"Dead souls" characterization of heroes. Characters of "dead souls" Dead souls heroes and their description

The image of Chichikov "Dead Souls"

Chichikov is outwardly neat, loves cleanliness, dressed in a good fashionable suit, always carefully shaved; he always wears clean underwear and fashionable clothes "brown and reddish shades with a spark" or "the color of Navarino smoke with fire." But Chichikov's outward neatness, cleanliness, strikingly contrasts with the hero's inner dirt and dishonesty. In the image of Chichikov, the author emphasized the typical features of a predator, scoundrel and accumulator. In the eleventh chapter, the author tells in detail about the life path of the hero from birth to the moment when he started acquiring dead souls. How was the character of Chichikov formed? What vital interests, formed under the influence of the external environment, guided his behavior?
Even as a child, his father taught him: “... most of all please teachers and bosses ... communicate with those who are richer so that in some cases they will be useful to you, and most of all take care of a penny, this thing is the most useful in the world ... You will do everything and break through the world a penny." These father's advice formed the basis of Chichikov's relationship with people since his school years. Even at the school, he achieved a good relationship with teachers, successfully accumulated money. Service in various institutions developed his natural abilities - a practical mind, ingenuity, hypocrisy, patience, the ability to "understand the spirit of the boss", find a weak spot in a person's soul and the ability to influence him for selfish reasons. Chichikov directed all his skills to achieve the desired enrichment. He knew how to bewitch both the provincial town and estates. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to someone, clearly calculating his every step and adapting to the character of the landowner. The reader notices the difference in the manner of his communication with each of the landowners.
Gogol satirically exposes his hero "scoundrel", a representative of those predators, of which there were many in the 30s of the XIX century, when the bourgeois-capitalist forces had already begun to develop within the framework of the feudal-serf order.

Image of Manilov

The image of Manilov opens the gallery of landowners. He reminds a little of Chichikov with his "sweet" neatness and refinement of clothes and movements. Her life is empty and worthless. Even the names of his sons Manilov gives exceptional - Themistoclus and Alkid. The landowner spends his life in complete inactivity. He has moved away from any work, he does not even read anything. Manilov decorates his idleness with groundless dreams and "projects" that do not make sense. Instead of a real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, sweet courtesy; instead of thought, meaningless judgments; instead of activity, empty dreams.
As for the main purpose of Chichikov's visit, Manilov does not even know how many peasants died in his country, and shows complete indifference to this.

Box Image

Nastasia Petrovna Korobochka appears before us as a parody of a person, the embodiment of the same spiritual emptiness as Manilov. A small landowner (owns 80 souls), she is a housewife, but her worldview is extremely limited. The author emphasizes her stupidity, lack of education, superstition, craving for profit. You can't always trust first impressions. Chichikov is deceived by Korobochka's outward simplicity, naive patriarchal speech, which indicates that she has always lived in the village, among the peasants, has not received any education, and happens in the city for the sole purpose of finding out about the prices of certain goods. Chichikov calls Korobochka a "clubhead," but this landowner is no more stupid than him; like him, she never misses her advantage. She knows very well what is being done in her household, at what price and what products are sold, how many serfs she has, who is called and how many died when.

Image of Nozdrev

The type of "living dead" is Nozdrev. This is the complete opposite of both Manilov and Korobochka. He has "an irrepressible liveliness and militancy of character". He is a reveler, a swindler and a liar. Even without understanding the essence of Chichikov's scam, he recognizes him as a swindler. Nozdryov completely abandoned his farm, only the kennel is well maintained, since he loves hunting.

The image of Sobakevich

Sobakevich is a new step in the moral fall of man. He is an adherent of the old feudal forms of farming, is hostile to the city and education, ardently strives for profit. The thirst for enrichment pushes him to dishonest deeds. This landowner knows how to run a household. Wealth provides him with self-confidence, makes him independent in his judgments. He knows well how the other landowners and top officials in the province have grown rich, and he deeply neglects them. Sobakevich, in addition to the corvée, also applies the monetary system. His serfs die because of the inhuman conditions of existence, as he behaves cruelly with them, despite their talents and abilities. And his peasants are really talented: the skillful carriage-maker Mikheev, the carpenter Stepan Cork, the tsegelnik Milushkin, the shoemaker Maxim Telyatnikov and others.
Chichikov's request to sell "dead souls" does not surprise Sobakevich, since he is convinced that money can be made from everything. The author emphasizes the broad generalizing meaning of this image.

Plushkin's image

“A hole in humanity,” Plyushkin is the exact opposite of Sobakevich. He has lost his human likeness so much that Chichikov at first considers him a housekeeper. Undoubtedly, he has income, and considerable: over a thousand souls of serfs, full barns of all kinds of goods. However, his extreme avarice turns the wealth earned for him by the hard work of the serfs into dust and rot. Is there anything dear to him in life? Plyushkin forgot why he lives in the world. His serfs suffer from the stinginess of the owner and "die like flies." According to Sobakevich, he starved all people to death. Everything human died in him; it is in the full understanding of the "dead soul". This landowner has no human qualities, even his father's things are more dear to him than the people whom he considers thieves and swindlers. In the image of Plyushkin, with special force and satirical aggravation, the shameful desire for accumulation at any cost, born of society, is embodied.
It is no coincidence that Gogol completes the gallery of landlords in the image of Plyushkin. The author shows what can happen to each of them. Gogol is offended by the mockery of man as the likeness of God. He says: “And could a person come to such insignificance, pettiness, vileness? Could it have changed! and does it look like it's true? Everything seems to be true, everything can happen to a person ... ".

• Landowner Portrait Characteristic Manor Attitude towards housekeeping Lifestyle Outcome Manilov Handsome blond with blue eyes. At the same time, in his appearance "it seemed too sugar was transferred." Too ingratiating look and behavior Too enthusiastic and refined dreamer who does not feel any curiosity about his household or anything earthly (he does not even know if his peasants died after the last revision). At the same time, his daydreaming is absolutely […]
• Compositionally, the poem "Dead Souls" consists of three externally closed, but internally interconnected circles. landowners, the city, Chichikov's biography, united by the image of the road, plot-related by the main character's scam. But the middle link - the life of the city - itself consists, as it were, of narrowing circles, gravitating towards the center; this is a graphic representation of the provincial hierarchy. Interestingly, in this hierarchical pyramid, the governor, embroidering on tulle, looks like a puppet figure. True life boils in civilian […]
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• In Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" the way of life and customs of the feudal landowners is very correctly noticed and described. Drawing images of the landlords: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin, the author recreated a generalized picture of the life of serf Russia, where arbitrariness reigned, the economy was in decline, and the personality underwent moral degradation. After writing and publishing the poem, Gogol said: “‘Dead Souls’ made a lot of noise, a lot of murmuring, touched the nerves of many with mockery, and truth, and caricature, touched […]
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• French traveler, author of the famous book "Russia in 1839" Marquis de Questine wrote: “Russia is ruled by a class of officials who occupy administrative positions right from the school bench ... each of these gentlemen becomes a nobleman, having received a cross in his buttonhole ... Upstarts in the circle of those in power, they use their power, as befits upstarts. " The tsar himself admitted with bewilderment that it was not he, the autocrat of all Russia, who governed his empire, but the clerk appointed by him. The provincial city […]
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• N.V. Gogol conceived the first part of the poem "Dead Souls" as a work that reveals the social vices of society. In this regard, he was looking for a plot not a simple life fact, but one that would make it possible to expose the hidden phenomena of reality. In this sense, the plot proposed by A. S. Pushkin was the best fit for Gogol. The idea to “travel all over Rus' with the hero” gave the author the opportunity to show the life of the whole country. And since Gogol described it in such a way, “so that all the little things that elude […]
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• It should be noted that the episode of the collision of the crews is divided into two micro-themes. One of them is the appearance of a crowd of onlookers and "helpers" from a neighboring village, the other is Chichikov's thoughts caused by a meeting with a young stranger. Both of these themes have both an external, superficial layer, directly related to the characters of the poem, and a deep layer, bringing to the scale of the author's thoughts about Russia and its people. So, the collision occurs suddenly, when Chichikov silently sends curses to Nozdryov, thinking that […]
• Chichikov met Nozdryov earlier, at one of the receptions in the city of NN, but the meeting in the tavern is the first serious acquaintance with him for both Chichikov and the reader. We understand what type of people Nozdryov belongs to, first by seeing his behavior in the tavern, his story about the fair, and then by reading the author’s direct description of this “broken fellow”, “historical man”, who has “a passion to spoil his neighbor, sometimes for no reason at all ". We know Chichikov as a completely different person - […]
• Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" is one of the greatest and at the same time mysterious works of the 19th century. The genre definition of "poem", which at that time unambiguously meant a lyric-epic work written in poetic form and predominantly romantic, was perceived by Gogol's contemporaries in different ways. Some found it mocking, while others saw hidden irony in this definition. Shevyrev wrote that “the meaning of the word ‘poem’ seems to us to be twofold… because of the word ‘poem’ a deep, significant […]
• At the lesson of literature, we got acquainted with the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". This poem has become very popular. The work was repeatedly filmed both in the Soviet Union and in modern Russia. Also, the names of the main characters became symbolic: Plyushkin - a symbol of stinginess and storage of unnecessary things, Sobakevich - an uncouth person, Manilovism - immersion in dreams that have no connection with reality. Some phrases have become catchphrases. The main character of the poem is Chichikov. […]
• What is the image of a literary hero? Chichikov is the hero of a great, classic work created by a genius, a hero who embodied the result of the author's observations and reflections on life, people, and their actions. An image that has absorbed typical features, and therefore has long gone beyond the framework of the work itself. His name has become a household name for people - crafty careerists, sycophants, money-grubbers, outwardly "pretty", "decent and worthy". Moreover, other readers' assessment of Chichikov is not so unambiguous. Comprehension […]
• Gogol was always attracted by everything eternal and unshakable. By analogy with Dante's "Divine Comedy", he decides to create a work in three volumes, where it would be possible to show the past, present and future of Russia. Even the author designates the genre of the work in an unusual way - a poem, since different fragments of life are collected in one artistic whole. The composition of the poem, which is built on the principle of concentric circles, allows Gogol to trace the movement of Chichikov through the provincial town of N, the estates of landowners and all of Russia. Already with […]
• “A rather beautiful spring chaise drove through the gates of the hotel in the provincial city of NN ... In the chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young either. His entry made absolutely no noise in the city and was not accompanied by anything special. So our hero appears in the city - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Let us, following the author, get acquainted with the city. Everything tells us that this is a typical provincial […]
• Plyushkin is an image of a moldy cracker left over from the Easter cake. Only he has a life story, Gogol depicts all the other landowners statically. These heroes, as it were, have no past that would at least somehow differ from their present and explain something in it. Plyushkin's character is much more complicated than the characters of other landowners represented in Dead Souls. Features of manic stinginess are combined in Plyushkin with painful suspicion and distrust of people. Saving the old sole, a clay shard, […]
• The poem "Dead Souls" reflects the social phenomena and conflicts that characterized Russian life in the 30s - early 40s. 19th century It very correctly noticed and described the way of life and customs of that time. Drawing images of the landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin, the author recreated a generalized picture of the life of serf Russia, where arbitrariness reigned, the economy was in decline, and the personality underwent moral degradation, regardless of whether it was the personality of a slave owner or [... ]

Gogol himself defined the genre of Dead Souls (1842) as a poem. . There is a direct reference to the Pushkin tradition here, because and the plot itself was suggested by Pushkin shortly before his death.

Therefore, a contrast arises: if Eugene Onegin is a novel in verse, then Dead Souls is, accordingly, a poem in prose. Dead Souls are built according to a similar scheme, the text contains lyrical digressions, although the work itself is epic.

Genre dead souls gogol

Thus, it can be said that Gogol correctly defined the genre: at the fusion of lyrics and epic, a poem is obtained. If there were no lyrical digressions, a novel would have come out based on strong Pushkin traditions.

Dead souls also have features of sentimentalism. This is a travel novel. Although Chichikov's trip does not have any sentimental motives, the fact itself is important. The poem ends symbolically: like Chatsky in Woe from Wit, Chichikov leaves the city on the road, he strives to meet a new life.

Also, the poem can be called, following the European tradition, a picaresque novel: the main character here is a swindler who deceives everyone he meets. His scam is to buy more peasants and thus get free land from the state.

But he is not going to become a full-fledged landowner, so he does not need peasants as laborers. Because of this, he buys the so-called from other landowners. dead souls (according to the poll tax law, each soul was taxed until death was reported. Landowners often did not report the death of their peasants), thus helping themselves and the sellers.

Dead souls: characterization of heroes

As for the heroes of the poem, Gogol set himself the task of portraying the three main Russian classes: landowners, peasants and officials. Particular attention is paid to the landowners from whom Chichikov buys dead souls: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Plyushkin and Sobakevich.

The officials in this poem are quite similar to the landowners. A very expressive character is the provincial prosecutor, who dies of shock after learning about Chichikov's scam. So it turns out that he, too, knew how to feel. But in general, according to Gogol, officials are only able to take bribes.

The peasants are episodic characters, there are very few of them in the poem: the serfs of the landowners, random strangers ... The peasants are a mystery. Chichikov thinks for a long time about the Russian people, fantasizes, looking at a long list of dead souls.

And, finally, the main character, Chichikov, does not fully belong to any of the estates. In his image, Gogol creates a fundamentally new type of hero - this is the owner-acquirer, whose main goal is to accumulate more funds.

Lagoda Anastasia

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Characteristics of the heroes in the poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol. The project was prepared by a student of grade 9A: Lagoda Anastasia

In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol created a picture of contemporary Russia of extraordinary scope and breadth, depicting it in all its grandeur, but at the same time with all its vices. He managed to immerse the reader into the depths of the souls of his heroes with such force that the work has not ceased to make an amazing impression on readers for many years. In the center of the narrative of the poem is feudal Rus', a country in which all the land with its riches, its people belonged to the ruling noble class. The nobility occupied a privileged position and was responsible for the economic and cultural development of the state. Representatives of this class are landowners, "masters" of life, owners of serf souls.

Manilov The gallery of images of landowners is opened by Manilov, whose estate is called the front facade of landlord Russia. At the first meeting, this hero makes a pleasant impression of a cultured, delicate person. But even in this cursory description of the author, one cannot fail to notice the irony. In the appearance of this hero, sugary sweetness clearly appears, as evidenced by the comparison of his eyes with sugar. Further, it becomes clear that an empty soul is hidden under a pleasantly courteous treatment of people. In the image of Manilov, many people are represented, about whom, according to Gogol, one can say: "people are so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan nor in the village of Selifan." They live in the country, have a penchant for refined, ornate turns of speech, because they want to appear enlightened and highly educated people, look at everything with a calm look, and, smoking a pipe, dream of doing something good, for example, building a stone bridge over a pond and starting benches on it. But all their dreams are meaningless and unrealizable.

This is also evidenced by the description of the Manilov estate, which is Gogol's most important method of characterizing the landowners: one can judge the character of the owner by the state of the estate. Manilov does not take care of the household: everything with him "went somehow by itself"; and his dreamy inaction is reflected in everything, in the description of the landscape an indefinite, light gray color prevails. Manilov attends social events because other landowners attend them. The same is true in family life and at home. Spouses love to kiss, give toothpick cases, and do not show much concern for landscaping: there is always some drawback in their house, for example, if all the furniture is upholstered in smart fabric, there are sure to be two armchairs covered with canvas.

The character of Manilov is expressed in his speech and in the way he behaves during the deal with Chichikov. When Chichikov suggested that Manilov sell him dead souls, he was taken aback. But, even realizing that the guest’s proposal was clearly contrary to the law, he could not refuse such a most pleasant person, and only set off to think about “won’t this negotiation be inconsistent with civil decrees and further types of Russia?” The author does not hide the irony: a person who does not know how many peasants have died, who does not know how to organize his own economy, shows concern for politics. The surname Manilov corresponds to his character and was formed by the author from the dialect word "manila" - the one who beckons, promises and deceives, a flattering saint.

Korobochka Another type of landowner appears before us in the form of Korobochka. Unlike Manilov, she is economic and practical, knows the price of a "penny". The description of her village suggests that she taught everyone to order. The net on the fruit trees and the bonnet on the scarecrow confirm that the mistress's hands reach everything and nothing is wasted in her household. Looking around Korobochka's house, Chichikov notices that the wallpaper in the room is old, the mirrors are old. But with all the individual characteristics, she is distinguished by the same vulgarity and "dead spirit" as Manilov.

Selling Chichikov an unusual product, she is afraid to sell too cheap. After bargaining with Korobochka, Chichikov "was covered in sweat, like in a river: everything that was on him, from shirt to stockings, was all wet." The hostess killed him with her clubhead, stupidity, stinginess and desire to delay the sale of unusual goods. “Perhaps merchants will come in large numbers, and I will apply to prices,” she says to Chichikov. She looks at dead souls the same way she looks at lard, hemp or honey, thinking that they may also be needed in the household.

Nozdrev On the high road, in a wooden tavern, he met Chichikov Nozdrev, a “historical man”, whom he met back in the city. And it is in the tavern that one can most often meet such people, who, according to the author, are many in Rus'. Speaking about one hero, the author at the same time gives a description of people like him. The irony of the author lies in the fact that in the first part of the phrase he characterizes the nostrils as "good and faithful comrades", and then adds: "... and for all that, they are very painfully beaten." This type of people is known in Rus' under the name of "broken fellow." From the third time they say “you” to a friend, at fairs they buy everything that comes into their heads: collars, smoking candles, a stallion, a dress for a nanny, tobacco, pistols, etc., thoughtlessly and easily spend money on carousing and card games. games, they like to lie and for no reason to "piss off" a person. The source of his income, like that of other landowners, is the serfs.

Such qualities of Nozdryov as impudent lies, boorish attitude towards people, dishonesty, thoughtlessness, are reflected in his fragmentary, quick speech, in the fact that he constantly jumps from one subject to another, in his insulting, abusive, cynical expressions: ”,“ you are a pig for this ”,“ such rubbish ”. He is constantly looking for adventure and does not do housework at all. This is evidenced by the unfinished repairs in the house, empty stalls, a faulty hurdy-gurdy, a lost chaise and the miserable position of his serfs, from whom he knocks out everything that is possible.

Sobakevich Nozdrev gives way to Sobakevich. This hero represents the type of landlords, in whom everything is distinguished by good quality and durability. The character of Sobakevich helps to understand the description of his estate: an awkward house, full-weight and thick logs from which the stables, a barn and a kitchen are built, dense huts of peasants, portraits in rooms that depict "heroes with thick thighs and unheard-of mustaches", a walnut bureau on ridiculous four legs. In a word, everything looks like its owner, whom the author compares with a "medium-sized bear", emphasizing his animal nature. When describing the image of Sobakevich, the writer widely uses the technique of hyperbolization, it is enough to recall his monstrous appetite.

Landowners like Sobakevich are vicious and cruel feudal lords who never miss their advantage. “Sobakevich’s soul seemed to be covered with such a thick shell that everything that tossed and turned at the bottom of it did not produce any shock on the surface,” says the author. His body became incapable of expressing spiritual movements. In bargaining with Chichikov, the main character trait of Sobakevich is revealed - his irrepressible desire for profit.

Plyushkin Completes the gallery of persons with whom Chichikov makes deals, the landowner Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity." Gogol notes that such a phenomenon is rare in Rus', where everything likes to turn around rather than shrink. Acquaintance with this hero is preceded by a landscape, the details of which reveal the soul of the hero. Dilapidated wooden buildings, dark old logs on the huts, roofs resembling a sieve, windows without glass, stuffed with rags, reveal Plyushkin as a bad owner with a dead soul. But the picture of the garden, although dead and deaf, creates a different impression. When describing it, Gogol used more joyful and lighter tones - trees, “a regular marble sparkling column”, “air”, “cleanliness”, “tidiness” ... And through all this, the life of the owner himself peeps through, whose soul has died away, like nature in the wilderness this garden.

In Plyushkin's house, too, everything speaks of the spiritual decay of his personality: piled up furniture, a broken chair, a dried lemon, a piece of rag, a toothpick ... And he himself looks like an old housekeeper, only gray eyes, like mice, run from under high eyebrows. Everything dies, rots and collapses around Plyushkin. The story of the transformation of an intelligent person into a “hole in humanity”, which the author introduces us to, leaves an indelible impression. Chichikov quickly finds a common language with Plyushkin. Only one thing worries the "patched" gentleman: how not to incur losses when making a purchase of a fortress.

However, in the chapter devoted to the disclosure of Plyushkin's character, there are many details that have a positive meaning. The chapter begins with a digression about youth; the author tells the story of the hero's life, light colors predominate in the description of the garden; Plyushkin's eyes had not yet faded. On the wooden face of the hero, one can still see a “glimpsed joy” and a “warm beam”. All this suggests that Plyushkin, unlike other landowners, still has the possibility of a moral rebirth. Plyushkin's soul was once pure, which means it can still be reborn. It is no coincidence that the “patched” gentleman completes the gallery of images of “old-world” landowners.

The author sought not only to tell about the history of Plyushkin, but also to warn readers that anyone can follow the path of this landowner. Gogol believed in the spiritual rebirth of Plyushkin, just as he believed in the strength of Russia and its people. This is confirmed by numerous lyrical digressions filled with deep lyricism and poetry.

In one of his articles, Belinsky remarks that "the author of Dead Souls never speaks himself, he only makes his characters speak in accordance with their characters. He expresses the sensitive Manilov in the language of a man educated in petty-bourgeois taste, and Nozdryov in the language of a historical man. ..” The speech of Gogol's heroes is psychologically motivated, determined by their characters, way of life, type of thinking, situation.

So, in Manilov, the dominant features are sentimentality, daydreaming, complacency, excessive sensitivity. These qualities of the hero are unusually accurately conveyed in his speech, gracefully ornate, courteous, “delicate”, “sweet”: “observe delicacy in your actions”, “magnetism of the soul”, “name day of the heart”, “spiritual pleasure”, “ such a guy”, “a most respectable and most gracious person”, “I don’t have a high art of expressing myself”, “the chance brought me happiness”.

Manilov gravitates toward bookish-sentimental phrases, in the speech of this character we feel Gogol's parody of the language of sentimental stories: "Open up, darling, your mouth, I'll put this piece for you." So he turns to his wife. Manilov and Chichikov are no less "gracious": "they honored us with their visit", "let me ask you to sit in these armchairs."

One of the main features of the speech of the landowner, according to V. V. Litvinov, "its vagueness, confusion, uncertainty." Starting a phrase, Manilov seems to be under the impression of his own words and cannot clearly finish it.

Characteristic and speech manner of the hero. Manilov speaks quietly, insinuatingly, slowly, with a smile, sometimes closing his eyes, "like a cat that has been slightly tickled behind the ears with a finger." At the same time, his facial expression becomes “not only sweet, but even cloying, similar to the potion that the clever secular doctor sweetened mercilessly.”

In Manilov's speech, his claims to "education", "culture" are also noticeable. Discussing the sale of dead souls with Pavel Ivanovich, he asks him a high-flown and ornate question about the legality of this "enterprise". Manilov is very worried "whether this negotiation will be inconsistent with civil regulations and further types of Russia." At the same time, he shows “in all the features of his face and in compressed lips such a deep expression, which, perhaps, was not seen on a human face, except for some too smart minister, and even then at the moment of the most puzzling case” .

Characteristic in the poem is the speech of Korobochka, a simple, patriarchal mother landowner. The box is completely uneducated, ignorant. In her speech, colloquialism constantly slips: “something”, “theirs”, “manenko”, “tea”, “so hot”, “you bend down the zabranki”.

The box is not only simple and patriarchal, but fearful and stupid. All these qualities of the heroine are manifested in her dialogue with Chichikov. Fearing deceit, some kind of trick, Korobochka is in no hurry to agree to the sale of dead souls, believing that they may "somehow be needed in the household." And only Chichikov's lies about the conduct of government contracts had an effect on her.

Gogol also depicts Korobochka's inner speech, in which the landowner's vital and everyday sharpness is conveyed, the very trait that helps her gain "little by little money in motley bags." “It would be nice,” Korobochka thought meanwhile to herself, “if he took flour and cattle from me for the treasury. You need to appease him: there is still dough left from yesterday evening, so go tell Fetinya to bake pancakes ... "

Nozdrev's speech is unusually colorful in Dead Souls. As Belinsky noted, "Nozdryov speaks the language of a historical person, a hero of fairs, taverns, drinking parties, fights and gambling tricks."

The speech of the hero is very colorful and varied. It contains both “ugly Frenchized jargon of an army-restaurant style” (“bezeshki”, “clicot-matradura”, “burdashka”, “scandalous”), and expressions of card jargon (“banchishka”, “galbik”, “password”, “break the bank”, “play with a doublet”), and the terms of dog breeding (“face”, “sideways ribs”, “breasty”), and a lot of swear words: “svintus”, rascal”, “you’ll get a bald trait”, “fetyuk” , “beast”, “you are such a cattle breeder”, “zhidomor”, “scoundrel”, “death do not like such thaws”.

In his speeches, the hero is prone to "improvisation": often he himself does not know what he can come up with in the next minute. So, he tells Chichikov that he drank "seventeen bottles of champagne" at dinner. Showing the guests the estate, he leads them to a pond, where, according to him, there is a fish of such size that two people can hardly pull it out. Moreover, Nozdryov's lie has no apparent reason. He lies "for a red word", wanting to impress others.

Nozdryov is characterized by familiarity: with any person he quickly switches to “you”, “affectionately” calls the interlocutor “svintus”, “cattle breeder”, “fetyuk”, “scoundrel”. The landowner is "straightforward": in response to Chichikov's request for dead souls, he tells him that he is a "big swindler" and should be hanged "on the first tree." However, after that, Nozdryov, with the same "ardor and interest," continues his "friendly conversation."

Sobakevich's speech is striking in its simplicity, brevity, and accuracy. The landowner lives alone and unsociable, he is skeptical in his own way, has a practical mind, a sober view of things. Therefore, in his assessments of those around him, the landowner is often rude, in his speech there are swear words and expressions. Thus, characterizing city officials, he calls them "swindlers" and "Christ sellers." The governor, but in his opinion, is “the first robber in the world”, the chairman is a “fool”, the prosecutor is a “pig”.

As V.V. Litvinov notes, Sobakevich immediately grasps the essence of the conversation, the hero is not easily confused, he is logical and consistent in the dispute. So, arguing the price requested for dead souls, he reminds Chichikov that "this kind of purchase ... is not always permissible."

Characteristically, Sobakevich is also capable of a great, inspired speech, if the subject of conversation is interesting to him. So, talking about gastronomy, he discovers knowledge of German and French diets, "hunger cures." Sobakevich's speech becomes emotional, figurative, and vivid when he talks about the merits of dead peasants. “Another swindler will deceive you, sell you rubbish, not souls; and I have a vigorous nut”, “I’ll bet my head if you find such a man anywhere”, “Maxim Telyatnikov, shoemaker: whatever pricks with an awl, then boots, that boots, then thanks.” Describing his "goods", the landowner himself is carried away by his own speech, acquires a "lynx" and a "gift of words."

Gogol also depicts Sobakevich's inner speech, his thoughts. So, noting Chichikov's "stubbornness", the landowner remarks to himself: "You can't knock him down, he's stubborn!"

The last of the landowners in the poem is Plyushkin. This is an old miser, suspicious and wary, always dissatisfied with something. The very visit of Chichikov infuriates him. Not in the least embarrassed by Pavel Ivanovich, Plyushkin tells him that "a visit is of little use." At the beginning of Chichikov's visit, the landowner speaks to him warily and irritably. Plyushkin does not know what the guest's intentions are, and just in case he warns Chichikov's "possible encroachments", remembering his nephew beggar.

However, in the middle of the conversation, the situation changes dramatically. Plyushkin understands what the essence of Chichikov's request is, and becomes indescribably delighted. All his intonations change. Irritation is replaced by frank joy, alertness - by confidential intonations. Plyushkin, who saw no use in visiting, calls Chichikov "father" and "benefactor". Touched, the landowner recalls the "gentlemen" and "hierarchs".

However, Plyushkin does not remain in such complacency for long. Not finding a clean paper to make a bill of sale, he again turns into a grouchy, grumpy curmudgeon. All his anger he brings down on the yard. Many abusive expressions appear in his speech: “what a mug”, “fool”, “fool”, “robber”, “swindler”, “swindler”, “devils will bake you”, “thieves”, “unscrupulous parasites”. Present in the lexicon of the landowner and colloquial speech: “bayut”, “boats”, “hefty jackpot”, “tea”, “ehwa”, “stuffed”, “already”.

Gogol also presents Plyushkin's inner speech to us, exposing the suspicion and incredulity of the landowner. Chichikov’s generosity seems incredible to Plyushkin, and he thinks to himself: “After all, the devil knows, maybe he’s just a braggart, like all these little moths: he’ll tell lies, lie, to talk and drink tea, and then he’ll leave!”

Chichikov's speech, like Manilov's, is unusually elegant, florid, full of book turns: "an insignificant worm of this world", "I had the honor to cover your deuce." Pavel Ivanovich has "excellent manners", he can support any conversation - about a horse farm, and about dogs, and about judicial tricks, and about a game of billiards, and about making hot wine. He talks especially well about virtue, "even with tears in his eyes." The very conversational manner of Chichikov is also characteristic: "He spoke neither loudly nor quietly, but exactly as he should."

It is worth noting the special maneuverability and mobility of the hero's speech. Communicating with people, Pavel Ivanovich skillfully adapts to each of the interlocutors. With Manilov, he speaks floridly, significantly, uses "vague paraphrases and sensitive maxims." “Yes, indeed, what did I not tolerate? like a bar

amid the ferocious waves... What persecutions, what persecutions he did not experience, what grief he did not taste, but for keeping the truth, for being pure in his conscience, for giving a hand to a helpless widow and a miserable orphan! wiped away a tear with a handkerchief.

With Korobochka, Chichikov becomes a kind patriarchal landowner. "All the will of God, mother!" - Pavel Ivanovich profoundly declares in response to the lamentations of the landowner about the numerous deaths among the peasants. However, realizing very soon how stupid and ignorant Korobochka is, he is no longer particularly on ceremony with her: “Yes, perish and go around with your whole village”, “like some, without saying a bad word, mongrel that lies in the hay: and she does not eat herself, and does not give to others.

In the chapter on Korobochka, Chichikov's inner speech appears for the first time. Chichikov's thoughts here convey his dissatisfaction with the situation, irritation, but at the same time the arrogance, rudeness of the hero: "Well, the woman seems to be strong-headed!" I've been sweating, you damned old woman!"

With Nozdryov, Chichikov speaks simply and succinctly, "trying to get on a familiar foot." He understands perfectly well that thoughtful phrases and colorful epithets are useless here. However, a conversation with the landowner does not lead to anything: instead of a successful deal, Chichikov finds himself embroiled in a scandal, which stops only due to the appearance of the police captain.

With Sobakevich, Chichikov at first sticks to his usual manner of speaking. Then he somewhat reduces his "eloquence". Moreover, in the intonations of Pavel Ivanovich, while observing all external decorum, one feels impatience and irritation. So, wanting to convince Sobakevich of the complete futility of the subject of bargaining, Chichikov declares: educational information."

The same feeling of irritation is present in the thoughts of the hero. Here, Pavel Ivanovich is not shy about "more definite" statements, outright abuse. "Why, really," Chichikov thought to himself, "does he take me for a fool, or something?" In another place we read: “Well, damn him,” Chichikov thought to himself, “I’ll add fifty dollars for him, the dog, for nuts!”

In a conversation with Plyushkin, Chichikov returns to his usual courtesy and grandiloquence of statements. Pavel Ivanovich declares to the landowner that "having heard about his savings and the rare management of estates, he considered it a duty to get acquainted and personally pay his respects." He calls Plyushkin "a respectable, kind old man." Pavel Ivanovich maintains this tone throughout the entire conversation with the landowner.

In his thoughts, Chichikov discards "all ceremonies", his inner speech is far from bookish and rather primitive. Plyushkin is unfriendly, inhospitable towards Pavel Ivanovich. The landowner does not invite him to dine, arguing that his kitchen is “low, bad, and the pipe has completely collapsed, you start to heat it, you’ll make another fire.” “Wow, how it is! Chichikov thought to himself. “It’s good that I intercepted a cheesecake from Sobakevich, and a chunk of a lamb side.” Asking Plyushkin about selling runaway souls, Pavel Ivanovich first refers to his friend, although he buys them for himself. “No, we won’t even let our friend sniff it,” Chichikov said to himself ... “Here one can clearly feel the joy of the hero from a successful “deal”.

Thus, the speech of the heroes, along with the landscape, portrait, interior, serves in the poem "Dead Souls" as a means of creating integrity and completeness of images.