(GP) - the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, in relation to other geographical objects with which it is in interaction. The physical position is distinguished - the position in relation to the prime meridian, continents, oceans and. Economic and geographical - position in relation to the main regions and centers of the economy, world routes and - this is an assessment of the place of a country or region on, their position in relation to various states, military and economic unions, to various regional conflicts.
Geographical position of Russia
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world by area. Its area is 17.1 million km2. In terms of area, it is comparable to the whole mainland - (17.4 million km2). located in three hemispheres - the northern, most in the eastern and only the extreme eastern points in the western, in the northeast of the mainland. It is washed by the waters of three oceans: in the north -, in the east -. In the west and southwest it has access to the seas. The extreme northern point of the country is Cape Fligeli on about. Rudolf, on the mainland Cape Chelyuskin. South - Mount Bazardyuzyu (in Dagestan). The extreme western one is Cape Sandy Spit near the city, and the eastern one is in the western hemisphere on about. Ratmanov in the strait, mainland Cape Dezhnev.
The distance between the northern and southern points is more than 4 thousand km, and between the western and eastern points is about 10 thousand km. Thus, most of Russia is located in latitudes, although the northern part of the country is in the harsh Arctic, and a small section of the coast is in subtropical latitudes. The geographical position of our country determines the significant severity of natural conditions: it is distributed over more than 64% of the country's territory.
The total length of the borders is almost 60 thousand km, of which 14.5 are land and 44.5 are sea. In the west, Russia borders on Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,. In the southwest - with; in the south - with and, and; in the east, maritime borders with and . In the north, the Russian sector stands out, the boundaries of which are drawn along the meridians of Ratmanov Island and the northern point of the border with Norway to the north pole.
After the collapse of the USSR, the geopolitical position of Russia changed significantly.
Along the entire perimeter of the land borders of Russia, sovereign states have formed from among the former Soviet republics, and the borders with them in most cases are not properly equipped. The USSR existed in a bipolar world, in the face of confrontation between two economic and military blocs -
Geographical position is a characteristic geographical feature and is a description of it positions on the earth's surface And in relation to other geographic features with which he interacts in one way or another. Any geographic feature has its geographic location. That is, the geographical location can be described for a country, region, natural complex, mainland, park, etc.
Every country has borders with other countries. The number of neighboring countries, the length of borders with them, the type of border (land, sea, river) are an important component of describing the geographical position of the country. In addition, not only directly bordering neighboring countries are considered, but also countries located through one or more states. Therefore, neighbors of the 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order are distinguished.
For example, Russia directly borders on 16 states. The longest border we have with Kazakhstan. Next come China, Mongolia, Ukraine, Finland, Belarus and others. With Japan and the United States, Russia has only maritime borders.
The more neighbors a country has, the better it is for its development, since this allows for the establishment of various socio-economic ties.
Geographic location is a rather capacious characteristic. Therefore, there are different types of geographical location. In each form, emphasis is given to a specific feature.
Physical location describes the position of the country relative to natural objects (continents, oceans, mountains, etc.). So, for example, Russia is located on the territory of Eurasia, has access to the oceans.
Economic and geographical position describes economic ties with other countries, assesses their level and development prospects.
Geopolitical position is an assessment of relations with other countries, mainly security. The description of the geopolitical position answers the question of whether relations with other countries are friendly or hostile.
Transport and geographical position describes the features of transport links with other countries, as well as within the country.
Ecological and geographical position countries determines the environmental hazard and its level from neighboring countries. So, for example, harmful emissions from industries in some countries can enter the territory of other countries.
When describing a certain type of geographical location, another can also be partially described, since they can influence each other. For example, the physical-geographical position directly affects the economic-geographical one. Therefore, when describing the economic-geographical position, the physical-geographical one is also partially described.
The assessment of a number of types of geographical position of countries is not constant. Countries change and develop. Consequently, their geographical position is changing.
concept "geographical position"(GP) is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography originated as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it (for example, to a navigator), but also to explain some of the properties of this object and even predict its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. The ability to characterize in all essential respects the position of the object under study is necessary for a geographer-researcher. GP is usually interpreted as the position of any point or area of the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. GP is considered as a kind of external condition for the existence, functioning and development of objects, a characteristic of a given object, expressing its relationship to any geographical objects outside it.
Often the term "position" is understood as the internal state of the object (by analogy with the international position, economic position, etc.). But HP is always an attitude to external circumstances. And this is a position in two-dimensional space, because it is determined on the basis of a geographical map. On it, all objects are represented either as points (as if having no dimension on a given scale), or linear, having only one dimension, or areal (areal) - with two dimensions. On a small-scale map, a city is a point object, a river or a railway is a linear object. Therefore, we can talk about the position of the object relative to points, lines and areas.
The concept of "geographical position" was used in the 19th century, its meaning was analyzed in general terms and on specific examples in the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, among geographers - by F. Ratzel. The GP category was proposed in the USSR at the turn of the 20-30s of the 20th century. I. Alkin and later developed in detail by N.N. Baransky, I.M. Maergoiz and a number of other authors. N.N. Baransky, highlighting the essence of the GP, emphasized that the position is the relationship of a given point or area to some geographical data taken outside this point or area. THEM. Maergois wrote that the question is not so much Where there is an object (it goes without saying), how much in that, how it lies relative to what is beyond it. These ideas have enduring value many years after they were expressed.
Through the system of relations of a given object (areal) with other objects (areas), the GP substantively reveals the individual features and properties of any territory. It determines many of the most important features of countries, regions, cities, highlights the properties of their originality And individuality.
In its most formalized form, geographic location is the position of objects fixed on a map in two-dimensional space of the earth's surface. In physical geography, less often in economic geography, the third dimension is also estimated - absolute or relative height. On the map, all objects are depicted as point, linear (with off-scale conventional signs) or areal (contour, occupying a certain area). In fact, of course, both point and line objects on a small-scale map (settlement, multi-lane highway) occupy areas, but with an appropriate scale of study, this circumstance can be neglected. Then the following options for the mutual arrangement of these categories of objects are possible:
- a) a point relative to another point: Moscow relative to St. Petersburg;
- b) point relative to the line (and vice versa): Saratov on the Volga;
- c) a point relative to the area - the capital in the state;
- d) line relative to the line: BAM route relative to the Great Siberian Railway;
- e) line within the range: the Yana River in the northeast of Yakutia;
- f) area relative to another area: the Republic of Mordovia and Chuvashia.
Other position options are also possible:
- 1. Point on the line or outside it: Tver on the Moscow-St. Petersburg railway, Nvgorod - outside it.
- 2. A point within the range, on its border, outside it: Naryan-Mar is located in the tundra zone, Kudymkar is outside it; Brest is located on the border of Belarus and Poland, another Brest is on the French coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
- 3. The lines are located in isolation from each other, like the Pechora and the Northern Dvina, or intersect, like the BAM with the Lena River.
- 4. The line is completely within the range (like the Yana River) or partially (the Lena River) in Yakutia, or entirely outside the range (for example, the Dudinka-Norilsk railway has no connection with the country's railway network).
- 5. The ranges are adjacent (Mordovia and Chuvashia) or remote from each other (Mordovia and Tatarstan).
To determine the relative position of objects, indicate the distance between them and the direction (north, southeast). To determine the position of a point, line, smaller
range as part of a larger one, the following terms are used: central, deep, peripheral, marginal, border position. The position of the capital of Brazil was chosen as close to the central one in the country; the position of the city of Rio Grande (in the south) is close to the border; The city of Fortaleza (in the northeast) has a peripheral position, and the city of Manaus (in the Amazon) has a deep position. Some territories, even states, in their names carry an indication of a marginal position (Ukraine, Krayna in the former Yugoslavia).
Investigating the GP, it is necessary to determine the main thing both in its essence and in its impact on the most important aspects of the development of the territory.
And first of all, it is necessary to identify and understand its most characteristic features.
First, GP - it is a complex system of concepts, including:
- A) mathematical and geographical location(position in the system of geographical coordinates);
- b) physical and geographical position(position relative to natural objects that affect the nature of a given place - seas, rivers, forests, natural zones, etc.; while the object itself can be both within the range and outside it);
- V) economic and geographical position(EGP) - provision: 1) regarding the elements of social production;
- 2) in relation to the district, region, country; EGP is one of the most important factors determining the location, nature, and dynamics of the development of productive forces;
- G) political and geographical position(position on the political map - relative to the centers and areas of concentration of social, class and political forces);
- e) military geographical position(the position of any point or any area relative to the centers and countries of military power or creating the danger of military conflicts, as well as in relation to the territories of various military blocs);
- e) geopolitical position: closely related to the two above-mentioned types of GP, it reflects the position regarding the "centers of power", centers of economic and military power, various political, economic and military alliances, religious associations;
- and) ecological and geographical position(the position of a particular territory in relation to regions of ecologically unfavorable or even ecological disasters, in relation to the movement of air masses and other flows that carry massive amounts of pollution;
- h) cultural and geographic location- regarding the most important centers and regions for the development of spiritual culture, cultural and geographical formations of different territorial rank and significance.
Each of the named types of HP is a multifaceted, synthetic phenomenon, and therefore it is necessary to analyze not only these types “individually”, but especially their combinations in complex interaction and “interweaving” of various sides of HP. Thus, in the EGP system, the transport-geographical, industrial-geographical, demogeographical, market (or sales-geographical) position and its other components are distinguished, and each of them, in turn, also has a certain structure.
A particularly important role is played by the transport and geographical position, the quality of which is determined by the following circumstances: 1) the economic potential of neighboring territories; 2) the density of economic development of the environment;
3) the presence (quantity and quality) of direct transport access to neighbors, their frequency.
Second, GP - historical category. It should be borne in mind that if the physical and geographical position changes relatively slowly, with the development of the geographical environment, as well as as a result of human activity, then all other types of HP are very dynamic, changeable and their significance (and the consequences of influence) in various historical conditions ambiguously.
N.N. Baransky gives an example of characterizing the historical variability of the US GP. Their germ was the English colonies located on the east coast of North America between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains. Everything that lay to the west of these colonies was not known to the Europeans, and when the English kings gave some lord or some joint-stock company a piece of the coast, they called only the southern and northern borders along the parallels, and to the west it became possible to go , anywhere. Thus, these colonies were "at the end of the world." Subsequently, the areas lying to the west of the Appalachians were explored, settled and generally mastered, and from the position "at the end of the world" the position "between two oceans" was created. That's how dramatically the situation in the US has changed. Ya.G. Mashbitz, considering the example of the Ancient
Rus', emphasizes that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, feudal disunity and the shift of the center of gravity of world development to Western Europe largely negated the exceptional favorable geographical position of Ancient Rus'. Medieval Russia found itself on the periphery of European socio-economic development.
Thirdly, GP has a potential character. Certain favorable aspects of the GP are far from being realized in all cases. Only with a combination of relevant factors of the historical and socio-economic development of a given territory (country), these favorable aspects are realized. Thus, it is known that many features of the development of Japan are due to its oceanic position. But this GP could be realized only thanks to the buildup of Japan's industrial and financial potential.
Fourth, as a geographic category, GP has a certain mechanism of influence, the study of which requires a transition from “simple”, qualitative, subjective characteristics to quantitative assessments. Noting the need for a theoretical deepening of understanding of the EGP, I.M. Maergois emphasized that the EGP is always concrete and to some extent contradictory, that it is necessary to analyze the probabilistic nature of the GP, the distance factor (the study of the distance, or distance, between geographical objects as one of the properties of space), as well as the interaction of objects, their specific subordination.
In this regard, it is important to distinguish between macro-, meso- and micropositions. The first of these corresponds to a more or less extensive territory; mesoposition - a line that cuts it in important directions, and microposition - a point on this line. These types of GPs interact with each other, but their reflection on the development of certain objects can be very different. In rare cases, they are all equally favorable. It is believed that cities with outstanding macro- and meso-locations, located in foci of connections that hold together large territories, in the centers of rapidly developing industrial and agricultural areas ... at the points of contact of various zones, differences in economic potentials, in support nodes areas of new development.
For St. Petersburg, for example, the macro location is described as being in the North-West of the European part of the Russian
Federation, near the border with Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland; mesolocation - approximately in the center of the Leningrad region, at the mouth of the Neva; microlocation - on the islands of the Neva delta and adjacent territories. By analogy, it is possible to determine the rank of the position of an object within an urban area by detailing it. Red Square is located in Moscow near the walls of the Kremlin (microlocation), in the city center - within the Garden Ring (mesolocation).
For some objects, the most important is the micro-, for others, the meso- or macro-position. For example, the size of the differential rent in agriculture is very sensitive to the micro- and meso-location of the site. The same can be said about the position of the store, consumer service point in the city in relation to public transport stops and transfer points. When deciding on the development of fuel, energy, and metallurgical bases, an assessment of the macro situation comes to the fore.
Fifth, the GP has close links with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries. which has a great influence on many aspects of the development of a given territory (country) as a whole and its individual parts. Thus, the configuration of the territory of Russia had a great impact on its historical and geographical development. The latitudinal extent of the vast territory of Russia in Eastern Europe and Asia is combined with its continentality and depth. This is the reason for the remoteness of most of the territories from sea coasts and borders. These factors hampered the economic development of the territories east of the Urals, the external economic relations of most regions of Russia.
Plays a big role border position regions of the country, the relationship between their configuration and the borders of the country. So, in modern Russia, this often creates complex problems for them (border regions) (for example, ethnic conflicts, an influx of refugees, the impact of socio-political tensions in neighboring states, etc.).
geographical position
the position of any point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Distinguish geographical location in relation to natural objects and to economic-geographical objects. Geographical position in economic geography is a historical category.
Geographical position
the position of any point or area of the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. In mathematical geography, geographic location means the latitude and longitude of given points or localities; in physical geography, their position in relation to physical geographical objects (continents, mountains, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc.). In economic and political geography, geographic location is understood as the position of a country, region, settlement, and other objects in relation to other economic-geographical (including communication routes, markets, economic centers, etc.) and physical-geographical objects. as well as the position of the country relative to other states and their groups. Urban settlement is one of the conditions for the development of countries, regions, cities, and other settlements. The practical significance of G. p. changes in various socio-economic formations.
Wikipedia
Geographical position
Geographical position- "the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, as well as in relation to other objects with which it is in interaction ...". It characterizes "the place of a given object in the system of spatial connections and flows (material, energy, information) and determines its relationship with the external environment." Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a particular object to the environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In public geography, position is usually defined in two-dimensional space. In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.
concept geographical position is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography originated as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it ... but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. Thus the geographical position:
- is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
- is historical in nature, as it changes over time;
- has a potential character, since the position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
- has close ties with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries.
Within the framework of theoretical geography, B. B. Rodoman formulated "positional principle", which means the dependence of the properties of the object on its location, and "positional pressure principle", meaning the force that causes an object to move if it is in a position that is not optimal for its functioning. American geographer W. Bunge suggested "shift rule", which means a change in the geographical position of the flows when they are overvoltage in the existing channel. For example: riverbeds, volcano vents, highways, seaports. Yu. K. Efremov even proposed a special type of maps - maps of geographical location. However, L. V. Smirnyagin believes that in the modern world, as in geography, the characteristics of the place itself play an increasingly important role in comparison with its location.
There are the following types of geographic location:
- mathematical-geographical
- physical and geographical;
- economic and geographical;
- political and geographical;
- geopolitical;
- military geographical;
- ecological and geographical;
- cultural and geographical;
and others.
By scale they distinguish:
- macro position
- mesolocation
- microposition
According to the coordinate system, they distinguish:
- absolute;
- relative;
- math ("3 miles north of Seattle");
- functional.
In an extended interpretation, the geographic location may also include the relationship of the areal object as a whole to the data underlying inside him. Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, as "introspective" (from, intro- inside + spicere- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border regions in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport and geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such the approach allows to resolve the collision with the determination of the mutual geographical position of intersecting objects.
The position of any point on the globe can be determined using geographic coordinates - that's what they are created for. But even the coordinates themselves are different: latitude, although very approximately, speaks of the temperature regime of the place (it can be said with certainty that 10-15 ° latitude is warmer than 75-80 °); but even at the same latitude, natural conditions can be very different. Longitude in itself does not carry any information if we do not know what is located around the place we are considering, especially since, in principle, any meridian can be taken as the initial one for counting longitude. Therefore, the concept of geographical location goes far beyond the characteristics of the position of an object in terms of coordinates.
Geographical position is the position of any geographical feature on the earth
surface in relation to other objects with which it interacts. Geographical location is an important characteristic of an object, as it largely gives an idea of its natural and socio-economic features.
To determine the geographical location of any geographical object, it is necessary, first of all, to resolve the question - why is this being done?
We characterize the geographical position of Moscow in order to determine what determines the climate of the city. In this case, it is important, first of all, at what latitude Moscow is located. 56 ° latitude is a temperate zone of illumination, almost throughout the globe there are also moderate thermal and climatic zones. Western winds prevail at these latitudes. The city is located in the middle of a vast plain at a fairly large (1000-1500 km) distance from the seas, but the plain is open to winds of all directions - the prevailing western, humid, from the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean, the cold north, from the Arctic Ocean, less frequent, dry from Central Asia. The position of Moscow among a large landmass makes the climate continental, but the free access of air from the Atlantic softens this continentality.
To characterize the geographical position of Moscow as the capital of Russia, a major industrial and cultural center, one must also pay attention to its position in the center of the plain, but here the hydrographic network comes first - navigable rivers and places where in the old days it was possible to cross from one river pool to another. Favorable in the old days was the situation in the forest zone, less accessible to nomads from the south than, for example, near Kyiv. Moscow became the center around which the Russian state was formed at the end of the Horde rule and after its overthrow. Roads connected Moscow with many cities, Moscow became a major transportation hub. In the future, the road network itself became an important factor in the geographical position that contributed to the development of the city. It is especially important because there are no significant raw materials and energy natural resources near the city, much has to be delivered from distant places.
In the first case, we considered the physical-geographical position of the city (with a narrow goal - only to explain its climate), in the second - the economic-geographical one.
Economic and geographical position (EGP)- these are all spatial relations of an enterprise, a locality, a region, a country, a group of countries to external objects that are of economic importance to them. The EGP of any object can be assessed as favorable, contributing to the economic development of the object, and unfavorable - preventing it. EGP is a historical concept, in the course of changing the economic object itself and the objects associated with it, it can become more favorable than it was before, or less favorable.
The city's EGP can improve if a road is built to it; it may worsen if a road is made to bypass this city, and the paths that previously passed through it now go sideways.
EGP will improve if a mineral deposit is discovered near the city, it will worsen if the entire deposit is depleted, and there are no other significant industries in the city.
A country's EGP can worsen if its border, through which there used to be free passage, is closed for some political reasons.
Let us consider as examples the economic and geographical position of several states and cities.
Great Britain, an island nation in Western Europe. The country is located on the island of Great Britain and also occupies the north of the island of Ireland, so the full name of the state is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain is separated from continental Europe by the English Channel, which has a width of 32 km in its narrowest part (Pas de Calais). Proximity to the continent was at first the reason that the Roman conquests (I century BC), and then the conquests of the Normans (1066) spread here. But then, with the strengthening of the state, the insular position became advantageous: from the 11th century. no attempt at a foreign invasion of British territory was successful. At the same time, having many good natural harbors, Great Britain has become a seafaring power, has a powerful fleet, and has conducted and continues to conduct maritime trade with the whole world. The British navy has long been considered the best in the world. The insular position helps the country to maintain a certain identity even in the context of globalization, while at the same time the small distance separating it from continental Europe allows it to maintain very close ties with it; a tunnel has now been created under the Pas de Calais between Great Britain and France, through which land transport passes.
Panama, a state in Central America, in the narrowest part of the isthmus connecting North America with South. It would seem that the situation is very advantageous: control over the isthmus that controls the connection between the continents. But the mountainous relief of Central America and dense tropical vegetation impeded the development of land transport here, and no control over it turned out. It turned out to be more important for Panama not what geographical objects are connected by the Isthmus of Panama, on which it is located, but what objects it separates - the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In 1914, the Panama Canal was built, and in 1920 officially opened, a little over 80 km long, connecting the Caribbean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Thus, Panama began to control not a barely noticeable cargo flow by land between the continents, but a very powerful one - between the oceans, since the path along the canal is much shorter than the path around South America from the south, and the EGP of Panama immediately improved significantly.
Singapore, a city-state in Southeast Asia, near the southernmost point of the Eurasian continent. Singapore is located on the island of the same name near the southern end of the Malay Peninsula. Most ships on their way from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific pass through the Strait of Malacca (between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula) and go around Malacca from the south, so it is very difficult to bypass Singapore. Therefore, the EGP of the island and the city should be considered extremely profitable. Almost all trade between Europe, India, the countries of the Persian Gulf, some African countries, on the one hand, and China, Japan, South Korea, the Russian Far East, on the other, passes through this route. Therefore, over the past decades, Singapore has come out on top among the ports of the whole world in terms of cargo turnover. Singapore is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait through which bridges are thrown, so that a good land connection with the Malaysian mainland and with Thailand is possible, but Singapore's land connections with other mainland countries are small, since the road network in Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia is poor.
Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Magadan What are the similarities and differences in their economic and geographical position? All three cities are located in the Far East of Russia. All three cities are centers of subjects of the Russian Federation (Vladivostok and Khabarovsk are regional centers, Magadan is a regional one). Vladivostok and Magadan are seaports: Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan, Magadan on the Sea of Okhotsk.
Vladivostok is much (at 17° latitude) to the south, so it can be used all year round. The advantage of Vladivostok lies in the fact that the railway approaches it - it is the final point of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The settlements surrounding Vladivostok are well provided with land transport, and are also located within an area with natural conditions favorable for agriculture, and therefore do not need a seaport to serve them. In this regard, Vladivostok is focused on foreign trade - export and import.
The Magadan region has a transport connection with the rest of the territory of Russia practically only through its regional center and is in great need of such a connection, because it cannot provide itself with food and many other resources. There are no railways in the region, but a motor road (Kolyma tract) runs from Magadan, on which or near which most of the settlements of the region are located. Therefore, the port of Magadan mainly serves its region, providing it with everything imported from other regions of Russia. True, there is a motor road to Yakutsk from the Kolyma tract, but the railway does not reach Yakutsk itself, so there is no reason to carry anything to the Magadan region through Yakutsk.
Khabarovsk, unlike Vladivostok and Magadan, does not stand on the coast and, therefore, is not a seaport. It is located at the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the large Amur River near the confluence of the Ussuri. Khabarovsk is an important river port, and in fact a railway junction: not in the city itself, but only 50 kilometers from it, the line to Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Vanino - Sovetskaya Gavan departs from the Trans-Siberian Railway. All this makes the transport position of Khabarovsk very advantageous, since Komsomolsk is the terminus of the Baikal-Amur Railway, while Vanino and Sovetskaya Gavan are seaports.
Militarily, Vladivostok and Khabarovsk are more vulnerable, as they are located near the state border, while Magadan is on the Sea of Okhotsk, whose shores are completely controlled by Russia.
