The fine arts of its functions are types and genres. Fine art, its types and genres

Art - a group of types of artistic creativity, reproducing visually perceived reality. AI includes: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts.

Painting - one of the main types of AI; artistic representation of the world on a plane by means of colored materials. This is AI, the creation of artistic images with paints.

Graphic arts - one of the types of AI. Unlike painting, the main means of expressing graphics is drawing. Graphics (from Greek - I write) more than other types of AI are closer to writing, drawing, conventional sign, because its important visual means is the very plane of a white sheet of paper with lines, dots, strokes and spots applied to it. Graphics is close to painting, but if there color is the main means of artistic expression and acts inextricably linked with the line, which is not always distinct, can be muffled, shaded by chiaroscuro, sometimes barely guessed, then in graphics the line is the main expressive means. Graphics more than painting, schematizes, rationalizes and constructs the subject. The concept of "graphics", according to the method of creating an image, is divided into 2 types: "printed or circulation graphics" and "unique graphics". Unique graphics - the creation of works in a single copy (drawing, monotype, appliqué, etc.) Printed graphics - the creation of printing forms from which several prints can be obtained. Depending on the purpose of the schedule, it is divided into types: easel graphics (easel drawing, print); book graphics (illustrations, vignettes, splash screens, cover, etc.); magazine and newspaper graphics; applied graphics (poster, etc.); computer graphics; industrial graphics.

Sculpture - ( lat. I cut out, carve) - a type of AI, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.

Types of sculpture:

1.round(you can walk around, look from all sides), monumental (promotes significant public events, designed for mass perception + park - fountains, vases, various figures); easel (sculptural portraits, figures, sculptural groups in museums and art salons); decorative.

2. relief- an object depicted on one side and representing a convex image protruding above the plane. The relief image has two varieties: bas-relief- a convex image of individual human figures, entire groups or any objects made of clay, marble, wood, etc. High relief - this is a high relief of the figure, protruding by more than half the volume. It has to do with architecture. Along with the convex relief, there is another variety of it - an in-depth relief - a counter-relief. Counter-relief - in-depth relief, obtained from a mechanical impression of a conventional relief in a soft material (clay, wax) or when removing a plaster mold from the relief.

Architecture- (Greek "chief builder") - building art, architecture. One of the oldest types of art, expressing the worldview of the people in a specific historical era in religious and public buildings, which determines the artistic style. Architecture is perceived in synthesis with all kinds of art and artistic creativity, with human activity in general. The main expressive means used in architecture are the plasticity of volumes, scale, rhythm, proportionality, as well as the texture and color of surfaces. Architectural structures reflect the artistic style of the era, like works of any other art form.

Decorative and applied arts -(lat. “I decorate”) a type of art that has its own special artistic meaning and its own decorative imagery, and at the same time is directly related to the everyday needs of people. Classification: 1. according to the material: metal, ceramics, textiles, wood. 2. According to the technique of execution (carving, painting, embroidery, print, casting, chasing, intarsia, etc.). 3. According to the functional features of the use of the item (furniture, toys).

Painting - the oldest type of fine art, the works of which are created with the help of paints applied to any surface. Traditionally, easel painting includes works made in oil on canvas, board and other similar materials.

Graphic arts (from the Greek grapho - I write, I draw, I draw) - a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main visual means. Color in graphics, unlike painting, plays an auxiliary role. Traditionally, easel graphics include: watercolor, pastel, gouache, tempera, ink, charcoal, pencil, sauce, sanguine, sepia, etc. Although these boundaries are very arbitrary: watercolor, gouache, pastel, tempera can be used to create both graphic and pictorial works in character and style.

print (from French estampe) - a work of graphic art, which is an engraving or other print on paper from a printing plate. Depending on the method of processing the printed form, the print is divided into types: lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype, linocut, woodcut, etching, drypoint, aquatint, mezzotint, reserve, dotted line, cutter, lavis, engraving on cardboard.

Sculpture (from lat. sculpo - carve, cut out) - a type of fine art that gives a three-dimensional image of objects. Sculpture is round: monumental, easel, small forms and relief: bas-relief - when less than half of the volume protrudes from the plane, high relief - more than half.

Batik - this is the general name for a variety of methods and techniques of artistic painting on fabric. The art of making batik is based on the principle of reservation - applying a certain composition to the fabric in order to preserve and highlight the colors of the pattern or background. There are several types of batik: hot, cold, free painting, they differ only in the way the fabric is reserved.

Tapestry (from French gobelin) - a type of arts and crafts, a hand-woven lint-free carpet-picture with a plot or ornamental composition. There is another less common name for a tapestry - tapestry.

hot enamel - a kind of arts and crafts, when a pattern is applied to a specially treated metal surface with enamel paints, which is then fired, resulting in a colored vitreous layer.

Mosaic (from the French mosaique literally - dedicated to the muses) - one of the types of monumental and decorative art - an image or pattern made of particles of the same or different material: stone, smalt, glass, ceramic tiles, wood, etc.

stained glass (from the French vitrage - glass) - the oldest type of monumental painting, the basis of which is an ornamental or narrative decorative composition made of glass or other material that transmits light. There are several types of stained glass depending on the manufacturing technique: classic stained glass (Tiffany technology), stained glass, painted stained glass, film stained glass and combined stained glass.

wall painting - one of the oldest types of monumental and decorative art. Works can be made in various materials and techniques: fresco (painting with tempera paints on wet plaster), sgraffito (scratching the upper thin layer of plaster until the lower layer is exposed), acrylic paints on plaster or drywall, etc.

Artists and sculptors, designers and architects - all these people daily bring beauty and harmony into our lives. Thanks to them, we look at statues in museums, admire paintings, marvel at the beauty of ancient buildings. Modern fine art amazes us, classical art makes us think. But in any case, human creations surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is useful to understand this issue.

Fine arts

Fine art is spatial. That is, it has an objective form that does not change over time. And it is precisely by the way this form looks that the types of fine art are distinguished.

They can be divided into several categories. For example, according to the time of appearance. Until the 19th century, only three types were considered the main ones: sculpture, painting and architecture. But the history of fine arts developed, and graphics soon joined them. Later, others stood out: decorative and applied, theatrical and decorative, design and others.

To date, there is no consensus on what types of fine art should be distinguished. But there are a few main ones, the existence of which does not cause any controversy.

Painting

Drawing is a type of fine art in which images are conveyed with the help of dyes. They are applied to a solid surface: canvas, glass, paper, stone and much more.

For painting, different colors are used. They can be oil and watercolor, silicate and ceramic. At the same time, there is a wax painting, enamel and others. It depends on what substances are applied to the surface and how they are fixed there.

There are two directions in painting: easel and monumental. The first combines all those works that are created on various canvases. Its name comes from the word "machine", which refers to an easel. But monumental painting is a fine art that is reproduced on various architectural structures. These are all kinds of temples, castles, churches.

Architecture

Construction is a monumental form of fine art, the purpose of which is to construct buildings. This is practically the only category that has not only aesthetic value, but also performs practical functions. After all, architecture implies the construction of buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.

It does not reproduce reality, but expresses the desires and needs of mankind. Therefore, the history of fine arts is best traced through it. At different times, the way of life and ideas about beauty were very different. It is for this reason that architecture makes it possible to trace the flight of human thought.

Also, this species is highly dependent on the environment. For example, the shape of architectural structures is influenced by climatic and geographical conditions, the nature of the landscape, and much more.

Sculpture

This is an ancient fine art, samples of which have a three-dimensional appearance. They are made by casting, slotting, hewing.

Basically, stone, bronze, wood or marble are used to make sculptures. But recently, concrete, plastic and other artificial materials have gained no less popularity.

Sculpture has two main varieties. It is circular or embossed. In this case, the second type is divided into high, low and mortise.

As in painting, there are monumental and easel directions in sculpture. But separately also distinguish decorative. Monumental sculptures in the form of monuments and monuments adorn the streets, they designate important places. Easel used to decorate the premises from the inside. And decorative ones decorate everyday life like small items of small plastic.

Graphic arts

It is a decorative art that consists of drawings and artistic prints. Graphics differs from painting in the materials, techniques and forms used. To create engravings or lithographs, special machines and equipment are used to print images. And the drawings are made with ink, pencil and other similar materials that allow you to reproduce the shapes of objects, their illumination.

Graphics can be easel, book and applied. The first is created thanks to special devices. These are engravings, drawings, sketches. The second decorates the pages of books or their covers. And the third is all kinds of labels, packaging, brands.

The first works of graphics are rock paintings. But its highest achievement is vase painting in ancient Greece.

Arts and Crafts

This is a special kind of creative activity, which consists in the creation of various household items. They satisfy our aesthetic needs and often have utilitarian functions. Moreover, earlier they were made precisely for practical reasons.

Not every exhibition of fine arts can boast of the presence of arts and crafts, but they are in every home. These are jewelry and ceramic products, painted glass, embroidered items and much more.

Fine and applied art most of all reflects the national character. The fact is that its important component is folk art crafts. And they, in turn, are based on the customs, traditions, beliefs and way of life of the people.

From theatrical and decorative art to design

Throughout history, more and more new types of fine art appear. With the formation of the first temple of Melpomene, theatrical and decorative art arose, which consists in the manufacture of props, costumes, scenery and even makeup.

And design, as one of the art forms, although it appeared in antiquity, has only recently been singled out into a separate category with its own laws, techniques and features.

Fine art genres

Each work that comes out from the pen, hammer or pencil of the master is dedicated to a specific topic. After all, creating it, the creator wanted to convey his thoughts, feelings, or even the plot. It is according to these characteristics that the genres of fine art are distinguished.

For the first time, any systematization of a huge amount of cultural heritage was thought about in the Netherlands in the 16th century. At that time, only two categories were distinguished: high and low genres. The first included everything that contributed to the spiritual enrichment of a person. These were works devoted to myths, religion, historical events. And to the second - things related to everyday life. These are people, objects, nature.

Genres are forms of displaying life in the visual arts. And they change with it, develop and evolve. Entire epochs of fine art pass, while some genres acquire a new meaning, others die off, others are born. But there are several main ones that have passed through the centuries and still exist successfully.

History and mythology

The high genres in the Renaissance included historical and mythological. It was believed that they were intended not for a simple layman, but for a person with a high level of culture.

The historical genre is one of the main ones in the visual arts. It is dedicated to recreating those events of the past and present that are of great importance for a people, a country or a separate locality. Its foundations were laid back in ancient Egypt. But it was fully formed already in Italy, during the Renaissance, in the works of Uccelo.

The mythological genre includes those works of fine art that reflect legendary plots. Already in ancient art, its first examples appeared, when epics became ordinary instructive stories. But the most famous are the works of the Renaissance. For example, frescoes by Raphael or paintings by Botticelli.

The plots of works of art of the religious genre are various episodes from the Gospel, the Bible and other similar books. In painting, his famous masters were Raphael and Michelangelo. But the genre also found its reflection in engravings, sculpture and even architecture, given the construction of temples and churches.

War and life

Display war in art began in antiquity. But this theme was actively developed in the 16th century. All kinds of campaigns, battles and victories found expression in sculptures, paintings, engravings and tapestries of that time. They call works of art on this topic a battle genre. The word itself has French roots and translates as "war". Artists who paint such pictures are called battle painters.

In contrast, there is an everyday genre in the visual arts. It is a work that reflects everyday life. It is difficult to trace the history of this direction, because as soon as a person learned to use tools, he began to capture his harsh everyday life. The everyday genre in the visual arts allows you to get acquainted with the events that took place thousands of years ago.

People and nature

A portrait is a depiction of a person in art. This is one of the most ancient genres. It is interesting that initially it had a cult significance. Portraits were identified with the soul of a deceased person. But the culture of fine arts developed, and today this genre allows us to see the images of people from past eras. Which gives an idea of ​​the clothes, fashion and tastes of that time.

Landscape is a genre of fine art in which the main object is nature. It originated in Holland. But landscape painting itself is very diverse. It can display both real and fantastic nature. Depending on the type of image, rural and urban landscapes are distinguished. The latter includes such subspecies as industrial and veduta. In addition, they talk about the existence of panoramic and chamber landscapes.

Animation genre is also distinguished. These are works of art depicting animals.

Marine theme

Seascapes represent primarily early Dutch painting. The fine arts of this country gave rise to the marina genre itself. It is characterized by reflections of the sea in all forms. Marine artists paint the seething elements and serene water surface, noisy battles and lonely sailboats. The first painting of this genre dates from the sixteenth century. On it, Cornelis Antonis depicted the Portuguese fleet.

Although the marina is more of a genre of painting, you can find water motifs not only in paintings. For example, decorative and visual arts often use elements of seascapes. It can be tapestries, jewelry, engravings.

Items

Still life - mainly also a genre of painting. Its name is translated from French as "dead nature". In fact, the heroes of still lifes are various inanimate objects. Usually these are everyday things, as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers.

The main characteristic of a still life can be considered its apparent plotlessness. Nevertheless, this is a philosophical genre that at all times reflected the connection between man and the outside world.

The prototypes of still lifes can be found in the monumental painting of Pompeii. Later this genre became part of other paintings. For example, religious paintings. But the name behind it was established only in the 16th century.

Fine art is a way of knowing reality and the place of man in it. It allows you to recreate reality with the help of various visual images. Works of this art find their place not only in museums or at exhibitions, but also on city streets, in houses and libraries, books and even envelopes. They are all around us. And the least we can do is learn to appreciate, understand and preserve the amazing heritage that we have inherited from the great masters of past eras.

this term refers to the types of art, united by visual perception - painting, graphics, sculpture, photography. Architecture and works of arts and crafts are often referred to as types of fine arts, since they are also characterized by the predominance of the visual form of perception.

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FINE ARTS

a group of arts (painting, graphics, sculpture), reproducing the world around in visual images. By embodying the visual perception of the world on a plane or in space, the visual arts are limited in conveying the action in time, but this does not mean that they depict the world statically, as if frozen. Fine arts are able to convey movement, show life in development, recreate not only the sensually perceived appearance of objects, but also the spiritual nature of the depicted phenomena. In sculpture, for example, only one moment of what is happening is fixed, but the generalization of great power can be concentrated in this moment. Fine arts are divided into easel and monumental. Works of easel art (“an easel” is called an easel, a sculptural machine) - paintings, prints, drawings, chamber sculptures, etc. - have an independent character. Works of monumental art - monuments, monuments, monumental panels, park sculpture, etc. - are created for a specific architectural environment and can perform decorative functions. Often arts and crafts turn to the pictorial form, although the depiction of reality in it is not a direct reproduction of real phenomena. The main visual and expressive means are drawing, color, plastic, chiaroscuro, etc. In different types of fine art, these means are used in an unequal ratio. So, in sculpture, unlike painting, color plays a secondary role; graphics are most characteristic drawing, line.

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ART

group of types of art. creativity, reproducing visually perceived reality. Prod. I. and. have an objective form that does not change in time and space. To I. and. include: painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art and, to a large extent, arts and crafts, often referring to the pictorial form, which, however, is not mandatory for him. I.'s ability and. to recreate in a visually recognizable form all the diversity of the visible world determines its broad artistic and cognitive capabilities, the direct persuasiveness of its production. Reality is reproduced in I. and. according to the characteristics of its various types in such and due to such objective properties as the material form of objects and the spatial environment, such as volume, color, light, texture of an object, etc. I. and. is able not only to fix the direct visual perception of the phenomena of the world, but also to convey their movement, development in time and space. Painting has specific capabilities in this area. to-roy- the picture is a self-existing artist. a world that recreates the properties of reality with extreme completeness. I. and. capable of penetrating into the inner essence of phenomena perceived in their visible form, revealing their interconnection, evaluating the meaning and significance, i.e., recreating not only the sensual appearance of reality, but also its spiritual essence, including the inner world of man, his spiritual mastery of nature, the embodiment social, political, philosophical, ethical ideas. Because of this, I. and. plays an important role in the spiritual life of the community, being the focus of the struggle of social ideas, acts as an active force in social life. The specific possibilities of I. and., which are most consistently and fully realized in realistic art. creativity (Realism), acquire various modifications in certain historical conditions. In history. claims are known periods of strict regulation And. and. and even the imposition of a religious ban on sculpture, on the image of living beings. In crisis situations in the history of culture, concepts arise that deny the right of I. and. on the embodiment of spiritual, ideological content (for example, Byzantine iconoclasm, a number of modernist movements of the 20th century, which see in painting only paint applied to the canvas, and completely “cancel” the pictorial principle of art). Based on various artists. methods, I. and. also refers to the life-like artist. form, and to the artist. conventions, uses symbols, metaphors, associations to reflect reality and achieve a greater depth of social impact, to-rye in certain types and genres of I. And. (eg, in a poster) are an indispensable property of the artist. image.