Who headed the All-Russian Executive Central Committee of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. All-Russian Central Executive Committee

All-Russian Congresses of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR (1917-1937).

On the basis of the decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets dated 25/X (7/XI), 1917, on the organization of power, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets became the highest bodies of state power, and between congresses - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The position of the congresses of Soviets was enshrined in Resolution 111 of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 15/1 (28/1) 1918 “On Federal Institutions. Russian Republic”, and then - the first Soviet Constitution of 1918. The jurisdiction of the congresses of Soviets included all issues that the congresses would recognize as subject to their resolution, i.e. the terms of reference of the congresses were not limited. The exclusive jurisdiction of the congresses included the approval and amendment of the Constitution, the management of foreign and domestic policy, the ratification of peace treaties, the approval of the budget and the national economic plan, the establishment of the foundations for organizing the armed forces, and the elections of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Constitution of 1918 established that they are convened at least twice a year. The decision of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets (December 1921) established the convocation of congresses once a year. In addition to regular congresses, if necessary, extraordinary congresses of Soviets could be convened - at the initiative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or at the request of the Soviets of localities, numbering at least one third of the population.

Elections to the congresses of Soviets were held on the basis of a single suffrage and were multi-stage. So, in the elections of delegates to congresses of Soviets, voters participated successively through delegates of volost, district and provincial congresses of Soviets, and voters of large cities - through delegates of city Soviets. The elections were held by open voting. At the same time, in order to strengthen the leading role of the working class, certain electoral advantages over the peasantry were assigned to it.

Until the formation of the USSR, the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets played the role of general federal institutions for all Soviet republics, which sent their delegates to the All-Russian Congresses. After the formation of the USSR, the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congresses of Soviets was limited to the territory of the RSFSR. At the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in May 1925, a new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted, according to which all issues of national importance were subject to the jurisdiction of the bearer of supreme power in the RSFSR - the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, including the general management of politics and the national economy, the general administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR , the establishment of the boundaries of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR, control over the income and expenses of the RSFSR, the approval of codes of laws of the RSFSR. Only congresses of Soviets could approve and supplement the constitutions of the RSFSR and the autonomous republics. From January 1937, in accordance with the new Constitution of the RSFSR, approved by the 17th Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the powers of the Congresses of Soviets as bodies of state power were transferred to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) (1917-1938, Petrograd, Moscow). Elected at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 25/X (7/XI), 1917

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee directed all politics and the national economy, established the boundaries of the autonomous republics, approved their constitutions, resolved disputes between the republics, and was in charge of the administrative division of the territory of the RSFSR. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was in charge of planning the entire national economy, approving the budget of the RSFSR, establishing national and local taxes and fees, making external and internal loans, controlling income, and approving codes of laws. As a legislative body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered and approved draft decrees and legislative proposals submitted by departments, and issued its own decrees and orders. The right of legislative initiative for the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was secured by the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The administrative function of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was that it formed the government of the RSFSR and the people's commissariats, gave the general direction of the government's activities, oversaw the implementation of the basic constitutional principles, controlled the work of the people's commissariats and departments, local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee - the representative body of the working people - was elected at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were obliged not only to participate in meetings, but also to work in a certain Soviet institution. They enjoyed the right of legislative initiative, free entry into Soviet institutions, immunity.

Initially, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee met almost continuously; from the autumn of 1918, it switched to a sessional order of work. Decree of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets<О советским строительстве>The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was convened by the Presidium once every two months, and by decision of the IX Congress, the Council - at least three times a year.

With the formation of the USSR and the adoption at the XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets (May 1925) of the new Constitution of the RSFSR, all issues of national importance were subject to the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, including the establishment and change of the basic principles of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the approval of the constitutions of the autonomous republics that are part of the RSFSR.

For the current practical and organizational work of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the preparation of materials for its meetings, the working bodies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were created - departments, secretariats and departments. They were led and controlled by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 2/XI 1917 as a permanent operational authority. With the transition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to a sessional order of work, the Presidium practically became the body of supreme power in the republic during the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The constitutional provision on the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was fixed on 9/1919 by the decree of the VII Congress of Soviets "On Soviet Construction", according to which the Presidium led the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, prepared materials for them, submitted draft decrees for consideration by the plenum (session) of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, monitored the implementation of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . On December 29, 1920, by the Decree of the VIII Congress of Soviets “On Soviet Construction”, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was granted the additional right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFS, issue decisions on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and resolve issues of administrative and economic division.

From November 1917 to 23/I, 1918, meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took place 4 times a week, then until 21/11, 1918 - 3 times a week, then until 25/III, 1918 - daily, further depending on conditions, 2-3 times a week.

Due to the large number of questions submitted for consideration by the Presidium, from 2/I, 1922 to 23/V, 1923 and from 14/XI, 1923 to 20/II, 1924, the Small Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee acted.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the RSFSR in the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He was elected by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the next convocation.

The departments were the working apparatus of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium; military (1917-1918), financial (1917-1938), economic and food (1917-1938), automobile (1917-1922), peasant (1918-1922), cassation (1918 - 1922), Cossack (1918-1921), Soviet propaganda (1918), nationalities (1919-1937). communications (1919-1922), medical and sanitary (1917), information desk (1917-1918), management of the Kremlin and the houses of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1919-1921). At first, most departments did not have clear and legal regulations on their work. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 13/VI 1921, its apparatus was reorganized. It consisted of the administration of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (the secretaries of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the general, financial, accounting and economic departments, the archive), the organizational department (sub-departments: communications with places, organizational, statistical, editorial), the department of private statements, the transport department, the commandant's office Kremlin, club, library and auto-combat squad. In the future, this structure changed several times and by 1937 took the following form: the secretariat of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the reception room of the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the financial department, the personnel sector, the economic department, the instructor and information group.

In connection with the adoption of the new Constitution in 1936, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were liquidated on December 3, 1938.

At various times, under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, temporary and permanent bodies were created:

Formed on 21/XII 1917. to check the personnel of the employees of the apparatus of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the people's commissariats. Finished work in 1918 and was liquidated.

Constitution Drafting Commission. Formed 3/IV 1918 Finished work 18/VII 1919

Central agency of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the supply and distribution of printed works. It was founded on November 23, 1918. The Agency included the Counterparty of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the distribution department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee publishing house. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 10/IX 1919, it was transferred to the command of the State Publishing House.

Commission for the Liquidation of the Evacuated Soviets. It was formed in 1918 to record and receive the property of Soviet institutions evacuated from the occupied regions. Liquidated 7/Y 1919

Liquidation Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the affairs of the Baku Council of People's Commissars. Formed on September 21, 1918, the Commission collected information about Baku Soviet organizations, about Baku workers shot by the British interventionists, as well as information about financial reporting, property and goods evacuated from Baku and captured by the interventionists. Liquidated in 1919

Administrative Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On 2I/IX 1918, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, an Administrative Commission was created to establish the regional units of the Soviet republic from representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the NKVD, the People's Commissariat of Labor, the People's Commissariat of Labor, the Supreme Council of National Economy, the People's Commissariat of Health and the State Control.

In order to develop the issue of a new administrative and economic division of the RSFSR, in accordance with the decision of the VII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, a new Administrative Commission was formed, the first meeting of which took place on 17/1, 1920. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/III, 1922, the regulation on the Commission was approved. It consisted of three members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, appointed personally by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and representatives of the people's commissariats and departments. II / VIII 1927, its composition was increased to 7 members. The commission used the PKVL apparatus of the RSFSR.

By 1933, the Commission had basically completed work on the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

Central Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the liquidation of Soviet institutions in Ukraine. It was formed in September 1919 to collect the property of Ukrainian Soviet institutions evacuated from the occupied territory.

It was liquidated on 5/I, 1920. The collected property was transferred to the special representative of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee for the re-evacuation of Ukrainian cargo.

Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Workers under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on March 20, 1921 from representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the People's Commissariats for Military, Food and the Supreme Economic Council to find material means of supplying workers, to manage the activities of local and departmental commissions of the same name. The resolutions of the Commission were binding on me in a military-strong order. Liquidated I3 / IV 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving (TsKpomgol) under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on 17/XI 1921 from representatives of the Moscow City Council, the People's Commissariat of Food and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The commission was instructed to identify the areas most affected by crop failure and to manage the provision of 1921. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Central Commission for Assistance to the Starving under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, according to which the rights of the highest commission to unite and coordinate the activities of people's commissariats and other Soviet institutions in the fight against hunger were sworn to it. . The commission used the working apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the corresponding people's commissariats. She directed and united the activities of the commissions of the same name under the people's commissariats. On October 20, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved a detailed regulation on the Commission. It consisted of a presidium and a plenum. Funds for the fight against hunger consisted of public resources and donations within Russia and abroad.

The Commission was in charge of two independent bodies: the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and Artistic Tours and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations in Russia and Abroad. All the income of these bodies was disposed of by the Commission to assist the starving.

It was dissolved with local authorities on 7/IX 1922. The Central Commission for Combating the Consequences of Famine at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee became the successor of the Commissions, and the offices of the Special Committee for the Arrangement of Foreign Exhibitions and the Commissioner for Stamp Donations were subordinated to it.

Plenipotentiary Representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to the American Relief Administration. Appointed by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 3 / X 1921. He acted until the liquidation of the ARA in 1923. I3 / 1V 1922 with the transfer of functions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

The Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for Combating Banditry on the Western Front, on 23/V1921, under the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front and the city of Smolensk, was delighted with the Front Commission for Combating Banditry. On August 18, 1921, it was transformed into the Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which united the activities of a century of military and civilian institutions in the fight against banditry. The Commission included the commander of the Western Front, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front, the plenipotentiary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, representatives of the Central Committee of the RCP and the Cheka. The area of ​​its activity included the Gomel, Vitebsk, Smolensk provinces and the territory of the Soviet Byelorussian Republic. Liquidated 28/VII 1922

Commission for the revision of institutions of the RSFSR under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on October 20, 1921 to review the staffing of all institutions. The activities of the Commission extended to the highest, central and local authorities and administrations. It included 5 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission had the right to give instructions to the staff commission of the People's Commissariat of Labor; The decisions of the Commission to reduce the staff of institutions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission used the apparatus of the organizational department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. By the middle of 1922, she completed the work on revising the staff of institutions, the material prepared by her was considered and approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 23/VIII, 1922. It was liquidated on 12/KhP, 1923.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the SAC of the RSFSR on the affairs of Turkestan. It was formed on 11/1V 1921 to strengthen federal ties and carry out the policy of the Soviet government on the national question in Turkestan. Liquidated on 2/II 1925 in connection with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for regionalization of the RSFSR. On 10/11, 1921, the Temporary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed to develop a project for the zoning of the RSFSR for the IX Congress of Soviets. On 9/V 1923, it was transformed into a permanent Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for regionalization and consisted of representatives of the people's commissariats of nationalities, internal affairs, the military, communications, the Supreme Economic Council, the State Planning Commission and the STO of the RSFSR, as well as representatives of Ukraine. The composition of the Commission was approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The tasks of the Commission included the development of a general plan for the regionalization of the RSFSR, the preparation of regions for the reform of regionalization. The commission had the right to communicate directly with all institutions of the RSFSR.

Its local bodies were the organizing bureau for the education of the regions. When the main work on the zoning of the RSFSR was completed (on June 28, 1926), the Commission and its local bodies were liquidated "documentary materials were transferred to the Administrative Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The functions of the Commission to complete the zoning were transferred to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, under which the Conference on zoning was created. I4 / V 1928 The meeting was again transformed into the Regional Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was finally liquidated on 2/IX 1929 in connection with the completion of all work on regionalization. "

Commission for the consideration of petitions for pardon. On January 5, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Committee was formed to consider applications for amnesty. On June 5, 1938, it was renamed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Commission to consider applications for pardon. Liquidated 3/KhP 1938

Budget Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on I8/XII 1921 as a permanent commission of members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to consider individual estimates and the national budget as a whole. Its resolutions were of a preliminary nature and were subject to the approval of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. I8 / XI 1926, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the regulation on the Commission, which entrusted the dog with the consideration of the state budget and reports on its replenishment, the discussion of a long-term plan for the national economy and issues related to determining the budgetary rights of autonomous republics and autonomous regions. Its members were elected at the session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission elected the presidium. It ceased to exist in connection with the beginning of the work of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in 1938.

Agricultural Commission at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on January 5, 1922, the Commission united the activities of central and local bodies in the fight against disruption in agriculture. The resolutions of the Commission entered into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The commission carried out all the work through the apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR. It consisted of 9 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and met at least once every two weeks. It was liquidated on 1/II 1923, and the functions were transferred to local land authorities and the Committee for Assistance to Agriculture under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,

Constitutional Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 10/V 1923. Four subcommittees were created in the Commission to consider certain issues:

1) decrees of the central authorities and linking the constitutions of the RSFSR and the USSR;

2) about local authorities;

3) by national republics and regions;

4) according to the budget.

The commission used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Disbanded on 6/IV 1925, after the completion of all work.

Commission for the land arrangement of working Jews. It was formed on June 15, 1925. It was liquidated in 1934 in connection with the formation of the Jewish Autonomous Region.

All-Russian Central Electoral Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on 21/IX, 1925. On 8/II, 1926, the regulation on the Commission was approved. She was entrusted with the general management of the conduct of the election campaign in the RSFSR and the consideration of complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. The commission was given the right to approve and dismiss members of lower election commissions; its decisions came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Under the Commission, subcommittees were formed: organizational, informational and statistical, to consider complaints about the wrong deprivation of voting rights. She used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was liquidated on February 10, 1937 in connection with the adoption of the new Constitution of the RSFSR.

Citizenship Restoration Commission. It was formed in 1925. Decisions of the Commission came into force only after their approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on the municipalization of buildings under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On May 24, 1926, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a Commission for the demunicipalization of households was formed. It included representatives of the people's commissariats of justice and internal affairs. On 4/VI, 1926, it became known as the Commission for Considering Complaints about the Municipalization of Households under the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on 6/VIII, 1927 - the Commission for Considering Applications for the Municipalization of Buildings under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on 27/VIII, 1927. - Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on the municipalization of buildings. Decisions of the Commission came into force after approval by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. She used his machine. Liquidated on 10/VIII 1933 due to the completion of work.

Committee for the Improvement of Labor and Life of Working Women and Peasants under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On September 20, 1926, under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a Commission for the Improvement of the Work and Life of Working Women was formed to generally manage the work of organizing and expanding the use of women's labor, their mass involvement in socialist construction, raising the cultural level and reorganizing their life. The Commission included representatives of the People's Commissariats for Education, Health, Justice, Social Security, Finance, the Supreme Economic Council and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. On May 30, 1930, it was transformed into the Committee for the Improvement of the Work and Life of Workers and Peasants, which was serviced by the apparatus of the Presidium. The composition of the Committee was significantly expanded: it included representatives of the people's commissariats of education, health, social security, labor, agriculture, justice, the RKI, the Supreme Economic Council, the State Planning Committee, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, the Children's Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the women's sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Communist Academy, the Moscow Council, Tsentrosoyuz and Kolkhoztsentr.

On 20/XI, 1929, the Committee was entrusted with the functions of leading the fight against prostitution, for the implementation of which, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Under the Committee, a Central Tag for Combating Prostitution was created. Local bodies of the Committee were committees of the same name under the presidiums of the CECs of the ASSR krai (region cancer) executive committees. Liquidated by local authorities on July 10, 1932, and the functions were transferred to the newly formed sectors for work among women as part of the organizational departments of the presidiums of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committees of the ASSR, the region (region, district executive committees).

Commission on Cults under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on 8/IV 1929 from representatives of the people's commissariats of internal affairs, justice, education, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, authorized by the OGPU under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. buildings, registration of religious associations. She was given the right to issue binding decrees on matters of worship. All departments of the RSFSR were obliged to coordinate their activities in the field of cults with the Commission. Its working apparatus consisted of a responsible secretary and consultants. The local bodies of the Commission were the commissions of the same name under the Central Executive Committees of the ASSR and the regional (regional) executive committees. Liquidated on 20/IV 1934. in connection with the formation, under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the commission of the same name.

Council for Cultural Construction under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It was formed on April 30, 1931 under the chairmanship of the People's Commissar of Education from representatives of the People's Commissariats of Finance, the RCT, the Kolkhoztsentr, the Down with Illiteracy Society, the Central Committee of the Union of Railway Workers and the Central Committee of the Union of Agricultural State Farm Workers. The Council worked in sessions, meeting at least 4 times a year, and used the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The Council was closely connected with the Committee for General Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. It was liquidated on 1/IX, 1934 in connection with the formation of the council of the same name as part of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.

Commission for the preliminary consideration of applications for the assignment of knowledge of the Hero of Labor. Formed on 13/III 1931 Liquidated on 20/VII 1937

Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the Settling of the Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Population. It was formed on April 20, 1934 from representatives of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the State Planning Commission, the Kirghiz and Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. The commission checked the work on the settlement of the nomadic population and helped the local institutions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in organizing this work. Liquidated 31/VIII 1934 in connection with its completion.

Commissions for the management of the competition of cities. Formed on 1/IV 1934. The Commission included 9 members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Liquidated, 20/V 1936

Commission for the preliminary consideration of issues on conferring the titles of People's Artists of the RSFSR and Honored Workers of Art, Science and Technology. Formed 20/V 1934 Liquidated 20/VII 1937

Commission for the distribution of the fund. A.S. Bubnov. It was formed in 1935 to provide financial assistance to public education workers. Liquidated 2/XI 1938

Constitutional Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Formed on June 27, 1936. Liquidated at the end of 1936.

Commission for the preliminary consideration of questions on conferring honorary titles of the RSFSR. Formed on 20/V11 1937 from the Commission for conferring the titles of People's Artists of the RSFSR and the Commission for conferring the titles of Hero of Labor of the RSFSR. Liquidated 3/XII 1938

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The fact that the victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution turned out to be very fragile and short-lived was obscured in the Soviet historical tradition. That they soon had to make a significant "absent." Although the main threat to them did not come from Kerensky, not from the supporters of the Provisional Government, not from the army...

There were almost no supporters of the Provisional Government. Only in Moscow was there an energetic head of the garrison, Colonel Ryabtsev. He had little strength - the junker, the "white guard" (volunteers from students, high school students, vacation officers), but he organized a rebuff. And the Bolsheviks were also still very weak. There were only 60 thousand people in the party - for the whole of Russia. But they were weak not only quantitatively, but also “qualitatively”. How to prepare for the seizure of power in at least two large cities, even then it turned out to be difficult. In Moscow there were no such leaders as Lenin, there were no such organizers as Trotsky, Stalin and Sverdlov. The leaders here, Yaroslavsky, Bukharin, etc., showed complete helplessness, lost the initiative, got bogged down in disputes, and allowed the enemy to capture the Kremlin and the city center. Street fighting broke out. But Ryabtsev did not receive help from anywhere, and reinforcements began to approach the revolutionaries in whole echelons - sailors from St. Petersburg, Frunze's Red Guards from Ivanovo-Voznesensk. And soon it was all over.

In other cities, the coup went almost unnoticed. The power of the county and provincial commissars of the Provisional Government was so illusory that no one had ever taken it seriously before. In many places, dual power continued for several months. In parallel, the Soviets and city dumas worked. The last thoughts were dispersed only in the spring. Armed clashes took place only where there were cadet schools. In Kazan, Kyiv, Smolensk, Omsk, Irkutsk. Only green boys still believed in the ideals of “democracy” and were ready to fight for the fallen government. And, of course, everywhere they were quickly crushed.

The front-line units did not pose any particular danger to the Bolsheviks either. Because the former rulers themselves tried to destroy and break the army. The command, as already noted, was completely shut down, and Dukhonin played only the role of a "technical specialist", a transmission link between Kerensky and the troops. He performed it once again. I received an order to send several formations to Petrograd, handed it over to the headquarters of the Northern Front and calmed down. And the commander-in-chief of the Northern Front V.A. Cheremisov was bought very simply. Just like in Ruzsky's March. Promising the post of Supreme Commander. And he, having received an order, detained him until the situation was clarified, and after the victory of the Bolsheviks he completely canceled it. When the Stavka, confident that everything was going as it should, and the troops were already on the way, accidentally found out the truth and demanded an explanation from Cheremisov, he replied by telegram that the Stavka was not in the know, that the Provisional Government was no more, that there was already a different government in Petrograd , Kerensky is no longer the Supreme Commander, and that he, Cheremisov, will soon be appointed to this post.

Well, the so-called “Kerensky-Krasnov campaign” against Petrograd was generally not serious. When the Prime Minister rushed to Pskov, where the headquarters of the Northern Front was located, this headquarters had already been handed over to the Bolsheviks. But Kerensky accidentally met in the city the commander of the 3rd cavalry corps, Krasnov, who had come to clarify the situation. He was very happy, appointed him "commander of the army" with the order to attack the capital, promised that 4 more divisions would be transferred to him, which would soon come up. All this was nothing more than empty talk. And even the 3rd cavalry corps itself, in fact, no longer existed. Because the Cossacks remained the most reliable units, and the corps was pulled apart by regiments and hundreds to “plug holes” - along the entire Northern Front from Vitebsk to Revel (Tallinn). And the 3rd equestrian hated Kerensky. After all, it was the same corps that participated in the “Kornilovshchina”. The provisional government survived the resignation of the first corps commander, Count Keller, killed the second commander, Krymov, and arrested Kornilov. And when, for example, Kerensky extended his hand to the centurion Kartashov, he did not give his. He contemptuously explained: “I'm sorry, Mr. Supreme Commander-in-Chief, I cannot shake hands with you. I am a Kornilovite.”

Nevertheless, Krasnov decided to follow the order. And those units that he had at hand, in Ostrov, moved to Petrograd. Yes, what a “moved” there! We plunged into one single echelon and drove off. In the "army" advancing on the capital, there were only 700 Cossacks with 16 guns. Kerensky was still playing the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, casually throwing instructions to the envoy to be sent to the troops - as if someone would pay attention to them!

And yet even such a handful managed to achieve a number of successes. The revolutionary garrison in Gatchina was disarmed. They dispersed 16,000 soldiers in Tsarskoye Selo in a rush. At that time, in Petrograd, too, the "Committee of Public Salvation" organized under the City Duma came out against the Bolsheviks. More precisely, he did not act himself. The Duma members and politicians themselves did not get into a fight. The junkers of the Pavlovsk School were knocked out for a performance. So what? The boys were immediately overlaid with masses of Red Guards, sailors, armored cars, guns were brought up. Shot with artillery and killed. And a handful of Krasnov's Cossacks stopped at Tsarskoye Selo. They were waiting for the promised divisions to come up. And they didn't even exist. And the Cossacks cursed Kerensky, who had deceived them and dragged them into a hopeless adventure.

At this time, a “third force” also intervened. The Right SR Chernov left for Luga, where he tried to organize “neutral” units in order to “separate” the warring parties with their help, to stop the “civil war”. However, he was not successful. But the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Trade Union of Railway Workers, Vikzhel, also announced neutrality. The Mensheviks were in charge there, and they proclaimed that the railroads would not transport either the troops of the Bolsheviks or their opponents. Although at this stage “neutrality” was purely one-sided and beneficial to the Bolsheviks, their armed forces were already concentrated in the capital and did not need to be transported. And even hundreds and regiments of his corps could not join Krasnov, moving towards him from different points of the front, where they were scattered.

Under his leadership, the same handful remained. And when they tried to go further towards Petrograd, the line of trenches had already blocked the road. Which were occupied not by cowardly rear soldiers, but by 6 thousand sailors and Red Guards with armored cars and artillery. And they no longer fled at the first attack, on the contrary, they themselves attacked every now and then. The Cossacks were rescued by their guns, besieging the enemy with fire. The fight lasted all day. More and more columns from the capital approached the supporters of the Bolsheviks. And by evening, the Krasnovites ran out of shells. Masses of sailors, soldiers and Red Guards began to flow around them from all sides. And Krasnov took the Cossacks to Gatchina, where negotiations on a truce began.

Moreover, ordinary Cossacks concluded their own agreements with the sailors, for example, discussing the option: “We give you Kerensky, and you give us Lenin. And let's make peace." And in all seriousness they came to Krasnov to report that Lenin would soon be brought to them for such an exchange, whom they would immediately hang near the palace. And Kerensky, they say, is not a sin to extradite, "because he himself is a Bolshevik." The general considered it unethical to extradite the former minister-chairman and turned to him: “No matter how great your guilt is before Russia, I consider myself not entitled to judge you. In half an hour, I guarantee you.” And Kerensky fled, now for good.

The 20,000-strong Soviet army that entered Gatchina literally dissolved the few Cossacks in itself. There were almost operatic scenes. Dybenko drove the subordinate sailors away from the Cossack commanders and at the same time taught the officers: “Comrades, you need to be able to deal with them skillfully. In their faces, in their faces!” Delegates from the Finnish Regiment came to Krasnov's headquarters and demanded that he be punished. He yelled at them, swore at them and kicked them out - then the regiment sent other delegates. Politely asking permission to stay overnight. The Soviet commander Muraviev arrived. He began by intending to arrest Krasnov and his headquarters, and ended up sitting down with the Cossacks to dine and get drunk, remembering common front-line acquaintances. Trotsky himself arrived. And he ran to Krasnov to complain, asking him to save him from the Cossack, who had clung to him like a burdock. And the Cossack complained that "this Jewess" took away from him the arrested person, whom he was guarding.

This is how the “first” civil war ended. The Cossacks killed 3 people in it, 28 were wounded, the Soviet side lost about 400 people. Krasnov and his chief of staff, Popov, were invited to Smolny for talks, with security guaranteed. And yet they tried to arrest him. But the Cossack Committee of the 1st Don Division immediately rushed to St. Petersburg, dragged Dybenko with them, settled on the Bolshevik commander-in-chief Krylenko, and the chiefs were released. They were allowed to release parts of the corps to the Don with weapons and all property. Cossacks in general after these events were very much respected. Trotsky invited Popov to his place and asked how Krasnov would react if the new government offered him a high post? Popov frankly replied: "Go offer yourself, the general will punch you in the face." The question has been settled.

Kaledin at the moment also did not pose a danger to the Soviet government, although he did not recognize it. The Cossack units, being more disciplined, remained at the front to the last. And now they were just beginning to return to the Don. But their discipline was already relative. It consisted only in the fact that they did not desert, did not run away, but went home in full force, with horses and weapons. And as soon as they reached their native places, they dispersed to the villages and farms and did not want to serve anymore.

No, the main threat was created not by the “counter-revolution”, but by the “revolution”. Other leftist parties and their leaders, who were also in opposition to the Provisional Government. But, unlike the Bolsheviks, they were engaged in verbiage and boltology. And when they took the ownerless power into their own hands, these parties and leaders came to their senses - why should they? Why not us? If the Menshevik Vikzhel actually helped the Bolsheviks against Kerensky and Krasnov with a general strike of railway workers, then he was not going to give in to the new rulers. Negotiations with him were entrusted to the newly elected chairman of the Central Executive Committee Kamenev and his assistant Sokolnikov.

Vikzhel put forward his conditions. Removal of Lenin and Trotsky from the Council of People's Commissars and the formation of a "homogeneous socialist government" from representatives of all left parties: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Right and Left Social Revolutionaries, Bundists, People's Socialists. And put Chernov or Avksentiev at the head of the government. Kamenev began discussing the points put forward, looking for compromises and concessions. Which, of course, alarmed Lenin and Trotsky. Such a “compromise” did not suit them in any way. They were preparing an uprising, taking power - and their knee in the ass? So that Chernov, Avksentiev and the Mensheviks from Vikzhel would sit in the government? Together with Kamenev?

On November 1, the Central Committee was convened to consider the progress of the negotiations. And Kamenev began to insist on the need to reach an agreement with Vikzhel at all costs. Otherwise, they say, the revolution will perish. Well, after all, the ultimatum did not concern his person. He hoped to keep the post received during the compromise, so why should he cling to Lenin and Trotsky? He was supported by Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin, Nogin. And from the side of Ilyich, Sverdlov, Dzerzhinsky, Uritsky spoke passionately. On the same day the CEC met. And the Leninists were able to pass a resolution that an agreement between the socialist parties was possible - but only on the basis of recognition of the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. And the fact that the new government will be responsible to the CEC elected by this congress.

However, this did not suit competitors in any way. Vikzhel and the Central Executive Committee of the last convocation, the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik, issued calls not to recognize the Second Congress as illegal, not to recognize its decisions, not to recognize the new composition of the Central Executive Committee, declared the Bolsheviks usurpers and appealed to the trade unions, local Soviets, the leadership of political parties, city dumas with demands start strikes and civil disobedience. The Bolsheviks found themselves in political isolation.

On November 2, two meetings again took place, the Central Committee and the Central Executive Committee. The Central Committee adopted a decision condemning "attempts at petty bargaining" with the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, and forbidding concessions on matters of principle. But Kamenev and Zinoviev now occupied key posts in the Soviets! One - the chairman of the Central Executive Committee, the other - the Petrograd Soviet. And even in the Bolshevik faction of the Central Executive Committee they managed to push through the opposite resolution. That it is necessary to look for compromises at any cost.

Apparently, it was here that Lenin thought about it, did he do the right thing, that when he “distributed elephants”, he rewarded and nominated “eminent” party members? They are famous and they are famous. What is the authority of leaders for them? They consider themselves almost the same. And having risen, they begin to become even more conceited. They become uncontrollable, they strive to cross the path. Isn't it better to bet on the "faithful"? And one of the most "faithful" in the days of the party crisis again proved to be Sverdlov. Behind Ilyich stood a mountain. At all meetings, assemblies, he rushed into battle, blocking his opponents with a thunderous voice. And his ability to weave intrigue again came in very handy. Novgorodtseva recalled how everything was seething inside Smolny at that time. In the rooms, offices, corridors, disputes boiled to the point of hoarseness and grasping for breasts. And Yakov Mikhailovich scurried about everywhere among this mess. Whom he processed, whom he persuaded, whom he neutralized.

But the general situation of the Bolsheviks worsened. The railroads were on strike. And the charm of "democracy" lived mainly among the intelligentsia. And that began what in the historical literature was called "sabotage". The orders of the new authorities were refused by employees of state and public institutions, engineers, technicians, clerks, telephone operators, telegraph operators. Banks refused to lend money. The post office did not forward their correspondence. The telegraph and telephone lines ceased to provide them with communication. Ministerial employees did not refer cases. And the state apparatus, already loose, stalled.

The saboteurs were pressed by all means. Threats, dismissals, deployment of armed patrols in institutions. Banking operations had to be carried out in such a way that they resembled ordinary robberies - authorized by weapons, persuasion and other methods, they “shaken” the keys to the safes from the employees, raked out the money and took it in bags to Smolny. Nothing helped. The sabotage continued. Due to the resistance of telegraph operators, telephone operators and postal workers, the government found itself completely cut off from the whole country and the outside world. Communication with other regions of Russia remained only through the Tsarskoye Selo radio station and the walkie-talkies of the Baltic ships - without any guarantee that the instructions sent out on the ground would be accepted and carried out. They sent couriers - with no guarantee that they would reach their destinations.

These problems were also imposed on the struggle within the party. Many began to lean towards the opinion that everything was lost, and all that remained was to make concessions. The Central Committee stubbornly stood its ground and decided "that the opposition that had developed within the Central Committee completely departed from all the basic positions of Bolshevism and the proletarian class struggle in general." Lenin issued an ultimatum to Kamenev and his supporters that if they did not stop their “splitting” they would be expelled from the party. The ultimatum was signed by Trotsky, Stalin, Sverdlov, Uritsky, Dzerzhinsky.

But Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin and Nogin proclaimed a response statement - that they did not agree with the policy of the Central Committee and were withdrawing from the Central Committee. This provoked a crisis in the government. A number of people's commissars - Nogin, Rykov, Milyutin, Teodorovich, Yurenev, Larin - declared that they did not want to share the responsibility for the erroneous policy of the Central Committee and were leaving their posts.

However, they remained in the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets. And this very body, about which it was declared that the government would be responsible to it, clearly acquired the features of the center of the opposition! The Bolshevik leadership understood that if it wants to stay in power, it is urgent to take control of the Central Executive Committee. Re-elect Chairman Kamenev and nominate another candidate. Whom? Lenin opted for Sverdlov, who had all the necessary qualities. “Loyalty”, the ability to wage a behind-the-scenes struggle, organizational talents. They carefully prepared the CEC meeting, worked on its members, “undermined” the opponents. And on November 8, this operation was cranked up. The Central Executive Committee removed its chairman and, on the recommendation of the Central Committee, elected Yakov Mikhailovich in his place ...

Although it did not bring relief at first. Now Sverdlov, instead of Kamenev, tried to negotiate with Vikzhel. He also connected Shaya Goloshchekin to them. Apparently hoping that the Mensheviks Dan, Gotz and Lieber would be made more compliant by dialogue with the Hasid. No, and it didn't work. They rested and repeated the same demands.

And on November 10, the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies opened in Petrograd. The one that was at the request of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries was postponed from November 30 to November 5, but met with a delay due to chaos and interruptions in transport. Russia was an agrarian country, and theoretically the Congress of Peasants' Deputies represented a much larger part of the population than the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Although, of course, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who spoke on behalf of the Russian peasantry, had nothing to do with it. And in a significant proportion, they had nothing to do not only with the peasants, but also with the Russians. But the positions of the Bolsheviks in the peasant Soviets were extremely weak, much weaker than in the workers. Of the 330 delegates, 195 were from the Left SRs, 65 from the Right SRs, and only 37 from the Bolsheviks.

Chernov was greeted with applause, Lenin was booed with shouts of “down with”. They yelled about “usurpation”, accused the Bolsheviks of plagiarism - they say that they stole the Socialist-Revolutionary agrarian program in the “Decree on Land”. But… this congress, for all its opposition to the Leninists, was also quite “democratic”. In the worst style of democracy in the fall of 1917. That is, it instantly split into factions, groups, small groups, drowned in unrestrained chatter, speeches, resolutions, formulations, voting on private issues, in mutual claims, bills and accusations. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries quarreled with the Right, the leaders began to squabble with each other ...

What the Bolsheviks played on. They hinted to the Left SRs - why don't you and I form a coalition? They were already offered several portfolios in the Council of People's Commissars immediately after the capture of the Winter Palace, then they refused. And now we thought about it - why not? Power has already been taken, Kerensky could not return it and disappeared from the horizon. And while the congress was cursing and cursing, secret negotiations began in Smolny. Sverdlov led them from the Bolsheviks. Trotsky, Zinoviev, Goloshchekin were periodically connected. They had to conduct a dialogue again with their fellow tribesmen - Natanson, Schreider, Kamkov (Katz) were authorized from the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries. But these tribesmen turned out to be much more accommodating than the Mensheviks.

At first they put forward the same package of conditions: the exclusion of Lenin and Trotsky from the government, the creation of a “homogeneous socialist ministry”, the dissolution of the VRK and other “repressive organizations”. And the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets, both workers and peasants, should become a parliament, all left parties, city dumas, trade unions, zemstvos, and the army should be represented there. However, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries did not defend these points very firmly. Indeed, did it make sense for them to defend the interests of their enemies, the right SRs? And city councils with zemstvos? And to bring down Lenin and Trotsky - who so graciously extend the hand of friendship and alliance to their party?

So we managed to bargain for a few days. VRK was abandoned. Lenin and Trotsky too. The Council of People's Commissars became a coalition, two-party, from the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries. Fortunately, part of the portfolios was released after the departure of the “schismatics”. The Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies merged into a single All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which received the rights of parliament. And it included 108 deputies from the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Soviets, 108 from the Congress of Peasants' Soviets, 100 from the army and navy, and 50 from trade unions. In addition, the prefix "temporary" was added to the status of the Council of People's Commissars - "workers' and peasants' government". Before the Constituent Assembly. And the Council of People's Commissars had to supply all its decrees and resolutions with the phrase "until the decision of the Constituent Assembly."

The news of the agreement reached was heard at the Extraordinary Peasant Congress quite unexpectedly, on November 14th. And it was greeted with stormy rejoicing. First, the delegates from the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries were in an overwhelming majority. And secondly, a way out of the impasse was opening up, the protracted confrontation and general tension were coming to an end. Support for the emerging coalition was expressed by Martov's Menshevik-internationalists, anarchists, Polish socialists, and Gorky's New Life group near the newspaper. And those who were dissatisfied were generally satisfied with the agreement. The new government still received the status of "provisional", as it were, the fifth cabinet. Two cabinets of Lvov ruled, two cabinets of Kerensky, well, let Lenin’s cabinet rule - only a month and a half left before the Constituent Assembly ...

November 14 (27) was proclaimed the end of the civil war, the “greatest day” of the entire revolution. A massive festive action was played out. In the Taurida Palace, the delegates of the peasant congress were warmly welcomed by Sverdlov. Then they went out into the street and moved towards the Smolny. Soldiers' regiments were lined up along the road, military bands played. It was already dark, but the organizers had prepared torches. They were lit, and a column with torches and the banner of the peasant Central Executive Committee marched through St. Petersburg. New groups, columns joined. The procession grew. The victory of the revolution was proclaimed, toasting the unification of the forces of democracy and socialism. Near Smolny, the Red Guards were lined up, and delegations of workers were on the steps. We were met and taken to the hall where the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and the Petrograd Soviet were waiting. They let us in to the music, the two presidiums hugged and sat down together. They crossed the banners of both Central Executive Committees. Sverdlov greeted again - as the "owner" of the premises. Gave the floor to Spiridonova ...

The next day, a solemn joint meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies was held. Yakov Mikhailovich presided over the meeting. And he was also elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Without any problems, without alternative candidates. It seemed to be already self-evident. After all, he was at the forefront at all unifying events. But rather, this was also agreed in advance, during the behind-the-scenes bargaining. And the Left SRs agreed with this. Why not? Sverdlov was not an "allergen" for the "socialist public", like Lenin and Trotsky. Like, the person is almost neutral. And what a smart, courteous, diplomatic one. With such it will be easy to conduct business, find mutual understanding ...

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All-Russian Central Executive Committee(abbr.: official. VTsIK; All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR [ ] ) - the highest after the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the legislative, administrative and controlling body of state power of the Russian Soviet Republic in the years and the RSFSR from 1937 to 1937.

He was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and acted in the periods between congresses, from 1918 to implement the decisions of the congress, he formed the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The features of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee are characterized by its most important ideologist V. I. Lenin, noting that it "makes it possible to combine the benefits of parliamentarism with the benefits of direct and direct democracy, that is, to combine in the person of elected representatives of the people both the legislative function and the execution of laws."

During the formation of the state apparatus of the RSFSR, there was no clear division in the competence of state authorities. An important reason for this was that "the theory of the Soviet state, while denying the bourgeois principle of the division of power, recognized the need for a technical division of labor between the individual authorities of the Russian Soviet Republic."

The division of powers was formulated only by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the Decree "On Soviet Construction". The publication of legislative acts, according to the document, was carried out by: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. By another resolution of the Congress of Soviets, the acts of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) were recognized as mandatory for departments, regional and local bodies.

The multiplicity of legislative acts and, at times, duplication of functions was caused by the conditions of the civil war and foreign intervention, since this situation required increased efficiency in decision-making and the issuance of legislative acts. At the same time, the presence of a number of legislative bodies did not introduce conflicts into the legislative base of the RSFSR due to the clearly formulated responsibility of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Elected October 27 (November 9), 1917 to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of 101 people. Among them were 62 Bolsheviks, 29 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 Menshevik Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian Socialists and 1 Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalist.

In November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies united. The united All-Russian Central Executive Committee included 108 members of the peasant Executive Committee: 82 Left SRs, 16 Bolsheviks, 3 Maximalist SRs, 1 Menshevik Internationalist, 1 anarchist and 5 "others". As a result, there were more Left Social Revolutionaries in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee than Bolsheviks.

According to a decision made back in June, 80 representatives of the army, 20 representatives of the navy and 50 representatives of trade unions were added to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 25, the Bolsheviks again made up the majority of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In January 1918, he elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 326 people, among whom were 169 Bolsheviks, 132 Left SRs, 5 Maximalist SRs, 5 Right SRs, 4 anarchists, 4 Mensheviks-internationalists, 2 Mensheviks (F. Dan and Y. Martov).

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee actively developed bills and issued a large amount of legislative acts.

It was formed at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 2, 1917 as a permanent operational authority. With the transition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to a sessional order of work, it actually became a body of supreme power in the period between sessions. The constitutional position on the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was fixed on December 9, 1919 by the decree "On Soviet Construction" of the VII Congress of Soviets. According to it, the Presidium directed the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, prepared materials for them, submitted draft decrees for consideration by the plenum of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and monitored the implementation of its decisions. On December 29, 1920, by the Decree "On Soviet Construction" of the VIII Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was additionally granted the right to cancel the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, issue decisions on behalf of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and resolve issues of administrative and economic division.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of the RSFSR in the period between sessions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the next convocation was elected. Liquidated on December 3, 1938.

Initially, the apparatus of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of departments, most of which did not have clear and legally formalized provisions. The structure of the Presidium apparatus in 1917-1921 included the following units:

In the future, the structure of the apparatus changed several times. At the time of disbandment, it had the following form:

The question of a candidate for the post of chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was considered at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on March 25, 1919. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, M. I. Kalinin, N. N. Krestinsky, A. G. Beloborodov, V. I. Nevsky and the representative of the regional executive committee of the Western Region and the Ivanov Front were proposed. 7 voted for Kalinin's candidacy, 4 against, 2 abstained.

The Soviet period in the history of our country is replete with all sorts of abbreviations that were found everywhere: in the names of state authorities, in party institutions, in the names of specialized law enforcement facilities, and simply in the names of public organizations at various levels. One of them was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Deciphering the name of this body means the scope of its powers and their level.

Creation of a new management system

From the moment of the October coup d'état of 1917, power in the country passed into the hands of Their primary task was the formation of new authorities that would fulfill their task of turning the country into the Head of the Party V. I. Lenin, having studied the principles of the structure of power in European states, did not recognize the principle In addition, he believed that in the conditions of the formation of a new state, this principle can only do harm, not allowing the necessary and short timeframes to carry out the necessary transformations and properly control them. According to his proposal, fully approved by the party leaders, a special body appears, combining the features of both legislative, executive and judicial power. So, what is the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the period from 1917 to 1937?

Initially, its competence extended to the territory of the RSFSR, while representatives of Ukraine, Belarus and the republics of Transcaucasia could also be members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The decoding of the abbreviation sounds like "All-Russian Central Executive Committee", thereby emphasizing its dominant position among all authorities of the Soviet republic.

At the end of 1917, there were slight changes in the functional powers of this institute: the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed, which became the operational division of the committee. Quite often, the powers of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were used by completely different authorities, although in hierarchy they were all below it.

In other words, the Government of the country intercepted the initiative. All resolutions of this body had such a legislative form as the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. If you carefully understand, these are laws adopted by the highest legislative body. Comparing with the present, we can say that these are legal acts issued by the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

Structural-functional perturbations

During its rather short history, the committee has undergone numerous reforms and changes in its scope of authority, and already at the Eighth Congress of Soviets, the boundaries of its actions were determined by the legislative framework, but after some time, controlling and executive functions were returned to it. At the same time, it was recognized that the All-Russian Congress of Soviets was the country's supreme authority, and in the intervals between its meetings, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The transcript may be somewhat discouraging, but the letter "I" denoting "executive" actually suggested that the committee takes part in the appointment of members of the Council of People's Commissars, which was the main executive body of the Soviet government. The constitution, adopted in 1918, placed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee at the highest legislative level in second place in the organizational structure of power in the RSFSR, and then the USSR.

Structure and subordination

The second Constitution, adopted in 1925, finally approved the established system of state power of the RSFSR and the USSR: from this period, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had several divisions and departments. The structure of this important institution of the state was threefold:

However, structural changes occurred almost constantly: for example, in the period from 1923, the so-called Small Presidium began to operate. Its organization was due to the fact that the number of appeals to the Committee's bodies had increased significantly, and there was a need to increase the amount of work. Later, this unit was liquidated in connection with the transfer of part of the powers to other institutions of power. By the time of liquidation, the structure of the committee had the following structure:

• Secretariat of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
• Reception of the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
• Finance Department, Human Resources and Information and Instructor Group.

Similarities and differences between the authorities of the Russian Empire and the USSR

If we draw a parallel between similar bodies of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, then the All-Russian Central Executive Committee can be put on a par with the tsarist Senate, the scope of authority and organizational structure of these authorities was almost identical with some minor differences. In both cases, there was no separation of powers, and one institution of the state performed a lot of various actions, often duplicating and replacing the work of another. In the second case, it acquired a more orderly character. In order to more clearly imagine all the cumbersomeness of the administrative apparatus in the RSFSR and the USSR, it can be noted that there was also a Central Executive Committee, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The decoding of the first from the second differs only in the name "All-Russian", and the functions were almost identical. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR continued to work until 1938, when a permanent Supreme Soviet was created - the main authority of the country of Soviets.

He was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and acted in the periods between congresses, from 1918 to implement the decisions of the congress, he formed the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

general characteristics

The features of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee are characterized by its most important ideologist V. I. Lenin, noting that it "makes it possible to combine the benefits of parliamentarism with the benefits of direct and direct democracy, that is, to combine in the person of elected representatives of the people both the legislative function and the execution of laws."

During the formation of the state apparatus of the RSFSR, there was no clear division in the competence of state authorities. An important reason for this was that "the theory of the Soviet state, while denying the bourgeois principle of the division of power, recognized the need for a technical division of labor between the individual authorities of the Russian Soviet Republic."

The division of powers was formulated only by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the Decree "On Soviet Construction". The publication of legislative acts, according to the document, was carried out by: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. By another resolution of the Congress of Soviets, the acts of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) were recognized as mandatory for departments, regional and local bodies.

The multiplicity of legislative acts and, at times, duplication of functions was caused by the conditions of the civil war and foreign intervention, since this situation required increased efficiency in decision-making and the issuance of legislative acts. At the same time, the presence of a number of legislative bodies did not introduce conflicts into the legislative base of the RSFSR due to the clearly formulated responsibility of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee before the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars before the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Compound

Elected on October 27 (November 9), 1917 at the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee consisted of 101 people. Among them were 62 Bolsheviks, 29 Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 Menshevik Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian Socialists and 1 Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalist.

In November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies united. The united All-Russian Central Executive Committee included 108 members of the peasant Executive Committee: 82 Left SRs, 16 Bolsheviks, 3 Maximalist SRs, 1 Menshevik Internationalist, 1 anarchist and 5 "others". As a result, there were more Left Social Revolutionaries in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee than Bolsheviks.

According to a decision made back in June, 80 representatives of the army, 20 representatives of the navy and 50 representatives of trade unions were added to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 25, the Bolsheviks again made up the majority of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Legislative activity