Most of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" under the title "Peasant Woman" is dedicated to Russian women. Wanderers looking for a happy man among men, in this part of the work decided to turn to a woman, and on the advice of the inhabitants of one of the villages, they turned to Matryona Korchagina.
The confession of this woman captivated them with the directness and depth of the story about the past years. To do this, the author used in the story of the heroine and metaphors, and comparisons, and folk songs and lamentations. All this in the mouth of Matryona sounds sad and sad. But is she happy and what is her life story?
Matrona's childhood was cloudless. She was born into a good hard-working peasant family, where there was no contention. She was loved and protected by her parents. Growing up early, she began to help them in everything, working hard, but still found time for rest.
She also recalled her youth with warmth, because she was beautiful and energetic and managed to do everything: work and rest. Many guys stared at Matryona until they found a betrothed, to whom she was married. The mother, mourning her daughter, lamented that it would not be sugar for her in marriage, in a strange side and a strange family. But such is the fate of women.
It all happened. Matrena ended up in a large unfriendly family, for her words "from a girl's Holi to hell." They didn’t like her there, they forced her to work hard, offended her, and her husband often beat her, because in those days it was common to beat women. But Matrena, having a strong character, courageously and patiently endured all the hardships of her bonded life. And even in these difficult life circumstances, she knew how to be happy. Here the husband will bring a scarf as a gift, and ride on a sled - and she rejoices at these moments.
The greatest happiness for Matryona was the birth of her first child. That's when she was truly happy. But this happiness was short-lived. Due to an oversight of the old man, the child dies, and the mother is blamed for everything. Where did she get the strength to endure all this? But she survived, as she survived a lot of grief and humiliation.
In her difficult peasant life, she proudly fights and does not fall into despair. Every year she gives birth to children, giving them all her love. She resolutely stands up for her son and accepts his punishment, she boldly goes to ask for her husband so that they do not take him to the war. Left an orphan at the age of 20, she has no one to rely on and no one to pity her. So courage and resilience developed in her character.
Two fires, epidemics, famine and other misfortunes fell on her hard lot. But the firmness and fortitude of this Russian woman can only be envied. Even when her mother-in-law died and Matryona became the mistress, it did not become easier for her to live, but she stubbornly fought for survival and she won.
Such is the life story of Matrona. Here they are, Russian women, were once in Rus'!
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Korchagina Matrena Timofeevna
TO WHOM IN Rus' LIVE WELL
Poem (1863-1877, unfinished)
Korchagina Matrena Timofeevna is a peasant woman, the third part of the poem is entirely devoted to her biography. “Matryona Timofeevna / A portly woman, / Broad and thick, / Thirty-eight years old. / Beautiful; gray hair, / Large, stern eyes, / The richest eyelashes, / Harsh and swarthy. / She has a white shirt on, / Yes, a short sundress, / Yes, a sickle over her shoulder "; The glory of a lucky woman leads wanderers to her. M. agrees to "lay out her soul" when the peasants promise to help her in the harvest: the suffering is in full swing. The fate of M. was largely prompted by Nekrasov, published in the 1st volume of "Lamentations of the Northern Territory", collected by E. V. Barsov (1872), the autobiography of the Olonets wailer I. A. Fedoseeva. The narrative is based on her laments, as well as other folklore materials, including "Songs collected by P. N. Rybnikov" (1861). The abundance of folklore sources, often almost unchanged included in the text of "Peasant Woman", and the very title of this part of the poem emphasize the typical fate of M.: this is the usual fate of a Russian woman, convincingly indicating that the wanderers "started / Not a deal - between women / Looking for a happy one." In the parental home, in a good, non-drinking family, M. lived happily. But, having married Philip Korchagin, a stove-maker, she ended up “from a girl’s will to hell”: a superstitious mother-in-law, a drunkard father-in-law, an older sister-in-law, for whom the daughter-in-law must work like a slave. True, she was lucky with her husband: only once it came to beatings. But Philip only returns home from work in winter, and in the rest of the time there is no one to intercede for M., except for grandfather Savely, father-in-law. She has to endure the harassment of Sitnikov, the master's manager, which ceased only with his death. Her first-born Demushka becomes a consolation in all troubles for a peasant woman, but due to Savely's oversight, the child dies: he is eaten by pigs. An unrighteous judgment is being carried out over a heartbroken mother. Not guessing in time to give a bribe to the boss, she becomes a witness to the abuse of the body of her child.
For a long time K. cannot forgive Savely for his irreparable oversight. Over time, the peasant woman has new children, "there is no time / Neither to think nor be sad." The heroine's parents, Savely, are dying. Her eight-year-old son Fedot is threatened with punishment for feeding someone else's sheep to a she-wolf, and his mother lies under the rod instead of him. But the most difficult trials fall on her lot in a lean year. Pregnant, with children, she herself is likened to a hungry she-wolf. Recruitment deprives her of her last intercessor, her husband (he is taken out of turn). In delirium, she draws terrible pictures of the life of a soldier, soldier's children. She leaves the house and runs to the city, where she tries to get to the governor, and when the porter lets her into the house for a bribe, she throws herself at the feet of the governor Elena Alexandrovna. With her husband and newborn Liodo-rushka, the heroine returns home, this incident cemented her reputation as a lucky woman and the nickname "governor". Her further fate is also full of troubles: one of her sons has already been taken to the soldiers, "They burned twice ... God anthrax ... visited three times." In the "Woman's Parable" her tragic story is summed up: "The keys to a woman's happiness, / From our free will / Abandoned, lost / God Himself!" Part of the criticism (V. G. Avseenko, V. P. Burenin, N. F. Pavlov) met the "Peasant Woman" with hostility, Nekrasov was accused of implausible exaggerations, false, fake common people. However, even ill-wishers noted some successful episodes. There were also reviews about this chapter as the best part of the poem.
All characteristics in alphabetical order:
Matryona Timofeevna (part "Peasant Woman"), based on the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'"
"Peasant Woman" picks up and continues the theme of the impoverishment of the nobility. Wanderers find themselves in a ruined estate: "the landowner is abroad, and the steward is dying." A crowd of servants released into the wild, but completely unadapted to work, is slowly stealing away the master's property. Against the backdrop of blatant devastation, collapse and mismanagement, labor peasant Rus' is perceived as a powerful creative and life-affirming element:
The strangers sighed lightly:
Them after the yard aching
seemed beautiful
Healthy, singing
A crowd of reapers and reapers...
In the center of this crowd, embodying the best qualities of the Russian female character, Matryona Timofeevna appears before the wanderers:
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy.
She has a white shirt on
Yes, the sundress is short,
Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.
The type of "dignified Slav woman", a peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, is recreated, endowed with restrained and strict beauty, full of self-esteem. This type of peasant woman was not ubiquitous. The life story of Matryona Timofeevna confirms that it was formed in the conditions of a seasonal fishery, in a region where most of the male population went to the cities. On the shoulders of the peasant woman lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the entire measure of responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. Harsh conditions honed a special female character, proud and independent, accustomed to relying on her own strength everywhere and in everything. Matrena Timofeevna's story about her life is built according to the laws of epic narration common to the folk epic. "The Peasant Woman," notes N. N. Skatov, "is the only part, all written in the first person. However, this story is by no means only about her private share. The voice of Matrena Timofeevna is the voice of the people themselves. That is why she sings more often than she talks, and sings songs not invented for her by Nekrasov. "Peasant Woman" is the most folklore part of the poem, it is almost entirely built on folk poetic images and motifs.
Already the first chapter of "Before Marriage" is not just a narrative, but, as it were, a traditional rite of peasant matchmaking taking place before our eyes. Wedding parables and lamentations "They equip themselves in the huts", "Thanks to the hot baenka", "My dear father ordered" and others are based on truly folk ones. Thus, talking about her marriage, Matrena Timofeevna talks about the marriage of any peasant woman, about all their great multitude.
The second chapter is directly titled "Songs". And the songs that are sung here are, again, folk songs. The personal fate of the Nekrasov heroine is constantly expanding to the limits of the all-Russian, without ceasing at the same time to be her own destiny. Her character, growing out of the general people, is not completely destroyed in it, her personality, closely connected with the masses, does not dissolve in it.
Matrena Timofeevna, having achieved the release of her husband, did not turn out to be a soldier, but her bitter thoughts on the night after the news of her husband's impending recruitment allowed Nekrasov to "add about the position of a soldier."
Indeed, the image of Matrena Timofeevna was created in such a way that she, as it were, experienced everything and went through all the states that a Russian woman could be in.
This is how Nekrasov achieves an enlargement of the epic character, striving for his all-Russian features to shine through the individual. In the epic, there are complex internal connections between individual parts and chapters: what is only outlined in one of them often unfolds in another. At the beginning of the "Peasant Woman" the theme of noble impoverishment, stated in "The Landowner", is revealed. The story outlined in the priest's monologue about "at what price the priesthood is bought" is picked up in the description of Grigory Dobrosklonov's childhood and youth in "A Feast for the Whole World."
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.bobych.spb.ru/
Composition.
Life of Matrena Timofeevna based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'"
The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, begun in one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, was written for several years, up to one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, although it remained unfinished.
To write such a work, Nekrasov began to study Russian folk art, peasant life. Thus, the author was preparing for a great literary feat - to create a monumental poem glorifying the Russian people. In my opinion, the reader should treat this work as a chronicle, a document written on the basis of real facts. In addition, the poem is also perceived as a folk narrative, since issues that are relevant to the people, age-old for people's consciousness are being resolved: about truth and falsehood, about grief and happiness. The poem takes on the significance of a folk encyclopedia.
For Nekrasov, the Russian people are "a hero of their time", the spiritual strength of the country. In the image of one hero, the author personifies the entire human race. People cease to be a crowd, they become a society in which women play a special role. The Russian woman has always been for the poet the bearer of life, a symbol of national existence. Therefore, one of the parts of the poem "Peasant Woman" can be safely renamed and called "The Life of Matrena Timofeevna."
Having found the definition of the term “life” in the dictionary, we learn that this is a description of the life of spiritual and secular persons canonized by the Christian Church, their biography.
Indeed, the whole part is built on telling as much as possible about the life of Matryona Timofeevna, to acquaint the reader with the heroine. Nekrasov writes this part, the only one in the poem, in the first person, bringing us closer to the spiritual inner world of man.
The first meeting with the heroine takes place at the moment when she returns from the field in a crowd of "reapers and reapers". Before the reader appears the image of a Russian peasant woman who is able to perform difficult and physically difficult work. She did not try to get away from work. Now it's time to work, is it leisure to interpret?
At any time, the heroine is able to sacrifice herself and her strength for the common good. Human happiness and duty for her is the main activity. She is ready to sacrifice herself.
Judging by the first meeting of the reader with the heroine, one can quite definitely say that Matryona Timofeevna is a smart, strict, hardworking woman and, moreover, a very caring mother. Many trials fell to her share, despite the fact that in her childhood she lived like "in Christ's bosom." As a girl, the heroine learned a lot: she worked in the field, brought breakfast to her father - a shepherd, spun - in general, did household chores. But "the betrothed turned up." They gave Matrena Timofeevna in marriage, she ended up "from a girl's holi to hell." For new relatives, the heroine became like a "slave". Husband Philip once beat her, but even this fact is not enough for Matryona Timofeevna to take revenge or hate him. She forgave, continuing to treat him as gently and affectionately: "Filippushka" or "Filyushka". She did not even resist the beatings, "turning the other cheek." This testifies to the closeness of her soul to God, deep faith in him, because she lives according to the biblical commandments. Then she gave birth to a son Demushka. And again the heroine is faced with a new problem, which is helped by her “father-in-law’s parent”, the only person who pities her. Grandfather Saveliy is presented in the poem as "the hero of Svyatorussky." It can also be attributed to the saints. It personifies the image of a holy, courageous person. Saveliy embodies heroism: mind, will, calmness and sanity. His feelings develop in trials, like Matryona Timofeevna. He was the only one who respected and felt sorry for the heroine, a defenseless girl who had to suffer so much. Even when Demushka died because of Savely, Matryona Timofeevna was able to forgive him. And this is not given to every woman, because in most cases, few mothers are able to forgive the "killer" of their child. Nor is it surprising that the mother's first reaction was to curse the poor old man. The same man was perfectly aware of his sin, therefore he answered absolutely calmly to the anger and violence of the woman, reasoning that only "God knows what he is doing." Feeling guilty and trying to atone for his sin, Savely went to the monastery, spending the last years of his life there.
More than twenty years have passed since the death of Matryona's son. The heroine gave birth to Fedotushka, with the appearance of which the innocent woman again had to suffer for the happiness of the child. For the fault of the stupid boy, the mother took upon herself the pain and cruelty of the punishment assigned to her son. Even for the sake of her ruthless husband, Matryona was ready for anything. She was not afraid to meet the governor's wife. At that moment, Matrena gave birth to a boy. Upon learning of the woman's misfortune, the governor helped her. Philippa saved.
This is the last difficult test that the heroine herself tells us about, and it makes it clear to the reader that the woman in Nekrasov's poem is a strong personality who managed to defend her human dignity in conditions of production and slavery. With her existence, Matryona Timofeevna explained what an indestructible spiritual and moral force is hidden in the mother's soul. Therefore, it is not in vain that the author describes the entire life path of the heroine, showing that she is a holy person, ready to die not for herself, but for others.
The main character personifies the whole nation as a whole. The consciousness of this morality, the “strength of the people”, which foreshadowed the sure victory of the people in the struggle for a happy future, was the source of that joyful vivacity that is felt even in the rhythms of the great poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Rus'".
Tasks and tests on the topic "The Life of Matrena Timofeevna based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'""
- Spelling - Important topics for repeating the exam in the Russian language
Lessons: 5 Assignments: 7
The image of Matryona Timofeevna, a Russian peasant woman, is surprisingly realistic and vivid. In it, the author combined all the qualities and features characteristic of Russian women - representatives of this segment of the population. In many ways, the fate of this heroine is similar to the fate of other peasant women in Rus'.
Years of living in a family
Matrena Timofeevna was born into a large family. The first years of her life were truly happy. Matryona will often remember the carefree time when she was surrounded by the care and love of her parents. However, peasant children grow up very quickly. As soon as the girl grew up, she began to help her parents in everything. The games were gradually forgotten, as there was less time left for them, the peasant hard work came out on top. But still, youth takes its toll, and the girl found time to relax even after a hard day's work.
The life of Matrena Timofeevna in her husband's house
Matrena Timofeevna recalls her youth. This heroine was hardworking, pretty, active. Such is the image of Matrena Timofeevna in This peasant woman, which is not surprising, was looked at by many guys. But then a betrothed appeared, and the girl's parents give our heroine in marriage to him. The new position means the end of the free and free life of Matryona Timofeevna. She will now live in a strange family, in which the attitude towards this one is far from the best. Giving her daughter in marriage, the mother worries about her fate, grieves for her. The parent understands perfectly well all the upcoming hardships of life, which are destined to fall to the lot of her beloved Matryona. No one in a strange family will show concern for the girl, the husband himself will also never stand up for his wife.
Difficult relationship with husband and family
Matryona Timofeevna shares sad thoughts. He did not want to change the free life in his own home for an unfamiliar, alien family. This heroine understood from the very first days of living in a new environment how hard it would be for her now.
Relationships with sisters-in-law, mother-in-law and father-in-law were very difficult. Matryona in the new family had to work hard, while not hearing a kind word addressed to her. But even in this difficult life, the peasant woman had simple, uncomplicated joys: her husband gave her a silk scarf, gave her a ride on a sleigh ...
The relationship between the heroine of interest to us and her husband was not at all cloudless. The husband at that time had the right to beat his wife if something in her behavior did not suit him. At the same time, no one will take the side of the girl, on the contrary, in the family of the spouse, all relatives will only be happy to look at the suffering of Matrena Timofeevna.
Birth of the first child
The life of this peasant woman after marriage became difficult. Gray, monotonous, similar to each other days dragged on: quarrels, hard work, reproaches from relatives ... But a peasant woman has angelic patience. She endures all hardships without complaining. The event that turned her life around is the birth of a child. Through it, the image of Matryona Timofeevna is revealed more clearly. Now this woman is no longer so embittered because her love for the baby pleases and warms.
baby death
The peasant woman's joy at the birth of her son did not last long. A lot of time and effort is taken away by work in the field, and here a baby is still in her arms. At first, this heroine took him to the field with her. But then the mother-in-law began to reproach her, since it is impossible to work with a child with full dedication. And the poor woman was forced to leave her baby with grandfather Savely. Once this old man overlooked - and the child died.
Tragic events after the death of a baby
His death was a terrible tragedy for our heroine. But the peasants have to put up with the fact that their children often die. For Matryona, this death turned out to be a difficult test because the child was the firstborn. For all the troubles, the police, the camp officer and the doctor come to the village, who accuse the peasant woman of having killed the child in collusion with grandfather Saveliy, a former convict. Matryona Timofeevna begs not to perform an autopsy, so that she can bury the child without scolding the body. But no one listens to the peasant woman. From what happened, she almost
Mother stands up for her son
The death of a child and other hardships of peasant life are not able to break this woman. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is an example of perseverance and patience. Time passes, every year her children are born. And the peasant woman continues to live, to do her hard work, to raise children. The most important thing that a peasant woman possesses is love for children. Matryona Timofeevna, whose characteristics are presented in our article, is ready for anything, just to protect her children. This is evidenced by the episode when Fedot, her son, wanted to be punished for an offense. Throws herself at the feet of the landowner, Matryona, who was passing by, so that he would help save the boy from punishment. He orders Fedot to be released, and the "daring woman" to be punished.
Matrena Timofeevna saves her husband from recruitment
Why does this peasant woman have to endure punishment? Only for the love for children that knows no boundaries, for the willingness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of others. This readiness is manifested in the way Matryona Timofeevna rushes to the defense of her husband, who is expected to be recruited. She manages to get to the governor's wife and ask her for help. She frees Philip from recruitment.
Another young girl is Matryona Timofeevna, but she has already had to go through a lot. This is the death of a son, and beatings, and reproaches, and a time of hunger.
Can Matryona Timofeevna be called happy?
One cannot call a happy peasant woman, who was Matryona Timofeevna, in any way. The characterization of this heroine is entirely based on the struggle with misfortunes. All the difficult trials and difficulties that fall to her lot can lead a person not only to spiritual death, but also to physical, break him. This is often what happens. Rarely does a peasant woman live long. Often these women die in the prime of their lives. The lines that tell about the life of this heroine are not easy to read. But at the same time, one cannot help but admire this woman, her spiritual strength. After all, this heroine went through many different trials and at the same time was not broken, which Nekrasov shows us.
The image of Matrena Timofeevna is surprisingly harmonious. This woman at the same time appears patient, hardy, strong and caring, loving, tender. She is forced to cope on her own with the troubles and difficulties that fall to the lot of the family, and not wait for help from anyone.
However, despite this, Matryona Timofeevna finds the strength to work, live, continue to enjoy the modest joys that sometimes fall to the lot of this woman. And let her honestly admit that it is impossible to call her happy, this woman does not fall into the sin of despondency for a minute. In the struggle for survival, she manages to emerge victorious.
The image of Matrena Timofeevna was briefly considered by us. You can talk about this woman for a very long time. She is admired. The third part of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is dedicated to this woman. Korchagina Matrena Timofeevna, whose image was presented in our article, is described in some detail in the work. You can turn to Nekrasov's poem and get to know this peasant woman better.
