1.1. Basic concepts First of all, let's define the semantic component of the concepts "sex" (sex) and "gender" (gender) and the terms directly related to them. In English literature, the concepts of "sex" and "sex" are defined by one word "sex". In Russian, the word "sex" means

A A BETSEDARY- a form of medieval poetry in which the first letters of each stanza or each verse follow in alphabetical order; it is used both in religious (see "Hymns") and in secular didactic poetry (for example, "ABC des femmes", beginning of the 14th century). A BZATS(German Absatz) - 1) part of the text from one indent to the next; 2) indent in the initial line of the text; A BRAKADABRA(cf. Lat. abracadabra) - 1) a meaningless word to which miraculous magical power was attributed in the old days; 2) nonsense, an incomprehensible set of words. A BREEZE(fr. abrege) - an abbreviated transmission, extract, extract from an essay. A WADANA(a legend about a feat) - one of the genres of Buddhist fiction - a story about pious or sinful deeds and their reflection on subsequent incarnations of the creatures who committed them. A VESTA(cf. pers. apastak text, main text) - sacred books of some ancient peoples of Central Asia, Azerbaijan and Iran; the early parts of the Avesta are attributed by tradition to the prophet Zarathustra (Zoroaster); with commentaries is called Zend-Avesta. A VTOBIOGRAPHY(gr. autos himself + biography) - a biography of a person compiled by himself. A WTOGRAPH(gr. autos himself + grapho I write) - a handwritten signature, inscription or manuscript. A AUTOCRITICISM- self-criticism, the writer's thoughts about his work or about himself as an author. A AUTOLOGY(gr. autos itself, own + logos word, concept) - the use of words in their own (or direct) sense, as opposed to figurative (or figurative) meaning. A VTONIM(gr. autos himself, own + onoma, onima) - the real name of the author writing under pseudonym. AUTHOR(latr. autor) - a person who created an artistic, scientific, technical, etc. work. COPYRIGHT- the exclusive right of the author to reproduce and distribute his work. A SECONDARY(fr. autoriser to allow) - to give authority, permission to translate one's work; Authorized translation - a translation made with the consent of the author or approved by him. A GADA(Agada or Hagada) is a large area of ​​Talmudic literature containing aphorisms and teachings of a religious and ethical nature, historical traditions and legends. A GIOGRAPHY(gr. hagios saint + grapho I write) - a type of church-historical literature containing biographies (lives) of "saints" and church leaders. A GITATIONAL LITERATURE- a set of artistic and non-artistic works that, influencing the feelings, imagination and will of people, induce them to certain actions, actions. A GON(gr. fight, competition) - a verbal dispute, a clash of opinions; the compositional element of ancient Attic comedy is the part that follows the people (see) and concludes the dispute between the characters, in which the person expressing the author's idea wins. A ADAPTATION(lat. adaptare to adapt) - adaptation, facilitation of a text, for example, a literary and artistic work, for a certain category of people, with a specific purpose, for example: for children, for those who study foreign languages, etc. A DAPTED TEXT(lat. adaptare to adapt) - a text (for example, books) adapted for unprepared readers (see. adaptation). A DONIEV VERSE(μέτρον Αδώνιον, versus Adonicus) - a verse of ancient metrics, horiyamb + half of an iambic or trocheic foot, ŪUUŪ|Ũ, for example, ‘Rīsit Apōllō’ (Hor. Carm. I X, 12). The name is associated with the name of Adonis, the exclamations of praise in honor of which have the following configuration of syllables: ω τον Αδωνιν. Usually used at the conclusion of a sapphic stanza. Refers to logaedam. ADDRESS(fr. adresse) - a written greeting, appeal. A CATALECTICAS- the case of the absence of a rhyming ending over the natural border of the foot: a masculine ending for iambic and anapaest, a feminine ending for chorea and amphibrach, a dactylic ending for dactyl. A CATALECTIC VERSE(μέτρον ακαταληκτικός, versus acatalecticus) - a verse in which all feet remain unchanged; those. the last foot is neither reduced nor enlarged. For example, the akatalectic dactylic tetrameter ‘Nūnc decet āut viridī nitidūm caput…’ (ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU, Hor. Carm. I IV, 9); “clouds are rushing, clouds are winding” (ÚU|ÚU|ÚU|ÚU). A KMEISM(gr. akme flourishing) - a decadent trend in Russian literature that arose in 1912 - 1913. and lasted until 1922. Acmeist poetry was characterized by individualism, aestheticism, formalism, preaching "art for art's sake". A CHROMONOGRAM- a poem in which the final syllable of each verse is repeated in the verse following it as the initial one, for example: "And a bright wave splashes | On golden sand"; A common acromonogram is one of the types of poems with the so-called "initial rhyme", for example: "A blue shadow flies, embraced | The aroma of uncut grasses." A CROSTICH(gr. akrostichis) - a poem in which the initial letters of the lines make up a word or phrase, for example: "Azure day | Faded, faded, | Night shadow, | Ah, hid us" - the Moon. ACT(lat. actus) - action, part of a dramatic work. A CENT RHYTHMIC- in metrics, the strengthening of any syllables, regularly repeating and forming one or another fundamentally similar rhythmic inertia, creating a poetic rhythm. A CENT SYSTEM- a system of versification based on the fact that it mainly regulates the number of stressed syllables in a poetic line, while the number of unstressed syllables is more or less free, for example: our drum." A CENT POEM- cm. tonic versification. A KYN- a folk poet-singer among the Kazakhs, Kirghiz and some other peoples. A LANKARA(lit. decoration) - a term of ancient Indian poetics, denoting a set of stylistic forms (figures, paths) that give speech a poetic character. A LEXANDRIAN VERSE- French twelve-syllable verse with a caesura after the sixth syllable, with obligatory stresses on the sixth and twelfth syllables and with the obligatory adjacent arrangement of alternately two male and then two female rhymes; Russian Alexandrian verse is a six-foot iambic with an obligatory caesura after the third foot and with a rhyme similar to the French Alexandrian verse, for example: "No one at the feast of the brilliant May, | Flying between luxurious chariots, | None of the young men is freer and bolder | Do not rule the horse at his whim" . A LKEEV VERSE(μέτρον Αλκαικον, versus Alcaicus) - a verse of ancient metrics introduced by Alcaeus (Greek lyricist of the 7th-6th centuries BC). There are three A.s. 1) eleven-syllable (το Αλκαικον ενδεκασύλλαβον, versus Alcaicus hendecasyllabus); anacrusis + dichorea + horiamb + iamb or pyrrhic, Ũ|ŪUŪU|ŪUUŪ|UŨ); e.g. ‘Ōdī profānum vōlgus et ārceō’ (Hor. Carm. III I, 1); refers to logaeda; 2) ten-syllable (το Αλκαικον δεκασύλλαβον, versus Alcaicus decasyllabus); dactyl + horiyamb + catalctic iambic meter, ŪUU|ŪUUŪ|UŪ¦Ũ; for example, ‘vīrginibūs puerīsque cāntō’ (Hor. Carm. III I, 4); refers to logaeda; 3) nine-syllable (το Αλκαικον εννεασύλλαβον, versus Alcaicus enneasyllabus); iambic dimeter + catalctic iambic, UŪ¦UŪ¦ŨŪ¦UŪ|U; e.g. ‘audīta Mūsārūm sacērdos’ (Hor. Carm. III I, 3). A LKMANOV VERSE- a verse of ancient metrics introduced by Alkman (representative of Greek choral lyrics of the 2nd half of the 7th century BC); catalctic dactylic tetrameter, in which the last foot is necessarily sponde, ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪŪ; e.g. ‘mōllis opūs. Pereāt male quāe tē' (Hor. Ep. ΧΙΙ, 16). A LKMANOV STROPH- two-line stanza of ancient metrics; the first line is a dactylic catalectic hexameter, the second is Alkmane's verse; for example, ‘Īnachiām tēr nōcte potēs, mihi sēmper ad ūnum // mōllis opūs. Pereāt male quae tē’ (Ū́UU|Ū́Ū|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́U // Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́Ū, Hor. Ep. ΧΙΙ, 15-16). A LKORAN- obsolete same as Koran. A llegorical- allegorical. A LLEGORY(gr. allegoria - allegory) - a figurative image of an abstract thought, idea or concept through a similar image (lion - strength, power; justice - a woman with scales). Unlike metaphors, in an allegory, a figurative meaning is expressed by a phrase, a whole thought, or even a small work (fable, parable). In literature, many allegorical images are taken from folklore and mythology.
A lliteration(lat. ad to, with + litera letter) - in poetry, less often in prose - the repetition of identical or consonant consonant sounds, for example: "My dear magician, my Maria" (Bryusov). A LLONYM(gr. allos other + onoma, onima name) - someone's real name, used as pseudonym. A LLOTHRYOLOGY- introducing extraneous thoughts into speech that are not directly related to the main subject; in modern literature - one of the frequently used tricks, for example: "In the newspapers there are six strict lines | (The tram howls and the car trumpets): | Ivan Ivanov has finished his term. | Ivan Ivanov is killed." A LUSION(French allusion hint) - a stylistic figure, an expression that is an allusion to a well-known historical event (for example, the Pyrrhic victory) or to a literary work (for example, Demyanov's ear - after the name of Krylov's fable). A LOGISM- literary device; the introduction into literary speech of all kinds of logically meaningless moments, absurdities in literary speech, the destruction of logical and causal relationships, the movement of speech along random associations, the discrepancy between the syntactic and semantic movement of speech, the opposition (juxtaposition) of moments that do not contain anything opposite (common), for example: "I. I. somewhat timid character. I. N., on the contrary, has trousers in such folds ... ”(Gogol); an imaginary (absurd) conclusion, a logical gap between replicas, a verbal cover for a logical emptiness, etc.; most often takes place in the prologue, in the speech of the narrator, and alogism is usually associated with an attitude to the comic, irony, grotesque, irrational. A LBA(Provence alba lit. dawn) - in the poetry of the troubadours - a morning song. A LMANAH(lat. almanachus) - a collection of literary works by various authors. A MEBEY(gr. amoebaeus) - an eight-foot foot of two long, two short and one long syllables; ÚÚUUÚ. A MEBAY COMPOSITION- the technique of compositional parallelism, which consists in the fact that the poem has a two-term character: it breaks up into two, parallel developing rows, and the periods included in these rows are also usually paired; widespread in folk poetry, for example: “My golden friend and brother, | Dear childhood friend... | Rarely are we together, | We rarely visit each other... | So give me your hands, | Let's put our fingers together" (Kalevala). A AMPLIFICATION(lat. amplificatio distribution, increase) - in style - the accumulation of several similar definitions that enhance the characteristics of the phenomenon, for example, "he is a brave, courageous person." A MFIBOLIA(gr. amphibolia duality, ambiguity) - in style - an expression that can be interpreted in different ways. A MFIBRACH(ο αμφίβραχος πους, amphibrachys, double short) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, four-dimensional; short + long + short syllables, UŪU. In Russian versification - unstressed + shock + unstressed, UÚU; for example, “How the prophetic Oleg is going now” (Pushkin). A MFIMAC(ο αμφίμακρος πους, mutually long), i.e. KRETIK(ο κρητικός, Cretan) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, five-more; long + short + long syllables, ŪUŪ. A NABASIS(gr. anabasis ascent, movement inland) - the name of two ancient Greek writings about the great campaigns: a) a description of the campaign of Cyrus the Younger (author Xenophon); b) the history of the campaign of Alexander the Great in Asia (by Arrian). A NAGOGA(or anagogical interpretation) - an allegorical, allegorical explanation of biblical texts. A NAGRAM(gr. ana... pere + gramma letter) - permutation of letters in a word to form another word, for example: ax - murmur, flipper - atlas. A NADIPLOSIS(gr. anadiplosis doubling) - a stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that a segment of speech (verse, phrase) begins with the words that end the previous one, for example "Head hurts, can't do much. Can't do well, is unwell." A NAKLASYS(break, bend) - in ancient versification, a technique in which in some meters short and long syllables are interchanged, especially often in ionics, where instead of the group ŪU we get UŪ. A NAKOLUF(gr. anakoluthon) - a stylistic figure consisting in a violation of the grammatical or logical correctness of speech, for example: "Her fiancé was a Pole in the past" (M. Zoshchenko). A NAKREONTIAN POETRY(gr.) - a kind of lyrical poetry that glorified a cheerful, carefree life, love, wine, feasts, etc. (named after the ancient Greek poet Anacreon (t) a, who lived around 500 BC, the author of love and drinking songs). A NAKREON'S VERSE- a verse of ancient metrics, the introduction of which is attributed to Anacreon; the same as horiyamb, ŪUUŪ. A NAKRUZA, ANAKRUZA- in ancient metrics, an independent long or short syllable at the beginning of a verse; precedes the first rhythmic stress (iktu) and is not actually a foot; for example, the first long unstressed syllable in the Alcaean eleven-syllable verse, Ũ|ŪUŪU|ŪUUŪ|UŨ; for example, ‘Ōdī profānum vōlgus et ārceō’ (Hor. Carm. III I, 1). In Russian versification - extra (ie, exceeding the number of syllables in the foot) syllables at the beginning of the rhythmic period; for example, “Mermaid | floated on | the river | any, // O | dawn | ma full | moon" (Lermontov); the first syllable of the second line is an anacrusis in amphibrach. A NALECTS(gr. analekta favorites) - selected works of one or more writers. A TAX(gr. analogia) - lingua. a change in the grammatical form following the pattern of another form associated with this form in the grammatical system of the language, for example: the form "contract", "chauffeur" (instead of the correct "contracts", "chauffeurs") is formed by analogy with forms like "master". A NAPEST(ο ανάπαιστος πους, anapaestus, beaten back) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, four-dimensional; short + short + long syllable, UUŪ. In Russian versification, mediocre + unstressed + percussion, UUÚ; for example, “Poor | him a dog | they sing nude ”(Nekrasov). A NAPESTOYAMB- a complex meter introduced in Russia by opponents dactylo-choreic hexameter at the beginning of the last century. A NAFORA(gr. anaphora) - the repetition at the beginning of two or more passages of speech (poems, phrases) of the same word or sound, for example: "Are I not treating you? Do you eat oats involuntarily?" (Pushkin). A NACRONISM(gr. transfer in time) - a deliberate or unintentional violation of chronological plausibility, the attribution of phenomena or events from one era to another. A NATIONAL POEMS- poems that can be read from the beginning and from the end, and they do not lose their meaning, for example, "I want to love you, I want to love you." A NEKDOT(gr. anekdotos unpublished) - a short (usually oral) comic story about a funny, amusing or curious incident. A NNALIST(lat.) - chronicler. A NNALY(lat. annales annual, annual, weather) - a chronicle. ANNOTATION(lat. annotation note, note) - a summary of the content of a book, article, etc., often with a critical assessment of it. A NONIM(gr. anonymos nameless) - 1) the author of a letter or essay who hid his name; 2) an essay without indicating the name of the author. A NTAMEBEY(gr. antamoebaeus) - a seven-foot foot of two short, two long and one short syllables; opposite to amoeba; UUUUU. A NTANACLASIS- play on words pun, dilogy; the use of the same word in different meanings, for example: "he is right, who has more rights." A NTANAPEST(gr. antanapaestus) - a five-foot foot of two long and one short syllables; UU. A NTIBACHIUS(ο αντίβακχειος πους, antibacchius) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, five-more; long + long + short syllable, ŪŪU. A NTIDACTYL(ο αντίδάκτυλος πους, antidactylus) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, four-dimensional; short + short + long syllable, UUŪ; the same as anapaest. A NTICLIMAX- in rhetoric, a sentence (or period), parts of which represent a series of expressions descending in strength, for example, "he pounded his fist, demanded, asked, persuaded"; opposite menopause. A NTIKRITIKA- the objection of the author or his supporter to unfavorable criticism in order to refute it. A NTIMETABOL - antimethesis, antimetaleps; repetition in the second part of the sentence of words that are in a different order in the first part, in order to change the meaning, for example: “We eat to live, not live to eat.” A NTISPAST(ο αντίσπαστος πους, antispastus, stretched in opposite directions) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, four-syllable, six-more: short + long + long + short syllable, UŪŪU. A NTISTROFA(gr. antistrophe) - part of the text in the dramatic choirs of the ancient Greeks, following after stanzas. A NTITEZA(gr.antithesis opposition) - in style - a juxtaposition of opposing thoughts or images to enhance the impression, for example: "I know that I know nothing", "War and Peace" (Tolstoy), "Poor rich man" (I. Shaw). A NTITESIS- rhetorical opposition in the same period, in the same phrase of two completely opposite expressions or words, for example: "". A NTIFRAZIS- a definition given to someone in the opposite, ironic sense. For example, they call the weak - Hercules, the ocean - a puddle; they say: “how clean you are” - dirty. In general - the use of words in the opposite sense. A NTHOLOGICAL(gr.) - 1) written in the spirit of ancient Greek lyric poetry; 2) related to the anthology. ANTOLOGY(gr. anthologia letters. picking flowers) is a collection of selected works, mostly poems, by various authors. A NTONOMASIA(gr. antonomasia) - genus metonymy, replacing a common noun with one's own (or vice versa), for example: "Croesus" instead of "rich man". A ONIDS(gr. Aonides) - the same as muses. A PARTE- talking about oneself, in dramatic genres, is used as a speech “aside”; pronounced in the presence of other persons and is conditionally considered inaudible to those present. The main function of the aparté is to communicate to the viewer all the internal states, movements, intentions and relationships of the characters. A PELLATIVE- the same as a common noun. A PELLATIVATION - deonymization, the transition of a proper name (onym) into a common noun (appellative) without changing the form: Newfoundland peninsula - Newfoundland (breed of dogs); Georg Simon Ohm - ohm (unit of resistance). A POCALYPSE(gr. apocalypsis letters. revelation) - part bible, one of the books of the "New Testament", containing mystical prophecies about the "end of the world." A POCOPA(gr. apokope truncation) - dropping one or more sounds at the end of a word, for example: "to" instead of "to". A POCRIF(gr.apokryphos secret) - 1) works of religious literature with biblical subjects, the content of which did not quite coincide with the official dogma, therefore they were not recognized by the church as "sacred" and were banned; 2) a false essay masquerading as genuine. A CANOPY(gr.apologos) - a fable, an allegorical narration from the life of animals, mostly instructive content. A POLOGIA- speech or writing aimed at justifying or defending someone or something; apologetic moments are found in the works of Dostoevsky, V. Solovyov and others. A POSIOPEZA- default, a break at the end of a phrase, an ellipsis, an underlined discrepancy between the amount of thought to be expressed and the nature of this expression, for example: "This is horror, this ... This must be seen." A POSTROFA(gr. apostrophe) - a stylistic figure representing an appeal to an absent person as a present or an inanimate object as an animate one, etc. A POPHASIA- a rhetorical device consisting in the refutation of the position just expressed by the speaker himself. A POPHEGMA, APOPHTEGMA(gr. apophthegma) - a short, apt and witty saying, aphorism. A Russian Geographical Society(fr. argot) - a social dialect of a certain closed group of people, for example, thieves' slang. A RGOTHY- a word borrowed from a literary language slang. A RISTOPHANOV VERSE(μέτρον Αριστοφάνειον, versus Aristophaneus) - a verse of ancient metrics introduced by Aristophanes (Greek comedian, c. 446-385 BC). Horiyamb + catalctic iambic meter, ŪUUŪ|UŪ¦U; e.g. ‘sānguine vīperīno’ (Hor. Carm. I VIII, 13). Widely used in Attic comedy. A RCADIA(fr. Arkadia) - in idyllic poetry - "a happy shepherd's country". A RSIS(αρσις, elevation) - in ancient metrics after the 5th-6th centuries, a strong, shock share of the foot, on which the ikt falls, rhythmic stress; for example, in the dactylic catalctic hexameter harsis is always the first foot: ‘Quī mōdō per totām flāmmīs stimulātus harēnam’ (Ū́Ū|Ū́UU|Ū́Ū|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́U, Mart. Spect. 19, 1). Until the V-VI centuries. harsis was called, on the contrary, the share of the foot, which accounted for the lifting of the leg during the dance; hence the term. RCHAISM- obsolete and obsolete word; in artistic speech - a stylistic means studied in a special department of stylistics. A CHEOGRAPHY- auxiliary discipline of literary science; study of documents, handwritten sources. A RHILOCH VERSE(versus Archilochius) - a verse of ancient metrics introduced by Archilochus (Greek poet from the island of Paros, c. 680-640 BC). Acatalectic dactylic tetrameter + catalectic trocheal dimeter, ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU||ŪU¦ŪU|ŪU, e.g. ‘Nūnc decet āut viridī nitidūm caput īmpedīre myrto’ (Hor. Carm. I 4, 19). A RCHITECTONICA- the construction of a work of art, composition, applied not only to the work as a whole, but also to its individual elements: the composition of the image, plot, stanza, etc. A SYNARTET- poems consisting of two equal, but different in size parts, usually dactyls and iambs. A SINDETON(gr. asyndeton) - bes union - a stylistic figure, consisting in the omission of unions to enliven and enhance speech, for example: "I came, I saw, I conquered." A SCLEPIADOV VERSE(μέτρον Ασκληπιάδειος, versus Asclepiadeus) is a verse of ancient metrics introduced by Asclepiades (Greek epigrammatic poet from the island of Samos, III century BC). There are two A.S. first catalectic ferektratheus + second catalectic ferektratheus, ŪŨ|ŪUUŪ||ŪUUŪ|UŨ; for example, ‘Nōn ōmnīs moriār mūltaque pārs meī’ (Hor. Carm. III 30, 6). 2) Large (ο μείζων Ασκληπιάδειος στίχος, versus Asclepiadeus maior); first catalectic ferektratheus + horiyamb + second catalactic ferektratheus, ŪŨ|ŪUUŪ||ŪUUŪ||ŪUUŪ|UŨ; for example, ‘Tū nē quāesierīs, scīre nefās, quēm mihi, quēm tibī’ (Hor. Carm. I 11, 1). Both A.s. belong to logaeda. A CSONANCE(fr. assonance) - 1) consonance; 2) in versification - an inexact rhyme in which only vowels are consonant, for example: thickets - pity (Bryusov). A STEISM- in rhetoric, a caustic remark, a mockery. A STRONIM(gr. astron star + onoma, onyma name) - designation of the author's name with some typographic characters, such as asterisks; view alias. A STROPHY VERSE(gr. a particle of negation + stanza) - a verse devoid of strophic organization, not divided into stanzas. A TTIC(gr. from attikismos refinement) - intellectual figurativeness of speech, characteristic of the inhabitants of Attica in ancient Greece; attic salt - subtle witticism, mockery. A PHORISM(gr. aphorismos) - a saying expressing any generalized thought; for an aphorism, completeness of thought and perfection of form are equally obligatory, for example: "Man - it sounds proud" (M. Gorky).
A EDY- singers, ancient Greek narrators of folk songs, which formed the basis of the most ancient epic.

B ITE(lit. house, tent) - in Arabic a verse, which is at the same time an ancient stanza (because it consists of two half-lines: a tent or misra - lit. half, a door leaf), but from a European point of view, rather a couplet , sometimes equal to 30 or more syllables. B AKHIY(ο βακχειος, bacchius, Bacchic) ​​- in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, five-more; short + long + long syllable, UŪŪ. It was used mainly in hymns in honor of the god Bacchus and among Latin poets. B ALLADA(fr. ballade) - originally - a small, uncomplicated song to accompany dances; later the form of a short lyric poem; the ballad as a genre has undergone a number of changes and at different times and in different countries was characterized by different features; at present - a lyric-epic poetic plot work (such as a story), written in stanzas. B ARD(Celtic bard) - a poet and singer among the ancient Celts; in a solemn style - a poet. B ASA - anacrus with a secondary rhythmic accent. B ASNYA- genre didactic poetry, a short narrative form, completed by the plot and subject to allegorical interpretation as an illustration of a well-known worldly or moral rule. From parables or apologist the fable is distinguished by the completeness of the plot development, from other forms of allegorical narration, for example, the allegorical novel, by the unity of action and brevity of presentation. B ATRACHOMYOMACHY(war of frogs and mice) - an ancient Greek poem in 304 verses; written at the beginning of the 5th century. before the Christian era in the spirit of a victorious democracy; a caricature of the high style of the Homeric epic, glorifying the heroes of the overthrown aristocracy. FUCKING RHYME- a rhyme in which consonants coincide only after a stressed vowel, for example: "fear" and "sweep". B ELLETRIST- a writer working in the field of fiction. B ELLETISTICS(fr. belleslettres) - works of art in prose - novels, novellas, short stories. B EOWULF(VIII century) - Anglo-Saxon epic about the hero Beowulf, who defeats Breka in swimming, strikes sea monsters, frees the Danes from the cannibal giant Grendel (who abducted warriors from the chambers of King Hrothgar) and his ferocious mother, then he becomes king, defends his people from the dragon, but he himself dies from the poison of the monster he killed; written in Old Germanic alliterated verse; is an epic monument of world significance along with songs about the Nibelungs, Roland, Side, etc. B ESTIARY(lat. bestiarius) - a medieval literary genre containing a description of animals with their allegorical interpretation. B ESTSELLER(English bestseller) - a popular book published in large numbers. B IBLIOGNOSIA(guide to the knowledge of books) - the same as bibliology or bibliology. B BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE- history of literature; exists alongside criticism and literary theory. B IBLIOPHILIA(gr. letters. love of books) - collecting books, especially rare ones. BIBLE(gr. biblia books) - the name of a collection of works of religious literature, recognized in the Christian and Jewish religions as sacred. There is a difference between the Christian and Hebrew Bibles; the first, in addition to the books that make up the Jewish Bible, contains a number of works of ancient Christian literature, the so-called New Testament; The Hebrew part of the Christian Bible is called the Old Testament. As a whole, the Bible is a collection consisting of versatile parts and written at different times, in which almost all literary genres are represented (ritual and legal treatises, chronicles and cosmogonic myths, sagas and folk songs, religious and erotic lyrics, collections of parables and sayings and etc.). The unifying principle for the individual parts of the Bible is one common religious idea. B ISPEL(cf. in German bîspel, New German Beispiel) is a form of medieval German didactic poetry, a short parable about people, animals or plants, set out in couplets. BITNIK(English beat beat, smash) - a representative of the literary movement that arose in the United States in the 50s, characterized by subjectivism, anarchist sentiments. B RICH RHYME- a rhyme in which consonants coincide both before and after the stressed vowel, for example: “fear” and “bonfires”. B RACHIGRAPHY(gr.brachys short + grapho writing) - the general name of any system of abbreviated writing. B RAHIY(ο βραχος πους, brachys, short) - in ancient metrics, pseudo-foot (that is, without rhythmic stress), monosyllabic, one-dimensional; short syllable, U. Used in anacrusis. B RACHICATALECTIC VERSE- a verse truncated on the foot compared to the previous one, for example: “Before dawn, having risen, the famous Baron of Smalholm saddled his horse” - the second verse is shorter. B RAHIKOLON- a short-term poem, each line of which consists of one syllable, for example: Gol Bes Shel Into the forest. Suddenly stop. Beetle In the forehead. Bes Rad: Climbed into hell. B rickets- antique meter, formed by one short word; in Russian versification is impossible. B RACHIHORI- in ancient metrics, the derivative of the stop is formed by brachia and trochee when the trochee introduces an anacrusis from one short syllable, brachia, U|ŪU. B RAHMAN- the oldest form of Indian prose literature, the interpretation of the prescribed Vedas sacrificial ritual, a collection of myths: cosmogonic myths, the myth of the flood, the myth of the sacrifice of the son by the father, etc. B REVIARY(Breviarium) - originally a compendium, later - a Roman Catholic prayer book in Latin, containing psalms, excerpts from the sacred writings of the church fathers, lives of saints, hymns, etc. From the 16th century. these prayer books became obligatory for all Catholics. B UCOLIC, BUCOLIC POETRY(gr. bukolikos pastoral) - a genre of ancient poetry depicting shepherd life ( idyll, pastoral). B ULVARIAN LITERATURE(fr.) - works devoid of artistic value and designed for an undemanding, bad taste; abound in the adventures of criminals, love affairs, etc. B URIME(fr. bouts rimes rhymed endings) - a poem composed on given rhymes, mostly in the order of the general game. B URLESK(fr. burlesque; it. burla joke) - in literature - an exaggerated comic image; the genre of comic, humorous poetry (burlesque poetry). B URIA and ONESS(German "Sturm und Drang") - a revolutionary literary trend in German literature of the second half of the 18th century. BYLINY- Russian epic songs, preserved mainly in the mouths of the northern peasantry under the name "Starin", "Starin" and "Starinok"; the term epic is artificial, introduced into scientific use in the 30s of the 19th century by an amateur scientist Sakharov on the basis of the “epics of this time” mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign (end of the 12th century); among the northern "narrators" (performers, singers), the name of the stars is sometimes also used to designate some epic spiritual verses and many historical songs, ch. arr., XVI-XVII centuries, in the scientific literature, these works are usually considered separately.

IN AGANTS(from clerici vagantes, otherwise goliards from Provence. gualiador joker, hoaxer, French gaillard small, young man) - Western-European corporation of "wandering people" capable of writing and performing songs or, less often, prose works. IN ARVARISM(gr. babrbarismos) - a borrowed word or expression that is unusual for the norms of this language. OPTION(lat. varians changing) - another transfer of the same literary or artistic theme. IN ARLAAM AND IOASAF- a medieval novel-life of Indian origin, dating back to the legends of the Buddha. INTRODUCTION- preliminary messages of a general nature preceding the work, usually of a scientific nature, with the aim of introducing the reader to the course of the subject. IN FOOD(Skt. veda knowledge) - the oldest monuments of Indian literature, written in verse and prose. The Vedas consist of 4 collections containing religious hymns, songs, spells, ritual prescriptions, myths, as well as purely secular verses. IN ECO IMAGES- world, universal, eternal images; images of art that have lost their original domestic or historical significance and have turned from social categories into psychological categories, for example, Don Quixote, Hamlet. IN THE ELIKOE MIRROR- Russian translation of the Western European collection of stories of a moralistic moralistic nature. IN ERBALISM(lat. vebum word) - idle talk; the lack of real knowledge and serious thought covered with tinsel of scientific terms. IN ERISM(fr. verisme from lat. verus true, truthful) - close to naturalism direction in literature, ch. arr. in Italy in the second half of the 19th century. TO ERLIBR(French vers libre) - free verse - one of the types of verse, built mainly on an intonation-syntactic basis, without taking into account the number of syllables and stresses in a poetic line (Whitman, Verkharn, etc. . poets). IN ERSIFICATOR(lat. versificator) - a person who easily and skillfully composes poetry, but is devoid of a poetic and artistic gift. IN ERSIFICATION(lat. versificatio) - versification. IN IDEA- narrative and didactic genre; the plot is presented on behalf of the person to whom it was revealed in a dream, hallucination or lethargic dream. TO ILLANEL(villanelle) - a village love song cultivated in France and Italy; characterized by a three-line stanza, monotonous rhyming and a number of repetitions (refrains). IN INJETKA(fr. vignette) - decoration in a book or manuscript in the form of a small picture or ornament at the beginning or end of the text (part, chapter, section, etc.). IN IRELE(virelai) - an old French poetic form with a three-line stanza (the third line is shortened), the same rhyme and with a refrain. IN IRSHI(from Latin versus verse, Polish wiersz) - one of the types of tonic verse - spiritual, and then secular, content that developed in Ukraine from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th centuries, and then passed into Russian literature (end of the 17th-18th centuries .). IN POETIC VOLUME(licentia poetica) - license, the poet’s right, for the sake of greater artistry, to “violate” both the norms of the generally accepted literary language and the canonical forms of plot development, for example, “the moon rises naked under the azure moon” (Bryusov). IN OKABULA(lat. vocabulum) - 1) a separate word of a foreign language with a translation into the native language; 2) the title of the dictionary entry. TO OLYAPYUK, VOLAPYUK(claim from English world world + speak speak) - 1) an artificial international language invented in 1880 by Jog. Schleyer; did not receive distribution; 2) a set of empty, meaningless phrases. IN ULGARISM- term of traditional style; the designation of words or phrases used in common speech, but not allowed by the stylistic "canon" in the literary language.

G G AZEL(ar. gazal) - a couplet stanza of oriental versification with a constant rhyme at the end of each couplet; used in European poetry. G EBRAISM- a word or figure of speech borrowed from the Hebrew language, mainly from the language of the Bible; one of the types barbarism. G EXAMETER(ο εξλάμετρος, hexameter, six-dimensional) - a verse of ancient metrics, consisting of six meters; for example, dactylic catalectic hexameter, ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪU; e.g. ‘nōn ego; nām satis ēst equitēm mihi plāudere, ut āudax' (Hor. Serm. I 10, 76). The dactylic catalactic hexameter is the most common verse in antiquity; for example, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey were written with it. In Russian versification, there is an unrhymed six-foot dactylo-choreic verse (dactyl in combination with a trochee, i.e. the Russian dactyl ÚUU can be replaced by the Russian trochee ÚU, after which an obligatory caesura is necessary to maintain the rhythm). GEORGICS(gr. georgike agriculture, agriculture) - ancient poems glorifying rural life and agriculture. H EPTAMETER(ο επτάμετρος, heptametrum, seven-dimensional) - a verse of ancient metrics, consisting of seven meters. GERMANISM- a word or figure of speech borrowed from the German language and contrary to the norms of Russian speech. GERMENEUTICS(gr. hermeneutike interpretation, explanation) - the theory and art of interpreting the text of ancient literary works (manuscripts, books, monuments). HEROIC VERSE- a verse used in heroic or epic works, for example, hexameter (see), Alexandrian verse of pseudo-classical tragedies (iambic six-foot); in England and Italy, iambic pentameter is also called G. S., in Russia and Poland - a syllabic thirteen-syllable, etc. G IATUS or GIAT(gaping) - an unpronounceable confluence of several vowel sounds in a row in a verse at the junction of two words, for example: "Anastasia and Irina", see. hiatus. HYMN(gr. Laudatory song) - a genre of religious lyrics, distinguished by thematic features - a laudatory song, doxology, united by the identity of the object being praised. G HYPERBATON(gr. hyperbaton) - a stylistic figure that consists in changing the natural order of words and separating them from each other with inserted words, for example: "Only the languid Muses are delighted" (Derzhavin); see also inversion. GIPERBOLA(gr. hyperbole) - a figure of speech, consisting in excessive exaggeration for a stronger impression, for example: a boundless sea. G HYPERDACTYLIC RHYME(gr. hyper over, over + dactyl) - a rhyme in which three or more unstressed syllables go after the last stressed syllable (see. rhyme). G IPERCATALECTIC END- the presence in the last foot of the poetic line of extra (against their normal number) unstressed syllables. G ISTEROLOGY or HYSTERON-PROTERON(gr.) - a special stylistic device or a logical error, consisting in the fact that the subsequent (hysteron) phenomenon is placed before the previous (proteron), for example: "he died and expired." G ITAGOVINDA(ancient Indian "The Song of the Shepherd Krishna") - the famous lyrical drama of the Bengali poet of the XII century. Jayadeva, written in the classical literary language of India - Sanskrit. The plot of Gitagovinda is the praise of the god Vishnu in his incarnation as the shepherd Krishna; the thematic core is Krishna's quarrel with his beloved Radha, who is angry with him for his free games with shepherdesses, the separation of lovers, their languor and torment, reconciliation and love meeting. CHAPTER- an important unit of compositional division of a literary work, usually denoting a temporary break in the course of events or, with a multifaceted plot, a transition from one storyline to another; stylistically significant is the division of parts of a novel or poem into an equal and round number of chapters of approximately the same size. G LAGOLICA- one of the Slavic alphabets; at present, the Glagolitic alphabet is used in writing and in printed books in a few Slavic-Catholic places on the Dalmatian coast and on the island of Karke (Veglia) nearby from the northern part of this coast. G LOSSA(from gr. glossa an obsolete or little-used word) - 1) philologist. interpretation of an incomprehensible word or place in a manuscript (mostly ancient), made in the margins by a scribe or commentator; 2) a poem written on the theme of a poetic passage placed in the epigraph, with each verse of the theme woven into the corresponding stanza; usually written in a specific stanza decima. G LOSSIARY(from lat. glossarium dictionary) - philologist. an explanatory dictionary of obsolete and little-used words for any text, mostly ancient. G LOSSATOR(cf. Lat. glossator) - an interpreter of ancient and little-used words and expressions found in some ancient (mainly legal) work. GLOSSOLALIA(gr. glossa an incomprehensible word + laleo I say) - in folklore (in conspiracies, refrains, etc.) - meaningless sound combinations, for example: "Yuli-Yuli stood." G NOMA(gr. gnome) - a short saying (often in poetic form). SPEECH VERSE(sprechvers) - verse requiring - as opposed to verse declamatory- pronunciation close to the intonation of ordinary colloquial speech. G OLEM(Heb. Goilom) - a very common Jewish folk legend that arose in Prague about an artificial man Golem, created from clay to perform various "black" jobs, difficult assignments that are important for the Jewish community, and ch. arr. to prevent blood libel through timely intervention and exposure. G ONORAR- literary fee - remuneration received by a writer for his work. GRADATION(lat. gradatio gradual elevation, strengthening) - menopause, in rhetoric - stringing expressions with ever-increasing meaning, for example: "won, defeated, destroyed." GRAFOMANIA(gr.) - a painful passion for writing, for verbose, empty, useless writing. G ROTESK(from French grotesque bizarre, intricate; comic, funny) - in literature, the image of people or objects in a fantastically exaggerated, ugly comic form.

D ADAISM(from French dada wooden horse) - a literary and artistic movement that originated in 1916. The program of the Dadaists was a deliberately meaningless, chaotic perception of reality. Dadaism lasted only until 1922 and served as the basis for the development surrealism. D ACTIL(ο δάκτυλος, dactylus, finger) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, three-syllable, four-dimensional; long + two short syllables, ŪUU. In Russian versification, stressed + unstressed + unstressed, ÚUU; for example, “The clouds are not | demonic | eternal | wanderers" (Lermontov). D ASIY(gr. dasios) - in ancient metrics, a complex foot, five-complex, seven-pointed; three short + two long syllables, UUUŪŪ. D WOODLE DIMENSIONS- otherwise disyllabic - sizes formed according to the syllabic-tonic theory by alternating feet, consisting of two rhythmic beats - strong and weak, or vice versa - weak and strong (Ú U - trochee and U Ú - iambic). D INSTITUTION- the simplest strophic formation of two verses, usually held together by rhyme. D EVIZ(fr. devise) - originally an inscription on the coat of arms; a short saying that expresses the main, guiding thought, for example, Voltaire's motto: "To live is to think" (Cicero, "Tusculan Conversations"). ACTION- 1) a synonym for the term Act; 2) the act of the hero of the work, which characterizes his volitional orientation (dramatic device); 3) one of the links in the chain of events, called the plot of the work. D ECADENT(decadence, from the French decadence decline) is a term for a literary movement that appeared in France in the 80s. 19th century and in the 90s emerged in Russia, Germany and other countries. The theoretical basis of decadence is subjective idealism, the theory of "art for art's sake"; Along with D., the terms “modernism”, “neo-romanticism”, and “symbolism” are also used to designate this all-European trend in poetry and art. D ECALOGUE(gr. deka ten + logos word) - the ten commandments in the bible. DECLAMATION VERSE- otherwise declamatory, little used term; verse of a rhetorical type, for example, an ode, where logical intonation prevails, a system of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, etc. DEMONISM- the phenomenon of literary plots, the displacement of traditional (in particular, established by theological tradition) negative and positive characters and the introduction of a negative character as a hero. For D., it is not so much the absolute acceptance of evil that is typical, but the disclosure of positive features in an outwardly negative image. D EMONOLOGICAL LITERATURE- literature that presents in a scientific form (tracts, reasoning) the views approved by a well-known religion on spirits (demons, "evil spirits") hostile to the main deity (s). D. l. represented in medieval Christian and Jewish literature, in the literatures of the East (Islamic, Buddhist, etc.), in ancient, in European literatures of the XV-XVII centuries. D ECIMA(Latin decima tenth) - a stanza of ten lines. D ZYORURI- a special genre of dramatic rhythmic prose that arose in Japan, designed specifically for recitative singing. D I(dit, dict literally skaz) - in old French literary terminology - the designation of a relatively short poetic work of a predominantly didactic nature, thematically completely indefinite; the name di is given both to rhymed legends and the lives of saints, and to stories of secular and even light content, approaching in technique then to fablio, then to le. D IALECTISM- a linguistic term that combines the old narrower terms of traditional stylistics: vulgarism, provincialism etc., and denoting a word or expression of any dialect, local or social, introduced into the literary language; DIALOGUE(gr. dialogos) - a literary work written in the form of a conversation. D IASTOLA(διαστολή, stretching) - in ancient versification, the use of a short syllable instead of a long one in the arsis (strong share) of the foot (as opposed to systole), for example, in the word Μουσαι the diphthong αι is lengthened, which makes it possible to pronounce the foot as not as a troche (ŪU), but like a spondey (ŪŪ). In the syllabo-tonic theory, the pronunciation of a stressed syllable as unstressed, i.e. its atonication, for example, “The hour is at hand; maybe, alas, // I won't be - be you" (Dmitriev), diastole on the syllable "hour". D IATRIBE(gr. diatribe destruction; strife) - sharp, bilious, captious speech with attacks of a personal nature. D IBRAHIUS(gr. dibrachys) - in ancient metrics, a simple foot, two-syllable, two-seater, UU; the same as pyrrhic. D IVAN(prop. account book, office) - in the languages ​​​​of the Middle East - a collection of lyric poems by one poet or a group of them, united according to some sign (for example, “The sofa of the Khuzail tribe”); Poems are arranged in alphabetical order of their rhymes. D IDACTIC(gr. instructive; related to didactics - instructiveness, instructiveness) - didactic poetry - poetry that uses the poetic form to present scientific, moral, etc. provisions to instruct readers. D EXJUNCTION(lat. disjunctio) - in rhetoric, the opposition of mutually exclusive, but homogeneous signs, for example, "all or nothing." D ILOGY(gr. di (s) twice + logos word, concept) - two novels or two dramatic works connected by a unity of design. D HIPODIA(gr. dipodia) - in ancient metrics, 1) a verse consisting of two feet; 2) a combination of two feet, united by one, the main rhythm. accent; same as meter; for example, iambic meter with the main rhythm. emphasis on the arsis of the first foot, UŪ́¦UŪ. D ISTIKH(gr. distichon) - in ancient metrics, a couplet, a stanza of two verses. The most common distich is the so-called elegiac; catalectic dactylic hexameter + catalectic dactylic pentameter, ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪU // ŪUU|ŪUU|Ū||ŪUU|ŪUU|Ū; for example, ‘Rūmpitur īnvidiā quod rūs mihi dūlce sub ūrbe est // pārvaque in ūrbe domūs, rūmpitur īnvidiā’ (Mart. Ep. IX 97, 7-8). D YITROCHEI, DICHOREA(gr. ditrochaeus, dichoreus) - in ancient metrics, double troche (trochee), ŪU¦ŪU; dipodia in the composition of the verse. D IFIRAMB(gr. dithyrambos) - in poetry, a work close to ode. D ISMB(gr. diiambus) - in ancient metrics, double iambic, UŪ¦UŪ; dipodia in the composition of the verse. D OINA(Rom. doina) is a folk song in Moldova and Romania. Doins originated as shepherd songs; later, along with lyrical songs, epic ones appear. D OLNIK- otherwise, a pausnik is a type of tonic verse, in units of which only the number of stressed syllables coincides, while unstressed syllables are a variable value and may even be completely absent, for example: “Days a bull peg, | Slow years arba, | Our god is running, | Our heart is a drum." (Mayakovsky); general formula X Ú X Ú X Ú etc. D OMINANTA- the dominant technique necessary in the creation of an artistic whole; The combination of dominants is the defining moment in the formation of a literary genre. D OHMIY(gr. dochmius) - in ancient metrics, a complex foot, five-complex, eight-pointed; short + two long + short + long syllable, UŪŪUŪ. D FRAME(gr. drama action) - one of the three main genres of fiction (along with epic And lyrics); in a broad sense - any plot literary work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech (dramatic work); mostly intended for performance in the theater; in the narrow sense - a literary work of this kind, different from comedy the seriousness of the conflict, the depth of experiences. D FRAME NATIVE- puppet drama; got its name from the nativity scene - a puppet theater that has the shape of a two-story wooden box, in architecture resembling a stage for the performance of medieval mysteries. D RUID(Gall. druidae, ancient-Irl. druid) - priests and poets of the Celtic peoples, organized in the form of a closed caste and closely blocked with royal power; The Druids were the keepers of heroic tales and mythological poems. D UMES- Ukrainian historical songs of a special form, free in rhythm and devoid of strophic articulation, created in the Cossack environment of the 16th-17th centuries and recorded in the 19th century. from professional kobza singers; SPIRITUAL POEMS- epic, lyric-epic or purely lyrical songs of religious content. For the most part, spiritual verses are sung by blind beggars - "passable Kalikas" - pilgrims. However, in living oral existence, spiritual verses of an epic warehouse (for example, about the Pigeon Book, about Egor the Brave, about Fyodor Tirok, about Anika the warrior, etc.) are not separated from epics, go under the general name "old" and are not always the property of poor professional singers.

E E VANGELIA(from Gr. evangelion "good news") - a term applied to the four so-called "canonical" Gospels, that is, accepted by the Christian church as the only true story about the teachings of Jesus. Of these four gospels, two are attributed to the direct disciples of Jesus, Matthew and John, and the other two to the "disciples of the disciples", namely Mark, as a disciple of the apostle Peter, and Luke, as a disciple of the apostle Paul, who, although he was not, according to Christian tradition, a direct disciple of Jesus, but took an equal position with the immediate companions of the latter. Three Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke - are combined into a group of "synoptic" (from the Greek "synopsis" - "free review"), giving a summary of everything allegedly known about Jesus and, in addition, similar in character and presentation, while the fourth - John - stands somewhat apart in its philosophical-gnostic tendencies. E VTERPA(gr. Euterpё) - in ancient Greek mythology - one of the nine muses, the patroness of lyric poetry and music. E VPHEMISM, EUPHEMISM(gr. - eloquence) - replacement of words recognized as rude or obscene, through descriptive expressions, foreign words or meaningless consonances ("do not compose" instead of "do not lie", "in an interesting position" instead of "pregnant", "closet" instead of " outhouse", "fir-trees-sticks", etc.). It is characteristic that new designations of obscene objects and phenomena lose their E. character over time, begin to be perceived as rudeness or a direct indication of an obscene object, and in turn become rude or obscene. E VFONYA(usually euphony) - the doctrine of the sound organization of poetic speech. E DYNITY- the term of classical dramaturgy; the demand for the unity of action and time, as indispensable for high classical tragedy. E KCLESIAST(Greek speaker in the national assembly, preacher in the community, translation of the Jewish Koheleth) - one of the so-called canonical books of the Old Testament, together with "Parables" and "Song of Songs" belongs to the "Solomonic" cycle of Old Testament literature; essentially a collection of reflections, aphorisms and maxims of an abstract philosophical and didactic nature; From the point of view of orthodox Judaism, this book is full of heresy and thus sharply contradicts other books of the Bible. AND GENRE(French genre genus, type) - a historically established, stable variety of a work of art; the variety of genres in art is due to the fact that his works reflect different aspects of reality, have different tasks and purposes; main genres in literature: epic(novel, story, short story, etc.), lyrical or lyrics, dramatic(tragedy, comedy, actually drama etc.). J ARGON(fr. jargon) - the speech of a social or professional group, characterized by a special composition of words and expressions, sometimes by a specific pronunciation (cf. slang). LIFE OF THE SAINTS- works containing biographies of representatives and guides of the Christian religious system, martyrs and confessors, ascetics, mainly from among the monks. Z TESTIATION- as a literary genre - the use of the verbal form (introduction, formulas, compositions, conclusions) of a legal testament to develop didactic or satirical topics; how the didactic genre of Z. merges into the general form of teaching (see); as a satirical genre, the testament appears along with other parodies of legal forms. Z AVYAZKA- one of the initial stages in the development of the plot of a literary work; in the plot, those conflicts are created ("tied up"), which will deepen in the process of further development of the action, up to the denouement, these conflicts are resolving. MYSTERY- an intricate question, usually expressed in the form of a metaphor; view concurrency, for example: "Walks in the field, but not a horse. Flies in the wild, but not a bird." (Wind). H A GLAVE- definition of the content of a literary work, usually placed in front of the latter; not always necessary, for example, in lyric poetry, titles are often absent. CONSPIRACY- incantatory verbal formula, which is attributed to magical power; Russian conspiracies are often denoted by other names that have a specific meaning, such as: slander, amulets, spells, dryness, dryness, whispering, words, etc .; one of the most common forms of verbal creativity. BORROWING- in literature - a special case of literary influence, expressed in the fact that one writer includes in his work elements of someone else's work (theme, stylistic features, compositional techniques); the extreme case of literary borrowing - the complete repetition of such details in the absence of instructions from the borrower - is called plagiarism. Z AUM- abstruse language, abstruse poetry; was one of the main creative principles of Russian cubo-futurism, futurism. (Khlebnikov, Petnikov, Kruchenykh). Z ACHIN- an introduction to the epic with the help of some traditional formula, partly connected with the narration (unlike a joke or a chant that do not have this connection) chronologically, geographically, etc., for example: “As in a glorious city in Kiev, U affectionate prince at Vladimir's, etc. Z EVGMA(gr. conjugation, connection) - a figure of speech, syllepsis, the omission of a word, more often a predicate, which must be repeated two or more times, is put once, and in other places it is only implied, often not in the same, but in a close sense; approximately identical segments of speech are repeated, members built in parallel, for example: “Shame conquered passion, fear - insolence, prudence - madness.” ZEND-AVESTA- cm. Avesta Z ERCALO(Latin speculum, German Spiegel) - rules of conduct; instructive stories; common in Western European and Slavic literatures of the Middle Ages and the Baroque, the name of didactic treatises of the most diverse content: theological, political, secular, etc. S ITE- the same as hyatus, hiatus. Z EFIR(gr. zephyros) - poet. light warm breeze. Z OIL- unfair, captious critic. AND IDEA(gr. idea concept, representation) - the main main idea of ​​an artistic, scientific or political work; along with the main idea, the work contains a number of private ideas. AND DILLIA(gr. eidyllion) - a poem in which the life of "people of nature" is idealized - fishermen, shepherds, farmers; originated in ancient Greece as a kind of court poetry and was imitated in the new European literature. AND DIOM(French idiome from gr. idioma language, dialect) - 1) local dialect, dialect; 2) the same as idiom. IDIOM(gr. idioma peculiar expression) - an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to this language, the meaning of which does not coincide with the meaning of its constituent words, taken separately, for example, the Russian expressions "stay with the nose", "ate the dog", etc. AND DIOMATISM- the same as idiom. AND DIOMATIC- 1) set idiom any language; 2) the doctrine of idioms. I DO(in language Esperanto ido descendant) is one of the many artificial languages, a variant of Esperanto. AND ZOKOLON(gr. isokolon) - a rhetorical figure in which parts of sentences in a segment of speech are arranged in the same order, complete parallelism, for example: "He listens to the whistle with his usual ear. He smears the sheet with one spirit" (Pushkin). AND ZOSYLLABISM (iso...+ gr. sylabё syllable) - equisyllabic verse, syllabic equality of lines among themselves - the main feature syllabic versification; is usually observed in syllabo-tonic verse. AND ZOHRONISM (iso...+ gr. chronos time) - the equivalence of a verse, the division of a verse into rhythmic segments, equal to each other in the time required for their pronunciation, for example, in ancient versification. AND VISION- a complete expression of a certain, predominantly philosophical or practical-moral meaning within the minimum intonational (phrase, period) or metrical (stanza) unity, for example: "I believe because it is absurd" (Tertullian), "Sometimes the greater part defeats the better" (Livy ). and CT(lat. ictus, impact; stress) - in ancient metrics, the main rhythmic stress in a three-syllable foot or in a dipodia (i.e., in a group of two two-syllable feet); iqts divide the verse into meters, from which they derive their name; for example, a dactylic catalectic hexameter with six ikts, Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́U; iambic trimeter with three ikts, UŪ́¦UŪ|UŪ́¦UŪ|UŪ́¦UŪ; etc. The observance of iqts is essential for logaedic verses with variable rhythm; for example, for the Asclepiades verse, ŪŨ|Ū́UUŪ||ŪUUŪ́|UŨ, in which without the correct ikt on the third syllable, the integrity of the verse is violated. AND ILLUSTRATION(lat. illustratio) - 1) an image that explains or supplements any text (book, magazine, newspaper); 2) an example explaining something; giving examples for a clearer and more convincing explanation. AND MAJINISM(fr. image image) - a decadent decadent literary trend in England at the beginning of the 20th century; in Russia it existed as an insignificant grouping; proceeded from the formalistic idea that literary creativity is reduced to the creation of verbal images, each of which has an independent meaning and does not require a semantic connection with other images. AND MPLICATION(lat. implicatio) - the relationship between judgments, premise and conclusion, according to the formula: "if ... then ...". AND MPROVISATION(lat. improviso without preparation) - a type of creativity in which the idea of ​​​​a work and its implementation into a literary form are carried out simultaneously, suddenly and quickly. AND NVERSION(lat. inversio turning over; rearrangement) - linguist, poet a permutation of words that violates their usual order in a sentence; used for stylistic purposes, for example: "The doorman passes by with an arrow" (Pushkin). AND NITIALS(from Latin initialis initial) - initial letters, in ancient manuscripts and in modern printed publications - the initial letters of parts, chapters, etc., made in an enlarged size compared to the text and decorated with ornaments, illustrative drawings, etc. AND NKUNABUL(from Latin incunabula cradle; years of infancy) - books related to the initial period of printing (until 1501), outwardly similar to a manuscript. AND NOW- the translation of the term used in Russian poetics allegory. AND INSTRUMENTATION- a stylistic device, which consists in the fact that words are selected in the verse in which the repetition of similar sounds ( alliteration or assonance) gives the verse a special expressiveness, for example: "the hiss of foamy glasses" (Pushkin). AND STAGE(lat. in on + scena scene) - to give a literary work a dramatic form for staging in the theater. INTERVIEW(English interview) - a conversation of a journalist intended for publication with a political, public or any other figure. AND INTERLUDE(lat. inter between + ludus game) - in the Middle Ages - a small theatrical play of a farcical nature. AND INTERPOLATION(lat. interpolatio change) - the later insertion into any text of words or phrases that do not belong to the author (most often when copying a manuscript). AND INTERPRETATION(lat. interpretatio) - interpretation, disclosure of the meaning of something, clarification of a particular text. AND INTRIGA(lat. intricare to confuse) - an action in a dramatic work, characterized by a tense struggle of characters and a special intricacy of the plot. AND ONIK(ο ιονικός, ionicus, Ionic) - 1) in ancient metrics, a complex foot, four-syllable, six-more, two types; a) descending Ionic, two long + two short syllables, ŪŪUU; b) ascending ionic, two short + two long syllables, UUŪŪ. It was used mainly in songs glorifying the god Dionysus; 2) a verse consisting of ionics (the number of stops is not fixed), for example, ‘catus īdēm per apērtūm fugiēntīs agitātō’ (UUŪ́Ū|UUŪ́Ū|UUŪ́Ū|UUŪ́Ū, Hor. Carm. III 12, 10). AND PERMETRIC, HYPERMETRIC POEMS- poems in which at the end there is an extra syllable that goes beyond the meter; it usually joins the next verse, making up its initial syllable. AND POSTAS(replacement) - in ancient metrics, a phenomenon in verse, in which the foot changes its length in syllables, but retains its length in mora, i.e. does not change quantitatively. At the same time, ikt, the main thing is rhythm. stress moves through the syllables in such a way that the regularity of the verse is not disturbed. Most often, the hypostasis occurs in dactylic catalectic hexameter and in iambic trimeter. In hexameter, a dactyl (three syllables, four mora, ŪUU) can be replaced by a sponde (two syllables, four mora, ŪŪ); such a replacement is called contraction (contractio); for example, ‘Ō ēt dē Latiō, ō ēt dē gēnte Sabīna’ (Ū́Ū|Ū́UU|Ū́Ū|Ū́Ū|Ū́UU|Ū́U, spondees instead of dactyls in 1, 3 and 4 stops, Ovid. Metam. XIV, 832). In iambic trimeter, iambic (two syllables, three mora, UŪ) can be replaced by tribrach (three syllables, three mora, UUU); such a replacement is called dissolution (solutio); for example, ‘Libēt iacēre modo sub āntiqua īlicē’ (UŪ́¦UŪ|UÚU¦UŪ|UŪ¦UŪ, tribrach instead of iambic in the third foot, Hor. Ep. 2, 23). AND PPOCREN, HIPPOCREN(gr. hippu krёnё horse source) - in ancient Greek mythology - a magical source on Helikon, which scored from the blow of a horse's hoof Pegasus, has a wonderful property to inspire poets; source of inspiration. AND RONIA(gr. eironeia) - 1) subtle, hidden mockery; 2) a stylistic turn in which the word is used in its opposite, opposite meaning, for example, when they deliberately state the opposite of what they really think about an object or person (for example: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?” - the words of a fox, facing the donkey in Krylov's fable). AND RATIONAL FEET- stops of the ancient metric, deviating from their normal duration. AND STOCK STUDY- the discipline of literary criticism that studies a literary work from the side of its sources - ideas, draft materials for the novel, writers' notebooks, all kinds of "editions" of the text, etc. TO

K AKOPHONIA- an unpleasant combination of words in poetry (or sounds in music). K ALAMBUR(fr. calembour) - a play on words based on their sound similarity in a different sense (see also punning rhyme). K ALAMBURIST- master of inventing puns. TO PLUMBING RHYME- a compound rhyme formed by an unexpected combination of words, for example: "I even refer to the Finnish brown rocks with a pun" (Minaev). TO ALEVALA- the epic of the Karelian-Finnish people, collected by E. Lenrot and published by him in 1835. Kalevala reflects the ancient life and views of the Karelian people. The protagonist of the Kalevala is a singer, farmer, fisherman and hunter Väinämöinen. K ALEVIPOEG- Estonian folk epic, compiled and published in 1861 by F. Kreutzwald; The epic is based on folk legends and songs about the giant bogatyr Kalev. TO ALLIOPE(gr. Kalliope) - in ancient Greek mythology - the eldest of nine muses, patroness of epic and eloquence. TO ANTATA(it. cantata from cantare sing) - a kind of lyrical solemn poem. TO ANTILENA(lat. cantilena sing) - an old lyrical-epic French song. TO ANZONA, CANZONETTA(it. canzone song, canzonetta song) - a kind of lyric poem in old French and Italian poetry (Dante, Petrarch). TO APITOLO(capitolo) - an old Italian term, now little used in other languages, means a poem written by tercini; each chapter of the Divine Comedy of Dante is a capitolo, since, having a final verse, it must be considered from the point of view of strophicity, as a complete whole. TO ASIDA- in Arabic poetry - close to ode a poem of a laudatory or instructive nature, rhyming the first two lines, and then - through the line. TO ATALECTICA(gr. katalёktikos final) - the doctrine of the end of the verse, that is, the syllables located after the last stress of the poetic line. TO THE ATALEC VERSE(μέτρον καταληκτικός, versus cataleticus) - a verse in which the length of the last foot is reduced in syllables; for example, the dactylic catalectic hexameter, ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪUU|ŪU, where the last catalectic foot is the trochee ŪU after truncation of the short syllable U, ‘nōn ego; nām satis ēst equitēm mihi plāudere, ut āudax’ (Hor. Serm. I 10, 76); or, for example, the iambic catalectic dimeter after the glyconeum in the Falekean eleven-syllable verse, ŪŨ|ŪUUŪ||UŪ¦UŪ|U; where the last cataletic foot is the first short syllable U of the iambic meter after the truncation of the other three Ū¦UŪ. K ATARSIS(gr. katharsis cleansing) - according to Aristotle, the property of tragedy; causing fear, anger, compassion, tragedy makes the viewer experience emotional excitement, thereby, as it were, purifying his soul, elevating and educating him. K ATAFORA- the use of a word (phrase), the meaning of which is a reference to another word (phrase), following further in the text, for example: when I last visited her, Masha looked bad; great news: our boss is getting married! TO ATACHREZA(gr. katachrёsis abuse) - a combination of contradictory, incompatible concepts, for example, "electric tram"; usually represents an error, but is common in some cases, such as "red ink". K ATECHISIS(gr. katёchёsis instruction, teaching) - a summary of the Christian doctrine in the form of questions and answers. TO ATRENE(fr. quatrain) - a quatrain, a poetic stanza of four lines. K IPRIY(gr. cyprios) - in ancient metrics, a complex, five-syllable, seven-foot foot; short + long + two short + long syllables, UŪUUŪ. K LASSICK(from lat. classicus first-class) - a universally recognized great writer, artist, composer, whose creations retain their significance for centuries. TO LASSICISM(from lat. classicus) - 1) direction in art and literature in the West. Europe 17-18 centuries. and in Russia in the 18th century, which considered classical (ancient Greek and ancient Roman) art to be exemplary; 2) artistic style in Zap. Europe 17th - early 19th centuries. and in Russia in the 18th - early 19th centuries, who turned to antiquity and ancient art as the norm and ideal model. K LAUZULA(lat. clausula conclusion) - 1) in rhetoric - the end of a speech segment, the sound and stylistic form of which the speakers attached great importance to; 2) the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable. K LIMAX- kind of gradation, a series of expressions referring to the same phenomenon; moreover, these expressions are arranged in order of increasing importance, that is, in such a way that each of them enhances the meaning of the previous (“growth”), for example: “You should ... emit streams ... what am I saying! - rivers, lakes, seas, oceans of tears" (Dostoevsky). K ODA(it. coda letters. tail) - an additional verse in a sonnet and other poetic forms that have the exact number of lines. QUANTITY OF SOUND- relative longitude or brevity of sound. TO OLON or KOLA(gr.) - the union of feet into a well-known system, which ends with a large (rhyming) pause, which can also be called a verse or a poetic line; in shock versification, the main stress is the stress of the foot, the next in strength is dipodic, i.e. the main stress of the two united feet, and, finally, the strongest colonic or inline stress - the prevailing stress in the verse. TO OMEDIA(gr. komodia, lat. comoedia) - a dramatic work of a cheerful, cheerful nature, ridiculing the shortcomings of public life, life and people. A COMMENT(lat. commentarium) - 1) explanation or interpretation of any text or book; explanatory notes to it; 2) reasoning, explanatory or critical remark about something. TO COMPARATIVISM(from Latin comparativus comparative) - a comparative literary and historical method in literary criticism (establishing similarities and historical development of images, plots in works of literature and folklore of different peoples) and in linguistics (establishing correspondences between related languages ​​in order to restore their more ancient state). C OMPILATION(Latin compilatio to rob) - literary compilation - non-independent work based on the use of other people's works; borrowing. K OMPOSITION- (from Latin compositio - composition, compilation; connection, connection) - in fiction - the construction (structure) of a literary work, the location and interconnection of its parts (components), due to the ideological design and purpose of the work; a component (a unit of composition) is considered a "segment" of a work, in which one way of depicting (characteristic, dialogue, etc.) or a single point of view (author, narrator, one of the characters) on the depicted is preserved. The mutual arrangement and interaction of these "segments" form the compositional unity of the work. Composition is often identified with both the plot, the system of images, and the structure of a work of art (sometimes the words composition and structure are synonymous with the words: architectonics, construction, construction). TO COMPONENT- as a term of poetics, in the doctrine of literary composition, denotes such parts of a work that can be singled out as essential for its structure and composition; as external components of the work can be considered: a chapter, a stanza, even sometimes a separate phrase, foot, etc.; or - stylistically isolated moments, as narrative, descriptive parts, direct and indirect characteristics, dialogue, lyrical digressions, since they are characteristic in their combinations for the composition of the whole; or - such parts as introduction, conclusion, epilogue, etc.; elements of the internal structure can also be designated as components: plot, theme, motif, individual characters in their groupings. TO UNSONANCE- (fr. consonance from lat. consonans) - rhyme with various stressed vowels (cedar - cheerful). TO ONSPEAT- (from lat. conspectus overview) - a summary, a record of an essay, lecture, speech, etc. TO ONSTRUCTIVISM(construo - build) - a direction that arose in the twenties of this century, which proclaims the goal of all creativity - the arrangement of life, the transformation of social life; in modern constructivism, two currents are noticeable: one - denying art, as an autonomous activity of the human spirit; the other - not denying art. TO ONTAMINATION- (from Latin contaminatio mixing) - the emergence of a new word or expression as a result of mixing parts of two words or expressions, as well as a word or expression that arose in this way; for example, the incorrect expression "play a value" is a portmanteau of two expressions: "play a role" and "make a difference". TO CONTEXT- (from lat. contextus close connection, connection) - a semantic piece of written speech (text) that is necessary to determine the meaning of a single word or phrase included in it. C ONTSOVKA- repetition of the final lines of the first stanza in all other stanzas in order to express in a concise form the theme of the poem, or to oppose one series of thoughts with another thought. K ONECTURA- (lat. conjectura) - correction or restoration of a corrupted or unreadable text based on conjectures. TO ORAN- (from Ar. quran reading) - the main "sacred" book of Islam, a collection of religious-dogmatic, mythological and legal texts. INDIRECT SPEECH- the transmission of the speech of another person, placed in a formal dependence on the speech of the person transmitting it, as opposed to direct speech, transmitted verbatim, regardless of the speech of the person serving as the transmitter; examples: direct speech: He said: “I will come tomorrow”; indirect speech: He said that he would come tomorrow ”; in Russian, indirect speech is associated with the speech of the person transmitting with the help of unions what and if with a change in the forms of the face of direct speech in relation to the person transmitting. THE BASIC QUESTION- an interrogative sentence related to another sentence and relating, as a dependent, to the verb or verb word included in this other sentence: “Ask carefully what kind of visitor”; "He was tormented by the thought of whether he would survive." K HRITIK- (gr. kritikos) - a writer who criticizes artistic, scientific, journalistic and other works. K RITIKA- (gr. kritike) - analysis, discussion of some subject, phenomenon, theory, book, work of art, etc. in order to evaluate the merits, point out the shortcomings. TO SENIIA- (gr. xenia) - short poems in the form of epigrams and aphorisms; the ancient Roman poet Martial was the first to call his drinking epigrams so. TO UPLET- (fr. couplet) - a stanza in a song; sometimes ends with a chorus. TO UPYRA- (fr. coupure from couper to cut, cut off) - abbreviation in the text. K URTUISE LITERATURE- (French courtois amiable, polite) - literature of the Western European Middle Ages, dedicated to the chanting of knightly honor, love, etc. TO USTODY- (from lat. custos guard) - in old handwritten and printed books - the first word or the first syllable of the next page placed at the end of the page; replaces a column number - a number indicating the ordinal page number of a book, magazine, etc.

L L IRICA(gr. lyrikos lyrical, singing to the sounds of a lyre, sensitive) - 1) one of the three main types of fiction (along with epic And drama); reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences caused by it; a characteristic feature of the lyrics is the poetic form. LITERATURE(lat. lit (t) eratura) - 1) in the broad sense of the word - a set of written and printed works (scientific, artistic, philosophical, etc.) of one or another people, era or all of humanity; 2) in the narrow sense - artistic creativity, expressed in the word, i.e. fiction; 3) a set of printed works on a specific subject, issue. L ITOTA, LITOTES(gr. litotes - simplicity) - view metonymy: a) turn of speech, reverse hyperbole, an understatement, for example: "a horse the size of a cat"; b) replacement of any expression by another, equivalent, put in a negative form; for example, instead of "I agree" they say "I don't mind". L ICENSE(lat. licentia) 1) permission; 2) poetic license - poetic liberty - a deviation from the generally accepted rules of grammar, style and versification for one or another artistic purpose, for example, the transfer of stress in a word, etc., for example: "Only versts striped come across alone" (Pushkin). L OGOGRAPHS(gr. logographoi) - ancient Greek writers who set forth in prose folk legends and epic poems. L OGOGRYPH(gr. logos word + griphos network; riddle) - a kind of charade or riddle in which the intended word turns into another word by rearranging or throwing out syllables or letters, for example: the whole is part of a tree, without one letter - a river, without two - a pronoun , without three - a preposition (crown, Rhone, she, on).

M ANUSCRIPT(lat. manuscriptum) - manuscript, ch. arr. ancient. M ESOBRAHII(gr. mesobrachys) - in ancient metrics, a complex, five-syllable, nine-foot foot; two long + short + two long syllables, ŪŪUŪŪ. M ESOMARK(gr. mesomacros) - in ancient metrics, a complex, five-complex, six-foot foot; two short + long + two short syllables, UUŪUU. M ETATEZA(gr. metathesis permutation) - permutation of sounds within a word, for example "plate" instead of "talerka" (Polish talerz, German Teller). M ETAPHORA(gr. metaphora transfer) - turn of speech, trope: a) in a broad sense - any allegory, figurative expression of a concept; b) the use of a word or expression in a figurative sense, that is, the transfer to a given object (phenomenon) of the characteristic features of another object (phenomenon), for example, "remorse", "iron will"; the transfer of meaning is based on similarity or contrast; in metaphor, as opposed to comparisons, the words "as", "as if", "as if" are omitted, but implied. METONYMY(gr. metonymia renaming) - turn of speech, trope- replacement of one word with another based on the adjacency of two concepts, for example, "the forest sings" instead of "birds sing in the forest"; "read Pushkin" instead of "read Pushkin's works". M ETR(το μέτρον, measure) - in ancient metrics, a group of feet in verse, united by the main rhythmic stress. In anapestic, trocheic and iambic verses, meter consists of two feet (from dipodia), for example, three iambic meters in iambic trimeter, UŪ́¦UŪ|UŪ́¦UŪ|UŪ́¦UŪ. In dactylic and other verses, they are of one foot, for example, four dactylic meters as part of a dactylic acatalectic tetrameter, Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU|Ū́UU. M ETRICA(gr.metrike, metron measure, size) - poet. study of meter and rhythm in poetry. LOCAL COLORITY(couleur locale) - a literary device consists in depicting those features and signs of natural phenomena, life, customs, habits, psychology of the inhabitants, which are characteristic of a given area, as opposed to other places, and are thus its characteristic, individual difference, for example: "Look: in the shade of a plane tree | Foam of sweet wines | On patterned shalvars | Sleepy Georgians are pouring; | And, leaning in the smoke of a hookah | On a colored sofa | By the pearl fountain | Tehran is slumbering" (Lermontov). M OLISS(gr. molossus) - in ancient metrics, a simple, three-syllable, six-foot foot; three long syllables, ŪŪŪ; the same as extensipes. M ORA(lat. mora, interval; gr. χρόνος προτος, the first time) - in ancient metrics, a unit of measurement of foot longitude. The time required to pronounce the short syllable U is taken as mora, the duration of the long syllable Ū is two mora. Accordingly, the ancient metric divides the feet into two-seater (for example, pyrrhic, UU), three-seater (for example, iambic, UŪ; tribrachium UUU); four-more (for example, prokeleusmatic UUUU; dactyl, ŪUU; anapaest, UŪU; sponde, ŪŪ), five-more (for example, 1st peon, ŪUUU), six-more (for example, descending ionic, ŪŪUU), seven-more (for example, 1st epirite , UŪŪŪ), eight-sea (for example, pariambod UŪUŪŪ), nine-sea (for example, mesobrachium ŪŪUŪŪ). On the basis of the equivalence of different-complex feet, the phenomenon of hypostases arises, i.e. replacing one foot with another; for example, dactyl (three syllables, four mora, ŪUU) spondeem (two syllables, four mora, ŪŪ).

IMAGE- a generalized artistic reflection of reality, clothed in the form of a specific individual phenomenon. ABOUT CASIONALISM- neologism of one-time use (in a specific text or act of speech); as a rule, they perform an artistic function (individual-author's neologisms), for example: kyukhelbekerno and toshno (A.S. Pushkin); flaunt, make fun of, defabricate (V. Mayakovsky); laughing, Italian, Rusey (O. Mandelstam).

P ALEIA(gr. palaia (biblia) ancient books) - a monument of ancient Russian writing, containing a summary of the Old Testament history with apocryphal legends and interpretations. P ALINDROM(OH)(gr. palindromeo I run back) - "turnover" - a word, phrase or verse that reads the same from left to right and vice versa, for example, "look for a taxi", "the rank is named by the sword" (Khlebnikov). P ALINODIA(gr. palinodia song opposite to the previous one) - in ancient Greek poetry - a poem in which the author renounces what he said in other poems. P ARABOLA(gr. parabole approximation) - an allegory, a parable, a small allegorical story of moral and instructive content. P ARAPIK or PARAPIKN(gr. parapycnos) - in ancient metrics, a complex, four-syllable, five-foot foot; short + long + two short syllables, UŪUU. P ARAPLEROMA- cm. pleonasm. P ARAPHRASE(gr. paraphrasis descriptive turnover, description) - transmission in one's own words, retelling of other people's texts, thoughts, etc. (cm. paraphrase). P ARIAMBOD(gr. pariambodes) - in ancient metrics, a complex, five-complex, eight-foot foot; short + long + short + two long syllables, UŪUŪŪ. P EON or PEAN(gr. paean) - in ancient metrics, a complex five-point foot, three short and one long syllable in various combinations: 1st peon, ŪUUU; 2nd peon, UŪUU; 3rd peon, UUŪU; 4th peon, UUUŪ. SONG- the primary type of musical-verbal utterance; folklore genre, which in its broadest sense includes everything that is sung, subject to the simultaneous combination of words and tunes; in a narrow sense - a small poetic lyrical genre that exists among all peoples and is characterized by the simplicity of musical and verbal construction. P IRRICH(gr. pyrrhichius) - in ancient metrics, simple foot, two-syllable, two-seater, UU; the same as. dibrachium. P LEONASM(gr. pleonasmos excess) - 1) verbosity; 2) a stylistic turn of speech containing unambiguous and, as it were, superfluous words, for example: "dark darkness" (pleonastic epithet); verbal excess, interspersing into speech words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view: "the best", "crowd of people", "never been" ( tautology); pleonasm is often used as a stylistic device, for example, in folklore - "sadness-longing", "path-road", "whether in the garden, in the garden" ( parapleroma) and etc. P LEONASTIC- related to pleonasm, containing pleonasm eg, n. style, n. epithet. P OESIA(gr. poiesis) - 1) the art of figurative expression of thought in a word; verbal artistic creativity; 2) in the narrow sense - poetic, rhythmically constructed speech (as opposed to prose); 3) the totality of poetic works of any people, time, any poet or group; 4) * charm, charm. P OEM(gr. poiema) - a plot literary work of a lyric-epic nature in verse, a poetic story or story, for example, Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman". P MEP(gr. poietes) - a poet, a writer who creates works in verse. P OETESSA(fr. poetesse P OETIZING (fr. poetiser P OETICS (gr. poietike) - 1) a section of the science of fiction, theory of literature; 2) theory poetry; 3) the totality and system of artistic principles and features of any direction or poet. P OETICAL- related to poetry filled with poetry; n - a i v l n o s t - see license. P OTHICAL- imbued poetry. P ROBRACHIUS(gr. probrachys) - a nine-foot foot of short and four long syllables; UÚÚÚÚ. P ROSE(lat. prosa) - 1) non-lyric speech; non-poetic literature; 2) * everyday life, everyday life. P ROSAISM(lat., see prose) - a turnover characteristic of everyday, everyday, business, scientific speech, inserted into a poetic work. P ROSAIK(lat. prosaicus) - 1) the author of literary works, writing prose(novels, short stories, etc.); 2) * a person with petty, narrowly practical interests. P ROSAIC- 1) written prose, not poetic; not poetic; 2) * everyday, ordinary. P ROKELEVSMATIK(gr. proceleumaticus) - in ancient metrics, a complex, four-syllable, four-foot foot, four short syllables, UUUU.

STORY- in the genre sense, a small narrative prosaic a literary work with a realistic coloring, containing a detailed and complete narrative about any individual event, case, everyday episode, etc. R UBAI(incorrect transcription from Persian (Farsi) - RUBOY)) - a structure of verse that arose and spread in the East in the 7th ... 12th centuries, containing a complete thought in four lines. Later authors write poems with the classical RUBAI structure, but containing more than one quatrain; There are several canonical ways of writing (structure) RUBAI: the most general (classical) (the third line does not rhyme) XXXXX-U | XXXXX-U | XXXXXXX | XXXXX-U, golden canon (most valued in the original language) (third line rhymes back-cross with the others) XXX-V XXX-U | XXX-V XXX-U | XXX-U XXX-V | XXX-V XXX-U, structure containing a repeating rhetorical question (statement) with each repetition of which (question (statement)) its meaning either changes or intensifies (the third line does not rhyme) XXX-U-W | XXX-U-W | XXXXXXXX | XXX-U-W, where U and V are rhyming words, X are non-rhyming words, W is a repeated rhetorical question (statement). (

Dictionary

literary terms

Allegory- an allegory, when another concept is hidden under a specific image of an object, person, phenomenon.

Alliteration- the repetition of homogeneous consonants, betraying the literary text a special sound and intonation expressiveness; one of the types of sound recording.

Amphibrachius- three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable.

Anapaest- three-syllable meter verse with stress on the third syllable.

Antithesis- artistic opposition of characters, circumstances, concepts, creating the impression of a sharp contrast.

Aphorism- a short saying expressing a significant, deep thought in an original artistically pointed form. An aphorism resembles a proverb, but unlike it, it belongs to a certain person (writer, scientist, etc.)

Ballad- one of the genres of lyrical-epic poetry: a plot poem, which is based on some unusual incident associated with a historical event or legend; usually of a heroic, legendary, or fantastic nature.

Literary hero - protagonist, character of the work.

Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.

Grotesque- the ultimate exaggeration, based on a bizarre combination of fantastic and real, terrible and funny; thickening of the satirical depiction of phenomena, objects and people.

Dactyl- three-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable.

Detail - one of the means of creating an artistic image; expressive detail in the work (part of the outside world, portrait, etc.), which helps the reader to imagine and better understand not only the character, setting, but the work as a whole, the author's attitude to the depicted.

Dialogue- a conversation between two or more people; the main form of disclosure of human characters in a dramatic work.

Drama- a kind of literature, a dramatic work intended for staging on stage, in which the main idea is revealed through the dialogues and monologues of the characters, their actions and actions.

Drama in the narrow sense of the word is a play with acute conflict, but unlike tragedy, the conflict here is more grounded, ordinary and, one way or another, resolved.

Genre- type of work of art: song, ballad, poem, story, short story, comedy, etc.

tie- an episode of a literary work in which the main conflict arises.

Idea- the main idea of ​​the work.

Inversion- an unusual word order, a violation of the sequence of speech in order to give the phrase a special expressiveness.

Intonation- the main expressive means of sounding speech, which allows you to convey the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about.

irony - ridicule, ridicule. Usually, the true meaning of the statement is, as it were, disguised: it says exactly the opposite of what is meant.

Comedy- a dramatic work in which the negative features of a person or social phenomenon are ridiculed.

comic- funny in life and art.

Composition- the construction of a work of art.

Artistic conflict- clash, confrontation between characters or any forces that underlies the development of the action of a literary work.

climax- an episode of a literary work in which the artistic conflict reaches its highest point in its development and requires resolution.

Monologue- a detailed statement of one person, not connected with the remarks of other people.

Novella- a small epic work, close to a story, which is based on a description of one event and the author's assessment of it.

Artistic image- an artistic depiction of human life in an extremely specific form, but at the same time carrying a generalization and expressing the aesthetic and moral ideal of the writer (artist).

Feature article- one of the genres of epic, narrative literature, which differs from others in reliability, in that the essay usually depicts events that took place in real life. At the same time, it retains the features of the figurative reflection of life.

Parallelism- comparison; often used in oral folk art.

Scenery- in a work of art, a description of nature, which not only makes it possible to see where the event occurs, but also helps to understand it.

Character- the protagonist of a work of art.

Song- a small lyrical work intended for singing; a folk song usually appears along with a melody.

Tale- epic genre; in terms of the nature of the development of the action, it is more complicated than a story, but less developed than a novel.

Poem- one of the genres of the lyrical-epic work, which is characterized by plot, the expression by the author or the hero of his feelings.

Nickname- a fictitious name or conventional sign under which the author publishes his work.

denouement- an episode of a literary work in which the resolution of the main artistic conflict takes place.

Story- an epic genre, a small form of a literary work in which an image of an episode from the life of a hero is given.

Replica- a phrase of the interlocutor in the dialogue, which arose as a response to the words of the partner.

Rhythm is poetic- repetition of homogeneous sound features, alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Rhyme- sound matches at the end of lines.

Novel- an epic work that covers the life, deeds, clashes of many heroes, sometimes the history of generations, reveals the diversity of social relations. The novel is characterized by a branched plot or several storylines united by a common idea.

Romance- a feature of literary creativity, which consists in the desire to depict the bright or fictional aspects of life.

Sarcasm- a caustic, caustic mockery.

Satire- the most merciless ridicule of the imperfection of the world, human vices.

Stanza- a part of a poem, united into a single whole by rhyme, rhythm, content.

Plot- an event or a series of events depicted in a work in a certain sequence, constituting the content of a work of art.

Subject- what is the basis of a literary work, the main subject of the story.

Tragedy- a dramatic work that depicts extremely sharp, irreconcilable conflicts, most often ending in the death of heroes. This struggle reveals the loftiness of aspirations and the strength of the characters of the characters.

Fantastic- a kind of fiction in which the author's fiction creates an unreal, fictional world, bizarre images and phenomena.

Folklore- oral works of art of the word.

exposition- episodes preceding the plot, the emergence of the main conflict; delineation of the position of the characters before the action begins.

Epigraph- a bright saying placed by the author before the work or part of it in order to help the reader to better understand the content and meaning of the text.

Humor- a cheerful, good-natured mockery of someone or something.

>>Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms

Allegory- an allegorical description of an object or phenomenon for the purpose of its specific, visual representation.

Amphibrachius- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - unstressed, stressed, unstressed (-).

Anapaest- a three-syllable size of a verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - two unstressed and stressed (-).

Ballad- a poetic story on a legendary, historical or everyday theme; the real in the ballad is often combined with the fantastic.

Fable- a short allegorical story of an instructive nature. The characters in the fable are often animals, objects, and which manifest human qualities. Most often, fables are written in verse.

Hero (literary)- character, character, artistic image of a person in a literary work.

Hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object.

Dactyl- a three-syllable meter of the verse, in the line of which groups of three syllables are repeated - stressed and two unstressed.

Detail (artistic)- expressive detail, with the help of which an artistic image is created. A detail can clarify, clarify the writer's intention.

Dialogue- a conversation between two or more people.

Dramatic work or drama- a work intended to be staged.

Genre literary- manifestation in a more or less extensive group of works of common signs of the image of reality.

Idea- the main idea of ​​the work of art.

Intonation- the main expressive means of sounding speech, which allows you to convey the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech and to the interlocutor.

Irony- subtle, hidden mockery. The negative meaning of irony is hidden behind the external positive form of the statement.

Comedy- a dramatic work based on humor, funny.

comic- funny in life and literature. The main types of comic: humor, irony, satire.

Composition- construction, arrangement and interconnection of all parts of a work of art.

Legend- a work created by folk fantasy, which combines the real (events, personalities) and the fantastic.

Lyric work- a work in which the thoughts and feelings of the author are expressed, caused by various phenomena of life.

Metaphor- transferring the properties and actions of some objects to others, similar to them but the principle of similarity.

Monologue- the speech of one person in the work.

Novella- narrative genre, close in volume to the story. The short story differs from the short story in sharpness and dynamism of the plot.

personification- transfer of signs and properties of living beings to inanimate ones.

Description- a verbal image of something (landscape, portrait of a hero, interior view of a dwelling, etc.).

Parody- a funny, distorted likeness of something; comic or satirical imitation of someone (something).

Pathos- in fiction: sublime feeling, passionate inspiration, upbeat, solemn tone of narration.

Scenery- depiction of nature in a work of art.

Tale- one of the types of epic works. In terms of coverage of events and characters, the story is more than a short story, but less than a novel.

Portrait- the image of the appearance of the hero (his face, figures, clothes) in the work.

Poetry- poetic works (lyrical, epic and dramatic).

Poem- one of the types of lyric-epic works: the poem has a plot, events (as in an epic work) and an open expression by the author of his feelings (as in lyrics).

Parable- a short story containing in an allegorical form a religious or moral teaching.

Prose- Non-poetic works of art (stories, novels, novels).

Prototype- a real person that served as the basis for the writer to create a literary image.

Story- a small epic work that tells about one or more events in the life of a person or animal.

Narrator- the image of a person in a work of art, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted.

Rhythm- repetition of homogeneous elements (speech units) at regular intervals.

Rhyme- consonance of the endings of poetic lines.

Satire- ridicule, exposure of the negative aspects of life by depicting them in an absurd, caricature form.

Comparison- comparison of one phenomenon or object with another.

Poem- a line of poetry, the smallest unit of rhythmically organized speech. The word "poetry" is often used also in the meaning of "poem".

Poem- a small piece of poetry in verse.

Poetic speech- unlike prose, speech is rhythmically ordered, consisting of similar-sounding segments - lines, stanzas. Poems often have rhymes.

Stanza- in a poetic work, a group of lines (poems), constituting a unity, with a certain rhythm, as well as a repeating arrangement of rhymes.

Plot- the development of action, the course of events and ionistic and dramatic works, sometimes lyrical ones.

Subject- the range of life phenomena depicted in the work; what is said in the works.

Fantastic- works of art in which a world of incredible, wonderful ideas and images is created, born of the writer's imagination.

Literary character- the image of a person in a literary work, created with a certain completeness and endowed with individual characteristics.

Chorey- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable.

Fiction One of the types of art is the art of the word. The word in fiction is a means of creating an image, depicting a phenomenon, expressing feelings and thoughts.

Artistic image- a person, object, phenomenon, picture of life, creatively recreated in a work of art.

Aesopian language- forced allegory, artistic speech, saturated with omissions and ironic hints. The expression goes back to the legendary image of the ancient Greek poet Aesop, the creator of the fable genre.

Epigram- a short satirical poem.

Epigraph- a short saying (proverb, quote) that the author places before the work or part of it to help the reader understand the main idea.

Episode- an excerpt of a work of art that has relative completeness.

Epithet- an artistic definition of an object or phenomenon, which helps to vividly present the object, to feel the author's attitude towards it.

epic work- a work of art in which the author tells about people, about the world around him, about various events. Types of epic works: novel, story, story, fable, fairy tale, parable, etc.

Humor- in a work of art: the image of heroes and a funny, comic form; cheerful, good-natured laughter, helping a person to get rid of shortcomings.

Yamb- two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable

Cimakova L.A. Literature: Handyman for 7th grade. zagalnoosvіtnіh navchalnyh zakladіh z rosіyskoy my navchannya. - K.: Vezha, 2007. 288 p.: il. - Mova Russian.

Submitted by readers from the website

ABERATION - a distortion of something.
PARAGRAPH - a piece of text from one red line to another.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY - a work in which the writer describes his life.
AUTOGRAPH - a manuscript of a work written by the author himself, a letter, an inscription on the book, as well as the author's own signature.
AUTHOR - a real person, the creator of a literary work.
AUTHOR'S SPEECH - an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality with the help of a specific image.
ACMEISM is a literary trend (neo-romanticism) in Russian poetry of the early 20th century. This name was invented by N.S. Gumilyov to designate the work of a group of poets, which included A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelstam and others.
Acrostic - a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a name or surname, a word or a phrase.
ACTUALISM - a sense of time in which the present is perceived as the only objective reality.
ALLEGORY is a kind of allegory. An abstract concept embodied in a specific image: a wolf is greed, a fox is cunning, a cross (in Christianity) is suffering, etc.
ALLITERATION - the repetition in poetry (less often in prose) of the same, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.
ALLUSION - the use of an allusion to some well-known fact instead of mentioning the fact itself.
ALMANAC - a collection of literary works of various content.
AMPHIBRACHY - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabic-tonic versification, in which the stress falls on the second syllable.
ANACREONTIC POETRY - a type of ancient lyric poetry: poems in which a cheerful, carefree life was sung.
ANAPEST - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification with an emphasis on the third syllable.
ANAPHORA - the repetition of the same sounds, words, or phrases at the beginning of each poetic line.
Anecdote - a genre of folklore, a short story of humorous content with a witty ending.
ANIMALISTIC WORK - a work that describes the habits and characteristics of animals.
ABSTRACT - a brief explanation of the content of the book.
ANONYMOUS - 1) a work without indicating the name of the author; 2) the author of the work who concealed his name.
ANTISYSTEM - systemic integrity of people with a negative attitude.
ANTITHESIS - a turn of poetic speech in which, for expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, character traits of the characters are sharply opposed.
ANTHOLOGY - a collection of selected works by various authors.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM is the view that man is the "crown of the universe".
APOSTROPHE - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in referring to an inanimate phenomenon as an animate one and to an absent person as a present one.
ARCHITECTONICS - the construction of a work of art, the proportionality of its parts, chapters, episodes.
APHORISM - a short saying containing an original thought, worldly wisdom, moralizing.

BALLAD - a lyrical-epic poetic work with a pronounced plot of a historical or everyday nature.
FABLE - a small work with ironic, satirical or moralizing content based on the technique of allegory, allegory. A fable differs from a parable or an apologist by the completeness of the plot development, from other forms of allegorical narration, for example, an allegorical novel, by the unity of action and brevity of presentation.
Abyss - emptiness or vacuum, which is not part of the material world.
BELLETRIX - artistic prose works.
WHITE POEMS - poems that do not have a rhyme.
PERFORMANCE (euphony) - the quality of speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound.
BURIME - a poem composed according to predetermined, often unusual rhymes.
BURLESQUE is a comic narrative poem in which a sublime theme is presented ironically, parodic.
BYLINA is a Russian folk narrative song-poem about bogatyrs and heroes.

INSPIRATION - a state of insight, creative upsurge.
VERLIBR - free verse without formal features (meter and rhyme), but with some rhythm.
VERSIFICATION - a system of certain rules and techniques for constructing poetic speech, versification.
VISION - a description of a journey through the afterlife, accompanied by an angel, a saint; contains religious or ethical teachings.
VERSHI - poems on religious and secular topics with an obligatory rhyme at the end of the line.
ARTISTIC TASTE - the ability to correctly perceive, independently comprehend works of art; understanding of the nature of artistic creativity and the ability to analyze a work of art.
OUTSIDE ELEMENTS - elements of the composition of the work that do not develop actions: lyrical digressions, introductory episodes and descriptions.
VAUDEVILLE - a small play of the dramatic genre with intrigue and comic situations of love content.
FREE VERSE - syllabo-tonic, usually iambic verse with an unequal number of feet in poetic lines.
WILL - the ability to perform actions according to a freely made choice.
MEMORIES, or MEMOIRS - works of narrative literature about past events written by their participants.
vulgarism - a rude word, a wrong turn, not accepted in literary speech.
FICTION - the fruit of the imagination, fantasy of the writer.

HEXAMETER - poetic size in ancient versification, in Russian - a six-foot dactyl in combination with a trochee.
LYRICAL HERO - a person in lyric poetry, whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are expressed in the poem, on whose behalf it is written.
HERO OF A LITERARY WORK - the main or one of the main characters with distinct traits of character and behavior, a certain attitude towards other characters and life phenomena.
HYPERBOLE - a stylistic figure, which consists in a figurative exaggeration of the depicted event or phenomenon.
SPEAKING SURNAME - the surname of the character, conveying an important trait of his character.
GOLEM - a very common Jewish folk legend that arose in Prague about an artificial man Golem, created from clay to perform various "black" jobs, difficult assignments that are important for the Jewish community, and ch. arr. to prevent blood libel through timely intervention and exposure.
FEES - a literary fee - a remuneration received by a writer for his work.
GOTHIC NOVEL - works of the horror genre, the scene of which is a medieval castle with ghosts, devilish forces and asserting the unknowability of the world and the omnipotence of evil.
GROTESQUE - the image of a person, events or phenomena in a fantastic, ugly-comic form.
HUMANISM is a worldview in which a person in all his manifestations is declared the highest value.

DIGEST - a publication or book consisting of fragments or a summary of literary works.
DACTIL - a three-syllable foot in Russian syllabo-tonic versification, containing stressed and two unstressed syllables.
Decadence - decadence. An ideological phenomenon at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. which was based on the statement about the onset of an era of decline and extinction of civilization.
DETECTIVE - an epic work in which the investigation of crimes takes place.
CHILDREN'S LITERATURE - works of different genres intended for children.
DIALOGUE - a conversation between two or more characters.
DIFIRAMB - a product of a praising nature.
DOLNIK - a three-syllable meter with the omission of one or two unstressed syllables within a line. Intermediate form between syllabo-tonic and tonic verse.
DUMA is a lyrical-epic genre of Ukrainian folklore (ballad).

GENRE - a historically established subdivision of the totality of literary works, carried out on the basis of the specific properties of their form and content.
CRUEL ROMANCE - lyrical-epic genre; a poetic monologue that tells about unhappy love and love suffering, with an emphasis on the experiences and torments of a lover.
LIFE - in ancient Russian literature, a story about the life of a hermit, monk or saint.

START - an event from which the development of the action in the work begins.
MYSTERY - a genre of folklore in which, according to the image contained in the question, it is necessary to find the correct answer.
CONSPIRACY - a genre of folklore; words that have a magical meaning and are called upon, with the help of a certain combination, to have an impact on the material world.
Borrowing - the use by the author of techniques, themes or ideas of another writer.
SPELL - a genre of folklore, a magical formula designed to influence nature and man; usually accompanied by magical ritual actions.
ZAKLICHKA - a genre of children's folklore; naive poetic appeal to the forces of nature.
SOUND - a technique consisting in the selection of such words, the combination of which imitates the sounds of the real world in the text (the whistle of the wind, the sound of rain, the chirping of birds, etc.).

IDEALIZATION - the image of something in a better way than in reality.
THE IDEA WORLD OF THE WORK is the area of ​​artistic solutions. It includes the author's assessments and the ideal, artistic ideas and pathos of the work.
IDIOM - an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to a given language, the meaning of which does not coincide with the meaning of its constituent words, taken separately, for example, the Russian expressions "stay with the nose", "ate the dog", etc.
IDEA OF A ARTWORK - the main idea of ​​the range of phenomena that are depicted in the work; expressed by the writer in artistic images.
idyll - a poem that depicts a serene life in the bosom of nature.
IMAGINISM - a literary trend; The Imagists proclaimed that the main task of artistic creativity was to invent new images not related to reality. The participants in this trend argued the necessity and inevitability of "pure art". The Imagists included S.A. Yesenin, V.G. Shershenevich and others.
IMPRESSIONISM - a literary trend; The Impressionists considered the task of art to convey the direct personal impressions of the writer.
IMPROVISATION - the creation of works without prior preparation.
INVECTIVE - a kind of pathos, a sharp denunciation expressing the author's hatred for certain phenomena and characters. Unlike satire, it does not cause comedy and laughter.
INVERSION - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the usual order.
ALLOY - an indirect, hidden image of objects, phenomena, people.
INTERIOR - a description of the interior decoration of a room. Often used to indirectly characterize a character.
INTONATION - a syntactic construction of a relatively complete fragment of an artistic text (phrase, period, stanza), indicating how the artistic speech should sound in this fragment.
INTRIGA - the development of action in a complex plot of a work.
IRONY - hidden mockery.

PUN - a stylistic turn ("play on words") based on the use of a complete sound match of various words and phrases.
Cantata - a poem of a solemn nature, glorifying a joyful event or its hero.
Cantilena - a short narrative poem, performed to music.
CANZONA - a poem that sings of knightly love.
CARICATURE - a playful or satirical depiction of events or persons.
CATHARSIS is a strong emotional experience during the perception of a literary work. Catharsis is seen as a necessary consequence of the tragic in literature.
CLASSICISM - literary direction (current) XVII - early. 19th century in Russia and Western Europe, based on imitation of antique models and strict stylistic standards.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE - exemplary, the most valuable literature of the past and present.
CLAUZULA - the final syllables of a poetic line, starting with the last stressed syllable.
CLIMAX - a kind of gradation, a series of expressions referring to the same phenomenon; moreover, these expressions are arranged in order of increasing significance, i.e., so that each of them enhances the value of the previous one (“increase”).
KODA - final, additional verse.
COLLISION - clash, struggle of the acting forces involved in the conflict among themselves.
COMMENT - interpretation, explanation of the meaning of a work, episode, phrase.
COMPOSITION - the structure of a work of art.
CONTEXT - "environment" in which a work of art was created and continued to live. The context can be socio-historical, biographical, everyday, literary, etc.
CONTRAST - a pronounced opposition of traits, qualities, properties of a human character, object, phenomenon; literary device.
CONFLICT - a collision that underlies the struggle of characters in a work of art.
ENDING - the final part or epilogue of a literary work.
BEAUTY is a complex of forms pleasing without prejudice.
CRITIQUE - essays devoted to the evaluation, analysis and interpretation of works of art.
WINGED WORD - a well-aimed expression that has become a proverb.
CULMINATION - an episode of a literary work in which the conflict reaches a critical point in its development.
COUPLET - a stanza in a song that has a refrain; usually has a complete meaning, approaching the stanzas.

LAKONISM - brevity in the expression of thought.
LEGEND - in folklore, an oral, folk story, based on a wonderful event or image.
LEITMOTIV - an image or turn of artistic speech that is repeated in a work.
LIMERICK - a five-line anapaest written according to the AABBA scheme. In limericks 3 and 4, verses have fewer stops than 1, 2 and 5. Limericks in a comic-ironic form describe any events that happen to someone.
ARTISTIC LITERATURE - a field of art, the distinguishing feature of which is the reflection of life, the creation of an artistic image with the help of a word.
Litota is the opposite of hyperbole. A deliberately implausible understatement.
POPULAR LITERATURE - cheaply priced picture books traded by itinerant peddlers.

MAGIC is a set of actions, rituals and verbal formulas aimed at influencing the material world, changing it, as well as establishing links between the real and the unreal world.
MADRIGAL - a lyrical work of humorous complimentary or love content, expressing admiration for someone.
PASTA SPEECH - a combination in one phrase of two or more national languages; can create a comic effect and serve as a means of characterizing a literary character.
ARTISTIC SKILLS - the writer's ability to convey the truth of life in artistic images.
MEDITATION is a lyrical meditation accompanied by an emotional experience.
MELODICS OF A VERSE - its intonational organization, raising and lowering the voice, conveying intonation-semantic shades.
MELODRAMA is a dramatic genre that orients the viewer towards compassion, sympathy for the characters.
METAPHOR - the use of a word in a figurative sense to describe a person, object or phenomenon.
METHOD - the basic principles that guide the writer. Artistic methods were realism, romanticism, sentimentalism, etc.
METONYMY - the replacement in speech of a word or concept by another that has a causal or other connection with the first.
METRIC POSING - a system of versification based on the alternation of short and long syllables in a verse. Such is the ancient versification.
MINIATURE - a small literary work.
MYTH is an ancient legend about the origin of life on Earth, about natural phenomena, about the exploits of gods and heroes.
MULTIPLE UNION (polysyndeton) - turnover of poetic speech; deliberate increase in the number of unions in the sentence.
MODERNISM - a direction (flow) in art that is opposite to realism and is characterized by the denial of traditions, the conventionality of the image and experimentation.
MONOLOGUE - the speech of the character, addressed to the interlocutor or to himself.
MONORITHM - a poem with one rhyme repeating.
MOTIVE - in a literary work, additional, secondary themes, which, in combination with the main theme, form an artistic whole.
MOTIVATION - the dependence of all elements of the artistic form of a work on its content.

SCIENCE FICTION - works, the plot of which is based on scientific and technological achievements not refuted, but not proven by science.
INITIAL RHYME - consonance at the beginning of a verse.
Fables - a genre of children's folklore, comic poems that depict obvious absurdities, implausible circumstances.
NEOLOGISM - a new word.
INNOVATION - the introduction of new ideas, techniques.
NOVELLA is a short story with an unexpected ending.

IMAGE - an artistic image in a literary work of a person, nature or individual phenomena.
APPEAL - a turn of poetic speech, consisting in an underlined appeal of the writer to the hero of his work, natural phenomena, and the reader.
RITUAL SONG is a genre of folklore. Part of the ritual during wedding, funeral and other ceremonies.
ODA - a laudatory poem dedicated to a solemn event or hero.
OXYMORON - a combination of words that contradict each other in meaning in one image.
OCTAVE - a stanza of eight verses, in which the first six verses are combined by two cross rhymes, and the last two are adjacent.
PERSONATION (prosopopoeia) - a technique in which inanimate objects, animals, natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties.
ONEGIN STROPE - a stanza used by A. S. Pushkin when writing the novel "Eugene Onegin", consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet.
ELIMINATION - a description of the familiar from an unexpected point of view.
OPEN FINAL - no denouement of the work.

Pantorism is a poem in which all words rhyme.
PALINDROME - "turnover" - a word, phrase or verse that reads the same from left to right and vice versa.
A pamphlet is a journalistic work with a pronounced accusatory orientation and a specific socio-political address.
Paraphrase - a retelling of a work or part of it in your own words.
PARALLELISM - a technique of poetic speech, which consists in comparing two phenomena by means of their parallel image.
PARODY - a genre of literature that politically or satirically imitates the features of the original.
LABEL - a work with offensive, slanderous content.
Pastoral - a poem describing the peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the bosom of nature.
PAPHOS is the leading emotional tone of the work.
LANDSCAPE - the image of nature in a literary work.
TRANSFER (enjambement) - transferring the end of a sentence that is complete in meaning from one poetic line or stanza to the next one after it.
PERIPHRASE - replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its inherent essential features and characteristics.
CHARACTER - the protagonist of a literary work.
NARRATOR - a person on behalf of whom a story is told in epic and lyrical epic works.
STORY - middle form; a work that highlights a series of events in the life of the protagonist.
SAYING - a short figurative expression that does not have syntactic completeness.
PORTRAIT - a depiction in a work of art of a character's appearance.
DEDICATION - an inscription at the beginning of a work, indicating the person to whom it is dedicated.
MESSAGE - a literary work written in the form of an appeal to a person or persons.
AFTERWORD - an additional part of the work, which contains the author's explanations for his creation.
PROVERB - a genre of folklore, a short, rhythmically organized and syntactically complete saying containing judgments from the field of morality, philosophy, worldly wisdom.
ROLLS - humorous rhymes with which parents accompany games with a small child.
INSTRUCTION - a literary work in the form of speech of a cognitive nature.
POETRY - artistic creation in poetic form.
JESTER - a sharp word or phrase.
A PARABLE is an instructive story about human life in an allegorical or allegorical form. Unlike a fable, it explains abstract, for example, religious, problems.
PROBLEM - a question that is investigated by the writer in the work.
PROBLEMS - a list of problems raised in the work.
PROSE - a work of art, set out in ordinary (freely organized, not poetic) speech.
PROLOGUE - an introduction to a literary work.
SPEECH - words inherent in folk non-literary speech. The speech of poorly educated native speakers.
PROTOTYPE - a real person whose life and character are reflected in the creation of a literary image by the writer.
A pseudonym is a fictitious name or surname of the writer.
PUBLICITY - a set of works of art that reflect the social and political life of society.
JOURNEY - a literary work that tells about a real or fictional journey.

RAYOSHNY VERSE - diverse lines fastened with a pair of rhymes.
RESOLUTION - the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it; final scene.
SIZE OF A VERSE - the number and order of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in the stops of a syllabic-tonic verse.
RAPSOD - a wandering ancient Greek poet-singer who sang epic songs to the lyre.
A STORY is a work of art of a small form that describes a completed event.
REASON - the ability to freely choose a reaction under conditions that allow it.
EDITION - one of the variants of the text of the work.
REZONER - "an outside observer" in the work expressing the author's point of view on events and characters.
REQUIEM - a literary work in the form of farewell to the deceased.
REMARK - an explanation of the author about a particular character, the setting of the action, intended for actors.
REPLICA - the answer of one character to the speech of another.
REFRAIN - repeated verses at the end of each stanza.
REVIEW - a critical review of a work. The review can be negative or positive.
RHYTHM - systematic, measured repetition in verse of certain, similar units of speech (syllables).
Rhyme - the endings of poetic lines that coincide in sound.
TYPE OF LITERATURE - division according to fundamental features: drama, lyrics, lyric epic, epic.
ROMAN - large form; a work, in the events of which many characters usually take part, whose fates are intertwined. Novels are philosophical, adventure, historical, family, social,
ROMANCE - a small lyrical poem of a melodious type on the theme of love.
ROMAN - EPIC - a work that reveals the fate of a person against the backdrop of historical events that are important for the whole people.
RONDO - an octagon containing 13 (15) lines and 2 rhymes.
RUBAI - forms of lyrical poetry of the East: a quatrain in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
KNIGHT NOVEL - a medieval epic genre that tells about the adventures of a knight, emphasizing the idealism of the feudal era.

SAGA is a genre of Scandinavian and Icelandic epic literature; a heroic epic that combines poetic and prose descriptions of deeds.
SARKASM is a sarcastic joke.
SATIRE - works of art in which vicious phenomena in the life of society or the negative qualities of an individual are ridiculed.
FREE VERSE (vers libre) - a verse in which the number of stressed and unstressed syllables is arbitrary; it is based on a homogeneous syntactic organization that determines the uniform intonation of the verse.
SYLLABIC VERSION - it is based on the same number of syllables in a poetic line.
SYLLABO-TONIC POSTER - a system of versification, which is determined by the number of syllables, the number of stresses and their location in a poetic line.
SYMBOLISM - a literary trend; the symbolists created and used a system of symbols in which a special mystical meaning was invested.
SKAZ is a way of organizing a narrative, focused on oral, often common speech.
LEGEND (legend) - a work of art, which is based on an incident that took place in reality.
A LITERARY TALE is a genre of epic that creates a mythologized artistic world on the basis of fantastic conventionality.
syllable - a sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one breath; primary rhythmic unit in poetic measured speech.
DEATH is a way of existence of biospheric phenomena, in which space is separated from time.
EVENT - rupture of system connections.
SONNET - a type of complex stanza, consisting of 14 verses, divided into 2 quatrains (quatrains) and 2 three-verses (tercetes).
JUSTICE - compliance with morality and ethics.
COMPARISON - the definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common features with the first.
STANCES - a small form of lyric poetry, consisting of quatrains, complete in thought.
STYLISTICS - a section of the theory of literature that studies the features of the language of works.
STYLE - a set of basic ideological and artistic features of the writer's work.
VERSE - measured, rhythmically organized, brightly emotional speech, as well as one line in a poetic work.
POETRY - a system for constructing measured poetic speech, which is based on any repetitive rhythmic unit of speech. -
FOOT - in syllabo-tonic versification, repeated combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse, which determine its size.
STROPHA - a combination of two or more poetic lines, united by a system of rhymes and a common intonation, or only a common intonation.
SCENARIO - processing of a work to create a film, play, cartoon.
PLOT - the main episodes of the series of events in their artistic sequence.

A TAUTOGRAM is a poem in which all words begin with the same letter.
CREATIVE HISTORY - the history of the creation of a work of art.
CREATIVE PROCESS - the work of the writer on the work.
THEME - an object of artistic reflection.
THEME - a set of themes of the work.
TREND - an idea, a conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
TERCETS - a poetic stanza consisting of 3 verses (lines) that rhyme with each other or with the corresponding verses of the subsequent tercet.
LITERARY TREND - creative unity of writers who are close to each other in ideology, perception of life and creativity.
TYPE - an artistic image that reflects the main characteristic features of a certain group of people or phenomena.
TRAGEDY is a dramatic genre that is built on an insoluble conflict. A type of dramatic work that tells about the unfortunate fate of the protagonist, often doomed to death.
TREATMENT - a genre of scientific literature; a completed essay on a scientific topic, containing a statement of the problem, a system of proofs for its solution and conclusions.
THRILLER - a work that causes severe stress, horror, disgust, etc.
TROP - a turn of speech, consisting in the use of a word or expression in a figurative meaning, sense.
WORK SONGS - a genre of folklore, songs accompanying labor processes; with their rhythm and emotional attitudes, contributing to the facilitation of work.

SIMPLIFICATION - reducing the density of systemic connections.
URBANISM - a direction in literature, occupied mainly with describing the features of life in a big city.
UTOPIA - a work of art that tells about a dream as a real phenomenon, depicting an ideal social system without scientific justification.
ORAL FOLK POETRY (folklore) - a set of poetic works created in the folk environment that exist in oral form; they do not have a single author's position, the place of which is occupied by an orientation towards the national ideal.

FABULA - the plot basis of a literary work.
FANTASTIC - a depiction of the impossible in real life.
FEULETON - Feuilleton, at the time of its appearance, a sheet in the newspaper, specially devoted to the issues of theater, literature, art. Now, a newspaper article ridiculing the vices of society.
A STYLISTIC FIGURE is an unusual turn of speech that a writer resorts to to enhance the expressiveness of a literary word.
FOLKLORE - a collection of works of oral folk poetry.
FUTURISM is a sense of time in which the future is perceived as the only objective reality.
FANTASY is a creative method of romanticism characterized by the creation of works based on the author's myth-making, which have a pronounced philosophical sound.

CHARACTER - an artistic image of a person with pronounced individual traits.
CHOREI - two-syllable poetic size with stress on the first syllable.
CHRONICLE - a narrative or dramatic literary work that displays the events of public life in chronological order.

Caesura - a pause in the middle of a verse (line) of a poetic work.
CYCLE - a series of works of art united by the same characters, era, thought or experience.

Chastushka - a small work (quatrain) of oral folk poetry with humorous, satirical or lyrical content.

EUPHEMISM - the replacement of coarse expressions in poetic speech with softer ones.
AESOP LANGUAGE is an allegorical, disguised way of expressing one's thoughts.
Eclogue - a short poem depicting rural life.
EXPOSURE - introductory, initial part of the plot; unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
Impromptu - a work created quickly, without preparation.
ELEGY - a poem permeated with sadness or a dreamy mood.
Epigram - a short witty-mocking or satirical poem.
EPIGRAPH - a short text placed at the beginning of the work and explaining the author's intention.
EPISODE - one of the interconnected events in the plot, which has more or less independent significance in the work.
EPILOGUE - the final part of the work, briefly informing the reader about the fate of the characters.
EPITET - figurative definition.
EPIC - a heroic narrative describing a significant historical era or a major historical event.
An ESSAY is a work of the epic genre, containing the subjective, non-traditional reasoning of the author, which does not claim to be an exhaustive description and in-depth study of the problem raised. The essay is distinguished by its free composition and orientation to a figurative, aphoristic language, to a conversation with the reader.

HUMOR is a kind of pathos based on the comic. Unlike satire, humor does not reject or ridicule the comic in life, but accepts and affirms it as an inevitable and necessary side of being. Humor is an expression of cheerfulness, healthy optimism.
HUMORESK - a small humorous work in prose or verse.

YaMB is a two-syllable size in Russian versification, consisting of an unstressed and stressed syllable.