlike painting, has a wider application. The figure below shows graphs of functions of the form y. This presentation of educational material helps students and pupils to better understand complex mathematical equations and their practical application.

Drawing with pencils

One of the most used tools in the fine arts is the pencil. They are inexpensive. No special handling skills are required. By hardness, they are divided into 3 types: soft (M, M2 or B, B2), medium hard (TM or BH) and hard (T, T2 or H, H2). With a pencil, you can create all kinds of drawing: from a sketch to a photographic image.

How to use such a tool correctly? Gennady Lee, in his book Fundamentals of Academic Drawing, advises novice artists to use the softest (M2) pencil. This teaches you to take responsibility for work and act more carefully. They learn to draw lines and strokes with a light movement, barely touching the surface of the paper. A soft graphite trace is easier to erase with an eraser or a nag (soft eraser). Even slight pressure makes the lines darker and thicker. Professionals can achieve the right balance of tones using the hardest (T2) pencil.

Pencil technique

Particular importance when working with pencils is given to the technique of execution - hatching. Contours are applied not with long lines, but with short strokes. Also hatching darken areas on a sheet of paper. It should convey not only the tone, but also the texture of the subject. In this case, the lines are laid parallel and tightly to each other.

The figure shows graphs of functions of the form of complex mathematical formulas, which cannot be depicted without the use of special tools, without taking your hands off the sheet. This can only be done by applying short strokes to the image. But it is precisely from such simple lines, ovals or sinusoids that all visible objects consist.

When working with colored pencils, the same tools and technique are used as with simple graphite ones. The main difference is that the drawing is colored.

felt-tip pens

These bright sticks with hard stems, which leave a rich color on the leaf, have appeared recently. Therefore, nothing is written about them in the old drawing textbooks. The lines applied with a felt-tip pen have an even greasy mark not only on the surface, but also on the back of the sheet of paper. Therefore, it is not suitable for painting large areas. It is used for highlighting, loose color shading.

Felt pens are used when you need to create a drawing in the form of signs, inscriptions. It is suitable for drawing graphs, especially if you need to draw several lines on them that display different functions or calculation results.

Ink, ink

Fountain and ballpoint pens, which use ink and ink as a coloring pigment, are used not only in calligraphy, but also in drawing. In terms of their capabilities, they are not inferior to pencils, but they have some features. Ink and ink fall on paper or cardboard in even, uniform lines, regardless of the force of pressure. That is, the tone does not change. Therefore, they are rarely used when creating a photographic three-dimensional image. But they are suitable for such types of drawing as sketch and sketch.

To work with the tool, you can use any paper, even writing. The ink is applied easily without scratching the paper, which often happens when working with a sharply sharpened hard pencil.

Sanguina, coal

Sanguina is a type of clay. Sticks are made from it and fired. It is red or brownish brown in color.

Charcoal gives black color. It is obtained by roasting birch or aspen twigs in a closed kiln. Pressed charcoal is made from ordinary charcoal.

Despite the fact that these are two different materials, the technique of execution and the types of drawing obtained with their help are the same. It is not uncommon for artists to use both materials on the same sheet of cardboard along with chalk. So that the image does not crumble, it is treated with special fixative adhesives. It is necessary to work with these materials carefully, since it will not be possible to erase the drawn. Even a nag will not help, and the eraser will simply smear everything into a muddy spot. What does a drawing made with charcoal or sanguine look like, see below.

Painting: tools, materials, technique

In painting, the main tool is a brush, and the materials used are watercolor, gouache, acrylic or oil paint. They are produced in sets of 3, 6, 9, 12 or more colors. To get the paint of the desired shade, they are mixed on the palette. A palette is a plastic or wooden board with notches and a finger hole. If there is no such item, then you can use a porcelain plate instead.

The image is applied to cardboard, drawing paper or canvas. When using oil paint, they are primed with special gypsum-based compounds.

Watercolor

This is a water based paint. The peculiarity of this artistic material is that it is almost transparent. Apply it to cardboard or paper with squirrel hair brushes. There are two techniques for working with watercolor: on a dry or wet sheet of whatman paper.

Even a small child who picks up a brush for the first time can work on dry cardboard or paper. An image is applied with a simple pencil. Usually, at this stage of work, such types of drawing as a sketch and a sketch are used. First paint the light areas, then the dark ones. This is done so that the colors do not mix. Errors are corrected by tracing the paper soaked in water with a sponge or brush.

Drawing on wet paper is much more difficult. Only an artist with extensive experience in working with this technique can work in this technique. The figure shows a view of objects with stains of paint, an almost transparent play of light. To do this, the paint is applied in circles, gradually darkening the corresponding areas. White parts of objects are not painted over.

Gouache

To work with gouache paints, brushes with synthetic bristles are used. It lays down in an even opaque layer. It is applied to paper or cardboard. The technique of working with gouache is the same as when working with watercolor on dry paper, but with some peculiarities. Since it is opaque, a different color can be applied to the paint layer. Excess gouache in the picture, as well as mistakes made during the work, are eliminated with a scraper (the corner of the ruler will do) or a wet brush. Applied in a thick layer, it cracks when it dries. If the excess is not removed, then after they can fall off.

Dried gouache in a jar is diluted with water to a creamy consistency. Since the paint quickly fades in the sun, wipes off, such paintings must be hung in places inaccessible to direct sunlight under glass.

Oil paint

Most of the paintings in the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery are painted in oils. The advantage of oil paint is that it practically does not fade in the sun, but it dries for a long time. It can be applied both pointwise, when strokes of different colors are placed side by side, and in layers. Errors and (or) excess paint are removed with a palette knife. A palette knife is a special spatula. Sometimes it is used for applying paint. It turns out an unusual artistic effect when it lays down in blocks.

Use not only thick, but also liquid oil paint. To thin it, add vegetable oil (sunflower, corn, linseed, etc.). Apply it in layers. This technique is called the glazing method. A striking example of what a picture looks like, made in this way is “Moonlight Night on the Dnieper” by A. I. Kuindzhi. The moon seems to glow.

An oil painting takes about a year to dry. If the glazing method was used, then each layer dries up for about six months. The drying process can be accelerated by adding a solvent to the paint, such as turpentine or mineral spirits. Then the paint will dry out in 2-3 days, and the surface of the picture will become matte. To prevent the surface from cracking during drying, it is covered with damp rags.

Acrylic paints

Acrylic paints are a modern art material. With their help, artists create paintings that are close in their graphical parameters to photography, with the same clarity and brilliance. They dry quickly. When working with, the same techniques are used as when working with oil.

Artists, along with traditional materials, use modern, combine them. What types of drawings are obtained in this case, it is not always possible to determine and explain. For example, a watercolor still life, where the contours of objects are highlighted with a felt-tip pen. What art material was used to paint the picture? What kind of drawings can it be attributed to? But it is not so important how and with what to draw, the main thing is that drawing brings pleasure not only to the artist, but also to the audience.

Art materials have a direct impact on the client's artwork. They encourage him to see and touch. They generate emotional uplift and awareness. Being themselves particles of reality, these materials encourage the client to come into contact with reality. Thus, a dynamic interaction takes place between the creator and the artistic material. An art therapist is especially interested in finding out which material causes the client to be most expressive. Thus, the free choice of material is the most important driving force in the process of artistic work (Romanova E.S., 1992).

It is important that the material with which the work is being done in the classroom is solid, bright, beautiful. Paints, pencils, plasticine, paper should have a neat appearance. The child feels an attitude towards himself through the material with which he is offered to work. For those children who are reluctant to join the work, bright beautiful stationery and other equipment can be an attraction.

Art therapy work involves a large set of different visual materials:

1) paints.

2) pencils, wax crayons

3) to create collages or three-dimensional compositions, magazines, newspapers, wallpapers, paper napkins, colored paper, foil, film, candy boxes, postcards, braid, strings, textiles are used;

4) natural materials - bark, leaves and seeds of plants, flowers, feathers, branches, moss, pebbles;

5) for modeling - clay, plasticine, wood, special dough;

6) drawing paper of different formats and shades, cardboard;

7) brushes of different sizes, sponges for painting large areas, scissors, threads, different types of glues, adhesive tape.

In addition to practical considerations, there are a number of serious points regarding choice materials in accordance with learning objectives:

1. The choice of materials affects how the class goes. Some materials, such as pencils, crayons and felt-tip pens, allow you to “strengthen” control, while others: pastel, paint and clay contribute to freer expression (Schottenloer G., 2001). Paints more than other materials, allow emotions, moods and images to flow through the hands (finger painting) directly into the material and be displayed with minimal control. Watercolor can be applied in different ways: they can be bright and dull, clear and blurry, heavy and light. The use of colors adds expressiveness to the drawing. It is very convenient to use paints (for example, gouache), which can be painted over from above, mix colors, change the pattern. Paints are more beneficial to use precisely because of the opportunity to experiment more. When working with a drawing, especially with paints, it is important to give the client the opportunity to choose not only paints, but also the tool with which he will draw (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998). Interesting is not the use of brushes, but drawing by hand. Such an opportunity gives more freedom and opportunities for research. Also as another form of drawing, face painting can be used. The only thing worth considering is that you need to provide customers with appropriate paints.

2. If the client is not confident or just tired, he will feel more confident and calm when working with materials that are easier to control. At wax crayons very intense color. They are substantially harder than the material listed above, and thus open up only a part of the possibilities of psychic self-regulation. felt-tip pens require strong control while drawing. The use of felt-tip pens will reveal the moment of suppressing the fear of the wealth of one's own experiences and sensations. If the child, despite the proposed color material, often chooses simple pencil, it means that something may be hindering his emotional expression. Blackened areas often indicate depressive disorders or deep depression (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998).

3. When working individually with children or groups whose behavior is difficult to control, it is worth starting with "controlled" materials.

4. Many feel insecure about their artistic abilities. Cutting out pictures from a magazine to create a collage “equalizes” the participants and allows even very insecure clients to join the work.

5. Once all clients are happy to participate in the exercise, materials such as paint or clay can provide an opportunity for deeper self-expression, especially when exploring feelings or reactions.

6. Working with "expressive" materials can be therapeutic for many clients. It not only helps to express a wide range of emotions; working with clay or smearing pastels or paints with an unjudgmental reaction to the final product can be healing in itself.

Large format paper encourages wide free movement, allows you to abandon the control and restrictions that are required when working with small formats.

Abstract drawings are more conducive to the reaction of negative emotions (fear, tension), the development of imagination, self-expression of the individual. Here, the restrictions imposed by the level of formation of the artistic skills of the child, the acquired stereotypes of drawing (girls draw the same type of princesses, and boys - the same cars) are removed (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998).

When discussing drawings, assessments of the author's technical skill should be avoided (including beautiful - ugly), and attention should be paid to techniques (color, character of lines, etc.) that allow conveying mood, feelings. With the right organization of the discussion of children's drawings, children usually themselves come to understand the benefits of free drawing.

When perceiving products of fine art, an art therapist needs to pay attention to the following aspects:

What feeling conveys a drawing, collage, sculpture

what looks weird

What is missing from this item?

what is in the center. What is in the center often indicates the essence of the problem or what is the main thing for this person.

What are the sizes and proportions of the depicted objects and people (Kopytin A.I., 1999, Romanova E.S., Potemkina S.P., 1992, Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998, Schottenloer G., 2001). Disproportionate objects make you look for an answer to a question that is exaggerated; large figures are designed to strengthen, and excessively reduced - to belittle. Distortion of shape, proportions can symbolize a problem area, greater attention and deeper understanding, which can help restore normality.

Are there duplicate objects? The number of objects in many cases plays a big role for the client, as it relates to units of time reference or significant events in the past, present or future.

in what perspective the work was done and how it is used by the author. The combination of several types of perspectives in one work may be related to the presence of contradictions in the life of the author.

· whether there are captions on the works, as they can be used to bring clarity and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation of this work, which may reflect the degree of trust in non-verbal communication.

Went to drawing school. Everyone, in order to master the secrets of a realistic image, needs to learn.

This drawing course helps to master the features of the image of the shape and proportions of objects, their texture, the transfer of volume using light and shadow, and linear perspective.

To learn how to draw, it is not enough just to read a book, you must carefully perform special exercises and lengthy drawings, strive to succeed.

Of course, you will learn the art of drawing gradually, step by step, mastering the secrets of mastery in theoretical and practical classes in the process of classroom and homework.

Drawings from the book showing the sequence of the image can be repeated, but remember that the training should be based on drawing from life.

Observing the surrounding reality, making sketches and sketches from life, learn the basics of a realistic image. Use this knowledge and skills in the process of drawing from memory and imagination, in creative compositions.

To complete the drawing, as a rule, no complex devices are required. Everyone had to draw with pencils, felt-tip pens or pens on paper, but it is not easy to achieve mastery in accurately conveying movement, character, texture.

Knowledge of art materials and techniques will help you best realize your creative ideas in a small sketch or a finished drawing. The finer you learn to understand the features of drawing techniques, master them, the more fully you will feel the features of their artistic expressiveness.

Educational practice has shown that graphite and colored pencils, felt-tip pens, watercolors, ink, colored crayons, as well as charcoal, sanguine, and pastel are most commonly used to complete drawing assignments in a general education school.

A graphite pencil is equally convenient for both educational and creative work. It has a pleasant gray tone and some sheen, can be easily corrected, erased with an elastic band. With this pencil, you can create drawings of a linear, line-line and tonal-painting plan. Of all drawing materials, graphite pencil is the simplest and most affordable tool. Graphite, combined with other art materials, holds great potential for every artist.

Graphite fits well on any paper and does not crumble. You need to choose a pencil and paper in accordance with the tasks. First you need to learn how to work with one pencil and try to extract from it everything that it can give. Line and stroke work well on thick, smooth paper, while grainy paper is suitable for tone work.

Pencil drawings look good on paper, yellowed from time to time. In general, if we talk about paper, then try various grades for your drawings. Don't be embarrassed if something doesn't work out for you. The main thing is that you will gain invaluable experience that you can use in your work.

When working with a graphite pencil, one should not be particularly fond of shading, since this often creates the impression of a worn and greasy drawing.

Lightening the tone of the picture can be achieved with the help of bread crumb. You need to lay the drawing horizontally, crumble finely white bread and wipe the drawing with it.

A graphite pencil is good for drawings in an album, on a paper sheet, but if you need to close large planes, then charcoal is usually used.

Colored pencils can also achieve a variety of graphic or painterly effects, especially watercolor pencils, which can be blurred with water, achieving painterly techniques.

Coal as a drawing material has been used by artists since ancient times. Drawing charcoal has great expressive possibilities, it can be used for landscape, portrait, still life and subject composition.

With charcoal, you can draw both the thinnest lines and wide ones, you can quickly shade large surfaces with the side. Charcoal gives a deep velvety black color and a wide range of tonal transitions. They can make quick sketches, sketches and long drawings. It is very comfortable to use and easy to wash. Coal clearly reveals the shape of the object, makes it possible to convey light and shadow. You can draw with charcoal on paper, cardboard, canvas, wall and other surfaces suitable for drawing. It is better to use rough paper, you can also use thick drawing paper, which should be lightly rubbed with fine sandpaper. Interesting charcoal drawings are obtained on a colored background of soft tones.

Drawing charcoals should be different in size and shape. To draw thin lines, the coal is sharpened obliquely, since the middle part (core) of coals made from twigs is looser. When working on canvas, the charcoal sharpens itself.

A combination of charcoal with other materials is allowed - with sanguine, chalk, pastel, colored pencils, watercolors, a special charcoal pencil "Retouch".

Charcoal can be worked in two ways: with an ordinary graphite pencil, using lines and strokes, and using tonal shading. You can rub the charcoal with a cloth, hand or a special shading, which is made of suede, kid leather or thick paper and is a tightly twisted roller with pointed ends. You should not use an elastic band for this, as after it the coal lies unevenly.

You can lighten the tone by brushing off excess charcoal with a cloth or bristle brush. It is recommended to walk along the illuminated places of the form with a soft roll or work them with chalk.

Charcoal drawings should be fixed. You can use a special fixative or hairspray for this. Fix by spraying the varnish gradually, in several steps, from a distance of about one meter, avoiding the formation of drops. Keep in mind that even the most careful fixing will make the drawing darker.

Everyone who draws with a felt-tip pen must take into account its capabilities. The felt-tip pen glides easily over the paper and leaves behind a beautiful smooth line that cannot be erased, so you need to work with a firm and confident hand. Felt pens are thin and thick, different colors, which expands their artistic possibilities. They can be worked using a line, stroke or decorative spots. Good felt-tip pens for sketches from nature, sketches of landscapes, decorative and design work.

Sanguine, a red-brown material, was used in the drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. Another name for this material is red chalk. Sanguina is produced in the form of round or square sticks and comes in different shades. You can draw with sanguine with a line, a stroke, using shading, on various paper, cardboard, primed canvas. Often artists combine sanguine with charcoal, chalk, and pencil. Those who have not acquired the first skills in drawing are not recommended to work with sanguine. Mastering the technique of working with this material should begin in sketches, and continue in longer drawings from nature or from a representation.

The works created by sanguine by outstanding masters - Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rubens, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Titian, Chardin and many others - are diverse in technique.

Pen drawing is an excellent school for educating the hand and the eye. Feathers come in different sizes and materials. First of all, it is important for work that the pen does not scratch the paper. By changing the pressure on the pen, you can achieve a variety of line thicknesses. A steel pen gives a clear, thin line, while a goose or reed pen gives a lively and expressive one.

When working with a pen on a large sheet, you need to ensure that the line and stroke are varied. It is better to draw with a pen on smooth coated paper, where sometimes mistakes can be corrected using a razor blade. Expressive works are obtained when the line and stroke are combined with the tone of the paper (gray, blue, yellow, greenish, etc.) and create the impression of a picturesque manner of drawing.

The technique of drawing with a brush on paper has become widespread. It allows you to perform the finest drawings and broadly lay large planes in tone, achieve molding with a stroke. Good materials for drawing with a brush are black and colored ink. Artists can only choose gray or brown when working with watercolors. Monochrome painting - grisaille was widely used by the old masters. It is useful to complete grisaille assignments for drawing still lifes and landscapes from nature for educational purposes.

Since watercolor, like pastel, can be attributed to graphics and painting, then be careful when classifying works made with these materials, rely heavily on intuition and common sense, follow what the artist prefers - a line or tone, one color or richness of color shades.

The technique of pastels is multifaceted and simple. Pastel crayons are fragile and delicate in color. They can be worked with a stroke or wide pasty strokes. Rubbing color into color gives an unusual effect of softness and precision of tonal transitions.

Pastel loves a tinted base; it can be used on colored velvet paper, cardboard treated with fine-grained sandpaper. Pastel adheres better to a rough surface. It requires fixing and careful storage. It is better to protect the paint layer of the pastel from shedding with a thin sheet of paper, attaching it with a flap on the back of the picture. Then the pastel retains its color, which gives great technical possibilities to the artist. But you can also use hairspray for this, in which case the pastel colors will darken a little.

The execution of drawings with any artistic material, as a rule, is carried out from the general to the particular, in order to return to the general again at the end. First, the compositional solution of the drawing is thought out, the objects are placed on a sheet of the selected format, their general shape is drawn, proportional relationships are observed, and details are worked out. Then they move on to the cut-off modeling of the form, achieving the integrity of the picture.

If you learn how to draw a cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and cone, you will be able to convey all the diversity of the world in your creative work. It is easy to see that simple geometric bodies underlie all complex shapes. In the process of drawing, you need to be able to measure and compare distances, determine the proportions of your model, convey volume using light and shadow.

Drawing simple geometric bodies separately and as part of a still life, drawing a jug, a plaster ornament, a variety of thematic still lifes, figures and heads of a person, animals, objects of technology and architecture should be mastered by every draftsman.

You also need to be careful, the drawing must be protected from everything that can stain it, including from your hand. Cleanliness is a must when doing the job. Remember to keep your hands and work area clean.

Remember that all drawing lessons should be supported by your own thoughts, only then the learning process can be considered complete.

Sokolnikova N.M., Visual arts. Drawing Basics: A Textbook for Uch. 5 cells - Obninsk: Title, 2008. - 96 pages: tsv.il.

Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year methodological recommendations of the discussion program Integrated Lessons

A novice artist needs to know well the materials with which he will deal when drawing, master the technique of working with them and constantly study their properties. This knowledge will help to avoid many mistakes that are inevitable for a young artist who does not yet have sufficient experience.

Pencil

The first thing every beginner tries to draw is this. But in order to use all the properties that a pencil has that are useful for an artist, it is necessary to acquire some knowledge. The artist can make the pencil an obedient tool in his hands, extract from it all the richness of its color possibilities, or use it only for sketches.

Drawing pencils come in different hardness and different shades. Hard pencils are used most often in drawing, while in drawing it is preferable to use soft or medium hard pencils, which give great opportunities for color transitions and various shades.

The best pencils are made from graphite (a type of crystalline carbon). Graphite drawing pencils are usually produced under the numbers: 1st - the softest, 2nd - medium and 3rd - hard.

The highest grade of drawing pencils has fourteen hardness numbers: from 1 to 6H - hard, from 1 to 6B - soft and 1-2 - medium.

Of soft pencils, “negro” is good - a soft, very black pencil with a pleasant velvety tone. Pencils of varying degrees of softness are quite suitable for educational work.

For pencil sketches, you can use any kind of paper in white or other light shades; for long and serious drawings, you need paper with a high degree of roughness (Whatman paper, semi-paper paper, "Alexandrian" paper).

Coal

Most often used for quick sketches, although it can also be used for long, finished drawings. In addition, charcoal is usually applied to the initial contours of figures and objects for a picture executed with oil paints. Coal is prepared from birch sticks.

You can also make your own charcoal. To do this, fill an empty tin can with even, smooth birch sticks, close the lid tightly, cover the jar with clay or putty and put it in the oven for several hours on hot coals left after the firebox.

Charcoal is convenient for many because it is easily brushed off paper and allows for numerous corrections in the drawing. This property of charcoal makes it indispensable in initial quick sketches and sketches.

Charcoal can only be used on rough paper, as it does not adhere to smooth paper and crumbles.

For primary sketches with charcoal, you can take any paper, up to low-quality wrapping paper. For a long drawing with charcoal, you need good rough paper (Whatman paper, Alexandrian paper, etc.).

The disadvantage of coal is that it is shaken off the paper at the slightest shock, and requires special fastening for long-term storage.

The simplest "old-fashioned" way of fixing is to spray with liquid milk, in which a small amount of sugar is dissolved (a quarter of a spoon of granulated sugar is half a glass of milk). When fixing, the drawing is placed horizontally on the table and not sprayed too much, otherwise large drops of liquid can ruin the drawing. After the paper dries, the fixing should be repeated again.

Sanguina

You can also use sanguine for drawing. - This is a rather soft pencil, with a thicker core, usually brownish-red in color, without a wooden frame.

ink

In addition to pencil and charcoal, ink is also used for sketches and drawings, but working with ink requires great accuracy and confidence in the drawing, since the drawing made with ink is difficult to correct (ink is not erased or washed off).

One-color watercolor (monochrome monotype)

The material for the drawing can also serve as, during the work of which the artist does not set himself the task of conveying the color variety of the reality surrounding him, limiting himself to conveying the shape, volume, relative lightness and character of the depicted.

Pastels

This is painting with dry paints prepared in the form of pencils that do not have a wooden frame. Dry ink is rubbed into the rough surface of the paper. To work with pastels, a large selection of pencils of various tones and halftones is required, since the ability to mix one color with another, as well as with white in pastels, is extremely limited. You can work with pastels not only on rough paper, but also on a canvas specially primed for pastels, which must be pasted on a board or cardboard to avoid shaking.