Postmodernism as a literary movement originates at the end of the 20th century. It arises as a protest against the foundations, excluding any restriction of actions and techniques, blurs the boundaries between styles and gives the authors absolute freedom of creativity. The main vector of development of postmodernism is the overthrow of any established norms, a mixture of "high" values and "low" needs.
The convergence of elitist modernist literature, which was difficult for the majority of society to understand, and primitivism, rejected by intellectuals due to its stereotyped nature, aimed to get rid of the shortcomings of each style.
(Irene Sheri "Behind the book")
The exact dates of the origin of this style are uncertain. However, its origin is the reaction of society to the results of the era of modernism, the end of World War II, the horrors that took place in concentration camps and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Some of the first works include "The Dismemberment of Orpheus" (Ihab Hassan), "Cannibal" (John Hawkes) and "Scream" (Allen Ginsberg).
Conceptual design and theoretical definition of postmodern received only in the 1980s. This was facilitated, first of all, by the developments of J.F. Lyotard. The Oktober magazine published in the USA actively promoted the postmodernist ideas of prominent representatives of cultural studies, philosophy and literary criticism.
Postmodernism in Russian Literature of the 20th Century
The opposition between avant-gardism and modernity, where the mood of the Silver Age was felt, was expressed in Russian postmodernism by a rejection of realism. Writers in their works describe harmony as a utopia. They find a compromise with chaos and space. The first independent postmodern response in Russia is Andrey Bitov's Pushkin House. However, the reader was able to enjoy it only 10 years after the release, since a ban was imposed on its printing.
(Andrey Anatolyevich Shustov "Ballad")
Russian postmodernism owes the versatility of images to domestic socialist realism. It is he who is the starting point for reflection and development of characters in books of this direction.
Representatives
The ideas of comparing opposite concepts are clearly expressed in the works of the following writers:
- S. Sokolov, A. Bitov, V. Erofeev - paradoxical compromises between life and death;
- V. Pelevin, T. Tolstaya - the contact of the real and the fantasy;
- Pietsukh - the border of foundations and absurdity;
- V. Aksyonov, A. Sinyavsky, L. Petrushevskaya, S. Dovlatov - the denial of any authorities, organic chaos, a combination of several trends, genres and eras on the pages of one work.
(Nazim Hajiyev "Eight" (seven dogs, one cat))
Directions
Based on the concepts of "the world as a text", "the world as chaos", "author's mask", "double move" the directions of postmodernism, by definition, have no specific boundaries. However, analyzing Russian literature of the late 20th century, some features stand out:
- Orientation of culture to itself, and not to the real world;
- The texts originate from the stocks of historical eras;
- Ephemerality and illusiveness, feigned actions,
- Metaphysical isolation;
- Nonselection;
- Fantastic parody and irony;
- Logic and absurdity are combined in a single image;
- Violation of the law of sufficient justification and exclusion of the third sense.
Postmodernism in Foreign Literature of the 20th Century
The literary concepts of the French post-structuralists are of particular interest to the American writing community. It is against its background that Western theories of postmodernism are formed.
(Portrait - a collage of a mosaic of works of art)
The point of no return to modernism is an article by Leslie Fiedler published in Playboy. In the very heading of the text, the rapprochement of opposites is loudly demonstrated - "Cross the borders, fill in the ditches." In the course of the formation of literary postmodernity, the tendency to overcome the boundaries between "books for intellectuals" and "stories for the ignorant" is gaining momentum. As a result of development, certain characteristic features are visible between foreign works.
Some features of postmodernity in the works of Western authors:
- Decanonization of official norms;
- Ironic attitude to values;
- Filling with quotes, short statements;
- Denial of a single "I" in favor of a plurality;
- Innovations in forms and ways of presenting thoughts, in the course of changing genres;
- Hybridization of techniques;
- Humorous look at everyday situations, laughter as one of the sides of life's disorder;
- Theatricality. Game with plots, images, text and reader;
- Acceptance of the diversity of life through resignation to chaotic events. Pluralism.
The United States is considered the birthplace of postmodernism as a literary movement. Postmodernism is most clearly reflected in the work of American writers, namely the followers of the "school of black humor" in the person of Thomas Pynchon, Donald Barthelemy, John Bart, James Patrick Dunleavy.
The second half of the twentieth century is characterized as the time of postmodernism - a new period in the development of the cultural and historical process. As for the very term "postmodernism", its interpretation, history of origin and relation to the previous modernist culture, there are still no clear and generally accepted definitions. There are many different concepts about the characteristics and chronological framework for the definition and description of postmodernism, sometimes expressing directly opposite points of view.
Exactly pluralism and defines the fundamental difference between postmodern culture and previous ones. The pluralistic position, which consists not only in the plurality of opinions, points of view, scientific concepts, but also in the equality of their existence, means the rejection of the search and attempts to display it, which was characteristic of the culture of modernism. In a situation of plurality and relativity of worldviews and pictures of the world, the problem of reality is removed, it disappears. This gives rise to the well-known Russian researcher of postmodernism M.N. Epstein argue that the concept of "reality" in modern scientific concepts is so conditional that it is not even used without quotes. Therefore, to formulate a general comprehensive idea of postmodern culture too difficult. Researchers of postmodernism, although they use a relatively unified conceptual apparatus and analytical tools, but in the general postmodern complex there are separate movements or groups of critics with ideological, theoretical and aesthetic orientations that differ significantly from each other.
Postmodernism was formed as a theory of art and literature in the course of attempts to master the experience of various neo-avant-garde movements during the entire period after the Second World War. Emergence postmodernism as a mindset of a person in the last quarter of the twentieth century is associated with the development of technical means of mass communications and bears the imprint of disappointment in the ideals and values of the Renaissance and Enlightenment with their belief in progress, the dominance of reason, the limitlessness of human capabilities.
The term "postmodernism" was first used in 1917 in the work of R. Pannwitz "The Crisis of European Culture", and in 1934 the literary critic F. Where is Onis uses it to denote a reaction to modernism. In 1947, A. Toynbee in work "Comprehension of history" gives the term "postmodernism" a cultural meaning, using it as a symbol end of western domination in religion and culture. The status of the concept of postmodernism acquires in the eighties thanks to the works of J.-F. Lyotard, who extended the discussion about him to the sphere of philosophy.
To date, there are a number of approaches to the essence of postmodernity. In particular, M. N. Epshtein the main factor in the emergence of postmodern culture considers continuous height the amount of information circulating in society. A person at the turn of the XX-XXI century must perceive tens of thousands of times more information than it was 300-400 years ago. This is what gives postmodern culture a traumatic character, because the individual feels part of a cripple that is able to relate to the environment. A new type of sensibility arises, characterized by an indifferent, blunted attitude to the existing. The postmodern individual is open to everything, but he perceives everything as signs, without even trying to understand the essence of phenomena. Therefore, postmodernism is a culture of quick and light touches, when everything is perceived as a quote, convention, on which it is impossible to find a basis. Conscious focus on compilation And citation artistic works of past centuries - one of the characteristic features of postmodernism. This is associated with such features as: a shift of attention from the generation of the new to the game with the already created; refusal from the idea of the artist as a creator; skepticism in relation to the originality of the work; blurring the distinction between "high" and "mass" culture;
Artistic aspirations postmodern characterized as a search alternatives to modernism which led to the creation of new images, new means and materials of the image. Thus, in artistic practice, there was a transition from interest in the objects of the image to the very process of their creation. The social orientation of art is growing (feminism in art, "the art of outsiders" - ethnic minorities). Directions that use images of mass culture are actively developing; photography flourishes; the development of technologies (video, computers, the Internet) has a great influence on the work of artists.
The personification of postmodernism in the field of artistic creativity can be considered conceptual art (from the Latin conceptus - idea, thought, representation), which requires not an emotional reaction during its perception, but intellectual comprehension. The compositions in his works consist of "concepts" - objects that symbolize the attributes of modern civilization and act as means of its philosophical comprehension. The first presentation of works in this direction took place in
1969 (USA). Main representatives: J. Kosuth, D. Hubler, R. Berry, J. Wilson. The program piece of conceptual art was J. Kossuth's article "Art after Philosophy", in which he substantiates the exceptional role of art in modern culture, but interpreted not in the traditional sense. Artistic creativity should act as a generation of conceptual models. The creed of the conceptualists is that art should have nothing to do with specific objects, the physical shell of works should be ruynovna, since the main thing is "the power of the idea, not the material" (J. Kossuth). Concepts can be presented through pieces of textual information, diagrams or visual-logical structures. Conceptual art presents itself in forms such as video art, installation and performance.
Video art(English Video art) uses the possibilities of video equipment, computer and television images to express an artistic idea. N. D. Paik is considered the founder of video art, other representatives: K Sonnet, K. Rinke, B. Naumann and others. Unlike television, which appeals to a mass audience, video art uses television techniques in a happening. It arose as a denial of the dominance of mass culture, the embodiment of which was television. Video art can be used not only, but also to act in it.
installation(from English. Installation- installation, installation) the formation of spatial compositions from household items, industrial materials. The main goal of the installation is the creation of an artistic and semantic space, which makes it possible to actualize meanings and feelings that are inaccessible in everyday life; the viewer becomes an active participant, not an observer.
performance(from English. Performance- performance, performance, performance) - a direction of contemporary art, based on the idea of creativity as a way of life. In a performance, the actions of the artist themselves, which are observed by the audience in real time, are considered to be a work of art. The essential difference between performance and theater is that in the theater the actors represent the characters, while in performance the creators of the actions represent no one but themselves. The pioneers of performance are considered the Yugoslav artist Marina Abramovic and the German artist Joseph Beuys, whose largest action was "7000 Oaks" (1982), during which basalt blocks were gradually dismantled and trees were planted.
Also, within the framework of postmodern art, other directions are being formed: happening, graffiti, minimalism, sots art, op art, pop art.
Happening(from English. to happen- occur, happen) - a theatrical action with the participation of the artist and the viewer, overcomes the border between them. Unlike performance, it does not have a clear script, is not completely controlled by the author himself and is based on improvisations, including chance. The founder of this trend is John Cage, who made the first happening in 1952; the main representatives are J. Dine, K. Oldenburg and others. The idea of Hep-Pening is one of the manifestations of the postmodern concept of the event as a unique originality. This art form is sometimes referred to as "spontaneous plotless theatrical event".
Graffiti(from ital. graffiti- images, drawings or inscriptions on walls or other surfaces) is a trend in American painting, characterized by the transfer of graffiti techniques and images to easel painting and graphics. Distinctive features of graffiti - fantasy and vibrant originality, combined with elements of urban subculture and the art of ethnic groups. Representatives of Graffitiism: Crash (John Matos), Days (Chris Alice), Futura 2000 (Leo-r McGar) and others.
Minimalism(from. English. minimal art) or ABC-art- an artistic trend that proceeds from the need to minimize the transformation of materials in the creative process, focuses on anti-decorativeness and the rejection of figurativeness. The art of minimal art is characterized by simplicity and monotony. Minimalists use simple geometric shapes, free from any symbolism, semantic load, industrial materials, neutral colors. The goal of minimalist creativity is the expression of the primary objective structures of the universe. The product of creativity should not have even a minimal artistic value, it should not contain any subjectivity, especially sensuality; therefore, minimalist art is also characterized as "cold art". Representatives of minimal art: Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Robert Maurice and others.
Sots art arises as a parody (irony found its manifestation in the name of the movement itself) on official Soviet art and images of modern mass culture, although elements of nostalgia sometimes appear in it. Representatives of this trend sought to deprive the viewer of ideological stereotypes. Sots art combines two concepts: social realism and pop art. Moscow artists Vitaly Komar and Alexander Melamid are considered the inventors of Sots Art.
Op art(abbreviated from English. optical art) - optical, or visual art, focused on the modeling of space and movement by non-traditional art means and designed for an optical effect. The theorist of this artistic direction, S. Tillim, considers it the main goal of creating optical illusion simultaneous approach and removal of plans of dynamic space due to the special organization of colored figures. Ideally, with a long examination of works of op art, a special visual motion effect elements of composition, dynamics, although the work itself remains static. The artist, as it were, plays with the viewer, making his images flicker and pulsate. The main representatives of opt-art V. Vasarely, B. Riley, R. Anushkevich.
Pop Art(from the English Popular - popular, folk) - a direction that seeks to overcome the distance between elite and mass culture. Its representatives: J. Jones, R. Rauschenberg, R. Hamilton, J. Dyne and others. Pop art acted as a kind of reaction to classical elitist abstractionism, the understanding of which required a significant level of training from the viewer. Pop art criticizes the rejection of figurativeness, non-objectivity, demanding return to object reality - but no longer abstract, not stylized, but to a specific subject. Representatives of pop art believed that artistic value can be found in any subject, using and combining objects of different plans in their compositions.
More details about the characteristics of the main trends in art of the second half of the twentieth century can be found in the works: VG Vlasov "Styles in Art", St. Petersburg, 1995. V.1; Borev Y. Aesthetics. -, 2002.
Postmodernism in painting is a modern trend in fine arts that appeared in the 20th century and is quite popular in Europe and America.
Postmodernism
The very name of this style is translated as “after modernity”. But postmodernism cannot be perceived so unambiguously. This is not only a direction in art - it is an expression of the human worldview, a state of mind. Postmodernism is a way to express yourself. The main features of this style are the opposition to realism, the denial of norms, the use of ready-made forms, and irony.
Postmodernism arose as a way to resist modernity. This style flourished in the second half of the 20th century. The term "postmodernism" was first used in 1917 in an article that criticized Nietzsche's theory of the superman.
The concepts of postmodernism are as follows:
- This is the result of politics and neo-conservative ideology, which are characterized by eclecticism, fetishism.
- Umberto Eco (who will be discussed below) defined this genre as a mechanism that serves to change one era in culture to another.
- Postmodernism is a way of rethinking the past, because it cannot be destroyed.
- This is a unique period, which is based on a special understanding of the world.
- H. Leten and S. Suleiman believed that postmodernism cannot be considered an integral artistic phenomenon.
- This is an era whose main feature was the belief that the mind is omnipotent.
Postmodernism in art
For the first time, this style manifested itself in two types of art - postmodernism in painting and in literature. The first notes of this direction appeared in the novel by Hermann Gasse "Steppenwolf". This book is a desktop book for representatives of the hippie subculture. In literature, representatives of the “postmodernism” trend are such writers as: Umberto Eco, Tatiana Tolstaya, Jorge Borges, Victor Pelevin. One of the most famous novels in this style is The Name of the Rose. The author of this book is Umberto Eco. In the art of cinema, the very first film created in the postmodern style was the film Freaks. - horrors. The brightest representative of postmodernism in cinema is Quentin Tarantino.
This style makes no attempt to create any universal canons. The only value here is the freedom of the creator and the absence of restrictions for self-expression. The main principle of postmodernism is "everything is allowed".
art
Postmodernism in painting of the 20th century proclaimed its main idea - there is no particular difference between a copy and an original. Postmodern artists successfully demonstrated this idea in their paintings - creating them, then rethinking, transforming what had already been created earlier.
Postmodernism in painting arose on the basis of modernism, which once rejected the classics, everything academic, but in the end it itself moved into the category of classical art. Painting has reached a new level. As a result, there was a return to the period that preceded modernism.
Russia
Postmodernism in Russian painting flourished in the 1990s. The brightest in this direction of fine arts were artists from the creative group "Own":
- A. Menus.
- Hyper Pupper.
- M. Tkachev.
- Max Maksyutin.
- A. Podobed.
- P. Veshchev.
- S. Nosova.
- D. Dudnik.
- M. Kotlin.
The creative group "SVOI" is a single organism, assembled from diverse artists.
Russian postmodernism in painting is fully consistent with the basic principle of this trend.
Artists in this genre
The most famous representatives of postmodernism in painting:
- Joseph Beuys.
- Ubaldo Bartolini.
- V. Komar.
- Francesco Clemente.
- A. Melamid.
- Nicholas de Maria.
- M. Merz.
- Sandro Chia.
- Omar Galliani.
- Carlo Maria Mariani.
- Luigi Ontani.
- Past Paladino.
Joseph Beuys
This German artist was born in 1921. Joseph Beuys is a prominent representative of the "postmodernism" trend in painting. Paintings and art objects of this artist strive to exhibit in all museums of contemporary art. Josef's talent for drawing manifested itself in childhood. From an early age he was engaged in painting and music. Repeatedly visited the studio of the artist Achilles Murtgat. While still a schoolboy, J. Beuys read a large number of books on biology, art, medicine and zoology. Since 1939, the future artist combined his studies at school with work in the circus, where he looked after animals. In 1941, after leaving school, he volunteered for the Luftwaffe. He first served as a radio operator, then became a rear gunner on a bomber. During the war, Josef painted a lot and began to think seriously about a career as an artist. In 1947, J. Beuys entered the Academy of Arts, where he later taught and received the title of professor. In 1974, he opened the Free University, where everyone could enter to study without age restrictions and without entrance exams. His paintings consisted of drawings in watercolor and lead point depicting various animals, resembling rock paintings. He was also a sculptor and worked in the style of expressionism, sculpting tombstones to order. Joseph Beuys died in 1986 in Düsseldorf.
Francesco Clemente
Another world-famous representative of the "postmodernism" style in painting is the Italian artist Francesco Clemente. He was born in Naples in 1952. The first exhibition of his work was held in Rome, in 1971, when he was 19 years old. The artist traveled a lot, visited Afghanistan, India. His wife was a theater actress. Francesco Clemente adored India and visited there very often. He fell in love with the culture of this country so much that he even collaborated with Indian miniaturists and paper craftsmen - he painted gouache miniatures on handmade paper. Fame brought to the artist paintings, which depicted erotic images of often mutilated parts of the human body, many of his creations were made by him in very rich colors. In the early 80s of the twentieth century, he painted a series. In the 90s of the twentieth century, he began to work in a new technique for himself - a wax fresco. The works of F. Clemente took part in a large number of exhibitions in different countries. His most convincing works are those in which he conveys his own mood, his mental anguish, fantasies and hobbies. One of his last exhibitions took place in 2011. Francesco Clemente still lives and works in New York, but often visits India.
Sandro Chia
Another one that represents postmodernism in painting. A photo of one of the works of Sandro Chia is shown in this article.
He is not only an artist, he is also a graphic artist and sculptor. Fame came to him in the 80s of the twentieth century. Sandro Chia was born in Italy in 1946. Educated in his native city, Florence. After studying, he traveled a lot, looking for an ideal place for himself, as a result of his search in 1970 he began to live in Rome, and in 1980 he moved to New York. Now S. Kia lives either in Miami or in Rome. The artist's works began to be exhibited both in Italy and in other countries - in the 70s. Sandro Chia has his own artistic language, which is filled with irony. In his works, bright saturated colors. Many of his paintings depict male figures of a heroic appearance. In 2005, the President of Italy awarded Sandro Chia for his contribution to the development of culture and art. A huge number of paintings by the artist are in museums in Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Israel, Italy and other countries.
Mimmo Paladino
Italian postmodern artist. Born in the southern part of the country. Graduated from the College of Arts. In the revival of fine arts in the 70s, he played one of the leading roles. He mainly worked in the technique of tempera fresco. In 1980, in Venice, his work was presented for the first time at an exhibition, among the paintings of other postmodern artists. Among them were such names as Sandro Chia, Nicola de Maria, Francesco Clemente and others. A year later, the Basel Art Museum organized a personal exhibition of paintings by Mimmo Paladino. Then there were several more personalities in others. In addition to painting, the artist was a sculptor.
He sculpted his first works in 1980. His sculptures gained popularity almost immediately. They were exhibited in London and Paris in the most prestigious halls. In the 1990s, Mimmo created his cycle of 20 white sculptures made in mixed media. The artist received the title of honorary member of the Royal Academy of Art in London. Also, M. Paladino is the author of scenery for theater performances in Rome and Argentina. Painting in the life of Mimmo played a leading role.
Postmodernism in painting arose somewhat later than in architecture. The turn to it began only in the 70s, however, having begun later, it quickly came to an end. This was evidenced by a number of exhibitions held in European countries at the very beginning of the 80s. In London, the exhibition "The New Spirit in Painting" (1980), in Berlin - "The Spirit of the Times" (1981), in Paris - "Baroque-81" (1981), in Rome - "Avant-garde and transavant-garde" (1982), in Saint-Etienne - “Myth. Drama. Tragedy "(1982).
The aforementioned and other exhibitions spoke eloquently of the fact that modernism and the avant-garde had exhausted themselves, that they almost imperceptibly and inaudibly left the art scene, and their departure did not cause much regret, much less tragedy or catastrophe, that postmodernism took their place.
The work of the French artist Gerard Garoust deserves special mention in postmodern painting. His example most clearly shows not only the features and characteristics characteristic of all postmodernism, but also the profound changes that have taken place in the position of art in the postwar period.
Even at the beginning of our century, when modernism was already quite widespread and more and more transformed into the avant-garde, the well-known formula "art requires sacrifice" was addressed mainly to the artists themselves. In particular, this concerned precisely the new, progressive trends, on which society looked very indifferently. Artists lived in communes, settled in poor quarters, in Montmartre, in the rooms of the upper floors intended for servants, or in attics, ate from hand to mouth. For the sake of art, they sacrificed their whole lives. For many of them, it has developed tragically. As an example, one can point to the fate of Van Gogh, Gauguin, Modigliani and others.
In all these parameters, J. Garouste is the exact opposite. His appearance is fashionable and marked by dandyism: he wears a hat, a formal suit, the pocket of which is decorated with a handkerchief, and a tie.
J. Garust quickly achieved significant success. At the age of 42, he got the opportunity to arrange a solo exhibition at the Pompidou Center, which testified to the highest recognition of his work. Currently, he is one of those French artists who have achieved the greatest international fame.
It was Garust who gave one of his canvases the name “Deja vu” (“Already seen”), which has become a kind of sign or symbol of all postmodern art. In relation to other types of art, it acts as “already read”, “already heard”: in the work of postmodernists, a large place is occupied by parodies, imitations, imitations, quotations and borrowings. It is necessary to note one more feature of postmodernism - excessiveness. The passion for using a variety of styles and mannerisms from a variety of eras knows no bounds.
When studying the masterpieces of postmodernism, one gets the impression that as models for their work, postmodernists set themselves masterpieces of recognized masters, copies or imitations of which they intend to make. However, while doing this, they dip their brush not only into paints, but also into acid. Acid is known to make a beautiful face. As applied to painting, it corrodes, burns signs of good taste, beauty and harmony. The resulting result is not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and evaluation.
In general, postmodernism in painting demonstrates the already familiar eclecticism, a mixture of styles and manners, a passion for quoting and borrowing, irony and parody, a rejection of forecasts for the future, an appeal to mythology and the past, and at the same time their dissolution in the present.
These consonant styles of painting are often confused with each other. So that a novice artist and any other person interested in art can freely navigate in directions, as well as be able to distinguish them from each other, our art school invites you to familiarize yourself with this article, as well as visit the exciting Oil Painting master classes. Together we will be able not only to consider different styles of painting with their features, but also independently realize our potential in various trends using special artistic techniques.
Viktor Vasnetsov. After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavovich with the Polovtsians. 1848-1926.
So, let's start with Art Nouveau, which today remains popular and in demand in the world due to its original aesthetics.
MODERN
Modern in painting, these are plots filled with images characteristic of symbolism. Their complex rhythm is combined in a linear composition with original decorative elements.
The first and main feature of this style is the specific smoothness of forms. We see elongated figures growing in height, with clear outlines on a monochrome surface. Looking at the works of famous modern artists, it is worth taking a closer look, and you will notice that they do not have the usual effect of depth. The images look flat, like wall art.
Initially, when Art Nouveau in painting was just gaining momentum, its representatives used exotic floral motifs, fancy ornaments and patterns. Not infrequently, female figures or mystical creatures appeared on canvases in their interweaving. This is a symbol, some kind of allegory for the main theme of the picture, such as love, sin, death or war. It is important to note that the style language was formed for many years, in many respects not without the ideas of the symbolists from France and Russia. It has a different name in every country. This is for you and Art Nouveau, and Jugendstil, and Secession.
Art Nouveau in painting is represented by the works of such cult personalities as P. Gauguin and P. Bonnard, G. Klimt and E. Munch, M. Vrubel and V. Vasnetsov.
Paul Gauguin. Two Tahitian women 
Mikhail Vrubel. Six-winged Seraphim. 1904. 
Do not confuse modernist painters and modernist painters.
MODERNISM
Modernism- this is a certain combination of different styles, which are based on the individuality of the author's view, on the freedom of his thoughts and inner emotions. In general, modernism in painting positions itself as a separate major movement that has abandoned the usual classical traditions. Artists crossed out their historical experience. They tried to find a new beginning in art, to renew the perception and understanding of painting in society.
The most famous modernist movements include such styles as avant-garde, primitivism, cubism, surrealism, futurism, expressionism and abstract art. Each of them pursues its own goal, based on an original philosophical idea or thought.
avant-garde originated in the mail of modernism in Europe in 1905-1930. The goal of this trend is the acquisition of freedom by means of artistic techniques. The works of avant-garde artists are distinguished by defiant, frank ideas and scenes.
Kazimir Malevich. Suprematism. 
Primitivism in painting - this is a deliberate distortion of images, by simplification. In a sense, this style imitates the primary, primitive stages in the development of painting. The childish interpretation of human nature, outlined in small details, made this style popular among self-taught artists. However, naive, light art without a clear framework and classical techniques seriously influenced the work of venerable creators. Primitivism in painting, in forms and images, is by no means connected with the primitiveness of the content of the picture. Some randomly thrown little things in the plots can tell about the very important internal emotions of the hero on the canvas.
Niko Pirosmani. Actress Margaret. 1909. 
Cubism is based on a shift in the forms of images, their deformation and decomposition into geometric elements. The concept of paintings began to dominate the artistic value. It was this trend that determined the development of art for the coming decades.
L. Popova. Portrait of a philosopher. 1915. 
Surrealism in painting arose as a result of literary works devoted to the formation of human consciousness. The idea of the existence of the mind and soul outside the real world, the study of the unconscious, as well as the phenomenon of sleep and absurd phenomena, gave the artists new topics for work. The main meaning of this style is the removal from the usual conscious creativity. Surrealism in painting is images and plots taken from the depths of one's own subconscious. Therefore, the pictures of this plan are full of bizarre hallucinations.
Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory. 1931. 
Like surrealism, futurism in painting takes his ideas from literature. Destroying stereotypes and demonstrating an urban future is the main idea of this style. The rapid movement into the future, the desire to get rid of old norms, to break out of the remnants of past centuries and get into a more organized and consistent world, is evident in every work of artists of this trend. Futurism in the painting of Russian authors is somewhat different from the paintings of European followers of this trend. Mainly by merging with the principles of cubism.
Umberto Boccioni. States of Mind II: Those Who Are Gone. 1911. 
Expressionism in painting it is a protest against the world. This is an internal acute perception of the environment, the alienation of a person, his spiritual collapse. The style arose on the eve of the war, so it is not surprising that the canvases are saturated with deformation, special coloring and sharp dissonances. Expressionism in painting is nothing more than the transfer of a specific emotion, the drama of understanding one's experiences.
Edward Moon. Scream. 1893. 
Abstractionism in painting, a complete rejection of the actual transmission of images is aimed at creating peculiar associations for the viewer, by combining different geometric shapes of specific shades on the canvas. Abstractionism in painting is aimed at the harmony of the composition, because any object from different angles can have different shapes and shades. This trend is the last stage of the manifestation of modernism, the so-called non-figurative art.
Theo van Doesburg. Counter composition V. 1924 
POSTMODERNISM
Already from the name it is clear that postmodernism has replaced modernism, which was incomprehensible to wide circles and fell into the hands of skeptical critics. It has unique typological features. Firstly, postmodernism in painting is the presence of a finished form. Artists borrow images from classical traditions, but give them a new interpretation, their own exclusive context. It is not uncommon for postmodernists to combine forms from different styles, ironically over the world, and thus justifying their secondary nature.
The next important difference is the absence of any rules. This current does not dictate criteria for self-expression to the author. The creator has the right to choose any form and manner of performing his work. Please note that this freedom has become the basis for fresh creative ideas and trends in art. It is postmodernism in painting that is a prerequisite for the emergence of art installations and performances. This trend does not have clear features in technology, and today it is the largest and most popular on the world stage.
Paul Salvator Goldengreen. The Painter Prince. 
The art school "Oil Painting" actively assists novice artists and amateurs in finding their own style.
