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ON OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE) IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC

CHUVASH REPUBLIC

ON OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE (MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE) IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC

State Council

Chuvash Republic

This Law, in accordance with the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law) is aimed at the preservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) on the territory of the Chuvash Republic.

(Preamble as amended, July 30, 2013 N 45)

Article 1. State protection of cultural heritage objects

For the purposes of this Law, the state protection of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) (hereinafter referred to as objects of cultural heritage) is understood as a system of legal, organizational, financial, logistical, informational and other bodies adopted by the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic and local governments within their competence measures aimed at identifying, recording, studying cultural heritage sites, preventing their destruction or causing harm to them, control over the preservation and use of cultural heritage sites.

Article 2

The powers of the State Council of the Chuvash Republic in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects include the adoption of laws of the Chuvash Republic, control over their implementation and other powers in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

Article 3

(Name of article 3 as amended)

The powers of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites include:

(Paragraph 1 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7)

1) possession, use and disposal of cultural heritage objects that are in state ownership of the Chuvash Republic, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic;

(Point 1 as amended)

2) participation in the development and implementation of federal targeted programs for the conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites;

3) development and implementation of state programs of the Chuvash Republic (subprograms of state programs of the Chuvash Republic) in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites;

(Clause 3 1 as amended

(Item 4 is declared invalid)

5) preservation, use and popularization of cultural heritage objects owned by the state of the Chuvash Republic;

(Clause 5 as amended by the Laws of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7, dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

6) making a decision to include an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) and local (municipal) significance in the unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the register) in accordance with the Federal Law;

(Clause 6 as amended, dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

7) an appeal to the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects (hereinafter referred to as the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects), to exclude from the register a cultural heritage object of regional (republican) significance, as well as a cultural heritage object of local (municipal) significance in agreement with the local government;

(Clause 7 as amended by the laws of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7, dated October 7, 2008 N 52, dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

8) formation of a list of objects of cultural heritage that are not subject to alienation and are in state ownership of the Chuvash Republic;

(Clause 8 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

9) the establishment of a preferential rent and its amount to legal entities and individuals who own on the right of lease state-owned objects of cultural heritage of the Chuvash Republic, who have invested their funds in their conservation, provided for in Articles 40-45 of the Federal Law, and ensured the implementation of these works in accordance with the Federal Law;

(Clause 9 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of July 30, 2013 N 45)

10) establishing the procedure for determining the amount of payment for state historical and cultural expertise (hereinafter referred to as historical and cultural expertise), relating to cultural heritage sites of regional (republican) and local (municipal) significance, identified cultural heritage sites, objects of historical and cultural value, objects that have the characteristics of an object of cultural heritage, as well as land plots subject to economic development;

(Clause 10 as amended)

11) approval of the submission of the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects on the restoration of the lost cultural heritage object at the expense of the federal budget;

12) approval of the submission of the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects on the procedure for organizing a historical and cultural reserve of federal significance, located on the territory of the Chuvash Republic, on its boundaries and regime of maintenance;

121) approval of the boundaries of the zones of protection of a cultural heritage object of federal significance (with the exception of the boundaries of the zones of protection of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and objects of cultural heritage included in the World Heritage List), land use regimes and urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones on the basis of the project zones of protection of a cultural heritage object in agreement with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects;

(Clause 121 was supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of July 30, 2013 N 45)

122) approval of the boundaries of the zones of protection of a cultural heritage object of regional (republican) significance and a cultural heritage object of local (municipal) significance, land use regimes and urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones;

(Clause 122 was supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of July 30, 2013 N 45)

123) approval of the list of historical settlements of particular importance for the history and culture of the Chuvash Republic (hereinafter referred to as historical settlements of regional (republican) significance), the subject of protection of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance, the boundaries of the territory of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance;

(Clause 123 was supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of July 30, 2013 N 45)

13) other powers related to its competence, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

Article 31

The powers of the executive authority of the Chuvash Republic in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects (hereinafter - the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects) include:

1) state protection of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance in accordance with the division of powers provided for in Articles 9 and 91 of the Federal Law, objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance, identified objects of cultural heritage;

(Point 1 as amended)

2) state control in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic;

3) implementation of work to identify and record objects that are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and recommended for inclusion in the register;

4) monitoring data on cultural heritage objects included in the register in order to timely change data on cultural heritage objects included in the register, within its competence;

5) issuance to the owner of a cultural heritage object included in the register of a passport of a cultural heritage object within its competence;

6) providing individuals and legal entities with information contained in documents submitted for inclusion of a cultural heritage object in the register;

7) organization of a historical and cultural expertise in terms of expertise necessary to justify the adoption of a decision (approval) by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic or a local government body, which is attributed to the powers of these bodies in accordance with the Federal Law;

8) issuance of instructions for the suspension of earthworks, construction, reclamation, economic and other works in the event of the discovery of an object that has the characteristics of a cultural heritage object in accordance with Article 3 of the Federal Law, as well as the issuance of permits for the resumption of suspended work;

9) issuance of instructions for the suspension of earthworks, construction, reclamation, economic and other works, the implementation of which may worsen the condition of a cultural heritage object, violate its integrity and safety, as well as the issuance of permits for the resumption of suspended works;

10) filing a lawsuit in court, provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Federal Law, in respect of a cultural heritage site of regional (republican) significance, an identified cultural heritage site;

11) coordination of draft master plans, draft rules for land use and development, prepared in relation to the territories of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

12) other powers in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

Article 4

(The title of Article 4 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7)

The powers of local governments in the Chuvash Republic in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects are determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

Article 5. Measures for the conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects

(Name of Article 5 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7)

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic, directly or through the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, takes measures to preserve, use and popularize cultural heritage objects that are state-owned by the Chuvash Republic, state protection of cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) significance.

(Part 1 as amended by the Laws of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7, dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

In accordance with the Federal Law, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic, directly or through the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, exercises the following powers at the expense of subventions from the federal budget:

1) preservation, use and popularization of cultural heritage objects that are in federal ownership;

(clause 1 of part 2 of article 5 of the Law of the Chuvash Republic of April 12, 2005 N 10 "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) in the Chuvash Republic" was suspended until January 1, 2016 by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of July 30, 2013 N 45)

2) state protection of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance in accordance with Article 33 of the Federal Law, with the exception of:

register maintenance;

(Paragraph 5 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

organization and conduct of historical and cultural expertise in the part necessary for the exercise of the powers of the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects;

(paragraph three as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

coordination of projects of zones of protection of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance and urban planning regulations established within the boundaries of territories of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance located in historical settlements, and the boundaries of their zones of protection;

issuance of permits (open sheets) for carrying out work to identify and study objects of archaeological heritage.

(Part 2 was supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated February 4, 2008 N 7)

In the event that the owner of a cultural heritage object included in the register, or a land plot within which an object of archaeological heritage is located, does not comply with the requirements for the preservation of a cultural heritage object or takes actions that threaten the safety of this object and entail the loss of its significance, the republican protection authority objects of cultural heritage in relation to objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance, identified objects of cultural heritage, applies to the court for the seizure from the owner of the mismanaged content of the object of cultural heritage included in the register, or a land plot or a section of a water body within which the object is located archaeological heritage.

(Paragraph 9 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

In the event that a court decides to seize an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance included in the register, or a land plot within which an object of archaeological heritage is located, from the owner containing this object or this land plot in an improper way, on the proposal of the republican protection authority objects of cultural heritage, the relevant state property management body buys out this object or this land plot or organizes their sale at public auction.

(Paragraph 10 is supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

Article 6. Financing of measures for the preservation, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage

Financing of measures for the preservation, promotion and state protection of objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance is carried out at the expense of the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic, as well as at the expense of other receipts not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

The amount of funding for state programs of the Chuvash Republic (subprograms of state programs of the Chuvash Republic) in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage objects is established by the law on the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic for the next financial year and planning period.

(Paragraph two as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated July 30, 2013 N 45, dated December 26, 2013 N 97)

Article 7. Making a decision on the inclusion of cultural heritage objects in the register

(Name as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated October 7, 2008 N 52)

1. Objects of cultural heritage are included in the register in accordance with the procedure established by the Federal Law.

(Part 1 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

2. The decision to include an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance in the register is made by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

The decision to include an object of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance in the register is made by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, agreed with the local government.

3. To make a decision on the inclusion of a cultural heritage object in the register, the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects shall submit documents to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic in accordance with the Federal Law.

4. The register is maintained in accordance with the procedure established by the Federal Law.

Article 8. Changing the category of historical and cultural significance of an object of cultural heritage

1. Changing the category of historical and cultural significance of an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance is carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

2. An object of cultural heritage recognized as not meeting the requirements for objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance is recorded in the register as an object of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance with the consent of the local government of the municipality on whose territory this object of cultural heritage is located .

3. An object of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance that meets the requirements for objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance, on the proposal of the local self-government body of the municipality on whose territory this object of cultural heritage is located, may be recommended by the republican body for the protection of cultural objects heritage for inclusion in the register as an object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance based on the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise.

4. An object of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance that meets the requirements for objects of cultural heritage of federal significance may be recommended by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic for inclusion in the register as an object of cultural heritage of federal significance.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic sends a submission to the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects on the inclusion of a cultural heritage object of regional (republican) significance in the register of cultural heritage objects of federal significance on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects based on the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise.

5. Information on changing the category of historical and cultural significance of cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) and local (municipal) significance shall be sent by the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects to the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

(Part 5 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

Article 9. Information inscriptions and designations on objects of cultural heritage

On objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance included in the register, inscriptions and designations containing information about the object of cultural heritage (hereinafter referred to as information inscriptions and designations) are installed. The inscriptions are made in Russian and Chuvash languages.

The installation of information inscriptions and signs on cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) significance included in the register is carried out in agreement with the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the requirements established by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic.

The Republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects has the right to install information inscriptions and designations on cultural heritage objects of federal significance in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

(Paragraph 3 was supplemented by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of June 2, 2006 N 23)

Article 10. Zones of protection of objects of cultural heritage

In accordance with the Federal Law, the boundaries of zones of protection of a cultural heritage object (with the exception of the boundaries of zones of protection of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and objects of cultural heritage included in the World Heritage List), land use regimes and urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones are approved on the basis of project of protection zones of a cultural heritage object by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic:

in agreement with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage sites - in relation to cultural heritage sites of federal significance;

on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, agreed with the local government - in relation to cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) and local (municipal) significance.

(Paragraph 3 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

Article 11

Designing and carrying out work to preserve a monument or ensemble and (or) their territories in relation to cultural heritage sites of federal significance in accordance with the division of powers provided for in Articles 9 and 91 of the Federal Law, cultural heritage sites of regional (republican) significance, cultural heritage sites of local (municipal) significance, identified objects of cultural heritage are carried out in agreement with the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

(Article 11 as amended by the Laws of the Chuvash Republic dated October 7, 2008 N 52, dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

Article 12

1. In the event of a threat to the integrity and safety of cultural heritage objects, the movement of vehicles within the boundaries of the territories of historical settlements, cultural heritage objects and their protection zones is limited or prohibited.

2. The decision to restrict or prohibit the movement of vehicles within the boundaries of the territories of historical settlements, cultural heritage sites or in their protection zones is taken by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, agreed with local governments.

Article 13

1. Works on the preservation of a cultural heritage site of federal significance in accordance with the division of powers provided for in Articles 9 and 91 of the Federal Law, cultural heritage sites of regional (republican) significance, identified cultural heritage sites are carried out on the basis of a written permission and assignment to carry out these works in in accordance with the design documentation agreed with the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage, subject to the exercise by the said body of control over the work.

2. Issuance of an assignment for carrying out work on the preservation of a cultural heritage object and permission to carry out work on the preservation of a cultural heritage object, as well as coordination of project documentation for carrying out work on the preservation of a cultural heritage object in relation to cultural heritage objects of federal significance in accordance with the division of powers provided for in articles 9 and 91 of the Federal Law, objects of cultural heritage of regional (republican) significance, identified objects of cultural heritage are carried out by the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

(Part 2 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of December 26, 2013 N 97)

3. In the event that the design and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of this cultural heritage object are affected during the work on the preservation of a cultural heritage object, such work is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 131. Carrying out archaeological field work

1. Work on the identification and study of objects of archaeological heritage, including work aimed at searching for and seizing archaeological objects (hereinafter referred to as archaeological field work), is carried out in the manner established by the Federal Law.

2. In accordance with the Federal Law, an individual who has received a permit (open sheet) is obliged, no later than five working days before the start of archaeological field work, to submit to the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, the local self-government body of the municipality in whose territories it is planned conducting archaeological field work, a written notification of the conduct of archaeological field work indicating the date and place of their conduct, as well as a copy of the permit (open sheet).

3. In the event that objects of archaeological heritage are discovered during archaeological field work in accordance with the Federal Law, an individual who has received a permit (open sheet) is obliged, within ten working days from the date of discovery of this object, to inform the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in writing and send to the specified body a description of the discovered object of archaeological heritage, textual and graphic descriptions of the location of the boundaries of the specified object, as well as a list of geographical coordinates of the characteristic points of these boundaries.

4. If, as a result of archaeological field work, the credentials of an archaeological heritage object (the area of ​​the object, the subject of protection and other data) have changed, in accordance with the Federal Law, an individual who has received a permit (open sheet) must, within thirty working days from the date of completion of archaeological field work, inform the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in writing about these changes.

Article 14. Reconstruction of the lost object of cultural heritage

The decision to restore the lost object of cultural heritage at the expense of the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic is made by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic at the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, based on the conclusion of the historical and cultural expertise and agreed with local governments, taking into account public opinion, as well as in in the case of the reconstruction of a monument or an ensemble of religious purposes, taking into account the opinion of religious organizations.

Article 15

1. The procedure for organizing a historical and cultural reserve of regional (republican) significance, its border and maintenance regime are established by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, agreed with the local authorities on whose territory this reserve is located.

2. The boundary of a historical and cultural reserve of regional (republican) significance is determined on the basis of a historical and cultural reference plan and (or) other documents and materials that substantiate the proposed boundary by the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

Article 151

1. In relation to a settlement or part thereof, within the boundaries of which cultural heritage objects are located, included in the register, identified cultural heritage objects and objects constituting the subject of protection of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance, a decision may be made to include the settlement or its parts in the list of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance.

2. The list of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance, the subject of protection of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance, the boundaries of the territory of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance are approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic on the proposal of the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects and in the presence of agreement with the local authority self-government of the municipality in whose territory there is a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance.

3. Draft master plans prepared in relation to the territories of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance are subject to agreement with the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

4. Draft rules for land use and development, prepared in the manner prescribed by Article 31 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, in relation to the territories of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance (hereinafter referred to as draft rules for land use and development), in accordance with part 81 of this article, are subject to agreement with Republican body for the protection of cultural heritage.

The subject of approval of draft rules for land use and development, prepared in relation to the territories of historical settlements of regional (republican) significance, is the compliance of these projects with the approved subject of protection of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance.

The republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, within 30 working days from the date of receipt of the draft rules for land use and development, considers it for compliance with the approved object of protection of a historical settlement of regional (republican) significance, agrees or refuses to agree, about which it makes a decision, which within five working days days is sent to the local government that submitted the draft rules for land use and development.

Article 16. Provision for use of an object of cultural heritage

Provision for use of an object of cultural heritage, which is in the state ownership of the Chuvash Republic, is carried out by the authorized executive body of the Chuvash Republic for property management in agreement with the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

Article 16.1. Registration of security obligations, the owner of the cultural heritage object and security obligations of the user of the cultural heritage object

The republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, in cases and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, draws up:

security obligations of the owner of a cultural heritage object in relation to cultural heritage objects of federal significance in agreement with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects and cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) significance;

security obligations of the user of a cultural heritage object in relation to cultural heritage objects of federal significance in agreement with the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects and cultural heritage objects of regional (republican) significance.

Article 17

(Name as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

1. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, cultural heritage objects owned by the state of the Chuvash Republic, land plots or water bodies within which an object of archaeological heritage is located can be used for economic and other practical purposes, if this does not damage the safety of the object and does not violate its historical and cultural value, does not harm the surrounding historical and cultural environment, and does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of other persons.

(Paragraph 1 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

The decision on the possibility of using a cultural heritage object that is in the state ownership of the Chuvash Republic is made by the republican body for the protection of cultural heritage objects in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Chuvash Republic.

(Part 1 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic dated July 30, 2013 N 45)

2. When determining the possible use of a cultural heritage object owned by the state of the Chuvash Republic, or a land plot or water body within which an archaeological heritage object is located, the requirements of the Federal Law are taken into account, as well as:

(Paragraph 1 as amended by the Law of the Chuvash Republic of October 7, 2008 N 52)

compliance of the functional use of the cultural heritage object with the historically established purpose;

preservation of the planning, volumetric and spatial structure, engineering and design features, decorative finishes and decoration of the facades and interior of the cultural heritage site;

strict observance of the technical conditions for the operation and maintenance of a cultural heritage object in accordance with the requirements of the bodies for the protection of cultural heritage objects.

(Part 2 as amended

Chuvashia is rich in historical and cultural monuments, of which there are 655 (of which 45 are of federal significance), including: 346 monuments of architecture and urban planning, 177 - archeology, 120 - history, 12 - art. Chuvashia is a magnificent corner of the Volga region with an interesting combination of antiquity and modernity. Tourists have something to see in Chuvashia. Of great interest are the monuments of religious architecture.

The main temple of Chuvashia, the Vvedensky Cathedral, built in 1655-57, is striking in its heaviness: it is wider than it is tall, and the cupolas are disproportionately small. The cathedral is even more impressive inside: a huge and very dark hall, the richest gilded decoration, and most importantly, the almost complete absence of external light: the windows and light drums are so small that it is illuminated mainly by candles. And this whole view of the grandiose black and gold hall leaves a very strong impression. This cathedral church houses a unique shrine - the icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir, with which the city was blessed by the first baptist Father Guriy when the fortress was laid.

Among the sights of the city center, the Church of Michael the Archangel is also interesting, where the icon "On the addition of the mind" is kept, the Holy Trinity Monastery, the territory of the former fortress of 1555, the oldest streets of the city, the houses of the merchants Kadomtsev and Efremov.

The museum-reserve of the legendary commander, a frequent character in various anecdotes and stories of V.I. Chapaev, who was born in the village of Budaiki on the outskirts of present-day Cheboksary and a former ethnic Chuvash. By the way, the surname Chapaev among the Chuvash is generally very common. The museum complex, created in 1974, includes the building of the museum itself, designed in the form of an unfolded banner and decorated with bas-reliefs and frescoes; the recreated house of Chapaev, which is also of considerable interest as a traditional Chuvash dwelling of the late 19th century; and a monument to the hero recognizable at first sight - a kind of symbol of the Soviet Cheboksary. The exposition of the museum tells about the personality of V.I. Chapaev, his associates, representatives of the military dynasty, division. Chapaev, the heirs of martial traditions, as well as the creation of the image of Chapaev in art.

There are many more interesting places to visit in Chuvashia: the halls and storages of the Republican State Art Museum, the Chuvash National Museum, exhibition halls and art salons, galleries, numerous thematic museums of the capital and small towns of the republic - the Museum of Cosmonautics in the village. Shorshely, in the homeland of the third cosmonaut of the Soviet Union Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolaev, the Geological Museum, the Museum of Beer, the Literary Museum, the Museum of Military Glory and dozens of local history and ethnographic museums, cherish the unique treasures of folk talent and folk wisdom.

Chuvashia is an amazing republic with a unique history and culture that deserves a visit, both for its residents and its neighbors.

Natalya Samover, historian

Cheboksary is one of the interesting historical cities of the Volga region, which once had a large number of objects of historical and architectural heritage. Until the last quarter of the 20th century, it survived well preserved, with dense historical buildings, among which there were many interesting objects of architectural heritage, but, like everywhere else in Russia, this heritage was little studied. Units of Cheboksary monuments, including several objects of civil architecture, were placed under state protection.

View of Cheboksary from Yarilina Mountain. 1907

Panorama of Cheboksary. 1930s

Cheboksary from Yarilina Mountain. Photo from the 1930s

At the turn of the 1970-1980s. a crushing blow was dealt to historical Cheboksary, physically destroying a significant part of architectural monuments. But today, their story continues - in a no less regrettable, caricatured form. And partly at the expense of the state budget. But first things first.

Victims of the flood

This incredible story began with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated August 30, 1960 No. 1327 “On further improvement of the protection of cultural monuments in the RSFSR”, according to which an object called “ House Zelenshchikov XVII century.". Later, in the late 1970s, on the basis of field studies, the dating of the house was clarified, and it was attributed to the 30s of the 18th century.

House of Zelenshchikov. Factory st. Photo from the 1930s

The researchers paid attention to the preserved historical layout and such an interesting detail as small octagonal windows above the doorways on the ground floor. Probably, originally the house had a high hip roof, typical of the Baroque style.

House of Zelenshchikov. Factory st. Measurements P.A. Teltevsky 1954 - 1956

The monument was named after one of the last owners - the tradesman Zelenshchikov (more precisely, Zeleyshchikov, as the people of Cheboksary themselves say), however, as is now known, this house was built by order of Alexei Kadomtsev, one of the richest local merchants.

The state recognized the value of the heritage of Cheboksary reluctantly and very gradually. Only on December 4, 1974, by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 624, two more objects were put on state protection as monuments of national importance, which were destined to play important roles in the future development of events. These were, firstly, Basement house (Salt office building) 1746, located at the address: Soyuznaya Street, on the descent to the Volga (in local history and historical and architectural literature, this building is sometimes called the House of the merchant Igumnov or it is described without indicating the owner as one of two historical houses on Soyuznaya Street, 20).

Salt office. Photo from the 1970s G.

Salt office. Dimensional drawing by P.A. Teltevsky. 1954-1956

And secondly -Ensemble of houses of the first halfXVIIIV. at the address: st. Kalinina, 6, 6a (in the courtyard), which consisted of two one-story residential buildings with hewn brick decor on the facades. Local historians also knew the last complex as the houses that belonged to Kozma Kadomtsev, one of the representatives of the merchant family, who owned several stone houses in Cheboksary, including the Baroque Zelenshchikov House.

House on Kalinina street, 6. Photo from the 1950s.

House on the street. Kalinina, 6a. Photo 1930

All these monuments of history and culture were, as expected, provided with passports: the Zelenshchikov House even twice - in 1964 and 1972, the Salt Office - in 1972, the ensemble of houses on Kalinina Street - in 1972. However, in a race with a leisurely process research of the monuments fled, stepping on his heels, a terrible threat: in accordance with the plans for the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, most of the historical center of the city, unfortunately, located in a lowland at the confluence of the Cheboksarka River with the Volga, had to go under the water of the future reservoir. In fact, the architectural heritage of the capital of the Soviet Chuvashia was studied and recorded at parting, before the inevitable destruction.

When it came to megaprojects in the field of electric power industry, the laws of the USSR and the RSFSR on the protection of historical and cultural monuments that were in force at that time were not able to protect monuments. Yes, what monuments, when dozens of historical villages and villages and thousands of hectares of land were doomed to flooding! For centuries, the inhabited banks of the Volga, inseparable from the cultural memory of the Chuvash, Mari and Russian peoples, were to disappear forever.

In the late 1970s, in order to prepare the bed of the future reservoir, the entire historical part of Cheboksary, which was in the zone of the alleged flooding, was demolished - with all the monuments of church and civil architecture that had the misfortune to be there. Only the buildings located on the high bank - the so-called Yarilina Mountain, or the Western Slope, where the city citadel was located in ancient times, survived. It was a small fragment of the former city. Old Cheboksary ceased to exist. As a memory of them, only a pack of photographs and several historical and architectural passports remained.

Zelenshchikov's house before demolition. Photo 1979

Preparation of the bed of the future reservoir. The building of Cheboksary has already been demolished, in the right part of the frame, Zelenshchikov's house, which has not yet been dismantled, is highlighted. Photo from the late 1970s

Flooding of Cheboksary. Early 1980s

Bay on the site of the historic city

However, while destroying its own heritage, the state at the same time showed a kind of concern for it. In view of the inevitable loss of Cheboksary monuments that fell into the flood zone, at the same time, in the late 1970s, it was decided to recreate three monuments of national importance in a new place: the Zelenshchikov house, the House on the basement and the Ensemble of houses on Kalinin Street. To do this, on the edge of the Western slope, three sites were reserved along Mikhail Sespel Street, 13, 15 and 17. There, copies of the monuments, historically located far from each other, were to form, as it were, a fragment of a “historical city” that never existed in reality.

Scheme of the location of the original (lost) monuments of Cheboksary and "remakes".

This idea, the artificiality of which is striking in our time, lay in line with the then ideas about open-air museums as protective reservations for old architecture, for various reasons being forced out of their homes. True, monuments of wooden architecture were usually subjected to such transfers, and here it was necessary to move stone houses, more precisely repeating their remakes. As a sign of the seriousness of the intentions, fragments of decor and blocks of masonry, preserved during the demolition of the original buildings, were transported to the site of the proposed reconstruction, but the matter did not go beyond this. Reconstruction did not begin soon after the demolition, nor ten years later, and the forgotten piles of old bricks continued to freeze, get wet and overgrown with nettles in the abandoned sites on Sespel Street, until, having become completely unusable, they were taken to a landfill along with various city garbage.

So three architectural monuments of national importance were irretrievably lost - the Zelenshchikov House, the House on the Basement (Salt Office) and the Ensemble of Houses of the First Half XVIIIV. However, oddly enough, this not only did not become the point at the end of the sad story, but, on the contrary, served as the starting point for a completely unexpected development of events. Lost monuments were not removed from state protection and continued to exist in the form of some incorporeal accounting units. The state officially recognized the death of only the smaller of the two houses that were part of the Ensemble (st., Kalinina, 6a); almost twenty years after his actual death, he was removed from protection by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 452 of May 5, 1997 "On clarifying the composition of objects of historical and cultural heritage of federal (all-Russian) significance." As for the rest of the Cheboksary ghost monuments, in 2002, in accordance with the Federal Law "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation", they successfully acquired the status of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, in which they remain this day.

Meanwhile, the city itself was undergoing no less amazing metamorphoses. The dissatisfaction of the authorities and the public of the Gorky region, the Chuvash and especially the Mari ASSR, which was threatened with the loss of a third of the territory, led to the fact that the planned for 1987 rise in the level of the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level of 68 m did not take place. The mirror of the reservoir froze at a level of 63 m. As a result, the water did not reach the territory of the former historical part of the city, already cleared of buildings. The destruction of the old Cheboksary with all their monuments turned out to be completely pointless.

Old Cheboksary. Drawing by A. and L. Aktsynov. 1960s In the center is the Assumption Church, which in the late 1970s will be on the shore of a "man-made sea", and a few years later - on an artificial island.

Center of Cheboksary before flooding. Early 1980s

A huge wasteland, gaping in the middle of the city, was finally liquidated only in the second half of the 1990s. In its place, the so-called Gulf arose - a picturesque artificial reservoir at the foot of the Western slope, the beauty and pride of the current Cheboksary.

The beginning of the flooding of the center of Cheboksary. 1981 On the left side of the frame - the Assumption Church - now restored, it stands on an artificial island in the middle of the Gulf. Its lower - concreted - tier is forever hidden underground.

Center of Cheboksary. Photo 1981

Cheboksary Bay. Modern photo. On the left side of the frame is a surviving fragment of the historic city.

Thus, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, the town-planning situation in Cheboksary changed radically. This is emphasized, in particular, in the modern General Plan of the Cheboksary urban district. Summarizing the changes that have befallen the city, this document speaks of the creation of "a new three-dimensional structure and functional system of the center, which in its essence is globally different from previous historical stages of development."

In the same years, in the State Program for the Preservation and Development of Culture and Art of the Chuvash Republic for 1994-2000. there was a mention of plans to create a certain “Museum of stone architecture of the XVIII century in Cheboksary on the street. M. Sespel. In accordance with this program, only two monuments were supposed to be reconstructed at the expense of the budget - the Salt Office and the House of Zelenshchikov. The third ghost object, which continues to be called the Ensemble of Houses, despite the fact that only one house is already listed on the state guard, was to be in the center of a special, unique story.

"Reconstruction" twenty years later. Episode one. Imposter House

While the state was only planning the creation of a museum of remodeled architecture of the 18th century at 13 and 15 Mikhail Sespel Street, a vigilant private initiative was already mastering the plot at number 17, which was once intended to recreate the Ensemble of Houses. There, at the expense of LLC Production and Commercial Firm Eleon in the second half of the 1990s. an object was built and named "House of the merchant Kozma Kadomtsev" or simply "Kadomtsev's House". A large volume with a high roof, which grew on the edge of the hill, obscured the view from the Gulf to the Vvedensky Cathedral - a true architectural monument of the 17th century, which for three hundred years played the role of the main town-planning dominant of Cheboksary.

House of Kadomtsev, built in 1998

As you can easily see, this building had no resemblance to the original houses of Kozma Kadomtsev, which at one time formed an ensemble on Kalinin Street, 6, 6a. The source of inspiration for the author of the project of the newly-minted "House of Kadomtsev" R.S. Bashirov was the appearance of an outstanding monument of civil architecture of Cheboksary of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, lost at the end of the 19th century, known as the House of Zelenshchikov. These magnificent old Russian chambers should be distinguished from the later baroque Zelenshchikov House, which survived until the late 1970s. Both houses, located next to each other on the left bank of the Cheboksarka, in the former Kozhevennaya Sloboda, at the end of the 19th century. belonged to the same owner. For convenience, let's designate the chambers as the "early Zelenshchikov House".

The "early" house of Zelenshchikov, demolished in the 1880s. Measurements by B. Veselovsky and L. Dahl. The wooden upper part of the building is presented in a hypothetical reconstruction by B. Veselovsky.

Measurements and graphic reconstruction of the facades of the early Zelenshchikov House were published in the book “Monuments of Ancient Russian Architecture” (Issue 1. St. Petersburg, 1895), ed. V.V. Suslova. The wooden parts of the building - a high roof and a magnificent "barrel" crowning the porch, were a hypothetical recreation, that is, the architect's fantasy, since at the time of the survey the house was in very poor condition, in fact it was a half-ruin. Suslov's book was published when Zelenshchikov's early house no longer existed; it was dismantled back in the 1880s. However, be that as it may, thanks to this publication, its spectacular appearance entered the history of Russian architecture, as well as in scientific and local history literature about Cheboksary.

The early Zelenshchikov House, of course, had nothing to do with the modest Ensemble of Kozma Kadomtsev’s houses, but whether this is the charm of its image, or for some other reason, only its erroneous identification with the main house of the Ensemble - an object of cultural heritage of federal significance “Residential House, first half of the 18th century. not only widely distributed in tourist and local history literature, but also contained in official documents. It was this that made it possible, under the guise of recreating a monument, to erect a building on the site allocated for this in the prestigious district of Cheboksary, which significantly exceeds the original in terms of its volume and decisively differs from it in its appearance. And now the confusion embodied in brick and reinforced concrete takes on the significance of an indisputable fact. For example, in the explanatory note to the General Plan of the Cheboksary Urban District, in the section on cultural heritage sites, entitled “Residential House, 1st floor. 18th century." a description is given corresponding to the early Zelenshchikov House, and the existing building at the address: st. Michael Sespel, 17 without hesitation is interpreted as a recreated monument.

Meanwhile, it is clear that the facility, built in the 1990s. on st. Mikhail Sespel, 17 and now known as the "House of Kadomtsev", can in no way be considered a recreation of the monument that was under state protection - the Ensemble of houses of the first half XVIIIc., or at least one of them. If he can be considered anything, then only a monumental illustration of the immortal maxim of Kozma Prutkov “If you read the inscription “buffalo” on an elephant’s cage, do not believe your eyes.”

"House of Kadomtsev" 1998 "Details" and "interiors".

Today, the self-styled “Kadomtsev House” is privately owned and registered as a non-residential property. The building with a total area of ​​2069 sq. m, has four floors, including an attic and a basement with a garage and a swimming pool, as well as a basement, a terrace - an observation deck overlooking the Gulf, with an area of ​​348 sq. m, and a fenced area with a separate gatehouse for security. The interior layout is modern, the exterior decor is eclectic. The area of ​​the land plot put on the cadastral register, including the built-up area, is 1,668 sq. m. The value of this property can be judged by the fact that at the beginning of 2013 the owner put up the object for sale for 45 million rubles (about 1.5 million dollars at the then exchange rate). Not surprisingly, in the 2000s it has been the subject of raiding and litigation several times.

Announcement of the sale of "Kadomtsev's house".

And now, for further observations on the amazing features of the "Kadomtsev House", let's move from the shores of the Cheboksary Bay to the virtual bureaucratic space. The building of interest to us predictably does not have a passport of a cultural heritage object, however, in the database "Immmovable Monuments of History and Culture" on the website of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, we find an entry about a cultural heritage object of federal significance called "Kadomtsev's House", located at the address: Chuvash Republic , Cheboksary, st. Sespelya, 17. Its dating is also indicated there - the first half of the 18th century, and the unique code of the monument - 2110009000.

The origin of this entry in the official database is mysterious, as is its content. How did the impostor house even get there? Information that any authority issued an act on giving the building of a modern building called "Kadomtsev's House" the status of an object of cultural heritage and, moreover, a monument of federal significance, could not be found. Although the same database states that the “Kadomtsev House” was put under state protection by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of December 4, 1974 No. 624, this information, as well as false dating, is clearly borrowed from the original Ensemble of Kozma Kadomtsev’s houses. But if the “House of Kadomtsev” was never officially guarded, then where did the code for the monument come from? Maybe it's just a copy of the code of one of the Ensemble of houses? But no, the code for the House of Kadomtsev does not match any of the codes assigned to the Ensemble of Houses in the First Half of the 18th Century.

It remains to state that the fake, albeit quite real, "Kadomtsev's House" coexists in the database of the Russian Ministry of Culture on an equal footing with the genuine, albeit dematerialized thirty-five years ago Ensemble of Houses. It seems that we are dealing with the fact that monuments of federal significance are propagated by budding. It is curious that the budding object inherits from the parent only some features, the most important of which is the land plot assigned to the latter.

Such a miracle, unprecedented in the framework of administrative procedures, however, confused the authorities for the protection of monuments of the Chuvash Republic. They preferred the more traditional belief in the transmigration of souls to the belief in the budding of monuments and simply recognized the four-level tower of a modern building with a garage and a swimming pool as the true reincarnation of Kozma Kadomtsev's one-story house. As a result, in the list of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance of the city of Cheboksary, hosted on the official website of the Government of Chuvashia, there is no object with the name "Kadomtsev's House" at all, but at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 17 mentions "Ensemble of houses, 1st half of the 18th century." with a note that one of the two monuments that made it up has been lost. The second, therefore, exists and is observed with the naked eye. Unless, of course, you believe your eyes.

"Reconstruction" twenty years later. Episode two. Fake porch and a failed vacant lot trade

While around a private house on the street. Mikhail Sespel, 17, the above-described paranormal phenomena occurred, the state, for its part, also made a feasible contribution to the development of the anomalous zone on the Western slope. As a result, the second monument-ghost gained flesh - Basement house (Salt Office). It was recreated in 2005 at the expense of the budget of the Chuvash Republic at the site at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 13 according to a project developed back in 1980 by the Spetsproektrestavratsiya Institute. (According to the heads of local structures for the protection of monuments, authentic bricks were used in the reconstruction, which had survived by this time from ... Zelenshchikov's house - Red.).

The recreation was claimed to be scientific, based on research materials from the deceased original. In particular, the restorers reproduced the historical layout of the building and even the vaults of the interior. But at the same time, the recreated House on the basement acquired a pseudo-historical porch, which the original monument never had. The “appendage” distorted the composition of the facade, obscured two of its six windows, and one of them completely turned into a door. Unfortunately, the building, located on a very advantageous place - on a high bank above the Gulf, faces the Gulf with a blank end wall, which does not allow Cheboksary residents and city guests walking along the coast to admire this example of a creative approach to preserving cultural heritage.

Salt office. Photo from the 1970s

Salt office in a new location and with a new porch. Photo 2005

All this, however, does not prevent the object, which is a modern inaccurate recreation of a monument lost at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s, from having the status of an object of cultural heritage of federal significance and dating back to 1746 as if nothing had happened.

The Government of the Russian Federation, by its Decree of October 17, 2009 No. 1543-r, attributed the monument of federal significance "The House on the Basement" to the property of the Chuvash Republic. There were plans to place a museum there, but the building turned out to be not connected to engineering networks and, accordingly, unusable. For several years the house was empty, and only in 2013 it was transferred as it is - without networks - for free use by the Cheboksary-Chuvash diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Meanwhile, at the site at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 15, located between the House on the basement and the "Kadomtsev House", slowly unfolding events around the third ghost monument - Houses of Zelenshchikov. The same one - baroque, which at one time was located next to the chambers of the same name, now magically embodied in the "Kadomtsev House". The first attempt to recreate it was made back in the 1990s. At the expense of extrabudgetary funds, a reconstruction project was developed, but work did not progress further than laying the foundation.

In 2008, the director of the State Center for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of Chuvashia, Nikolai Muratov, in an interview with the REGNUM news agency, said: “The design of the building is already ready. There are investors who are ready to invest a lot of money in this ... With the condition of privatization. It was in this condition that the main snag turned out to be.

In 2009, a virtually non-existent monument - the Zelenshchikov House (already with a new address at 15 Sespel Street) was registered in the ownership of Chuvashia by the same Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation as the House on the basement. This paved the way for privatization, and in the same year, as a "unfinished facility" with a total area of ​​296.6 sq. m is included in the forecast plan (program) for the privatization of state property of the Chuvash Republic for 2010.

In accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Property of Chuvashia dated October 26, 2010 No. 900-r “On the conditions for the privatization of the state property of the Chuvash Republic - an object in progress - the foundations of an architectural monument of the 18th century - the Zeleyshchikov house, moved from the flood zone, located at the address: Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, st. M. Sespelya, 15, and the land occupied by it and necessary for its use”, the initial price of the property was set at 607,700 rubles. (including value added tax), and the cost of a land plot of 376 sq. m - in the amount of 3 million 230 thousand rubles.

However, privatization failed.

A year later, the Ministry of Property of Chuvashia made a second attempt and issued Decree No. 584-r dated June 30, 2011, according to which the initial price of the property was reduced to 277 thousand rubles, and the cost of the land plot - to 1 million 465 thousand rubles .

However, privatization did not take place even after the price reduction.

September 20, 2013 Minister of Culture, Nationalities and Archival Affairs of the Chuvash Republic V.P. Efimov in his speech mentioned the need to include the Zelenshchikov House in the forecast plan (program) for the privatization of the state property of the Chuvash Republic for 2014, but this time the matter did not move forward.

Project for the reconstruction of the Zelenshchikov House in the panorama of the Western slope. View from the Gulf.

The subject of protection of a non-existent monument of architecture

The opportunity to build a building on such a prestigious location in the city center with excellent views of the Gulf is certainly attractive for private investment. What was the matter? The reason, apparently, lay not in the stinginess of Cheboksary investors, but in the absence of the documentation necessary for the non-existent monument to recreate it and to formalize the security obligation of the future new owner. First of all, an established object of protection of a cultural heritage site of federal significance was required.

And on November 5, 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation issues Order No. 1864 “On approval of the object of protection of the cultural heritage site of federal significance “Zelenschikov’s House”, XVII century.” (Chuvash Republic) and its registration in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”. Like this: Bye thousands of authentic monuments in all cities and towns of Russia do not have approved items of protection, the federal Ministry of Culture issues an order on the subject of protection of a non-existent object of cultural heritage.

The subject of protection is not cheap. The lack of funds for their development is usually used by the owners and monument protection authorities in response to accusations of insufficient care for the heritage entrusted to them. There is such a problem in Chuvashia, but funds were found for the sake of the House of Zelenshchikov.

The nameless author of the object of protection of the House of Zelenshchikov (and the law clearly requires that the developer of the project of the object of protection be a certified expert of the state historical and cultural expertise) managed to create an absolutely amazing document. Guided by the principle of "mix, but do not shake", he combined in one text the characteristics of a long-lost monument with the characteristics of a new plot of land, and even seasoned it all with a factual error. First of all, the preservation of the name of the object, containing the dating of the 17th century, refuted more than thirty years ago, is striking. Along with the historical layout, vaults, large-sized bricks, external plastering, “eared” architraves and octagonal windows of the second light, which once constituted a distinctive feature of the original Zelenshchikov house, the new object of protection included such urban planning characteristics as “the location of the building on a site located in the historical part of the Western slope, in the center of the former Kremlin, on the street. Sespel". Reading this, a person unfamiliar with the situation may think that the monument, safe and sound, is safely in its historical place in its native architectural and natural environment. The order of the Ministry of Culture does not contain the slightest hint that it is a non-existent object that will be recreated in a completely new landscape situation.

An awl, however, cannot be hidden in a bag. Everything falls into place when Zelenshchikov's house in the text of the subject of protection is referred to as "an important component of the emerging on the street. Sespel Architectural Ensemble of Cultural Heritage Objects.

“An emerging ensemble of cultural heritage sites” is not an oxymoron, it is a reality that is already partially reflected in the waters of the Gulf. This ensemble is outstanding, it includes only monuments of federal significance: the pseudo-Kadomtsev House, the remodeled House on the basement with a fantasy porch, and the Zelenshchikov House, which does not exist yet.

Is it necessary to say that, in itself, the question of the expediency of recreating a monument lost more than thirty years ago, and even in a new place, in a fundamentally different landscape situation, from the point of view of modern heritage science, is, to put it mildly, very debatable and precedentally significant? However, while approving the object of protection, the future Zelenshchikov House, the Ministry of Culture did not consider it necessary to submit its project for consideration by the Federal Scientific and Methodological Council for Cultural Heritage. And that is true: had this document fallen into the hands of specialists in a timely manner, it would not have had a chance. And the "forming ensemble of cultural heritage sites" on the Western slope itself would attract unwanted attention.

And what to do now?

First of all, it is necessary to admit the obvious: the original monuments are irretrievably lost, and what now appears under their names cannot even claim to be called a “remake”, since it does not meet the criteria of scientific and authentic reconstruction.

Let's imagine that in the diamond pantry of the Gokhran, glass was found among the diamonds. How should the leadership of this institution behave? And now let's replace Gokhran with the Ministry of Culture...

In order to avoid falsification of the cultural heritage of Russia, the status of monuments of federal significance should be removed from the House of Zelenshchikov, the House on the basement (the buildings of the Salt Office) and the Ensemble of Houses of the first half of the 18th century - in connection with the loss, as well as from the so-called "Kadomtsev House" - in connection with with the fact that such a monument never existed. The Ministry of Culture of Russia, as a state body responsible for the preservation of the unique cultural heritage of our country, may take the initiative to issue the relevant Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Obviously, the federal Ministry of Culture will also need to cancel its own order of November 5, 2014; the Order of the Ministry of Culture, Nationalities and Archives of the Chuvash Republic dated October 28, 2014 No. 01-07 / 440 “On approval of the boundaries of the territory and the legal regime of land plots within the boundaries of the territory of a cultural heritage object (monument of history and culture) of the federal Meanings "Zelenschikov's House, XVII century".

By the way, the authorities for the protection of the cultural heritage of Chuvashia back in the late 1990s. planned to remove the Zelenshchikov House from protection in connection with the loss, but this could not be done due to the fact that the work to exclude monuments from the register was suspended while the new Federal Law “On Cultural Heritage Objects” was being prepared.

To prevent such stories in the future, two more Cheboksary objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, also lost at the turn of the 1970-1980s, should have been removed from protection. - "Dwelling house of the middle of the XVIII century." at the address: st. Union, 18 and "Dwelling house of the first half of the XVIII century." at the address: st. Chernyshevsky, 6.

This will bring the list of cultural heritage objects of Cheboksary into line with reality. Bitter, but reality.

One cannot, of course, ignore the complexity and delicacy of the situation. Remembering the tragic history of Cheboksary, the mass destruction in the late 1970s. historical development of the city, including the most important monuments of architecture of the XVII - XVIII centuries, one can understand the desire of the republican and city authorities to restore the historical image of at least some buildings. It's just a matter of solving one problem without creating another.

The glass itself can be beautiful and sparkle like diamonds, but placed in the pantry along with diamonds, they devalue real stones and abolish the very concept of “jewel”. A copy, even the most accurate one, can never be compared with the original, because it is a copy. Cultural heritage can only be authentic; everything else is fake. The neighborhood of the tower with the pool in the same list as the ensemble of the Vvedensky Cathedral of 1651 with its unique, unlike paintings, is insulting to the historical memory of Cheboksary, Chuvashia, Russia. It's insulting to all of us.

Our heritage must not be forged, deliberate replicas must not be entered into the register, and such buildings, which, in conscience, should be ashamed, cannot be called monuments of federal significance.

However, if there is not and cannot be any heritage on Mikhail Sespel Street, this does not mean that it is impossible to build a building in the historical style there, as long as the republican and city authorities desire it and the investor agrees. It is not scary if on the edge of the slope, above the mirror of the Gulf, a new house in the Russian baroque style will appear, reminiscent of the deceased Zelenshchikov House. Most importantly, stop fooling yourself. In general, let the haze of absurdity finally dissipate over Sespel Street, and everything will be fair.

Instead of a comment. Director of the State Center for the Protection of Cultural HeritageChuvash RepublicNikolay Muratov V two recent interview IA REGNUM came up with such assessments of the events of the late 1970s. and current "reconstructions" in Cheboksary :

“It was 1978-1979. All the objects that were demolished were not included in the register of monuments, which is the trouble. Why it happened, I can’t understand ... Entire blocks - mansion after mansion - everything was demolished, and everything turned out to be "not monuments" ... When the historical part of Cheboksary was demolished and the bed of the Cheboksary reservoir was being prepared, there were big debates about what to save how to save. As a result, the main objects that are of value at the federal level were identified - the merchant's mansions of the 18th century - the Kadomtsev House, the Zeleyshchikov House and the Salt Office (Igumnov House). These buildings were sawn into blocks, moved to Sespel Street. According to the General Plan, they were to be restored on the site of dilapidated wooden houses, which were demolished. Blocks of houses-monuments, unfortunately, could not be preserved - having lain on Sespel Street for a couple of decades, the masonry had spread into rubble. The best bricks from the remaining ones were used to restore the Salt Office. By the efforts of the investor, the firm "Eridan", without attracting budgetary funds, the House of Kadomtsev was restored.

Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in Cheboksary on the banks of the reservoir. Early 1980s

A fragment of a wall with a window and the head of the Exaltation of the Cross Church were also kept. By the way, it was blown up in 1989, on the anniversary of the Chuvash autonomy, so as not to spoil the view of the surroundings - when the reservoir was flooded, the bell tower protruded from the water ... They also wanted to recreate this church in a new place - near the Church of Michael the Archangel (corner of K. Ivanov and Bondarev ), which was then a book depository. No one could have imagined that soon it would again become an active temple. Now there is nowhere to build. There were attempts to restore it near the former place where the river port is now - the Cossacks became interested in the temple, but the issues of placing the object and financing could not be resolved.

The initial decision - to recreate the objects of civil architecture on Sespel Street - was wise. After all, this slope is the historical center of Cheboksary. It was supposed to become a "highlight", a tourist place where one could show what Cheboksary was like in the 18th century and what mansions were built by rich merchants. To tell that it was the heyday of stone construction ...

In fairness, I will say that the restoration of these houses, indeed, went in different ways. For example, now we see the Kadomtsev House exactly as it was historically, as it was read on old engravings - with an attic floor. But even in the process of negotiations, the new owner set the condition that he would give the house only an external appearance, and make the layout the way he needed. Or he will not build anything at all ... Nothing can be done. Private property. There is no budget ruble there. And, in fact, the current Kadomtsev House is really just a reminder that in the 18th century there was such a building in Cheboksary.

There is a sense (to preserve the protective status of such monuments - Ed.). Another issue is the category. It may not be worth putting it on guard at the federal level, but it is enough to make it regional and even municipal. On the other hand, according to the law 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation", buildings that are of architectural value can move to the rank of monuments 40-50 years after construction. So, for example, the same House of Kadomtsev will again have every right to be called a monument in fifty years.

But the Salt Office, fortunately, managed to be restored using the original material. True, all the more or less intact brick of the demolished Zeleyshchikov House went into its masonry. But it is also planned to be restored. Just recently, the Zeleyshchikov House was registered in the State Register of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation in order to recreate the appearance and layout. The reconstruction project was made thanks to the surviving photographs of the expedition of the famous professor of history Nekrasov, who worked in Cheboksary in the 30s. XX century and revealed this most valuable object. Unfortunately, for a number of reasons, the restoration of the Zeleyshchikov House today has frozen at the stage of the foundation and 115 masonry cubes.

To a direct question from a journalist: The Kadomtsev House is an actual remake. Nevertheless, it is presented to tourists as a monument of civil architecture of the 18th century. Do we have a moral right to consider it a monument? - Nikolai Muratov answered this way:

"Yes, from the point of view of the restoration business, this is immoral and is no good. But if life forced to apply such a method?”

Will the churches of Sviyazhsk be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List?

Tatarstan once again submitted a "Sviyazhsk" application to UNESCO. After an unsuccessful attempt in 2013, the republic did not take risks and put forward not the entire island-town for inclusion in the World Heritage List, but two of its objects of the 16th century: the wooden Trinity Church and the stone Assumption Cathedral. The application will be considered no earlier than 2017. At the same time, Vechernyaya Kazan experts believe that Sviyazhsk's chances are low this time as well.

Recall that in 2013 Sviyazhsk, founded in 1551 by Ivan the Terrible for the siege of Kazan, was already nominated for inclusion in the UNESCO list along with the ancient city of Bolgar. However, due to the critical assessments of foreign experts in the protection of monuments, who discovered a large number of remakes on the territory of ancient settlements, Tatarstan decided not to risk it and at the last moment withdrew the application. And then he threw all his strength into pushing the Bulgarians into the World Heritage List - in June 2014, the attempt was a success.

And just the other day the Republican Foundation for the Revival of Historical and Cultural Monuments, headed by Mintimer Shaimiev, filed an application for inclusion in the UNESCO list of two temples of Sviyazhsk. These are the Trinity Church (1551), which is the only monument of Russian wooden architecture of the 16th century in the Volga region, and the Assumption Cathedral (1560), built by Pskov architects. Unique frescoes have been preserved in the cathedral, of particular interest are the images of Ivan the Terrible and St. Christopher with a dog's head.

- Many people think: we will get into the UNESCO list, and the money will flow. This is wrong. The UNESCO sign for Sviyazhsk is a matter of prestige. It will increase interest in cultural monuments. In addition, the mechanism of international control over sights will turn on, we will be more careful about what we have, - Artem Silkin, director of the museum-reserve "Island-city of Sviyazhsk", explained to Vechernaya Kazan the meaning of the idea. According to him, last year the island was visited by 260,000 tourists, and if Sviyazhsk is under the wing of UNESCO, the tourist flow will grow exponentially.

Meanwhile, a number of experts believe that Sviyazhsk, as well as its individual objects, still has little chance of getting into the world heritage list.

- There is no chance for the Trinity Church, - a member of the Union of Architects of Russia, professor of the International Slavic Academy, deputy. Yevgeny Ignatiev, the head of the development team of the Concept for the Revival of Sviyazhsk as a historical small town of Russia, the author of the preliminary design of the general plan and the development project of Sviyazhsk. – The reconstruction of the church has not yet been completed. But what has already been done in 2011-13 can only be called a recreation of the old image, a remake. For example, covered acres or verandas, hypothetically recreating the old image of the church, can be attributed to the remake. By and large, only individual architectural elements of the Trinity Church can claim to be included in the UNESCO list. Namely, the temple part, dated to the 16th century, and the refectory with an octagon ( octagonal frame.- "VK") of the XVIII century.

But as for the Assumption Cathedral, according to Ignatiev, its chances of getting into the UNESCO list are 90 percent. The Assumption Cathedral was the least distorted by restoration work.

To the question of Vechernyaya Kazan, what other historical sites on the island may in the future qualify for inclusion in the UNESCO list, the professor answered categorically: “There are none worthy.” Although he did not rule out that the objects of the former convent of St. John the Baptist would someday be put on the waiting list: St. Sergius Church of the early 17th century and the Cathedral of Our Lady of All Who Sorrow of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Their restoration has not been completed.

- In general, the restoration of Sviyazhsk objects is carried out with serious shortcomings, which have significantly changed the appearance of the city, - says Evgeny Ignatiev. – Personally, I have questions for the restorers of the archimandrite and fraternal buildings on the territory of the Mother of God-Assumption Monastery. Many elements were rudely destroyed during the restoration work. For example, the white-stone foundation of the runduk porch near the northern wall of the fraternal building was destroyed. Only two porches leading to the second floor have survived to this day. What once was the third, we determined by signs hardly noticeable to the eye when examining the building. As a result, the contractors simply turned out the remains of the foundation. Or take the southern side of the building, where, during the restoration, elements of the mental hospital toilets, attached to the building in the 20th century, disappeared. These fragments, of course, did not represent cultural value, but were part of the historical appearance of the fraternal corps. And restoration involves the careful preservation of all the cultural layers of the object, all traces of time. In addition, as a result of restoration work, all the interiors inside the hull were severely distorted. What kind of authenticity are we talking about?

According to the restorer, the new pseudo-historical buildings also contributed to the destruction of the historical appearance of Sviyazhsk.

“Sviyazhsk is being turned into a training ground for wooden and stone “sheds,” Evgeny Ignatiev is critical. - Meanwhile, the concept of 1996 implied the revival of Sviyazhsk as a small historical city with a full-blooded life. However, over time, the republican authorities brought to the fore the creation of a museum-reserve. The museum is a kind of conservation, a ban on the development of the territory. It turns out that the inhabitants of Sviyazhsk are in principle not needed in the reserve. And what do we have today? Young families leave Sviyazhsk because of the lack of work, schools and kindergartens. The island-city is turning into a reserve with monasteries and monks as exhibits, into an elite dacha Rublyovka, where there are twice as many summer residents as permanent residents.

Moreover, the restorer is convinced that the status of a UNESCO monument to Sviyazhsk is only to the detriment. On the development of the city it will be possible to safely put an end to it. After all, then each new building on the island will have to be coordinated in Paris!