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Cultural space of the Russian Empire. Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the 18th century

Cultural space of the Russian Empire. Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the 18th century

23.06.2020

The development of the Russian artistic culture of the 18th century took place on the basis of a combination of national features and the influence of trends that were popular at that time in Europe.

The main feature of this historical period, which influenced the culture, is the growing interest in works of art, including on the part of a new group of the population - the emerging intelligentsia. Literary reading, performances, musical evenings entered everyday life.

Periods of artistic creativity:

baroque era - 1840-50s;
the era of classicism - the second half of the XVIII century.

Literature

The middle of the 18th century is a turning point in the development of literature. During this period, the genre system finally takes shape - a novel, tragedy, comedy, fable, ode, story, etc.

The main features and achievements of the period:

new forms of versification, close to the canons of modern poetry - translation of P. Talman's novel "Riding to the Island of Love" by V.K. Trediakovsky became the first completely secular work;
active development of comedy and tragedy genres - A.P. Sumarokov became the founder of the new Russian dramaturgy;
criticism of serfdom, a reflection of pressing social problems - a comedy by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth", ode to "Felitsa" G.R. Derzhavin;
the formation of a new direction - sentimentalism: the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza", the book "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev.

Interest in literary creativity is becoming massive.

Theater

Theatrical productions of foreigners are being replaced by the first Russian theaters:

are created at educational institutions;
the first professional permanent theater was established under the direction of F.G. Volkov in St. Petersburg;
serf theaters appear - Counts Sheremetevs, Princes Yusupovs (Popular actresses - P.I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova, T.V. Shlykova-Granatova).

Music

A court opera was created - it is distributed in small towns and fortress theaters.

By the end of the 18th century, the first Russian composers appeared: operas by D.S. Bortnyansky "Senior's Feast", V.A. Pashkevich "Miserly", E.I. Fomin "Coachmen on the base".

Architecture

It develops in three main directions - baroque, rococo, classicism.

The main features of the Baroque are splendor, a combination of reality and illusions, contrast: V. Rastrelli - the Winter Palace, the Smolny Cathedral, D. Trezzini - the Peter and Paul Fortress, the Summer Palace of Peter I, M. Zemtsov - Anichkov Palace, the Kunstkamera.

Rococo combines the traditions of baroque and classicism, its features are sophistication, gallantry: A. Rinaldi - Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum (a suburb of St. Petersburg).

Russian classicism is distinguished by simplicity, rigor, rationality: the Pashkov House, the Senate building in the Kremlin, the Tsaritsyno complex, created according to the designs of M. Kazakov.

Painting

Is flourishing. Artists work in various genres: still life, monumental and decorative painting, and especially popular:

portrait: A.P. Antropov - portraits of Emperor Peter III, A.M. Izmailova; I.P. Argunov - representatives of the Sheremetev family, architect Vetoshkin; F.S. Rokotov - Catherine II, Paul I; V.L. Borovikovsky - M.I. Lopukhina;

landscape: S.F. Shchedrin "Veranda entwined with grapes", "Old Rome", F. Alekseev "Red Square in Moscow", "Panoramic view of Tsaritsyno";

historical painting: A.P. Losenko "Vladimir in front of Rogneda", G.I. Ugryumov "The Capture of Kazan";

scenes from the life of the people: M. Shibanov "Peasant dinner", "Wedding arrangement".

Sculpture

Like painting, it is actively developing and improving.

F.I. Shubin: the works are distinguished by realism and psychologism - sculptural portraits of A.M. Golitsyna, M.V. Lomonosov, the statue "Catherine the legislator";
EM. Falcone: the equestrian statue of Peter I is one of the first monuments created in memory of prominent statesmen.

Period achievements

The 18th century is the heyday of Russian national culture. It spreads among different segments of the population. During this period, for the first time in the Russian Empire, a cultural center appeared - the Hermitage. The formation of a collection of art values, paintings, books begins. Outstanding figures of art appear - writers, artists, directors, composers, sculptors, actors. It is interesting that art successfully coexisted with serfdom - this is evidenced by the opening of serf theaters.

References:

Russian history. End of the 16th-18th centuries. Grade 7: textbook. for general education institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. – 11th ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 2012. – 240 p.
History of Russia in the 18th–19th centuries / L. V. Milov, N. I. Tsimbaev; ed. L. V. Milova. – M.: Eksmo, 2006. – 784 p.
Schoolchildren's handbook, grades 5-11 / Pod. total ed. O.L. Soboleva. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2003. - 768 p.

Keywords

NOBILITY / RUSSIAN EMPIRE / CULTURAL SPACE/ HETEROTOPIA / CULTURAL SAFETY / PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE/ CULTURE / ETIQUETE / NOBILITY / RUSSIAN EMPIRE / CULTURAL SPACE / HETEROTOPIAS / CULTURAL SECURITY / PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACES / CULTURE / ETIQUETTE

annotation scientific article on philosophy, ethics, religious studies, author of scientific work - Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich

Parallel cultural space represents a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena taking place there function according to special laws and patterns. The author of the article substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries is a special chronotope with signs parallel cultural space. In particular, a comparison with other privileged strata of the population of the Russian state, an analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Born back in the 12th century among the junior princely squad, the nobility went through a rather long path of becoming a special service class. In the 18th century, its final form took place in the form of the aristocratic stratum of Russia, and the author proves that it was from that time that one can observe the heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility existed. His position, access to wide cultural, political and social benefits create excellent conditions for separating the nobility into a separate cultural space which, in turn, determines new phenomena. This very fact makes us take a fresh look at the problem of culture formation in a certain development environment, at the problem cultural security and reveals the principles of functioning of heterotopic spaces

The text of the scientific work on the topic "The nobility in the Russian Empire of the XVIII-XIX centuries. As a parallel cultural space"

UDK 008 "312" 24.00.00 Culturology

NOBILITY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES. AS A PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE1

Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich Ph.D.

Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia

Parallel cultural space is a phenomenon within the framework of heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena taking place there function according to special laws and patterns. The author of the article substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries is a special chronotope with signs of a parallel cultural space. In particular, a comparison with other privileged strata of the population of the Russian state, an analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Born back in the 12th century among the junior princely squad, the nobility went through a rather long path of becoming a special service class. In the 18th century, its final form took place in the form of the aristocratic stratum of Russia, and the author proves that it was from that time that one can observe the heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility existed. Its position, access to wide cultural, political and social benefits create excellent conditions for separating the nobility into a separate cultural space, which, in turn, determines new phenomena. This very fact makes us take a fresh look at the problem of culture formation in a certain development environment, at the problem of cultural security and reveals the principles of functioning of heterotopic spaces.

Keywords: nobility, Russian Empire, cultural space, heterotopia, cultural security, parallel cultural space, culture, etiquette

Rock 10.21515/1990-4665-124-038

The work was completed on the project 15-! heterotopias"

UDC 008"312" Culture studies

NOBILITY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF XVIII-XIX CENTURIES AS A PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACE

Aliev Rastyam Tuktarovich Candidate in history Astrakhan state university, Astrakhan, Russia

Parallel cultural space is a phenomenon within heterotopia. All cultural processes and phenomena, taking place there, operated by special laws and regularities. The author substantiates the fact that the nobility in Russia XVIII-XIX centuries is a special time-space with features of parallel cultural space. In particular, a comparison with other privileged strata of the population of the Russian state, the analysis of internal processes and phenomena proves this fact. Originating in the 12th century, among the younger princely nobility went quite a long way in the formation of a special service estate. In the XVIII century is its final form as an aristocratic layer Russia, and the author argues that it is from this time can be observed heterogeneity of the space in which the nobility and there. His positions, access to the broad cultural, political and social benefits provide excellent conditions for the separation of the nobility in a single cultural space, which, in turn, determines the new phenomena. This fact forces us to take a fresh look at the problem in a certain culture formation development in the environment for cultural security problem and reveals the principles of heterotopic spaces functioning

Keywords: NOBILITY, RUSSIAN EMPIRE, CULTURAL SPACE, HETEROTOPIAS, CULTURAL SECURITY, PARALLEL CULTURAL SPACES, CULTURE, ETIQUETTE

11172 "Cultural security in the conditions

http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/10/pdf/3 8.pdf

Space and time for culture are important elements of its functioning. These are the categories that accompany a person throughout his life and make up his picture of the world. The subject can compare them with other categories of worldview, building structures of varying complexity and marking them with specific axiological characteristics. Any person constantly and inseparably perceives himself in a certain space, whether it be physical (objective) or cultural (subjective or objective, depending on the type of space). Time, in turn, affects the formation of certain cultural values in a person.

First of all, space is determined by the attitude of a person, that is, a subject, to the environment of his stay. Thus, "space can be described through a set of relations, according to which a certain object-space can be defined in the space-environment" .

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that a specific cultural space can be represented in two states, depending on the relationship between the subject and the space itself:

1. Homogeneous - a space in which things and ideas are unambiguous in relation to the subject. As a rule, this is the usual, familiar human environment: home, work, office, etc.

2. Heterogeneous or heterotopic - a space where the totality of things in relation to the subject is heterogeneous.

The first to describe such spaces was the well-known thinker of the 20th century, the post-structuralist M. Foucault. He gave the understanding of the term "heterotopia" a new meaningful and qualitative meaning. The philosopher conditionally divided spaces into two types:

1. "Utopias" - places that have no real reference to space. They line up in direct or opposite connection with the existing areas of society, and represent an “ideal” topos where an ideal, but fictional society arises.

2. "Anti-utopias" - spaces with reference to real places, where they are formed together with society itself. They represent the so-called "space in reverse", where all existing types of topos are merged into one, reflected and inverted.

It is noteworthy that in the latter type there are no traditional connections or relationships. New ones appear here, which are formed due to new laws that differ from the traditional society.

Thus, we can say that in one or another common cultural field there can exist spaces that are completely different in their properties and characteristics, where similar processes occur according to objectively different laws. It is also noteworthy that they can exist in parallel to each other. Based on this, we reasonably introduce the term "parallel cultural spaces".

In this context, it would be important for us to introduce into the subject of research such a concept as a chronotope as a category that determines the subjective perception of the relationship between space and time in culture. “A person is not born with a “sense of time”, his temporal and spatial concepts are always determined by the culture to which he belongs. Thus, we see that this very sense of time and space depends on cultural norms in a given space. Therefore, we are faced with the most important task of determining such a parallel existing chronotope with heterogeneous properties in Russian culture.

Starting from the 18th century, the nobility can rightly be considered to be naturally different from other layers of the Russian state. It was not in vain that we singled it out as a parallel cultural space as the subject of our study. Indeed, even a cursory glance at the evolution of this estate in the Russian Empire, which is an integral part of a single cultural field, shows objective differences from other social strata. It would be perfectly fair to say that the nobility developed according to its own socio-cultural laws. Moreover, since the XVIII century. nobility, as noted by the famous Russian culturologist and semiotician, Yu.M. Lotman, "was a product of the Peter's reform". But this does not mean that the estate did not exist before this moment. "The material from which this estate was composed was the pre-Petrine nobility of Muscovite Rus'".

This aristocratic stratum has come a long way of becoming. It is already in the XII century. represents the lower nobility, which is tied to relations with the prince and his household, and this was opposed to the boyars, the tribal aristocracy. Hence their name, indicates the relationship of this stratum to the princely court. Already from the XIV century. “...their military work was paid for by the fact that for their service they were “placed” on the ground, otherwise they were “made up” by villages and peasants. But neither was their personal and hereditary property. When he ceased to serve, the nobleman had to return the lands granted to him to the treasury. True, for special merits, she could be welcomed into hereditary possession, and then the "warrior" became a "patrimony" .

Thus, we see that already in the pre-Petrine era, the nobility occupied a special place, which indicates the heterogeneous (non-permanent) state of the estate itself. This highlights the fact that the nobles mostly owned estates, not hereditary fiefdoms. And, consequently, their position depended entirely, in contrast to

from the boyars, from the prince's mercy. But at the same time, in various periods of Russian history, princes, sovereigns and tsars needed precisely the nobility, which could act as a special force in view of its power and large number. So even in the XII century. Andrei Bogolyubsky, in a collision with the boyars, relied on the younger warriors, "merciful" - the prototype of the future nobility. Ivan IV the Terrible also relied on them. In particular, under him a decree was issued on January 5, 1562 on the restriction of boyar patrimonial rights, which, in turn, even more than before equalized the boyars with the local nobility.

It was the nobility that became the driving force in the events of the Time of Troubles: Boris Godunov relied on him, who began to finally enslave the peasantry for the sake of the service class. False Dmitry I in his policy, not trusting the boyars, again relied on the nobles, who, in turn, paved the way for him to the Moscow throne.

The Petrine epoch in 1714 finally equated the nobility with the boyars, blurring the boundaries between them, thus making both of them a service estate. Further transformations of Peter turned the nobility into what people imagine it to be when they hear only their name itself.

Yu.M. Lotman, speaking of the Petrine era, wrote: “... The psychology of the service class was the foundation of the self-consciousness of the nobleman of the 18th century. It was through service that he recognized himself as part of the class. . Here we see, in addition to the awareness of their exclusivity and attachment to the state, also a special state of the nobility, into which it entered with Peter's transformations. Now the nobility is not a simple service class, it is the bearer of cultural, social, state and even, in some respect, spiritual values of a particular era. Being an advanced estate, the nobility eventually turns not into just a social stratum, but precisely into a parallel cultural space,

developing according to its own laws and different from the rest of the estates of the Russian state. “A man of the 18th century lived, as it were, in two [parallel] dimensions: he devoted half a day, half his life to public service, the time of which was precisely established by the regulations, he was out of it for half a day.” This just gave rise to a special state of perception of space and time by the nobility until the beginning of the 20th century.

Since the 18th century science and education begin to develop in Russia. And the nobility in this area also occupies a special privileged place, because although the lower strata had access to education, it was the service class that was considered enlightened. The main scientists, thinkers and bearers of "special knowledge" of that time were from the nobility, which once again emphasizes his special condition. This break with other classes forced him to isolate himself in a space that, in turn, determined new cultural phenomena and transformed the old ones.

One of these is a secular ball, which is inextricably linked with the nobility, and received in the XIX century. special distribution in the Russian Empire. Naturally, this phenomenon takes its roots from the so-called Assemblies introduced by Emperor Peter I into the cultural life of Russian society in December 1718.

It is worth noting here that the life of a young nobleman was divided into two sides. On the one hand, he acted as a person serving the state - military or civil service. In this context, a nobleman is a loyal subject of the sovereign, he was a representative of his class. On the other hand, being out of service is a person's private life, full of economic and family concerns. Such a binary state is characteristic of a homogeneous space in which a person can stay for quite a long time. But the appearance of balls (first

Peter's assemblies) and destroyed it. In them, the social life of a nobleman is realized, since, firstly, on points he was neither a private person nor a service person; and, secondly, the special status of a representative of a privileged nobleman was realized here, “he was a nobleman in the noble assembly, a man of his class among his own.” That is why we can talk about the special place of balls in the cultural space of the nobility. Recall at least the fact that P.I. Yaguzhinsky: “If Yaguzhinsky ordered to drink, then everyone had to do it, even if the number of toasts and the obligatory draining of glasses after them exceeded everything that can be considered probable. If Yaguzhinsky, after such a dinner, having become “noisy”, ordered to dance until you drop, then you could be sure that all the doors were well locked and guarded and that the guests would have to dance until you drop. With such forced drunkenness and dancing, assemblies became a heavy and even health-threatening duty. It is quite natural that the guests who were not accustomed to such a pastime at first refused to participate in the “assemblies” (therefore they were forced), but they were more easily perceived by young people, who later became their active participants.

Assemblies and, in the future, balls forced the nobles to form around themselves a certain circle of values that are important for such a way of life. Interest in dancing, communication with each other, etiquette - all this created a new image of the privileged class, forced it to cultivate a new cultural space.

Of course, besides the ball, other phenomena were determined in this space. In particular, the duel is associated with the nobility, which has become an integral part of their life. It is worth noting that the Russian nobleman of the 18th-19th centuries. existed in two space-time planes that regulated it

public life. On the one hand, he was a loyal subject of the sovereign and unquestioningly obeyed state orders under pain of shame, punishment for non-compliance. On the other hand, he acted as an active participant in social relations within his class, which was regulated by the concept of honor. In other words, the nobleman reacted sharply to possible comments from others, because this could cast a shadow on the characteristics of his service, and, consequently, on the honor of the person himself. “From these positions, medieval knightly ethics is undergoing a well-known restoration.” . At the same time, the duel is not just a regulator of the “insulting-offended” relationship, it is also a confirmation of the status of a nobleman, recognition of the offended (or offended) as equal. At the same time, it is worth noting that duels, unlike balls, as cultural phenomena were in an indefinite heterogeneous state: they were popular among the nobility, but the official authorities also had a negative attitude towards them (Nicholas I said on this occasion: “I hate duels; this is barbarism; in my opinion, there is nothing chivalrous in them"), and the democratic circles of the 18th-19th centuries, who saw in them prejudices that contradicted the natural rights of man.

Thus, revealing cultural phenomena and analyzing the life and life of the nobility of the 18th - early 20th centuries, we come to the conclusion that this service estate is a typical chronotope and a space parallel to other social strata. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that the nobility, being a privileged part of the population of Russia at that time, carried advanced values, it had access to education, other ideals, etc., formed a new cultural field, which differed even in temporal characteristics from traditional other estates of the empire.

Literature:

1. Yakushenkova O.S. The Image of the Alien in the Heterotopic Spaces of the Frontier: Cand. ... cand. philosophy Sciences Astrakhan. - 2014. - S. 30

3. Ukhtomsky A. A. Dominant. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2002. S. 347.

5. Lotman Yu.M. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility (XVIII-early XIX century). - Saint Petersburg. "Art - St. Petersburg". - 1994. - S. 18, 22, 91, 1v5.

V. Pavlov A.P. The ruling elite of the Russian state of the EX-beginning of the 18th centuries: (essays on history). - Dmitry Bulanin, 200c. - S. 225.

7. V. V. Boguslavsky V.V. Slavic encyclopedia. Volume 1. Page 204.

8. Skrynnikov R.G. Ivan groznyj. - M .: LLC "Publishing House AST", 2001.- S.

9. Zezina M. R., Koshman L. V., Shulgin V. S. History of Russian culture: Textbook for universities on special. "Story". - Moscow: Higher. school, 1990. - P.134.

10. Kostomarov N. I. Russian history in the biographies of its most important figures (volume 3). - OLMA Media Group, 2003. - P. 90.

11. Gnilorybov P., Zyryanov V., Tomchin M. Russia in the era of Peter the Great. Time Traveler's Guide. - Litres, 201c. - S. 30.

12. Sokolov K.B., Chernosvitov P.Yu. Europe and Russia: mentality and artistic culture: a comparative historical analysis. - Nestor-History, 2007. - S. 24v.

1. Jakushenkova O.S. Obraz chuzhogo v geterotopnyh prostranstvah frontira: dis. ... cand. filos. nauk Astrahan". - 2014. - S. 30

2. Foucalt M. Of Other Spaces. diacritics. 198c. Vol. 1c. No. 1. P. 22-27. 2v-27.

3. Uhtomskij A.A. Dominanta. SPb.: Piter, 2002. S. 347.

4. Gurevich. A. Ja. Kategorii srednevekovoj kul "tury. - 2nd izd., ispr. i dop.- M.: Iskusstvo, 1984. - S. 44

5. Lotman J.M. Byt i tradicii russkogo dvorjanstva (XVIII-nachalo XIX century). - Saint-Petersburg. "Iskusstvo - SPB". - 1994. - S. 18, 22, 91, 1v5.

V. Pavlov A.P. Pravjashhaja jelita russkogo gosudarstva IH-nachala HVIII vv: (ocherki istorii). - Dmitrij Bulanin, 200c. - S. 225.

7. V.V. Boguslavskij V.V. Slavjanskaja jenciklopedija. Tom 1 Str. 204.

8. Skrynnikov R.G. Ivan Groznyj. - M .: OOO "Izdatel" stvo AST ", 2001.- S. 78.

9. Zezina M. R., Koshman L. V., Shul "gin V. S. Istorija russkoj kul" tury: Ucheb.posobie dlja vuzov po spec. "History". - Moscow: Vyssh. shk., 1990. - S.134.

10. Kostomarov N.I. - OLMA Media Grupp, 2003. - S. 90.

11. Gnilorybov P., Zyrjanov V., Tomchin M. Rossija v jepohu Petra Velikogo. Putevoditel" puteshestvennika vo vremeni. - Litres, 201c. - S. 30.

12. Sokolov K.B., Chernosvitov P.Ju. Evropa i Rossija: mental "nost" i hudozhestvennaja kul "tura: sravnitel" no-istoricheskij analiz. - Nestor-Istorija, 2007. - S. 24c.

1) Specify the term.
Culture (from lat. Culture - “cultivation”) is everything that is created
human labor: technical means and spiritual values,
scientific discoveries, monuments of literature and writing,
works of art, political theories, legal and ethical
norms, etc.
2) Specify the name of the institution
This institution (room for rarities)
founded by Peter I in St. Petersburg in 1719.
Kunstkamera
3) Give the name of the newspaper.
Since 1703, the first official Russian printed edition began to be published regularly.
a newspaper that published a foreign chronicle. Vedomosti

Working with textbook text and worksheets

To successfully complete the assignment, you need to: analyze the material that matches your
couple; summarize and define terms.
Page 72-76
Page 86 - 96
Page 97 - 100

10.

11.

12.

13.

Imagine that you are a member
World
festival
youth
And
students and you had the honor to tell about
cultural
space
Russian
empires of the 18th century.
What and about whom would you tell foreigners
listeners in the first place?
Justify your answer.

14.

15.

16.

17.

work
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin
(April 3, 1745 – December 12, 1792)
Russian writer, playwright, publicist
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
(December 12, 1766 – June 3, 1826)
Historian, the largest Russian writer
era of sentimentalism
Genre: comedy
Year of writing: 1782
Genre:
sentimental tale
Year of writing: 1792
Genre: comedy
Year of writing: 1768
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin
(July 14, 1743 – July 20, 1816)
Russian poet, senator,
actual secret adviser.

18.

Job
Rastrelli Varfolomey Varfolomeevich
(Bartolomeo Francesco)
(November 2, 1843 – July 9, 1902)
Russian architect
Winter Palace. Saint Petersburg
Years of construction: 1754-1762
The Bronze Horseman - a monument to Peter I.
Its opening took place on August 7
1782. The monument is made from
bronze. Name "copper"
stuck with him because
XVIII-XIX centuries in Russian
the word "copper" was allowed to
use for bronze.
Etienne Maurice Falcone
(December 1, 1716 – January 4, 1791)
French sculptor
Monument to Peter I. 1768-1770
granite, bronze. Height 10.4 m
Senate square. Saint Petersburg

19.

Opera "Coachmen on the base" - March
Click and listen
Fedor Grigorievich Volkov
(February 20, 1729 – April 15, 1763)
Russian actor and theatrical figure.
Created the first permanent Russian theater.
Considered the founder of the Russian theater
Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin
(August 16, 1761 – April 28, 1800)
Russian composer.
Praskovya Zhemchugova
as Eliana
Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin
(1747 – March 30, 1804)
Russian violinist, composer and teacher.
Praskovya Ivanovna Kovaleva-Zhemchugova
(1747 – March 30, 1804)
Russian actress and singer.
Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century.

The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Public ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokova, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his Journey from Petersburg to Moscow.

Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. The spread in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.

Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.

Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkov.

M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.

Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.

Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.

Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.

The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.

Management of the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.

Russia under Paul I

Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening of absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police nature of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".

The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.

Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.

Regional component

Our region in the 18th century
Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Grade 9-68h.

Russia on the way to reforms (1801–1861)

Alexander's era: state liberalism

Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and "young friends" of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.

Patriotic War of 1812

The era of 1812. War between Russia and France 1805-1807 Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. The war with Turkey and the Bucharest Peace of 1812 The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Union. The growing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.

Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic politics. Polish constitution of 1815 military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Salvation Union, Welfare Union, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825

Nikolaev autocracy: state conservatism

Reformist and conservative tendencies in the policy of Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: centralization of administration, political police, codification of laws, censorship, guardianship of education. Peasant question. Reform of the state peasants P.D. Kiseleva 1837-1841 Official ideology: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive bureaucracy: at the origins of liberal reformism.

Empire Expansion: Russo-Iranian and Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia and Western Europe: Peculiarities of Mutual Perception. "Holy Union" Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. The collapse of the Vienna system in Europe. Crimean War. Heroic defense of Sevastopol. Peace of Paris 1856

serf society. Village and city

Class structure of Russian society. Fortress economy. Landowner and peasant, conflicts and cooperation. Industrial revolution and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and Petersburg: a dispute between two capitals. Cities as administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City government.

The cultural space of the empire in the first half of the 19th century.

National roots of domestic culture and Western influences. State policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Empire style as an empire. The cult of citizenship. The Golden Age of Russian Literature. Formation of the Russian musical school. Theater, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. geographical expeditions. Discovery of Antarctica. Activities of the Russian Geographical Society. Schools and Universities. Folk culture. The culture of everyday life: finding comfort. Life in the city and in the estate. Russian culture as part of European culture.

Empire space: the ethno-cultural image of the country

The peoples of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. Diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and major confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). The interaction of peoples. Features of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. Kingdom of Poland. Polish uprising of 1830–1831 Accession of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian war. Shamil movement.

Formation of civil legal consciousness. The main currents of social thought

Western Enlightenment and the Educated Minority: The Crisis of the Traditional Worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of service as the basis of noble identity. The evolution of noble opposition. Formation of a generation of enlightened people: from freedom for the few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Spread of liberal ideas. The Decembrists are noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.

Public life in the 1830s - 1850s The role of literature, press, universities in the formation of independent public opinion. Social thought: official ideology, Slavophiles and Westernizers, the birth of socialist thought. Formation of the theory of Russian socialism. A.I. Herzen. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism on Russian social thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.

Russia in the Era of Reforms

Transformations of Alexander II: social and legal modernization

Reforms of 1860-1870s - movement towards the rule of law and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemstvo and city reforms. The formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. military reforms. Approval of the beginnings of all estates in the legal system of the country. constitutional question.

Multi-vector foreign policy of the empire. End of the Caucasian War. Annexation of Central Asia. Russia and the Balkans. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. Foundation of Khabarovsk.

"People's autocracy" of Alexander III

The ideology of the original development of Russia. state nationalism. Reforms and counter-reforms. The policy of conservative stabilization. Restriction of public activity. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the judiciary and administration. The rights of universities and the power of trustees. Press and censorship. Economic modernization through state intervention in the economy. The accelerated development of industry. financial policy. Conservation of agrarian relations.

Empire space. The main spheres and directions of foreign policy interests. Consolidation of the status of a great power. Development of the state territory.

reform society. Agriculture and industry

Traditions and innovations in the life of the post-reform village. Communal land ownership and peasant economy. The interdependence of landlord and peasant farms. Landlord "impoverishment". Social types of peasants and landlords. Noble entrepreneurs.

Industrialization and urbanization. Railways and their role in economic and social modernization. Migration of the rural population to the cities. The labor question and its features in Russia. State, public and private entrepreneurial ways to solve it.

The cultural space of the empire in the second half of the 19th century.

Culture and life of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the XIX century. Development of urban culture. Technological progress and changes in everyday life. Development of transport, communications. Increasing education and spreading literacy. The emergence of mass media. The role of the printed word in shaping public opinion. Folk, elite and mass culture. Russian culture of the XIX century. as part of world culture. Formation of the national scientific school and its contribution to the world scientific knowledge. Achievements of Russian science. Creation of the Russian Historical Society. The social significance of artistic culture. Literature, painting, music, theater. Architecture and urban planning.

The ethno-cultural image of the empire

The main regions of the Russian Empire and their role in the life of the country. Poles. Jews. Armenians. Tatars and other peoples of the Volga-Urals. Caucasian peoples. Peoples of Central Asia. Peoples of Siberia and the Far East. The peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. Legal status of various ethnic groups and confessions. Processes of national and religious revival among the peoples of the Russian Empire. National policy of autocracy: between taking into account originality and striving for unification. Strengthening the autonomy of Finland. Polish uprising of 1863 Jewish question. National movements of the peoples of Russia. Interaction of national cultures and peoples.

The formation of civil society and the main directions of social movements

Public life in the 1860s - 1890s The growth of public initiative. Expansion of the public sphere (public self-government, press, education, court). The phenomenon of intelligence. Public organizations. Charity. student movement. Labor movement. Women's movement.

Ideological currents and social movement. The influence of positivism, Darwinism, Marxism and other areas of European social thought. conservative thought. Nationalism. Liberalism and its features in Russia. Russian socialism. Russian anarchism. Forms of political opposition: zemstvo movement, revolutionary underground and emigration. Populism and its evolution. Populist circles: ideology and practice. Big Propaganda Society. "Journey to the People". "Land and Freedom" and its split. "Black Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya". political terrorism. The spread of Marxism and the formation of social democracy. Emancipation of Labor Group. "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". I Congress of the RSDLP.

The crisis of the empire at the beginning of the twentieth century

On the Threshold of a New Century: Dynamics and Contradictions of Development Economic growth. Industrial development. The new geography of the economy. Urbanization and the appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is a world exporter of bread. agricultural question.

Demography, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: social characteristics and the struggle for rights. middle urban strata. Types of rural land tenure and economy. landowners and peasants. The position of women in society. The Church in the Crisis of Imperial Ideology. Spread of secular ethics and culture.

Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense of Port Arthur. Tsushima battle.

The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 The beginning of parliamentarism

Nicholas II and his entourage. Activities of V.K. Plehve as Minister of the Interior. opposition liberal movement. Liberation Union. Banquet Campaign.

Background of the First Russian Revolution. Forms of social protests. The struggle of professional revolutionaries with the state. political terrorism.

"Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905 Performances of workers, peasants, middle urban strata, soldiers and sailors. "Bulygin Constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto October 17, 1905

Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-populist parties and organizations (Socialist-Revolutionaries). Social Democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal parties (Kadets, Octobrists). National parties. Right-wing monarchist parties in the struggle against the revolution. Councils and trade unions. December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary speeches in 1906-1907.

Electoral law December 11, 1905 Election campaign for the First State Duma. Basic State Laws April 23, 1906 Activities of the I and II State Duma: results and lessons.

Society and power after the revolution

Lessons of the Revolution: Political Stabilization and Social Transformation. P.A. Stolypin: a program of systemic reforms, scope and results. The incompleteness of transformations and the growth of social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Ideological and political spectrum. Public and social uplift. National parties and factions in the State Duma.

Aggravation of the international situation. Block system and Russia's participation in it. Russia on the eve of a global catastrophe.

"Silver Age" of Russian culture

New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values and lifestyle. Literature of the beginning of the XX century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama theater: traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian Seasons" in Paris. The origin of Russian cinema.

The development of public education: an attempt to overcome the gap between an educated society and the people.

Discoveries of Russian scientists. Achievements of the Humanities. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. Russia's contribution at the beginning of the 20th century. into world culture.

Regional component

Our region in the 19th century

General history

History of the Ancient World Grade 5-68 hours

What history studies. Historical chronology (counting the years "BC" and "AD"). Historical map. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.

Primitiveness. Settlement of ancient man. A reasonable person. Living conditions and occupations of primitive people. Ideas about the surrounding world, beliefs of primitive people. The most ancient farmers and pastoralists: labor activity, inventions. From the tribal community to the neighboring one. The emergence of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.

Ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the Ancient World.

The Ancient East

Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupations of the population. City-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Neo-Babylonian kingdom: conquests, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.

Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupations of the population. State administration (pharaoh, officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten. Military campaigns. Slaves. knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.

Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phoenicia: natural conditions, occupations of inhabitants. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: the resettlement of the Jews, the kingdom of Israel. Population occupations. religious beliefs. Old Testament stories.

Assyria: the conquest of the Assyrians, the cultural treasures of Nineveh, the death of the empire. Persian power: military campaigns, empire management.

ancient india. Natural conditions, occupations of the population. ancient city-states. Social structure, varnas. Religious beliefs, legends and tales. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural Heritage of Ancient India.

Ancient China. Living conditions and economic activity of the population. Creation of a unified state. Qin and Han empires. Life in the empire: rulers and subjects, the position of various groups of the population. Development of crafts and trade. Great Silk Road. Religious and philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.

Antique world: concept. Map of the ancient world.

Ancient Greece

The population of ancient Greece: living conditions and occupations. Ancient states in Crete. The states of Achaean Greece (Mycenae, Tiryns, etc.). Trojan War. Iliad and Odyssey. Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Tales of gods and heroes.

Greek city-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and handicrafts. Great Greek colonization. Athens: the establishment of democracy. Laws of Solon Cleisthenes' reforms. Sparta: the main groups of the population, the political structure. Spartan education. Organization of the military.

Classical Greece. Greco-Persian wars: causes, participants, major battles, heroes. Causes of the Greek victory. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian War. Rise of Macedonia.

Culture of Ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theater. sports; Olympic Games.

Hellenistic period. Macedonian conquests. Power of Alexander the Great and its collapse. Hellenistic states of the East. culture of the Hellenistic world.

Ancient Rome

Population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and occupations. Etruscans. Legends of the founding of Rome. Rome of the era of the kings. Roman Republic. Patricians and plebeians. Management and laws. Beliefs of the ancient Romans.

Roman conquest of Italy. Wars with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. Establishment of dominance of Rome in the Mediterranean. Reforms of the Gracchi. Slavery in Ancient Rome.

From republic to empire. Civil Wars in Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar. Establishment of imperial power: Octavian August. Roman Empire: territory, administration. The rise and spread of Christianity. Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. Rome and the barbarians. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Culture of Ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory: Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.

Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.

History of the Middle Ages Grade 6-28 hours

Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.

Early Middle Ages

Beginning of the Middle Ages. Great Migration of Nations. Formation of barbarian kingdoms.

The peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Franks: resettlement, occupations, social structure. Laws of the Franks; "Salic Truth". Power of the Carolingians: stages of formation, kings and subjects. Charlemagne. The collapse of the Carolingian Empire. Formation of states in France, Germany, Italy. Holy Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the Early Middle Ages. Normans: social system, conquests. Early Slavic states. The formation of feudal relations in the countries of Europe. Christianization of Europe. Secular rulers and popes. Culture of the Early Middle Ages.

Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI centuries: territory, economy, management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Law codification. The power of the emperor and the church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasions of Slavs and Arabs. Byzantine culture.

Arabs in the VI-XI centuries: resettlement, occupations. The rise and spread of Islam. Arab conquests. Arab caliphate, its rise and fall. Arabic culture.

Mature Middle Ages

medieval European society. Agricultural production. feudal landownership. feudal hierarchy. Nobility and chivalry: social status, lifestyle.

Peasantry: feudal dependence, duties, living conditions. Peasant community.

Cities are centers of crafts, trade and culture. Urban estates. Shops and guilds. City government. The struggle of cities and seniors. Medieval City-Republics. The appearance of medieval cities. The life of the townspeople.

Church and clergy. Division of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relations between secular authorities and the church. Crusades: goals, participants, results. Spiritual and knightly orders. Heresies: the causes of occurrence and spread. Persecution of heretics.

States of Europe in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening of royal power in the countries of Western Europe. Estate-representative monarchy. Formation of centralized states in England, France. Hundred Years War; J. d'Arc. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. Exacerbation of social contradictions in the XIV century. (Jacquerie, Wat Tyler's rebellion). Hussite movement in the Czech Republic.

Byzantine Empire and Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. The expansion of the Ottoman Turks and the fall of Byzantium.

Culture of medieval Europe. Representations of the medieval person about the world. The place of religion in human life and society. Education: schools and universities. The class character of culture. Medieval epic. Knightly Literature. Urban and peasant folklore. Romanesque and Gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early Renaissance: artists and their creations.

Oriental countries in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, the management of the empire, condition of the conquered peoples. Mongolian state: the social structure of the Mongolian tribes, the conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants, the management of subordinate territories. China: empires, rulers and subjects, the struggle against the conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: fragmentation of the Indian principalities, the invasion of Muslims, Delhi Sultanate. Culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional arts and crafts.

states of pre-Columbian America. Social system. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.

Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages
History of Modern Times 7-8 classes-50 hours (26+24)

New time: concept and chronological framework.

Europe at the end of the fifteenth- early 17th century

Great geographical discoveries: background, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and New World. Economic and social development of European countries in the XVI - early XVII century. The emergence of manufactories. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and world market.

absolute monarchies. England, France, the Habsburg monarchy in the 16th - early 17th centuries: internal development and foreign policy. Formation of nation-states in Europe.

Beginning of the Reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany. Spread of Protestantism in Europe. The struggle of the Catholic Church against the reform movement. Religious Wars.

Dutch revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. The results and significance of the revolution.

International relations in early modern times. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty Years' War; Westphalian peace.

Countries of Europe and North America in the middle of the 17th-18th centuries.

English revolution of the 17th century: causes, participants, stages. O. Cromwell. The results and significance of the revolution.

Economic and social development of Europe in the 17th-18th centuries: the beginning of the industrial revolution, the development of manufactory production, the status of estates.

Absolutism: the "old order" and new trends. Age of Enlightenment: the development of natural sciences, the French enlighteners of the 18th century. War of the North American Colonies for Independence. Education of the United States of America; "founding fathers".

French Revolution of the 18th century: causes, participants. The beginning and main stages of the revolution. Political currents and leaders of the revolution. Program and state documents. Revolutionary wars. The results and significance of the revolution.

European culture of the XVI-XVIII centuries. The development of science: a revolution in natural science, the emergence of a new picture of the world; outstanding scientists and inventors. High Renaissance: artists and their works. The World of Man in the Literature of the Early Modern Times. Styles of artistic culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries. (baroque, classicism). The formation of the theatre.

International relations of the middle of the XVII-XVIII centuries. European conflicts and diplomacy. Seven Years' War. Sections of the Commonwealth. Colonial conquests by European powers.

Eastern countries in the XVI-XVIII centuries.

Ottoman Empire: from power to decline. India: the power of the Great Moguls, the beginning of the penetration of the British, the British conquests. Qing Empire in China. The formation of a centralized state and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan.

Countries of Europe and North America in the first half of the nineteenth century. Grade 9-34h.

Napoleon's Empire in France: domestic and foreign policy. Napoleonic Wars. Fall of the empire. Congress of Vienna; Sh. M. Talleyrand. Holy Union.

The development of an industrial society. The industrial revolution, its features in Europe and the USA. Changes in the social structure of society. Spread of socialist ideas; utopian socialists. Speeches of workers. Political development of European countries in 1815-1849: social and national movements, reforms and revolutions. Formation of conservative, liberal, radical political movements and parties; the rise of Marxism.

Countries of Europe and North America in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Great Britain in the Victorian era: "the workshop of the world", the labor movement, domestic and foreign policy, the expansion of the colonial empire. France - from the Second Empire to the Third Republic: domestic and foreign policy, Franco-German war, colonial wars. Formation of a single state in Italy; C. Cavour, G. Garibaldi. The unification of the German states, the proclamation of the German Empire; O. Bismarck. Habsburg Monarchy: Austro-Hungarian Dualism.

United States of America in the second half of the 19th century: economy, social relations, political life. North and South. Civil War (1861-1865). A. Lincoln.

Economic and socio-political development of European countries and the USA at the end of the 19th century.

Completion of the industrial revolution. Industrialization. monopoly capitalism. Technical progress in industry and agriculture. Development of transport and means of communication. Migration from the Old to the New World. Position of the main social groups. Expanding the spectrum of social movements. Labor movement and trade unions. Formation of socialist parties; ideologists and leaders of the socialist movement.

Asian countries in the nineteenth century.

Ottoman Empire: traditional foundations and reform attempts. India: the collapse of the Mughal state, the establishment of British colonial rule, liberation uprisings. China: the Qing Empire, the “closure” of the country, the “opium wars”, the Taiping movement. Japan: domestic and foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, transformations of the Meiji era.

War of Independence in Latin America

colonial society. Liberation struggle: tasks, participants, forms of performances. P. D. Toussaint-Louverture, S. Bolivar. Proclamation of independent states.

The peoples of Africa in modern times

colonial empires. Colonial orders and traditional social relations. Actions against the colonialists.

The development of culture in the XIX century.

Scientific discoveries and technical inventions. The spread of education. Secularization and democratization of culture. Changes in people's living conditions. Styles of artistic culture: classicism, romanticism, realism, impressionism. Theater. The birth of cinema. Figures of culture: life and creativity.

International relations in the XIX century.

Foreign policy interests of the great powers and the policy of alliances in Europe. Eastern question. Colonial conquests and colonial empires. Old and new leaders of the industrial world. Intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world. Formation of military-political blocs of the great powers.

Historical and cultural heritage of modern times.

Recent history.

The world at the beginning of the 20th century Recent history: concept, periodization.

World in 1900-1914

European countries and the USA in 1900-1914: technical progress, economic development. Urbanization, migration. The situation of the main groups of the population. social movements. Social and political reforms; D. Lloyd George.

Asian and Latin American countries in 1900-1917: traditional social relations and problems of modernization. Rise of liberation movements in colonial and dependent countries. Revolutions in the first decades of the twentieth century. in Asian countries (Türkiye, Iran, China). Mexican Revolution 1910-1917 Leaders of the liberation struggle (Sun Yat-sen, E. Zapata, F. Villa)

The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".

Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.

Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.

Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.

M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.

Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.

Fine art in Russia and its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.

The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.

Management of the national outskirts. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia and the Volga region. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.

Russia under Paul I

The main principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".

The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.

Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.

Concepts and terms: Modernization. Reforms. Mercantilism. Guard. Empire. Senate. Colleges. Synod. Province. Fortress manufacture. recruiting kits. Revision. Prosecutor. Fiscal. Profitable. Assembly. Table of ranks. City Hall. Palace coup. Supreme Privy Council. "Conditions". "Bironovshchina". "Enlightened Absolutism". Secularization. Fixed commission. Guild. Baroque. Rococo. Classicism. Sentimentalism. Magistrate. Spiritual administrations (Muslim).

Persons:

Government and military figures: Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna, F.M. Apraksin, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, E.I. Biron, Ya.V. Bryus, A.P. Volynsky, V.V. Golitsyn, F.A. Golovin , P. Gordon, Ekaterina I, Ekaterina II, Elizabeth Petrovna, Ivan V, John VI Antonovich, M. I. Kutuzov, F. Ya. Lefort, I. Mazepa, A. D. Menshikov, B. K. Minikh, A. G. Orlov, A.I. Osterman, Pavel I, Peter I, Peter II, Peter III, G.A. Potemkin, P.A. Rumyantsev, Princess Sophia, A.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov, P.P. Shafirov, B.P. Sheremetev.

Public and religious figures, workers of culture, science and education: Batyrsha (leader of the Bashkir uprising), G. Bayer, V.I. Bazhenov, V. Bering, V.L. Borovikovsky, D.S. Bortnyansky, F.G. Volkov, E.R. Dashkova, N.D. Demidov, G.R.Derzhavin, M.F.Kazakov, A.D.Kantemir, J.Quarenghi, I.P.Kulibin, D.G.Levitsky, M.V.Lomonosov, A.K.Nartov, I. N. Nikitin, N. I. Novikov, I. I. Polzunov, F. Prokopovich, E. I. Pugachev, A. N. Radishchev, V. V. Rastrelli, F. S. Rokotov, N. P. Rumyantsev, A.P. Sumarokov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, D. Trezzini, D.I. Fonvizin, S.I. Chelyuskin, F.I. Shubin, I.I. Shuvalov, M.M. Shcherbatov, S. Yulaev, S. Yavorsky.

Events/dates:

1682-1725 - reign of Peter I (until 1696 together with Ivan V)

1682-1689 - reign of Princess Sophia

1682, 1689, 1698 - uprisings of archers

1686 - Eternal peace with the Commonwealth

1686–1700 - war with the Ottoman Empire

1687 - foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow

1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns

1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China

1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns

1697-1698 - Grand embassy

1700-1721 - Northern War

1700 - defeat near Narva

1705-1706 - uprising in Astrakhan

1707-1708 - uprising of Kondraty Bulavin

1708-1710 - establishment of provinces

1711 - establishment of the Senate; Prut campaign

1714 - decree of single inheritance

1718-1721 - establishment of colleges

1718-1724 - conducting a poll census and the first revision

1720 - battle at about. Grengam

1721 - Peace of Nystadt

1721 - proclamation of Russia as an empire

1722 - introduction of the Table of Ranks

1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) campaign

1725 - establishment of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg

1725-1727 - reign of Catherine I

1727-1730 - reign of Peter II

1730-1740 - the reign of Anna Ioannovna

1733-1735 - War of the Polish Succession

1736-1739 - Russian-Turkish war

1741-1743 - Russo-Swedish War

1740-1741 - the reign of John Antonovich

1741-1761 - the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna

1755 - foundation of Moscow University

1756-1763 - Seven Years' War

1761-1762 - the reign of Peter III

1762 - Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility

1762-1796 - reign of Catherine II

1769-1774 - Russian-Turkish war

1773-1775 - Emelyan Pugachev's uprising

1774 - Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace with the Ottoman Empire

1775 - the beginning of the provincial reform

1783 - annexation of Crimea to Russia

1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities

1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war

1788 - Decree establishing the "Spiritual Assembly of Mohammedan Law"

1788-1790 - Russo-Swedish War

1791 - Peace of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire

1772, 1793, 1795 - Sections of the Commonwealth

1796-1801 - reign of Paul I

1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian army

Sources: General regulation. Military regulations. Maritime charter. Spiritual regulation. Table of ranks. Decree on single inheritance of 1714. Peace of Nishtad. The act of presenting the title of emperor of all Russia and the name of the great and father of the fatherland to the sovereign Tsar Peter I. Decrees of Peter I. Camping magazines of Peter the Great. Revision tales. Relations and memories. "An honest mirror of youth." The word of Feofan Prokopovich at the burial of Peter the Great. Newspaper "Vedomosti". Correspondence of Peter I. "History of the Svean war." Notes and memoirs of foreigners. "Conditions" of Anna Ioannovna. Ody M.V. Lomonosov. Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Memoirs of Catherine II. Correspondence of Catherine II with Voltaire. Order of Catherine II of the Legislative Commission. Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty. Decrees of Yemelyan Pugachev. Office of the provinces. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Georgievsky treatise with Eastern Georgia. City position. Iasi peace treaty. Magazines "Painter" and "All sorts of things." "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev.