The name of the dictionaries of dialect words and their authors. Dialect dictionaries (regional)

dialect dictionaries

The desire to describe in a dictionary form the features of dialect speech was revealed already in the first third of the 18th century. Some regional words were included in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy. In the 19th century the task of creating a consolidated dialect dictionary becomes relevant. Dictionary descriptions of dialect vocabulary of various lengths that appeared in the first half of the 19th century had common features. "Since the scientific awareness of dialects as a necessary part of the all-Russian system has not yet come, the dialect word is still perceived by collectors as a unit of an alien and so far unknown system. The method of interpreting dialect words is also connected with this - usually this is a translation of a dialect word by a literary one and only occasionally a detailed interpretation is given values, for example, basco -"smartly" izvara- "tubs" (IRL 1998: 278).

B 40-50s. 19th century the activities of the Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society and the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities are being activated; a systematic and mass collection of ethnographic information (including local features of the language) from different regions of Russia begins.

"This marks a new stage in Russian dialect lexicology and lexicography: the "collective", partly amateur stage has ended, the conscious and purposeful 239

corrected collection and study of dialect facts as elements of a nationwide lexical system "(IRL 1998: 280). Appear "Experience of the regional Great Russian dictionary" by I. I. Sreznevsky (St. Petersburg, 1852), "Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" by V. I. Dahl (St. Petersburg, 1863), which occupies a special place in the description of the regional vocabulary, "Dictionary of the regional Arkhangelsk dialect in its existence and ethnographic application" by A. O. Podvysotsky (St. Petersburg, 1885), which demonstrated an exceptionally high level of lexicographic processing of dialect material (about 5000 words), "Dictionary of the regional Olonets dialect in its everyday and ethnographic application" by G.I. Kulikovsky (St. Petersburg, 1898), "Materials for the explanatory regional dictionary of the Vyatka dialect" by N.M. dictionary" by V. N. Dobrovolsky (Smolensk, 1914). "Russian dialect dictionaries, long before the advent of dialect lexicology, identified and described rich stocks of dialect vocabulary and phraseology in large regions of central Russia. Specific thematic groups of vocabulary were identified, which gave the largest number of dialect words" (IRL 1998: 328).

In the 20-40s. 20th century much of what was accumulated in dialect lexicography was forgotten and lost. Interest in the lexicographic description of Russian folk dialects again escalated in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Many research centers and higher educational institutions have joined in the work of collecting material for regional dictionaries. Expeditionary work gained wide scope.

"Undoubtedly, dialect lexicography owes much to the successful development of general lexicography. It enriched it with new ideas, methods and techniques of lexicographic processing of linguistic material. All this could not but affect the rapidly growing scientific level and quality of dialect dictionaries of the 60-90s. The results of the progressive development of dialect lexicography were manifested primarily in a large number of dictionaries covering almost the entire territory of Russia, in the diversity of their types.They were reflected in attention to the dialect word, its boundaries, in a thorough and detailed description of its properties and

nirovaniya in live speech in all its variety of phonetic variants, semantic meanings and shades, showing its compatibility features and phraseological uses" (IRL 1998: 533).

The current stage of development of Russian dialectology is characterized by a significant activation of the lexicographic development of the vocabulary of folk dialects. In dialect lexicography (not without the influence of the lexicography of the literary language), the idea of ​​a system of dictionaries describing dialect vocabulary in full and from different angles was established.

The specificity of the lexicographed object, the variety of tasks solved by dialect dictionaries, their borderline position between historical and synchronous lexicography with simultaneous inclusion in both genres - all this poses a number of complex theoretical and practical issues for dialect lexicography (Zagorovskaya 1990).

The most significant problems of dialect lexicography, related to the definition of the nature of the dialect dictionary, received theoretical justification during the discussion that unfolded in the late 50s and early 60s. This period marked the beginning of a new stage in the study of the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects. In November 1955 By decision of the Second All-Union Coordination Meeting at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the compilation of regional dictionaries was declared one of the essential tasks of Russian dialectological science.

Of the whole complex of issues discussed at that time, great controversy was raised by the question of the subject of lexicography, in other words, 1 should the dialect dictionary include the entire vocabulary of the dialect (non-differential approach), or only that part of it that is opposed to the literary language (differential approach). The theory and practice of dialect lexicology and lexicography ultimately clearly showed the inconsistency of an alternative solution to the issue: in Russian dialect lexicography, three types of vocabulary were established as full-fledged -

_________________________________________ 241

differential, non-differential, semi-differential. The theoretical foundations and principles for compiling each of them were developed respectively by F. P. Filin (Filin 1961), B. A. Larin (Larin 1961), I. A. Ossovetsky (Ossovetsky 1964). At present, no one doubts the idea that "the presence of dictionaries of different directions (differential, non-differential, semi-differential, etc.) significantly benefits science itself" (Kogotkova 1979: 34).

In the general system of dictionaries of the Russian language, which together reflect its history and current state, dialect dictionaries (as the most clearly and organically combining elements of synchrony and diachrony) occupy a special place. The diachronic aspect of dialect dictionaries connects them with the system of dictionaries of the historical cycle (etymological and actually historical).

In the system of dictionaries of the historical cycle, dialect dictionaries act as a component of the "trinity" representing historical lexicography as a genre composed of etymological, historical and dialectal lexicography. In the absence or insufficiency of written evidence of past eras, the dialect dictionary acquires special significance in the lexicographic complex of information about the language. The written fate of a word, as you know, does not always correspond to its real history.Modern dialects know many Old Russian words that either did not find reflection in writing at all, or are represented in it by single examples.In some cases, the dialect dictionary is one of the main sources of their retrospective study At the same time, however, the retrospection of the dialect dictionary should, if possible, be supported by the testimony of the etymological and proper historical dictionaries.

The synchronous aspect of dialect dictionaries includes them in a system of dictionaries reflecting the current state of the language in all its varieties. In this regard, the correlation of dialect dictionaries with the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language is essential.

It is quite obvious that an adequate description of such a complex linguistic object as Russian folk dialects cannot be carried out in a single dictionary. Such a description is achieved in a complex of dialect dictionaries of different types. Currently, Russian dialect lexicography has a large number of dictionaries that differ in object, subject, aspects and methods of lexicography. Each of the dialect dictionaries has an independent scientific value, but their value increases significantly in the lexicographic complex that has developed to date in Russian lexicography and is represented by dictionaries of various orientations. According to V. M. Mokienko, "such monumental collections of Russian folk vocabulary as" Dictionary of Russian folk dialects "," Pskov regional dictionary with historical data "," Arkhangelsk regional dictionary "," Dictionary of Bryansk dialects "served as a model for many regional dictionaries: Deulinsky and Meshchersky (Ger. Ryazan), Moscow, Novgorod, Smolensk, Vologda, Don, Yaroslavl, Oryol, Akchim (Gezr, Perm), Russian dialects of Mordovia, Murmansk, Novosibirsk, Sakhalin regions, etc." (Mokienko 1997: 187).

According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary, dialect dictionaries of two types are distinguished: differential and non-differential (complete). Differential dictionaries include only those words that have a local distribution and at the same time are not included in the vocabulary of the literary language (in any of its varieties). Non-differential (complete) dictionaries, approaching in terms of breadth of coverage a thesaurus-type dictionary, include all words that exist in dialects, regardless of the territory of their distribution and the presence or absence of these words in the literary language. The inclusion in non-differential dictionaries of all vocabulary that exists in the speech of dialect speakers (not only local, but also common to the dialect and literary language) is not a purely lexicographic technique, but the principle of a systematic study of folk speech, which allows you to establish the ratio of local and national units in the vocabulary dia-

243

lecture, to identify patterns of interaction between the literary language and dialects, and also to determine the trends that characterize the modern, historically unique stage in the existence of dialects in new social conditions.

The vast majority of Russian dialect dictionaries are differential (this is largely due to the exceptional laboriousness of compiling full-type dictionaries). Dictionaries of a complete type, or non-differential, are the "Pskov Regional Dictionary", "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects". According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary within the lexicographed thematic group of words, K. I. Demidova’s System Dictionary of Subject-Ordinary Vocabulary of Dialects of the Talitsky District of the Sverdlovsk Region, by K. I. Demidova, can also be attributed to full-type dictionaries (about this dictionary, see below). Complete dictionaries also include the "Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect" and "Vershininsky Dictionary", which describe the vocabulary of one village.

The "Pskov Regional Dictionary", which implements the lexicographic ideas of B. A. Larin, began to be published in 1967 at the Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University. It includes, if possible, the entire active vocabulary of Pskov dialects, everything that has become firmly established in the everyday speech of the peasant population of the Pskov region. The preface to the first issue of the dictionary states that the folk speech of the Pskov region is "of exceptional importance for historians and dialectologists of the Russian language, as it reflects the millennial ties and cultural exchange of the Russian population with closely adjacent peoples of the Baltic-Finnish group, with Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as with Belarusians. A large place in the dictionary is given to historical data. The compilers are trying to reflect the direct connection of modern dialect speech with the monuments of writing of the feudal era. The reference material of dictionary entries describing the words of modern Pskov dialects contains extracts from the monuments of ancient Russian writing.

A lexicographic description of the Bryansk dialects is presented in the "Dictionary of the Bryansk Dialects" and in the "Dictionary of the People's Dialects of the Western Bryansk Region" by P. A. Rastorguev. The dictionary of P. A. Rastorguev, differentiated by type, was created from 1939 to 1954. The author set himself the task of providing materials for the history of the vocabulary of dialects of the Western Bryansk region, to determine their border character with Belarusian dialects. The dictionary is based on dialect records collected by the author since 1903.

Unlike the dictionary of P. A. Rastorguev, the "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects" embodies the idea of ​​a dictionary of the full type. The initial program of the dictionary was presented at the First Pskov Dialectological Conference in 1960. The dictionary was conceived as a complete (systemic) dictionary of a dialect that does not have a written tradition and functions only in oral form. "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects", being a dictionary of the full type, reflects, if possible, the entire vocabulary of Bryansk dialects of the second half of the 20th century. It includes the vocabulary of dialects in the territory of the modern Bryansk region (according to the administrative-territorial division of 1973). The dictionary was compiled on the basis of a card index formed by the materials of the annual dialectological expeditions to the Bryansk region in the period 1951-1953. and from 1957 to 1987. Under the guidance and with the direct active participation of Professor V. I. Chagisheva, and later - V. A. Kozyrev, more than 30 dialectological expeditions to the Bryansk region were carried out, a unique card-index collection of Bryansk vocabulary and phraseology was created with a total volume of one million quote cards. As a result of many years of work, a reliable basis was created for a comprehensive and in-depth study of the folk speech of a vast region of the Russian dialect territory.

In describing the lexical material in accordance with the principles of a regional full-type dictionary, compilers rely on a systematic approach to the lexicographed object. Five editions of the dictionary, describing the vocabulary in the alphabetical segment A-Zh, contain 8067 entries, not

__________________________________________245

counting references. Here are fragments of dictionary entries from this dictionary:

PREPARE, thuyu, thuye and thuet (th), nesov. Var. gotuva"th, gutova"th, gu-tuva"th. 1. What. Bring to a usable condition or use withstanding... 2. what. To make, to work on doing something.... 3. what and without additional Cooking, cooking... 4. what. make a zapasy of smth. for later use, store for future use; procure...

a handful, and, and. Var. bitter 1. Palm and fingers folded so thatthey could scoop up, grab or hold on to smth. ...

2. The amount of something that fits in a hand folded in this way ...

3. A bunch of ears, flax, hemp, captured at one time ...

SQUEEGING "TH, nu, thread (t). nesov. In choral singing - do not fall into tune, out of tune. fields, shut up, you're talking, she somehow doesn't understand, she's such a talker, she got into the choir, we don't get along. Tr. Mantsurovo. SheWell, she sings anywhere, so she was probably warned: do not swear. Tr. Mantsurovo.

"The position of the Bryansk dialects in the territory where three Slavic peoples meet determined their great originality, the presence of conservative features ... It is no coincidence that dialectal parallels were found here to the words of the famous monument of ancient Russian literature - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign." The value of the Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects is invaluable to solve many problems in the history of the Russian language and its dialects and in general the history of the three Slavic peoples" (IRL 1998: 556-557).

The result of a great deal of work on the description of the old-timer dialect of the village of Vershinin in the Tomsk region of the Tomsk region is the "Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect", which represents everything recorded by Siberian dialectologists in the period of the late 40-80s. vocabulary and phraseology of the Verkhin dialect, both proper dialect and all-Russian, dialect-vernacular. In this dictionary, all common Russian words and phraseological combinations that do not have dialect specifics are given without grammatical marks, interpretation of the meaning, illustrative material and other information about the word.

The next stage in the work of Tomsk lexicographers on the card file of the "Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect" is associated with the publication

the definition of the "Vershininsky Dictionary", in which all words, including those that do not have dialect specifics, receive a full interpretation. The number of words described in the dictionary has also increased, the illustrative material has been updated, which is given in the orthographic record while maintaining the main features of the dialect pronunciation.

Close to complete "Dictionary of the dialect of the village of Akchim, Krasnovishersky district of the Perm region: (Akchim dictionary)". It is compiled on the basis of a card index, collected according to the principles characteristic of card files of dictionaries of a complete (non-differential) type. However, in the very corpus of the dictionary, the general orientation towards the completeness of the coverage of the material is implemented in a peculiar way. Each volume of the dictionary contains two parts. The first contains dictionary entries for dialectal and those common Russian words (literary, special, colloquial, vernacular), the semantic structure of which in the Akchim dialect includes dialectal elements. In the second part, common Russian words are presented in a list, the semantic structure of which does not contain specific dialectal meanings and shades. Such a compromise is due to considerations of a purely practical rather than fundamental nature: the desire to significantly reduce the volume of the dictionary and reduce the timing of its publication.

An intermediate position between differential and non-differential dictionaries (obviously gravitating towards the latter) is occupied by the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Folk Dialect (village Deulino, Ryazan District, Ryazan Region) (this dictionary is sometimes called semi-differential). Its peculiarity is manifested in the fact that the words fixed in the dialect, which differ from the literary ones in one of their meanings, are entered into the dictionary with the entire set of meanings, and the words that completely coincide in semantics with the literary ones remain outside the dictionary.

A special refraction of the principle of differentiation in the selection of vocabulary is presented in the "Dictionary of vernacular Russian dialects of the Middle Ob". It includes a layer of vocabulary common to the dialect and urban vernacular (conditionally: vernacular vocabulary). The dictionary contains such lexical

__________________________________________247

units of Middle Ob dialects, which are classified as colloquial in the dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language (for example: really, forgive, freeze,to contrive, chivalrous, to regale etc.). The dictionary includes 2030 dictionary entries, not counting references. As an appendix to the dictionary, the "Glossary of the Dictionary of Vernacular Russian Dialects of the Middle Ob" is given. It contains information about in which or in which explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language this or that word qualifies as colloquial. The actual basis for compiling the dictionary of vernacular was the materials of the dialectological expeditions of 1946-1975.

Depending on the object of lexicography, one can include general (polydialect) dictionaries, regional dictionaries (including groups of close dialects or one dialect), idiolect dictionaries, or individual dialect dictionaries.

At present, Russian dialect lexicography has one idiolect dictionary. This is V.P. Timofeev's "Dialect Dictionary of Personality", which is a differential dialect dictionary of one person. A peasant woman E. M. Timofeeva, a native of the village of Usoltseva, Shatrovsky district, Kurgan region, was chosen as an informant. The material was recorded between 1949 and 1969.

The general (polydialect) dictionaries include the vocabulary of all dialects of the language. Such a dictionary in Russian lexicography is the "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects" - a summary dictionary of Russian dialect vocabulary. The task of this grandiose multi-volume work is to collect and generalize disparate materials on dialect vocabulary presented in various, often hard-to-reach sources. It includes the vocabulary of all Russian dialects and is compiled as a dictionary of a differential type. Its sources are: materials that have been given one or another dictionary (lexicographic) form (dictionaries and dictionaries, interpretations of words, etc.); recordings of live dialect speech; articles, monographs, etc.; folklore materials. A significant part of the materials on the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects is stored in the main card index of the Vocabulary Department of the Institute for Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to approximate

It is estimated that there are about 250 thousand dialect words in the card index of the dictionary, and the number of cards exceeds 2 million. To date, 33 editions of this dictionary have been published. In total, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects will contain about 300 thousand dialect words that are used only in dialects and are not known to the literary language, which significantly exceeds the number of words recorded by the largest dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. SRNG, which includes the vocabulary of Russian dialects that have existed in them for a long time, belongs to the type of comparative historical dictionaries. "The Dictionary clearly shows a historical trend in the arrangement of the meanings of polysemantic words, in quotations and comments that often lead to the origins of the meaning of words. Combining the entire mass of Russian dialect vocabulary, the Dictionary fulfills its main task - to be a guide, a source for the history of Russian vocabulary language, for Slavic comparative-historical lexicology and etymology" (IRL 1998: 563-567). Here are some examples from the SRNG:

Sickly,paren I. Bold. Yaroslavl, 1820. Volog. | | in meaning wordless skaz. Nasty, sickening to someone. (from too greasy or foul-smelling food). Rzhev Tver., 1897, Tver. 2. Disgusting, unpleasant. As a commissionThe duck will be made more often by the housewives in the hut, and then again it is even cloying to look at. Zyryan. Vol., 1964. It's sickening to slurp these cabbage soup every day. Small.

Shuffle around.owls. Greet, say hello. She is still hereall shuffled, bowed all(came to visit). Pinez. Arch., 1974.

The "Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects" is not only of great linguistic significance, but, of course, is a cultural monument. "The Dictionary contains an extensive range of information about the Russian people and Russian nature. Reflecting the lexical and phraseological composition of all Russian folk dialects according to the records of the 19th-20th centuries, the SRNG includes the main part of the words naming concepts, objects and phenomena that characterize the features of life and labor activity, way of thinking, beliefs and habits of the Russian peasantry of the last two centuries of our history

__________________________________________ 249

torii. This period is characterized by the flourishing of Russian peasant material and spiritual culture and its decline, decline, erosion under the influence of social and socio-economic conditions experienced by the country as a whole" (IRL 1998: 569).

Unlike the consolidated one, regional dictionaries include the vocabulary of a group of related dialects or one dialect. The vast majority of Russian dialect dictionaries are regional dictionaries. More often they represent the vocabulary of a group of dialects, less often - one dialect (dialect of one locality). Almost all regional dictionaries are compiled on a differential basis. The exception is the regional non-differential (and related) dictionaries mentioned above.

Russian dialect lexicography has a large number of dictionaries representing the vocabulary of different regions.

Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Pskov, Kalinin, Moscow region, Novgorod, Ivanovo, Smolensk, Bryansk, Kursk-Oryol, Ryazan, Don, Siberian and other dialects are described by lexicographic means.

The "Arkhangelsk Regional Dictionary" presents the vocabulary of modern Arkhangelsk dialects with all its specific features. The basis of the dictionary is a card index, which includes more than 2 million cards. The collection of material has been carried out since 1959. The publication of the dictionary continues.

"Dictionary of Vologda dialects" reflects the current state of the vocabulary of the Vologda group of the Northern Russian dialect. 417 settlements were surveyed. The dictionary is compiled on the basis of a card file containing more than 150,000 quote cards. The collection of dialect vocabulary began in 1963.

The lexicographic description of the Murmansk dialects is presented in the dictionaries of I. S. Merkuriev: "Materials for the Murmansk Regional Dictionary" and "Live Speech of the Kola Pomors". The second of these publications contains an outline of the features of the modern Pomor dialect, samples of lively Pomor speech and a brief Murmansk regional speech.

var, which includes about 5000 Pomeranian words. The material was collected in dialectological expeditions from 1957 to 1967.

"Dictionary of Russian dialects of Karelia" is a large-scale description of the vocabulary of the Russian North. "Karelian area" includes material from Murmansk, Leningrad, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Novgorod and Tver regions. The dictionary is based on a card index of 1.5 million cards. The dictionary includes not only dialectisms proper, but also professionalisms, ethnographisms. This allows us to reflect in lexicographic form different aspects of the life of Northern Russians in the past and present.

"Novgorod Regional Dictionary" refers to differential dictionaries. Materials for the dictionary were collected for thirty years on the territory of the former Novgorod province (modern Novgorod region and part of the Leningrad region). The total number of lexicographed units (words and phraseological units) approaches 25,000. Along with common nouns, some place names are also included in the dictionary.

Yaroslavl dialects are represented by "Additions to" Materials for the Dictionary of the Folk Language in the Yaroslavl Province. "E. Yakushkina", "Materials for the Dictionary of the Folk Language of the Poshekhono-Volodarsky District of the Yaroslavl Region" by S. A. Koporsky, "A Brief Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" G. G Melnichenko, "Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary". GG Melnichenko's "Short Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" contains materials from all Yaroslavl regional dictionaries and dictionaries (lists of words) for the period from 1820 to 1956 (24 sources, one of them handwritten). The dictionary includes over 10,000 words. The "Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" edited by G. G. Melnichenko contains dialect words of dialects of the Yaroslavl region within its borders for 1940. The dictionary includes all the materials of the "Short Yaroslavl Regional Dictionary" by G. G. Melnichenko (with minor exceptions) that were not used in This dictionary contains materials from printed and handwritten sources, materials collected during expeditions from 1940 to 1980.

__________________________________________ 251

"The experience of the dictionary of dialects of the Kalinin region" T. V. Kirilloven and others includes dialect vocabulary collected on the territory of the Kalinin region for 40 years (1927-1967). More than 500 settlements were surveyed.

"Dictionary of dialects of the Moscow region" by A.F. Ivanova (Voitenko) contains material collected in 1959-1968. and expanded in subsequent years. Being a differential dialect dictionary, it reflects the state of the dialect vocabulary of dialects of the Moscow region.

Dictionary of obsolete and dialect words

B A lchina - a cloud.

Bach And ly - work boots, usually without welts and heels, with round toes and high tops.

Big O th at goal - the front or red corner in the hut where the icons stand.

Boer A k - (zd.) a vessel made of birch bark of a cylindrical or round shape.

Valek - a round long block made of wood or other material that has various uses (for dough, for threshing, etc.).

Ven e c - (zd.) the lower row of logs in the log house.

IN e res - juniper.

Faith I - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate; a thick pillar supporting the roof (of a barn).

IN e rsha, versha - wicker wattle; fishing tackle.

IN And tsa - flexible rod, branch; rope made of rods, bark.

Guyt A n - lace or braid; ribbon, chain.

Guard e us - curtains, curtains.

G O forehead, golb e c, g O forehead, g O bchik - a fence or closet near the Russian stove; a platform above the closet on the side of the stove; a platform above the entrance to the underground; an extension to the stove in the form of a bench; underground entrance; underground; space under the oven; tombstone in the form of a log house with a roof on two slopes and with a cross.

Goal And k - a broom without leaves.

threshing floor O - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

Dversl And out, door And vy, doorstyan O th, doorst I ny - easily crumbling, overheated, similar in structure to wood [here: stone].

D e to forge - to fool around, scoff, confuse, knock down.

D O ynitsa - pail; vessel for storing sour cream, milk.

houses And shche - a coffin; log cabin over the grave; home, permanent residence.

dr O to pour - to love; care for someone, spend time with someone.

Dubts s - rods, twigs; rods, sticks.

E rik - a non-flowing branch of the river; a small lake on the site of the old river bed; log in the coastal strip, flooded by flood; ravine.

AND A red spruce, heat O vay spruce - spruce with fine-layered wood, giving a lot of heat when burned; tall, straight spruce.

AND And tnik - bread made from wheat (barley) flour; a pie or flatbread made from wholemeal flour.

AND And then - any bread in the grain or on the vine; barley (northern), rye (southern); any spring bread.

Zaam And thread - to protect, deprive the evil forces of effectiveness by pronouncing the word "amen" three times.

W A vertka, Wrapping - a rope, belt or woven loop from rods, with the help of which the shafts are attached to the sled; shafts at the sleigh; the rear wheel of the cart.

Zagn e that, bent, bent e weaving, zagnyotka - the ash pan of the Russian stove; a pole by the stove.

W A shit, s A gvenye - the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.

W A city, h A city, sunburn O d - hedge; (zd.) part of the yard fenced off for livestock.

Behind e zdok - (health) seine; wattle fence, which is used to block the river to hold back the movement of fish.

Hall O tender - "unclean" dead, buried in a special way (without a funeral service, under masonry, etc.).

Hall O m - a twisted (broken) bunch of ears, which is usually made by a sorcerer or witch.

Zar O d - a large haystack (not round masonry, but oblong).

W A eaves, jams - a pole, a crossbar supporting the roof of a hut, a barn, etc .; gutter on the lower edge of the roof; thick beam at the edge of the roof.

Zat O n - the bay formed during the flood; long stagnant bay; dam, dam in a river, lake for fishing; a place where there are a lot of fish.

East O pka - (zd.) a place in the stove where firewood is burned, a firebox.

Kalit A - (zd.) purse, purse; leather pouch for money and various small things, suspended from the belt.

TO A menka - (zd.) sauna stove.

keel A , To And la - abscess, boil, carbuncle; tumor; moving from place to place aches.

Kom I ha - (zd.) a trough hollowed out of one tree for feeding or watering livestock.

TO O pan - a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house; artificial pond.

TO O rmchaya - a helmsman's book, a collection of church and secular laws.

TO O rshchik - feeder, helmsman.

Firewood fire - a pile or stack of firewood.

Cross O wa - godmother.

Cross s - (zd.) Crossroads.

Cr O sleep - hand loom; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.

Cr Yu kushki - a place behind the back, shoulder, zakorki.

Kud e eh, where e la - a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, harvested for yarn; linen; yarn.

Kut - (health) corner in the hut (most often under the images or near the stove).

Kut I - (healthy) boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

L at yes, stupid A - (zd.) stranded, shallow rocky place.

Loot O shka - linden, from which the bark is removed, the bast is torn off; linden stick, stick without bark, bast; stick.

M A bird, m A tka - the average ceiling beam in the hut.

Young And k - young month (in the first quarter).

Hammer And lo - (zd.) device for manual threshing; chain

Bridge - (zd.) wooden floor in the hut; canopy.

Outgrowth feather - an outgrowth feather, the caudal fin of a fish.

H A uz - amulet, a talisman from the evil eye.

Not easy e ny, not lightweight (horse) - an uncastrated horse.

H O wine (new And on, new A ) - a cleared place for arable land; new harvest bread; narrow.

Nomokan at net - nomocanon, helmsman's book, code of church laws (thin nomokanunets - distorted nomocanon).

Both I nnik - an eloquent person; witch.

About A yat - stipulate, jinx; bewitch, bewitch.

Ov And n - building, which may include rooms for drying sheaves and for threshing.

ABOUT burn, ozhi And g - a stick that stirs the fire in the greenhouse of the fireplace, the poker.

Okrut And t - dress, dress up; dress to the crown; equip, furnish; deceive.

Reply O d - (zd.) gate in the fence of the village; field fence.

Rel O c - (health) thing or edible, put somewhere to get rid of spoilage, illness, misfortune.

P A zuha ov And on - a hole for feeding sheaves; for supplying heat from below; part of the barn from the hole (manhole) to the wall.

P A fuck, p O to whip - to whip.

first A to - (zd.) the first swarm of bees.

Per e days at goal - a red corner in the hut where the icons are located.

Cross-beam - a cross beam connecting rafters or pillars; perch for chickens; fishing tackle; snare.

Pechn O th st O forehead - a pillar at the free corner of the Russian stove, on which two raven beams are attached.

P O vet, pov e t, p O branch - barn; barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.

Pog O st - cemetery; rural parish.

Pods And n - the lower part of the barn (a pit with a dryer where a fire is made).

Train A not - wedding guests; members of the wedding train.

Cover at chenik - a worker in the field, usually from a share, a share of the field, on the master's content.

Pauld e nzi - pold e ngi, or half e nah, half. Money is a silver coin, from the 18th century. could be copper; 200 coins (minted from silver hryvnia) were the Moscow ruble.

Floor O k - a board or counter (table, chest), attached on an edge to the wall.

poper e shny - (zd.) transverse person, opponent, debater; a person endowed with unkind witchcraft influence, going and acting contrary.

P O artno, tailor O - narrow rough canvas.

Portian A tablecloth - a tablecloth made of coarse fabric, canvas (port - linen, made of hemp fibers, hemp and linen coarse yarn).

Posid e lol, sit e lki - gatherings of peasant youth on autumn and winter evenings.

Etc A vit - (zd.) straighten, correct; treat.

Prize O r - damage from the evil eye (dishonor - jinx).

Etc And braid - damage.

prip e check - a place in front of the stove, in front of the firebox; stove bench; guardianship, the basis of the furnace, the undercoat.

Prisuch And t - to entangle, draw in; to dry, to weary; bewitch; induce dryness.

Etc And clean - the cause (of the disease); damage; inflow; bad luck, misfortune.

Prichuzh e nye—ghost; sense deception.

conversation e tsya - for the first time after fasting to eat fast.

R And ha - a shed for drying sheaves and threshing.

R O get up - crossing roads, crossroads (where they part, part).

Runtz O - sheep's wool.

Serg A h - the one who leads the bear.

Cm at ry kaft A n - a dark-colored caftan made of undyed cloth, of mixed dark wool.

daughter-in-law A - son's wife; daughter-in-law; brother-in-law's wife.

sporin A - growth, abundance, profit, luck.

Stanov O th ur I dnik - the lower rank in the police, subordinate to the bailiff (stan - a police territorial unit into which counties were divided).

Passionate A I am candle A - a candle that burned during the reading of the 12 Gospels at Easter.

WITH at darker window O - a window at the front (red) corner or at the stove corner.

Sushi And lo - part of the barn; high poles with grating, where sheaves are dried.

Heat And on - a fire in a barn, a barn pit or a furnace.

T And amusing - chest.

Tonsk A i izb A - living quarters on the tone.

Tone I - a place where fish are caught; fishing.

T O grew up - (healthy) winter hunting of the beast.

stupid And tsa - a blunt knife or scraper for furrier work.

T s n - wooden solid fence, palisade.

cherub And mskaya - the cherubic hymn, performed during mass at the solemn beginning of the liturgy of the faithful, when the royal doors open.

Chernob s flax - bylnyak, alarm clock, a large species of wormwood.

Black m at rin - Negro, Moor.

Ches A lo - comb.

Shamshur - women's headdress.

W A tenderness, sh A nechka - a kind of cheesecake, juicy or simple flatbread.

Pole O j - platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.

Shlapat A t - spank, make noise.

Dictionary Aaar?n - brother of Moses and the first priest. Only his descendants could be priests. Abb? (aram.) - this is how the children called their father, and this is how Jesus Christ addressed God. Avra?