home
Psychology of love
Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences. Scientific and technological revolution: essence, main directions, social consequences

Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences. Scientific and technological revolution: essence, main directions, social consequences

11.10.2019

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary Educational School No. 20"

Global implications of STD

Made by a 10th grade student

Kralko Veronika Anatolievna

Teacher: Tikhankina Svetlana Anatolyevna

Vologda, 2008.

Introduction

Chapter I. Characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution

1.1 The concept of the scientific and technological revolution

1.2 Scientific and technological revolution - a single complex system

Chapter II. The consequences of the scientific and technological revolution

1.1 Negative effects of scientific and technological revolution on society and the environment

2.2 Positive STR processes

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Since the time of the English materialist Francis Bacon, mankind has made a huge leap in social and technological development. And the more progress developed, the more its connection with science grew. In modern conditions, the economic and technical potential of any country, its power and defense capacity, as never before, are associated with the level of development of science and the degree of its application in production. The highest manifestation of the integration of science, technology and scientific and technological progress is the scientific and technological revolution, thanks to which civilization has reached the current level of development.

But the manifestation of scientific and technological revolution in the life of society is contradictory. On the one hand, this is the path to prosperity and progress, on the other hand, environmental pollution, the consumption of natural resources, the emergence and accumulation of destructive weapons. I will try to reveal all the pros and cons of the scientific and technological revolution.

The entire history of the development of mankind, especially the history of the 19th-20th centuries, testifies that cardinal changes in the economic, social and socio-political spheres of life of people, countries and the world community as a whole took place when scientific and technological revolutions (STRs) took place, which led to the emergence of new technologies that had no analogues in the previous production system. New economic, social, and ethical relations in the human community system in the development of civilization were observed with the advent of technologies based on steam engines, and with the advent of technologies based on electricity, and, finally, with the advent of electronic, information and atomic technologies.

Any change in material production caused by scientific, experimental and practically technical activities leads to a change in the socio-political life of people. These changes are not always immediately visible, and their consequences, both positive and negative, can only be assessed after a thorough analysis. This work is devoted to assessing the impact of the scientific and technological revolution on people and the world around them.

The purpose of my essay is to consider the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. Throughout the work done, I will reveal all the questions related to my topic.

In the first chapter, I will talk about what the scientific and technological revolution is and how it touched all spheres of human activity.

In the second chapter, I will cover the issue of the global implications of scientific and technological revolution. In the first paragraph, the negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution for society and the environment will be considered, and in the second, positive processes.

ChapterI

1.1 The concept ofscientific and technological revolution

The entire development of human civilization is closely connected with scientific and technological progress. But against the background of this progress, there are separate periods of rapid and profound changes in the productive forces. Such was the period of industrial revolutions in a number of countries from the 17th-19th centuries, which marked the transition from manual to large-scale machine production. And, moreover, such was the period of the modern scientific and technological revolution, which began in the middle of the 20th century.

Scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force of production. It roared gradually, then to give rise to a gigantic transformation of the material and spiritual capabilities of man. Now we live in an era of further deepening of scientific and technological revolution. The scientific and technological revolution is a process extended in time, therefore it is impossible to say that the scientific and technological revolution has ended. There are several different scientific and technological revolutions (in different fields of science, in different consequences, social, psychological, environmental, etc.) some consequences of the scientific and technological revolution are already visible, some will appear only in the near future, some we cannot imagine at all .

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by four main features.

Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches and spheres, the nature of work, life, culture, and the psychology of people. If a steam engine is usually considered a symbol of the industrial revolutions of the past, then for modern scientific and technological revolution such symbols can be a spaceship, a nuclear power plant, a jet aircraft, a TV set, and the Internet.

The inclusiveness of modern scientific and technological revolution can also be interpreted geographically, since, to one degree or another, it has affected all countries of the world and all geographic shells of the Earth, as well as outer space.

Scientific and technological transformations are accelerating. This is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its introduction into production, in faster, as they say, obsolescence and, consequently, in a constant renewal of products.

The scientific and technological revolution has sharply increased the requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources, which directly concerns each of us. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity the share of mental labor increased, its intellectualization took place.

An important feature of the scientific and technological revolution is that it originated during the Second World War as a military-technical revolution: the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945 was the loudest herald of its beginning. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was oriented to an even greater extent towards the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. This revolution and its social consequences have an impact on the entire course of history, and accelerate scientific and technological progress.

Scientific and technological progress is understood as a single, interdependent, progressive development of science and technology.

Revolutions are observed in all areas of life: in industry, in culture, in art, in social development (social revolutions). They also occur in science and technology.

The entire history of technology testifies to continuous revolutions in individual technical means. At the same time, in its development, mankind has experienced several technical revolutions, which each time led to the formation of a new, higher level of productive forces. The most significant was the technological revolution, which caused the industrial revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. i.e., the transition from handicraft and manufacture to industrial machine production.

Revolutions in individual sciences sometimes developed into fundamental revolutionary changes in the entire system of scientific knowledge. Mankind has gone through several profound scientific revolutions. The first such revolution, covering the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, began with the creation of a heliocentric picture of the world. In the middle of the 19th century, a new scientific revolution took place, this time covering the entire field of scientific knowledge from the natural sciences (the discovery of the cellular structure of living organisms, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, the creation of Darwin's evolutionary theory) to the social sciences (a dialectical materialistic view of the world around us). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of great discoveries in physics, a new picture of the world was formed, and this breakthrough of science into the microworld became another scientific revolution.

Revolutions also occur in certain areas of modern technology . In the process of general development, people gradually improve the technical means at their disposal to solve the problems that arise before them. But at a certain level of development of one or another technical means, a situation occurs when further balancing no longer gives the desired effect. Only the creation of a new technical means, the operation of which is based on a different principle, allows solving the problem that has arisen. Replacing old technical means with new ones, working on completely different principles, means a revolution in the development of technical means. Revolutions take place not only in individual technical means, but also in the entire aggregate technique used in production. Such revolutions consist in the appearance and implementation of inventions that cause a revolution in the means of labor, types of energy, production technology, in the objects of labor and in the general material conditions of the production process.

In the past, revolutions in natural science and technology only sometimes coincided with each other in time, stimulating one another, but never merged into a single process. The peculiarity of the development of natural science and technology of our day, its features are that revolutionary upheavals in science and technology are now only different aspects of the same single process - scientific and technological revolution. The scientific and technological revolution is a phenomenon of the modern historical epoch that has not been seen before.

In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, a new relationship between science and technology is emerging. In the past, the already well-defined needs of technology entailed the advancement of theoretical problems, the solution of which was associated with the discovery of new laws of nature. At present, the discovery of new laws of nature or the creation of theories is becoming a necessary prerequisite for the very possibility of the emergence of new branches of technology. A new type of science is also taking shape, differing in its theoretical and methodological foundation and in its social mission from the classical science of the past. This progress in science is accompanied by a revolution in the means of scientific work, in the technique and organization of research, and in the system of information. All this makes modern science V one of the most complex and continuously growing social organisms, into the most dynamic, mobile productive force of society.

Thus, the scientific and technological revolution is a radical qualitative change in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force of production. It transforms all branches and spheres, the nature of work, way of life, culture, and the psychology of people. Scientific and technological transformations are accelerating. Revolutions in individual sciences sometimes developed into fundamental revolutionary changes in the entire system of scientific knowledge. Mankind has gone through several profound scientific revolutions. Some consequences of the scientific and technological revolution are already visible, some will only appear in the near future, some we cannot imagine at all. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity the share of mental labor increased.

1 . 2 Scientific and technological revolution - a single complex system

Economists, philosophers and sociologists believe that modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which science, engineering and technology, production closely interact.

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a very complex body of knowledge. Along with this, it forms a vast sphere of human activity, in which more than 8 million people are currently involved, i.e. 9/10 scientists who have ever lived on Earth are our contemporaries. The connections of science with production, which is becoming more knowledge-intensive, have especially increased. However, the differences between economically developed and developing countries are very large.

Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries. The main purpose of using new equipment and technology is to increase production efficiency and labor productivity. Recently, along with the main - labor-saving - function of equipment and technology, its resource-saving, environmental and information functions are beginning to play an increasingly important role. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of engineering and technology occurs in two ways.

The evolutionary path is to further improve the already known equipment and technology - to increase the productivity of machines and equipment, to increase the carrying capacity of vehicles. However, such megalomania, while providing certain economic benefits, does not always justify itself. Obviously, the future of the economy must be seen in the close cooperation of large, medium and small enterprises.

The revolutionary path consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. Perhaps it finds its most striking expression in the production of electronic equipment. Indeed, they used to talk about the "age of textiles", "age of steel", "age of the car", and now - about the "age of microelectronics". It is no coincidence that the "second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 70s, is often called the microelectronic revolution. It is also called the microprocessor revolution, since the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can only be compared with the invention of the wheel, printing press, steam engine or electricity. The life of modern society is already impossible to imagine without industrial, military, consumer electronics, and its achievements are simply amazing. The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. In mechanical engineering, this is the transition from mechanical methods of metal processing to non-mechanical ones - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasonic, vacuum, etc. In metallurgy, this is the use of the most advanced methods for producing cast iron, steel and rolled products, in agriculture - plowless agriculture, in the field of communications - radio relay, fiberglass communication, telefax, e-mail, cellular communication and others. The revolutionary path is the main path for the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is developing in six main directions. The first direction is electronization. Thanks to electronization, the technology of many productive processes is completely changed. It is penetrating deeper and deeper into education, health care and the life of people, covering not only stationary, but also moving means. The electronic industry largely determines the entire course of the scientific and technological revolution. This branch has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, some new industrial countries. The second direction is complex automation. It started in the 50s. with the advent of the computer. A qualitatively new stage of complex automation is associated with the appearance in the 70s. microcomputers and microprocessors, which have already "received a residence permit" in many branches of the industrial and non-industrial spheres. The third direction is the restructuring of the energy sector based on energy supply, improvement of the structure of the fuel and energy balance, and wider use of new energy sources. Especially many problems are caused by the development of nuclear energy. This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. Recently, however, fearing possible environmental consequences, many countries have reduced their nuclear power plant construction programs. The fourth direction is the production of new materials. The fifth direction is the accelerated development of biotechnology. This direction arose in the 70s, but has already become one of the most promising. The main areas of application of biotechnology are: increasing the productivity of agricultural production, expanding the range of food products, protecting the environment by biotechnical methods. The sixth direction is cosmization. The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. It is associated with the emergence of many new machines, instruments, alloys. The results of space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.

Drawing a conclusion, it should be noted that the current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management. We live in an era of "information explosion", when the volume of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very rapidly. Production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is developing in six main directions. Modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which science, engineering and technology, production closely interact. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of engineering and technology occurs in two ways.

ChapterII

2.1 Negative impacts of scientific and technological revolution on society and the environment

The consequences of NTR have a number of negative and even fatal manifestations for a person.

global environmental crisis, which can be defined as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature. Unfortunately, Russia is "among the leaders" in this regard. Recently, UNESCO assessed the environmental situation and the standard of living of the population of all countries of the world on a 5-point scale. The conclusion was astonishing: "Russian survival has reached a critical point." The resulting coefficient - 1.4 points, is essentially regarded as the death sentence of the nation. According to the same studies, no country in the world has 5 points. 4 points received: Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland; 3 points - USA, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia. Below Russia is the Republic of Burkina Faso, up to 80% of whose population is a carrier of AIDS. This country, as well as Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan have a score of 1.1. Under these conditions, scientists predict the death of mankind in the near future. This will happen if we fail to change the dominant trends in world development and our attitude towards nature in the near future.

Only the mind of man, his scientific thought, according to V.I. Vernadsky, can save humanity from destruction.

The demographic explosion is another problem of scientific and technological revolution. The limits of growth on our planet will be reached within the next 100 years. The most likely result of this will be a sudden, uncontrolled decline in population and output. These trends can be replaced and create the conditions for environmental and economic stability that will continue into the distant future. As a result of scientific and technological development, a large amount of resources is spent. Without a significant reduction in the flow of mineral and energy resources in the coming decades, there will be an uncontrolled decline in the following per capita indicators: food production, energy consumption and industrial production.

Scientific and technological progress is most in demand in the sphere of self-destruction of mankind. The quality and stocks of weapons on Earth have reached a limit that can no longer be justified by any defense needs.

The third stage of scientific and technological progress is associated with the modern scientific and technological revolution, which began in the middle of our century. This stage is characterized by the transformation of science into a direct productive force. The leading role of science in relation to technology is becoming more and more obvious.

At the same time, in recent years, statements about the impending crisis of scientific and technological progress have become louder and louder. The accumulating negative consequences of the technical and technological expansion of man (the threat of nuclear and environmental catastrophe, the degradation of the human psyche, culture, etc.) clearly require an immediate correction of scientific and technological policy, both in individual countries and at the global level. An important place in this issue is given to natural science, which now many tend to "blame" for all the sins of modern technogenic civilization. Indeed, while still in its classical stage of development (XVII - XIX centuries), the natural sciences not only opened up more and more new opportunities for technology to master the internal forces of nature, but also in a certain sense "encouraged" and even "provoked" a person on the unrestrained "transformation" of nature. And only non-classical natural science, formed at the beginning of the 20th century, made it possible to take a fresh look at the essence and role of technology in human culture. In accordance with this new approach, the features of the relationship between man and nature are determined, first of all, by the intensity of their energy exchange. Under normal conditions for representatives of the animal world, this intensity is so small that a separate organism and nature can be considered weakly interacting subsystems.

The human factor of modern technologies ceases to be external and is included in the technological system. Moreover, since the processes of interaction between such complex complexes are very intense and often non-linear, the behavior of such complexes must obey specific patterns that are far from the state of equilibrium. Thus, natural science begins to play the role of not only a stimulus, but also a limiter of technical progress, pointing out dangerous trends and helping to respond to them in a timely and adequate manner.

Based on the foregoing, we can say that the consequences of the NTR

2. 2 Positive processes of scientific and technological revolution

Despite all the negative aspects, scientific and technological revolution is carried out to improve people's lives, and the main goal of any scientific and technological revolution is the benefit of people, to name some of them.

1) Expanding the horizons of knowledge.

Mankind has always tried to understand how the world works. It invented gods, created various theories of the world order, and step by step approached the true understanding of the world.

2) Global networks and infrastructure.

One of the most important factors for the full development of the individual is full access to any information and freedom of movement. Modern telecommunications systems, such as satellite television and communications systems, the Internet and others, which are to some extent independent of the government, allow a person to receive objective information and evaluate it not from the words of the Central Television announcer. This is another step towards the freedom of man and the emancipation of mankind.

3) Opportunities for spiritual growth.

Initially, man claimed divine origin. The works of Darwin called this indisputable postulate into question. Freud's work called into question the rationality of man. At the same time, knowing the environment and knowing himself through the environment, a person has the opportunity to rise above the world, realizing on his own that he is a Man with a capital letter, he himself can create and create, without needing the theory of "God", as he interprets Christian and other religions.

4) Humanization of knowledge.

Narrow specialization will lead to misunderstanding of each other by different groups of people, at the same time, an increase in material security and the creation of free economic reserves will allow more resources to be allocated to culture and the humanities. Which will play an important role in finding a common language between different groups of people outside of work. As a consequence of this, basic education will become more fundamental, especially its humanitarian part, in particular philosophy with its concepts of basic laws and logic. As a result of this, the general direction of knowledge will become more humanitarian.

5) Independence from external factors.

Homeostasis is the desire for balance, that is, for existence in spite of change. The homeostatic activity of man, in which he uses technology as a kind of organs, has made him the master of the Earth. In the face of climatic cataclysms, earthquakes and the rare but real threat of giant meteorite impacts, man is helpless.

But already now humanity is creating a technique for helping victims of various natural disasters. He knows how to foresee some of the disasters, although inaccurately, and thereby partially neutralize their consequences. One of the consequences of scientific and technological revolution will be homeostasis on a planetary, and later on a cosmic scale, when neither an earthquake nor solar flares can harm all of humanity as a whole and an individual in particular.

Scientific and technological revolution is committed to improve people's lives, and the main goal of any scientific and technological revolution is the benefit of people, to name a few of them. The horizons of knowledge of mankind are expanding, it is possible to obtain any information and access to freedom of speech and movement, there is an opportunity for spiritual growth, basic education becomes more fundamental, the general direction of knowledge will become more humanitarian, one of the consequences of scientific and technological revolution will be homeostasis on a planetary, and after that, cosmic scale .

Conclusion

As a result of the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn: The scientific and technological revolution is a radical qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force of production. Scientific and technological revolution covered all aspects of our life from space to cosmetics, penetrated into the structure of the atom and the depths of the universe. It is expanding our knowledge and transforming the world at a rate never seen before. Scientific and technological transformations are accelerating. Revolutions in individual sciences sometimes developed into fundamental revolutionary changes in the entire system of scientific knowledge. Mankind has gone through several profound scientific revolutions. Some consequences of the scientific and technological revolution are already visible, some will only appear in the near future, some we cannot imagine at all. It led to the fact that in all spheres of human activity the share of mental labor increased. The scientific and technological revolution opens up new opportunities for qualitative changes in the content of human life and relations between people. It allows gradually to achieve the universal development of human strength, abilities and talent.

The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management. We live in an era of "information explosion", when the volume of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very rapidly. Production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is developing in six main directions. Modern scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which science, engineering and technology, production closely interact. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of engineering and technology occurs in two ways.

There are pluses and minuses in the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. The profound transformative impact on nature affects the development of society itself. The subordination of social production to the goal of maximizing profit at any cost makes nature the object of the most greedy exploitation. The consequences of NTR have a number of negative and even fatal manifestations for a person. This is a global environmental crisis which can be defined as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature; population explosion; resource consumption; as well as wars and military conflicts.

But after all, scientific and technological revolution is carried out to improve people's lives, and the main goal of any scientific and technological revolution is the benefit of people, to name some of them. The horizons of knowledge of mankind are expanding, it is possible to obtain any information and access to freedom of speech and movement, there is an opportunity for spiritual growth, basic education becomes more fundamental, the general direction of knowledge will become humanitarian, one of the consequences of scientific and technological revolution will be homeostasis on a planetary, and after that, cosmic scale.

Bibliography

1. Conversations about the scientific and technological revolution / Under the scientific editorship of A. Gusarov, V. Radaev - Moscow: Political Literature Publishing House, 1977. - 234p.

2. The choice of scientific and technological priorities / Under the scientific editorship of A. Sokolov. - M .: "Man and Labor", 1989. - 349 p.

3. Scientific and technological progress and the limits of foresight / Under the scientific editorship of T.I. Oizerman. - M.: "Nauka", 1999. - 563 p.

4. Scientific and technological revolution and society / Under the scientific editorship of Dryakhlov N.I. - M .: "Thought", 1973. - 97p.

5. Scientific and technological revolution and features of social development in the modern era / Under the scientific editorship of S.I. Nikishov. - M.: "MGU", 1974. - 283 p.

6. Scientific and technological revolution and man / Under the scientific editorship of V.G. Afanasiev. - M.: "Nauka", 1977. - 387p.

7. Social science: Textbook for universities / Under the scientific editorship of Mashkin N.A., Rassolova I.M. - M.: "Norma", 2001. - 496s.

8. Environment: from new technologies to new thinking / Under the scientific editorship of Gorshkov V.G., Kondratiev K.L., Danilov-Danilyana V.I. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Green World", 1994. -121p.

9. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. For 10 cells. general education Institutions / Under the scientific editorship of V. P. Maksakovskii. - M.: "Enlightenment", 2004. - 400s.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

educational institution

Minsk State College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Essay on geography

“ Impact of scientific and technological revolution and scientific and technical progress on development, change and deploymentuhenergy industry of the world“

Prepared by a student

group 8691 “KD”

Ivanishkin Vitaly

Minsk - 2009

1. General provisions of energy

2. Scientific and technological progress in the energy sector

3. Scientific and technological revolution in the energy sector

4. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technological revolution in the fuel and energy complex

5. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technical progress in the natural gas industry

6. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technical progress in the coal industry

7. References

1. General provisionsuhenergy

The energy industry is part of the fuel and energy industry and is inextricably linked with another component of this gigantic economic complex - the fuel industry.

Energy is the basis for the development of productive forces in any state and ensures the uninterrupted operation of industry, agriculture, transport, and utilities. Stable development of the economy is impossible without a constantly developing energy sector. The most versatile form of energy is electricity. It is produced at power plants and distributed to consumers through electrical networks by public utilities. The demand for energy continues to grow constantly.

The electric power industry, along with other sectors of the national economy, is considered as part of a single national economic system.

2. Scientific and technicalprogress in energy

Scientific and technological progress - the use of advanced achievements of science and technology, technology in the economy, in production in order to increase the efficiency and quality of production processes, to better meet the needs of people. In modern economic theory, scientific achievements used in economics and technology are often called innovations.

Scientific and technological progress is impossible without the development of energy and electrification. To increase labor productivity, the mechanization and automation of production processes, the replacement of human labor (especially heavy or monotonous) with machine labor, is of paramount importance. But the vast majority of technical means of mechanization and automation (equipment, instruments, computers) has an electrical basis. Electrical energy has been especially widely used to drive electric motors. The power of electrical machines (depending on their purpose) is different: from fractions of a watt (micromotors used in many branches of technology and in household products) to huge values \u200b\u200bexceeding a million kilowatts (generators of power plants), devices of this level require a huge amount of electricity, and how consequently increase the demand for electricity.

Total world electricity production since 1991 to 1996 increased by 1566 TWh or 12.9% and continued to increase thereafter. But NTP also provides for an increase in liquid fuel technology. According to forecasts - in 2020. energy consumption will exceed the level of 2002. by 65%. Demand for liquid fuels will rise sharply as a result of the expansion of the global car fleet. Of course, the growing demand for electricity and energy resources at such a rate could not but affect the energy sector as a whole.

· New energy enterprises began to be created and old ones modernized.

· Reliable automated process control systems (APCS) have been introduced everywhere.

· They began to create new types of progressive equipment and improve existing ones.

· Creation and implementation of new materials with qualitatively new effective properties (corrosion and radiation resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance, superconductivity, etc.);

Over time, the achievements of scientific and technological progress reach a certain point and the Scientific and Technical Revolution (NTR) takes place.

3. Scientific and technological revolution in the energy sector

(NTR) scientific and technological revolution - a radical qualitative transformation of the productive forces based on the transformation of science into the leading factor of production, as a result of which the industrial society is transformed into a post-industrial one. The main features of which are: Extreme acceleration of scientific and technological transformations: reduction of the time between discovery and introduction into production, constant obsolescence and updating. Increasing requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources: the growth of the science intensity of production, its full electronization and integrated automation.

The era of scientific and technological revolution came in the 40-50s. It was then that its main directions were born and developed: automation of production, control and management of it on the basis of electronics; creation and application of new structural materials, etc.

New major scientific discoveries and inventions of the 70-80s gave rise to the second, modern, stage of scientific and technological revolution. It is characterized by several leading areas: electronization, integrated automation, new types of energy, technology for the manufacture of new materials. In addition, nuclear energy has received special development, which has become one of the most important achievements of mankind and predetermines the appearance of energy in the late 20th - early 21st centuries.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress in the electric power industry in recent years have been:

· Improving the efficiency of the steam-gas cycle and increasing energy production on this basis;

· expanding the use of highly efficient combined production of electrical and thermal energy, including at CHPPs of small and medium capacity using gas turbine, steam-gas and diesel drives for centralized and decentralized energy supply;

· introduction of environmentally friendly technologies at thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels;

· increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of energy production at power plants of small and medium capacity, operating on non-traditional renewable energy sources, as well as using fuel cells.

Scientific and technological progress is of particular importance for the development of nuclear energy. It helps to improve the attitude of the world community towards it, increases the level of confidence in the safety of nuclear power plants. A certain impact on the change in public opinion is exerted by the tightening of requirements for protecting the environment from harmful emissions. An important factor in the development of nuclear energy is also the desire of fossil fuel importing countries to reduce their dependence on the import of energy carriers from other countries and thereby increase their energy security. Currently, more than 60 nuclear power units with a total capacity of over 50 GW are being built in the world.

4 . NTP and NTRVfuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) plays a special role in the economy of any country; without its products, the economy cannot function.

World consumption of primary energy resources (PER), which include oil, gas, coal, nuclear and renewable energy sources, in 1999 compared to 1998 increased by 172 million tons of fuel equivalent. (by 1.5%) and amounted to 11,789 million tons of fuel equivalent. In the current year, an increase in consumption in the amount of 296 million tons of fuel equivalent is expected. (by 2.5%). In the structure of consumption, the dominant position is retained by fuel and energy resources of organic origin - more than 94%. The rest is the energy of nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and renewable sources.

In the total volume of production and consumption of primary energy resources, oil is still in first place, followed by coal and gas. Nevertheless, in the structure of consumption for 1998-2000. a slight decrease in the share of oil is expected (from 42 to 41.7%) with an increase in the share of gas (from 24.9 to 25%) and coal (from 27.5 to 27.6%). The shares of NPP and HPP energy will not change and will remain at the level of 2.3 and 3.3%, respectively.

Oil industry.

Oil is a primary energy source on the basis of which a number of refined products for final consumption are obtained as secondary: gasoline, lighting kerosene, jet and diesel fuel, fuel oil, etc. Oil has a number of physical and technological advantages:

1-2 times higher calorific value;

High speed of combustion;

· Relative ease of processing and extraction of a wide range of hydrocarbons;

· The use of oil is environmentally safer than coal;

Many petroleum products have the same or even greater

Which made it possible to create new materials, so necessary in the era of scientific and technical progress, and led to the rapid growth of oil production in the second half of the twentieth century. Petroleum products began to be used not only in the areas of material production, but also in mass quantities in household consumption: at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and then gasoline - in connection with the needs of automobile and air transport.

With the development of science and technology in the 20th century, more and more countries were able to extract and refine oil. What led to regional shifts in the location of oil production:

Destruction of the powerful potential of the oil industry in Eastern Europe, the region is thrown back - to the level of the 60s and 70s;

The transformation of Asia into the leader of oil production in the world;

Creation of large oil production in Western Europe, as well as in Africa;

Reducing the share of North and South America in oil production.

The role of the oil industry in Asia has become more consistent with the geography of oil reserves in the world.

The role of individual states in the industry has changed significantly:

USSR in 1987-1988 reached the maximum level of oil production among all oil-producing states - 624 million tons, which has not been surpassed by any country in the entire history of the oil industry; in the 90s oil production fell sharply in Russia and a number of other CIS countries;

The leaders in oil production are the United States and Saudi Arabia (in total they provide 1/4 of the world's oil production);

The discovery and development of oil resources in the North Sea made Norway and Great Britain one of the leading oil-producing countries in the world;

The PRC has become a major oil producer;

Iraq temporarily dropped out of the industry leaders.

All the changes that have taken place in oil production have led to a decrease in its territorial concentration: in 1950, the ten leading states produced 94% of the world's oil, and in 1995 only 64%. Accordingly, in 1950 more than half of the oil was produced by one country, in 1980 by three countries, and in 1995 by six. This had a strong impact on oil trade, the conduct of trade policies by oil-producing states and oil buyers, and significantly changed the world's oil cargo flows.

However, the problem of the oil and gas industry is that oil and gas reserves do not cover production volumes. As for the coal industry, its supply with reserves exceeds 400 years.

5. NTP and NTR innatural gas industry

During the years of scientific and technical progress, due to its unique properties (good resource base, ease of use, environmental friendliness), gas became an important resource. From the second half of the twentieth century. natural gas is widely used as a raw material for a number of industries. The largest consumer of gas was the chemical industry, in which nitrogen production stands out.

Of all the primary energy sources, the production and consumption of natural gas is growing at the fastest pace. Gas is used in the housing sector, trade, services, industry and transport. Its consumption for electricity generation is growing. In 1999, world consumption of natural gas increased by 35 billion cubic meters. m., in 2000, an increase of about 60 billion cubic meters is expected. m. (see table 3).

The share of natural gas in the structure of consumption of primary energy resources is also gradually growing.

6. Scientific and technical progress and scientific and technical progress in the coal industry

Despite all the advantages of natural gas, the lion's share of electricity in OECD countries is generated by coal-fired power plants. The United States, for example, receives more than 70% of electricity from them, the EU countries - up to 60%. This type of raw material became very necessary during the years of heavy growth. industry and contributed to the development of scientific and technological revolution. In contrast to the industrialized countries in Russia, the share of coal in electricity production in 1998 fell to 29%, while the share of gas exceeded 62%. Such a structure of the fuel balance could be considered rational if the state of the resource base made it possible to maintain the current level of production.

Bibliography

1. Heat engineering and heat power engineering vol. 1 General issues. A.V. Klimenko, V.M. Zorin. MPEI Publishing. Moscow 1999. 527p.

2. Current state and prospects for the development of energy in the world D.B. Wolfberg, Thermal power engineering. 1999. No. 5. With. 2-7.

3. Current state and prospects for the development of the world's energy industry D.B. Wolfberg. Thermal power engineering. 1998. No. 9. With. 24-28.

4. From Stalin to Yeltsin. N.K. Baibakov. Goz-Oilpress. 1998. 352s.

Similar Documents

Economic characteristics of world energy. Production and consumption of energy by regions. The main export-import flows of the fuel and energy industry. Alternative energy sources. Fuel and energy complex of Belarus.

term paper, added 08/03/2010

Place and role of the gas industry in the fuel and energy complex of Russia. Composition of the Russian gas industry. Geography of gas fields and their importance for the development of Russian regions. Problems and prospects for the development of the Russian gas industry.

term paper, added 01/21/2008

The current state and structure of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. Development and location of the oil, gas, coal industry in Russia. Power industry. Prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex. Possible ways of solving energy problems.

term paper, added 11/19/2007

The basis of China's fuel and energy base, economically viable oil reserves for extraction. Dynamics of fuel and energy production in China, the use of non-traditional fuels. Development of nuclear energy in China, energy imports.

abstract, added 11/30/2009

The structure of the fuel and energy complex. Placement of oil refineries and petrochemical plants. The main directions of the main oil pipelines. The main reserves of natural gas. Development of the Russian gas industry.

presentation, added 04/30/2015

Fuel and energy complex, its concept, composition, features of development in Russia, structure. The role of branches of the fuel and energy complex in the country's economy. Placement and development of the gas, oil, coal and electric power industries.

term paper, added 10/05/2009

Gas as the best type of fuel. The history and features of its use for the needs of the energy sector, as a technological fuel for drying various products, in public utilities, for cars. Areas of application of gas in various industries.

presentation, added 11/19/2013

Fuel and energy complex. General characteristics of the coal industry. Characteristics of the Kuznetsk coal basin, Pechora coal basin. Development and location of the coal industry in the transition to a market economy.

control work, added 10/21/2008

Place of industry of the Ulyanovsk region in the Volga economic region. Prerequisites and factors for the formation of industry specialization in the region. Development and placement of industry in the Ulyanovsk region. The current state of the industry.

term paper, added 10/30/2008

Structure and types of industries. Fuel and energy complex as a set of industries that extract and process fuel, its role in the country's economy. Characteristics and prospects of the coal, oil, gas and peat industries.

scientific revolution social consequence

The transformation of individual and joint activities of people towards the intensification and unification of its nature, the release of a significant amount of free time and human resources have led to significant qualitative changes in the lifestyle of modern man. It is the development of scientific and technological revolution that is primarily associated with the transition from industrial to the so-called "post-industrial society", which is characterized by: the priority is not production, but information and service spheres, the spread of professionalism in all areas of activity and the transition from a class to a professionally stratified society, the leading role scientific elites in the determination of public policy and management, a high degree of global integration in both the economy and culture.

Modern philosophy and sociology are characterized by an ambiguous assessment of the phenomenon of scientific and technological revolution. Traditionally, there are two main approaches to assessing scientific progress - the optimistic one, which considers the scientific and technological revolution as a natural stage of social and scientific development in the general context of the modernization of the human community, which will ensure the further development of human civilization, and the pessimistic one, which focuses on the negative consequences of technical development. (environmental disasters, the threat of a nuclear apocalypse, the ability to manipulate consciousness, the standardization of human activity and the alienation of the individual, the negative impact of technology on the human body and psyche, etc.).

Today, the achievements of science in one way or another affect the life of every person, no matter where he lives and whatever he does. For example, an illiterate resident of some Afro-Asian country - with a transistor, literacy in India - through satellite television. A modern manager - in a car, with a computer, cellular communication - is able to perform his functional duties, being in a traffic jam.

The amount of knowledge, methods of mastering it, the duration of training, and much more depend on the pace and depth of the deployment of scientific and technological revolution. The main learning paradigm is changing. The main thing is not the assimilation of a certain amount of information, but the ability to find it, to work with this information. Figuratively speaking, not the specialist who knows a lot is valued, but the one who knows where you can quickly find the information you need. One of the main goals of education is the formation of a person's need for self-education, in the constant replenishment of their knowledge.

For people of predominantly physical labor, their own problems arise. Under the influence of modern technological and information upheavals, the time for updating technologies in leading industries is reduced to an average of 5 years. Consequently, the worker, remaining within the framework of the former profession, is forced to change it, constantly retrain. All this will require from a person professional flexibility, mobility, high adaptability and, of course, constant improvement of their professional knowledge.

Also, new technical means create conditions for the dissemination of scientific, technical, cultural and artistic knowledge, enrichment of people with information and cultural values.

But the adaptation of a person to the environment that he has adapted to his life is a very difficult process. The rapid development of the technosphere is ahead of the evolutionarily established adaptive capabilities of man. Difficulties in matching the psycho-physiological potentials of a person with the requirements of modern technology and technology have been recorded everywhere both theoretically and practically. Increasing mental stress, which a person is increasingly faced with in the modern world, causes the accumulation of negative emotions and often stimulates the use of artificial means of relieving stress. The constantly changing world cuts off many roots, traditions, makes a person live in different cultures, adapt to constantly renewing circumstances.

The negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution can also include the growing gap in the level of economic and cultural development between the developed industrial countries of the West and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America; an ecological crisis generated by a catastrophic intrusion of man into the biosphere, accompanied by pollution of the natural environment - the atmosphere, soil, water basins - by industrial and agricultural waste; displacement of most of the population from the active sphere of activity.

Also, one of the negative factors of modern scientific and technological revolution is the stratification of mankind. Man is a social being, he never evaluates absolute indicators, but evaluates everything in comparison. Stratification occurs in several ways. Stratification by property. The NTR will strengthen it due to the fact that everyone has different starting opportunities, and the result of the NTR will be the multiplication of the initial capital. Stratification according to age. The acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development has become obvious. The rapid change in living conditions caused by this acceleration is one of the factors negatively affecting the formation of a homeostatic system of customs and norms in the modern world. Stratification on an intellectual basis.

Of fundamental importance, however, is not the compilation of a somewhat exhaustive list of problems, but the identification of their origin, nature and characteristics, and most importantly, the search for scientifically substantiated and practically realistic ways to solve them. It is with this that a number of general theoretical, socio-philosophical and methodological issues in their study are connected, which by now have developed into a consistent concept of the problems of our time, based on the achievements of modern science and philosophy.

From all of the above, it is clear that the scientific and technological revolution, no matter how effective it may be, only provides a basis for the development of a person, but it is difficult or even almost impossible to predict how he uses this base.

Conclusion

The all-round development of a person begins, undoubtedly, from the main side of human activity - from labor, creative and creative. It is in it that his inner essence is most fully manifested. In this regard, the prospect of such a “facilitation” of human labor as a result of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, portrayed by some futurologists, is very doubtful, when a person will only watch machines. Labor brings joy to a person and even with its certain intensity, since it sets rather complex mental and physical tasks for a person, which he solves with pleasure and thereby asserts himself.

Most people already reflexively react to typical situations, this is quite understandable, life is accelerating more and more, at the same time becoming more complicated, there is no time to think for a long time decisions must be made here and now, otherwise you may not have time. Science is moving forward by leaps and bounds, the main feature of modern science is the formalization of the problem, with its subsequent decomposition and reduction to typical ones, resolved according to known algorithms, and since life is now completely unthinkable without the achievements of science, all actions occurring in society are reduced to typical with known results. And society itself, over the years of its existence, has developed persistent stereotypes of behavior. Undoubtedly, all this is correct, but life is not always possible to squeeze into the rigid framework of our ideas about it.

In the face of weakening confrontation in the world, it is possible to exclude the development of new types of weapons, to solve global problems - the global environmental crisis, famine, epidemics, illiteracy, etc. Scientific and technological revolution allows you to eliminate the threat of an ecological catastrophe, use the energy of the sun, water, wind, and the depths of the Earth.

Progress gives humanity opportunities that open up new aspects of the world for us. Science and technology have become the driving forces of civilization. Without them it is impossible to imagine the further development of mankind. A turn to a new form of progress is expected. Without everything we have achieved, we cannot become better. I think that this form of progress will tend towards wastelessness, a minimum of resource consumption, the problems of man and machines, the intense rhythm of life and self-destruction in the technology environment will disappear.

Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution
Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, there were significant changes in the social structure of society. Along with the accelerated growth of the urban population, the share of those employed in the service and trade sectors increased at an enormous pace. The appearance of the worker was changing, his qualifications, the level of general education and professional training were growing; level of pay, and with it the level and style of life. The social status of industrial workers was increasingly approaching the indicators of the life of employees and specialists. On the basis of structural changes in the national economy, the sectoral composition of the working class changed. There was a reduction in employment in industries with a high degree of labor intensity (mining, traditional light industries, etc.) and an increase in employment in new industries (radio electronics, computers, nuclear power, polymer chemistry, etc.).
By the beginning of the 70s. the size of the middle strata of the population ranged from 1/4 to 1/3 of the active population. There was an increase in the share of small and medium-sized owners.
In the 70s. The West has increasingly reoriented its economy towards social needs. Scientific and technical programs have become more closely linked with social programs. This was not long in affecting the improvement of technical equipment and the quality of labor, the growth of working people's incomes, and the growth of per capita consumption.
Minuses
Global environmental crisis
Demographic explosion
Scientific and technical progress
There are statements about the impending crisis of scientific and technological progress.
Positive processes of scientific and technological revolution

1) Expanding the horizons of knowledge.
2) Global networks and infrastructure.
3) Opportunities for spiritual growth.
4) Humanization of knowledge.
5) Independence from external factors.

3. The impact of the scientific and technological revolution on the world economy

By the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. fundamentally changed the foundations of scientific thinking; natural science is flourishing, a unified system of sciences is being created. This was facilitated by the discovery of the electron and radioactivity

A new scientific revolution took place, which began in physics and covered all the main branches of science. It is represented by M. Planck, who created the quantum theory, and A. Einstein, who created the theory of relativity, which marked a breakthrough into the microworld.

At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. the connection between science and production has become more stable and systematic; a close relationship between science and technology is established, which determines the gradual transformation of science into the direct productive force of society. If until the end of the nineteenth century. science remained “small” (a small number of people were employed in this area, then at the turn of the 20th century the method of organizing science changed - large scientific institutes, laboratories equipped with a powerful technical base arose. This area has increased, special links of research activity have arisen, the task of which was to bring theoretical solutions to technical implementation as soon as possible, including experimental design, industrial research, technological, experimental, etc.

The process of revolutionary transformations in the field of science then embraced technique and technology.

The First World War caused a huge development of military technology. Thus, the second scientific and technological revolution covered various areas of industrial production. It surpassed the previous era in terms of the pace of technological progress. At the beginning of the XIX century. the order of inventions was calculated in two-digit numbers, in the era of the second scientific and technological revolution - four-digit, i.e., in thousands. The largest number of inventions was patented by the American T. Edison (more than 1000).

By its nature, the second scientific and technological revolution differed from the industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries. If the industrial revolution led to the formation of the machine industry and a change in the social structure of society (the formation of two new classes - the bourgeoisie and the working class) and the establishment of the domination of the bourgeoisie, then the second scientific and technological revolution did not affect the type of production and the social structure and the nature of socio-economic relations. Its results are changes in engineering and production technology, the reconstruction of the machine industry, the transformation of science from small to large. Therefore, it is called not the industrial revolution, but the scientific and technological one.

There was not only diversification of industries, but also sub-sectors. This can be seen on the structure, for example, mechanical engineering. The transport engineering (production of locomotives, automobiles, aircraft, river and sea vessels, trams, etc.) declared itself in full force. During these years, such a branch of mechanical engineering as the automotive industry developed most dynamically. The first cars with a gasoline engine began to be created in Germany by K. Benz and G. Daimler (November 1886). but soon they had foreign competitors. If the first car at the G. Ford plant in the USA was produced in 1892, then by the beginning of the 20th century this enterprise was producing 4 thousand cars a year.

The rapid development of new branches of engineering caused a change in the structure of ferrous metallurgy - the demand for steel increased and the rate of its smelting significantly exceeded the increase in pig iron production.

Technical shifts of the late XIX-early XX centuries. and the outstripping development of new industries predetermined the change in the structure of world industrial production. If BEFORE the start of the second scientific and technological revolution, the share of industries of group “B” (production of consumer goods) dominated in the total volume of output, then as a result of the second scientific and technological revolution, the share of industries of group “A” (production of means of production, industries of heavy industry) increased. This led to the fact that the concentration of production increased, large enterprises began to predominate. In turn, large-scale production needed large capital investments and necessitated the pooling of private capital, which was carried out by the formation of joint-stock companies. The completion of this chain of changes was the creation, the formation of monopolistic unions, i.e. monopolies both in the field of production and in the field of capital (financial sources).

Thus, as a result of the changes in technology and production technology and the development of the productive forces caused by the second scientific and technological revolution, material prerequisites were created for the formation of monopolies and the transition of capitalism from the industrial stage and free competition to the monopolistic stage. Contributed to the process of monopolization and economic crises that regularly occurred at the end of the XIX century, as well as the beginning of the XX century. (1873,1883,1893, 1901-1902, etc.). Since it was primarily small and medium-sized enterprises that perished during crises, this contributed to the concentration and centralization of production and capital.

Monopoly as a form of organization of production and capital in the late XIX - early XX centuries. took a dominant position in the socio-economic life of the leading countries of the world, although the degree of concentration and monopolization by country was not the same; were different prevailing forms of monopolies. As a result of the second scientific and technological revolution, instead of an individual form of ownership, the main one becomes joint-stock, in agriculture - farming; develops cooperative, as well as municipal.

At this historical stage, the leading place in the world in terms of industrial development is occupied by the young capitalist countries - the USA and Germany, Japan is advancing significantly, while the former leaders - England and France are lagging behind. The center of world economic development, in the transition to the monopoly stage of capitalism, shifts from Europe to North America. The first power in the world in terms of economic development was the United States of America.

The rapid development of science, starting from the end of the 19th century, led to a significant number of discoveries of a fundamental nature, which laid the foundation for new directions of scientific and technological progress.

In 1867, in Germany, W. Siemens invented an electromagnetic generator with self-excitation, which can receive and generate electric current by rotating a conductor in a magnetic field. In the 70s. The dynamo was invented, which could be used not only as a generator of electricity, but also as an engine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. In 1883 T. Edison (USA) created the first modern generator. In 1891, Edison created a transformer. The most successful invention was the multi-stage steam turbine by the English engineer C. Parsons (1884)

Of particular importance are internal combustion engines. Models of such engines running on liquid fuel (gasoline) were created in the mid-80s by German engineers Daimler and K. Benz. These engines were used by motorized trackless vehicles. In 1896-1987. German engineer R. Diesel invented an internal combustion engine with a high efficiency.

The invention of the incandescent lamp belongs to Russian scientists: A.N. Lodygin (an incandescent lamp with a carbon rod in a glass flask.

The inventor of the telephone was the American A. G. Bell, who received the first patent in 1876. One of the most important achievements of the second scientific and technological revolution was the invention of the radio.

At the beginning of the XX century. Another branch of electrical engineering was born - electronics. Technical innovations were introduced in metallurgy, and metallurgy technology achieved tremendous success.

Characteristic is the penetration and organization of chemical methods of processing raw materials in almost all branches of production.

Before the First World War, synthetic gasoline was obtained

Among the most important inventions of this time are the Singer sewing machine, rotary printing machine, Morse telegraph, revolving, grinding, milling machine, McCormick's mower, Heirem's combined thresher-window fan.

At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. there have been structural changes in the industry:

Structural changes in the economies of individual countries: the creation of large-scale machine production, mainly heavy industry over light industry, the provision of an advantage for industry over agriculture;

New branches of industry are emerging, old ones are being modernized;

The share of enterprises in the production of gross national product (GNP) and national income is increasing;

There is a concentration of production - there are monopolistic associations;

The formation of the world market is completed at the end of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century;

The unevenness in the development of individual countries is deepening;

Interstate contradictions are sharpened.

Scientific and technological revolution led to the emergence of many new branches of industrial production, which history did not know. These are electrical, chemical, oil, oil refining and petrochemical, automotive industry, aircraft construction, production of Portland cement and reinforced concrete, etc.

Bibliography

1. Course of Economics: Textbook. - 3rd ed., add. / Ed. B.A. Raizberg: - M.: INFRA - M., 2001. - 716 p.

2. Course of economic theory: Textbook. allowance / Ed. prof. M.N. Chepurina, prof. E.A. Kiseleva. - M.: Ed. "ASA", 1996. - 624 p.

3. History of the world economy: Textbook for universities / Ed. G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: UNITI, 1999. -727s

4. Fundamentals of economic theory: political and economic aspect. Assistant. / G.N. Klimko, V.P. Nesterenko. - K., Vishcha school, 1997.

5. Mamedov O.Yu. Modern economy. - Rostov n / D .: "Phoenix", 1998.-267p.

6. Economic history: Textbook / V.G. Sarychev, A.A. Uspensky, V.T. Chuntulov - M., Higher School, 1985 -237 -239p.

... - in the post-industrial. In modern socio-economic literature, history is considered at the stages of the primitive era, slave-owning society, the Middle Ages, industrial and post-industrial society. Numerous works are devoted to the economic history of foreign countries, among which some are of a general nature and consider the development of any sector of the economy in ...

...) - the process of concentration of population, industry and culture in large cities; inherent in a large city. Accompanied by the emergence of urban mass culture.2. The originality of Russian painting of the late XIX - early XX century With the crisis of the populist movement, in the 90s, the "analytical method of realism of the XIX century", as it is called in Russian science, is becoming obsolete. Many of the artists...

Society is a post-economic society, since in the future it overcomes the dominance of the economy (the production of material goods) over people and the development of human abilities becomes the main form of life activity. The formation of a post-industrial society is a profound social, economic, technological and spiritual revolution. Its core, core...

His supporters. Without their support, this game would certainly have developed less efficiently. 3. The pre-revolutionary stage of the formation of football in the Stavropol region, with all the problems of its development, has achieved certain success. In general, the activities of football clubs and circles at the beginning of the 20th century were the foundation for modern Stavropol football. Scientific understanding of the results of this stage contributes to ...

The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, which radically transforms the productive forces of society. The scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century, and by the 1970s it had increased its economic potential by several times. The achievements of scientific and technological revolution were primarily used economically, which turned them into an accelerator of scientific and technological progress.

The components of scientific and technological revolution are science, technology, technology, production, and management.

The most important features characterizing the scientific and technological revolution are the following.

Exceptionally rapid development of science, its transformation into a direct productive force. An extremely important economic indicator of the era of scientific and technological revolution is the cost of R&D (research and development work). A huge proportion of them are in developed countries:,. At the same time, US spending significantly exceeds the costs of other countries. In Russia, R&D spending is significantly lower than not only in the United States, but also in other countries, which, of course, is a consequence of the low technical level of production. Obviously, the development of science cannot take place without a modern education system. Significant successes of Japan in the development of science-intensive industries and in the implementation of the results of scientific and technological revolution in the industry are directly related to the education system - one of the best in the world.
Fundamental changes in the technical base of production. We are talking about the widespread use of computers, robots, the introduction of new technologies and the intensification of old methods and technologies, the discovery and use of new sources and types of energy, and the increase in labor efficiency due to a highly skilled workforce.
The scientific and technological revolution affects the sectoral structure of material production, while the share of industry in it increases sharply, since the growth of labor productivity in other sectors of the economy depends on it. Agriculture in the era of scientific and technological revolution acquires an industrial character. In the industry itself, the share of the manufacturing industry has increased, which accounts for 9/10 of the cost of all products. Chemical, electric power, on which scientific and technological progress primarily depends, and mechanical engineering, began to stand out among the industries. The current state of scientific and technological revolution is usually judged by the share of science-intensive products in the total volume of production. NTR has made major changes to the . The share of rail in the total volume of transportation has decreased, as its role has decreased. Most of the international trade is provided by maritime transport, but it almost does not participate in passenger traffic, which is "entrusted" to air transport.
Of particular importance in the era of scientific and technological revolution is the problem of managing modern production. Production management has become extraordinarily complicated and is associated with the coordination of the development of science, technology and technology and production. Management in the era of scientific and technological revolution requires special training. They are especially widely represented in the USA and Japan. Graduates of these schools - production managers - are called managers. Their preparation in recent years has also begun in Russia.

1. resource factor.

He determined the location of production from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Many resource basins have become centers of industry. For example, the Urals is the first base for the industrialization of Russia. In the era of the scientific and technological revolution, such a “binding” of industry to mineral resource bases is much less common, but the resource factor continues to be the main factor for the location of extractive industries. Since many old basins and deposits are severely depleted, it is in the extractive industry that there has been a shift in the first place to areas of new development, often with extreme conditions.

The resource factor still continues to play an important role in industrialization and has an impact on the location of production.

2. Knowledge-intensive factor.

One of the important factors in the location of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is the attraction to the centers of science and education. First of all, this circumstance determines science-intensive industries, and they gravitate toward scientific centers and educational institutions. For some countries, a strong territorial concentration of scientific research is characteristic, for others, on the contrary, their dispersal. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, many Western countries are characterized by the integration of science and production. As a result, scientific and industrial complexes or technopolises appear. So, in Japan in the 80s, they began to create technopolises, selecting for them science-intensive areas: aerospace technology, robotics, computer production. Similar technopolises are also found in the United States.

3. The pull factor for a skilled workforce.

This factor has always influenced and continues to influence the location of production. Now any country needs not just, but highly qualified people capable of operating modern technology.

4. Environmental factor.

It existed before, but in the period of the scientific and technological revolution it acquired a special significance. Accounting for the environmental factor in the construction of economic facilities has become mandatory. The legislation provides for serious sanctions against persons who neglect this factor.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, such factors as consumer, energy, and territorial have not lost their significance. Individual states continue to play a significant role.