Oral presentations of research.

Not many people can feel confident performing in front of a large crowd of people, and especially if all these spectators are strangers to you. Most of the speakers in oral presentations it becomes embarrassing when, looking up, they see hundreds of eyes looking at them. At the very beginning of their speech, a trembling in their voice is already becoming noticeable, which clearly indicates that they are becoming uncomfortable in front of all this audience. The ability to perform in front of a large number of spectators is a very rare gift. Nervousness and excitement very often take precedence over composure and calmness.

If this is very similar to you, then don't worry, many of us have the same problem. We get nervous even when we have to address a group of our own friends, let alone a group of strangers. The best solution to this problem is to prepare for oral presentation. Your preparation depends very much on your belief in yourself. Here are some tips to help you make the most of yours:

1. Organization: It's a good idea to organize your oral presentation, dividing it into several parts:

a) Carefully plan the entire presentation process and pay special attention to the most important details, while not forgetting to indicate possible solutions to the problems identified in the presentation;
b) State the main topic presentations clearly and clearly;
c) Give a couple of examples related to the main topic of the presentation, proving the relevance of this topic today;
d) Express your point of view with a specific approach to the problem;
d) Finally presentations you must draw accurate and understandable conclusions;
f) Be sure to allow extra time for questions.

2. Use of visuals: tell and show. Try to find the brightest, most colorful and memorable effects in order to convey your point of view to the audience. For this you can use:

Visual design always serves to complement the information you intend to convey. oral way. Relevant paintings, drawings and photographs are sure to end up capturing the attention of your viewers. The following tips will be helpful to you when choosing how to visually design your oral presentation.

Always try to keep the visuals simple and relevant to the theme. presentations.

Make sure that it will be easy for each and every one of your viewers to understand them. Never put everything you have to say into visuals in order to read it later.

Try to get your audience interested by giving them copies of the most informative and important slides that will get the general idea of ​​your presentations.

3. Talk to the audience in such a way that they are interested in your next word. Try to put yourself in their place and decide for yourself what you would be interested in hearing on this oral presentation. Try to avoid monotony at all costs. Try to always speak in a sparkling voice.
Even if everything presentations different, and each of them has its own specific properties and features that are unique to it, we can give you some general tips that will be valid for any kind of presentation and will no doubt bring something special to your

The theory of oral presentations (as it is now called) goes back to the times of ancient Greece and the foundations of the science of rhetoric.

The advantage of oral speech compared to writing is the ability to convey the subtlest shades of thoughts and feelings, use emotional means of influence, thereby enhancing the effect of suggestion, i.e. suggestion. During an oral presentation, you can influence listeners using speech, intonation, facial expressions and pantomimic means, as well as your appearance and demeanor. For the effect to be positive, all factors should be used, considering them in relation to the features of interaction through public speaking. According to experts, speech should give the impression of improvisation, then its impact is maximum. No more than one person out of a thousand has a natural talent for improvisation, so you should carefully prepare an oral presentation using the achievements of rhetoric, logic, non-verbalism and ethics of business communication.

Rhetoric is the science of the laws of preparing and delivering a public speech in order to have the desired impact on the audience.

Experts recommend preparing bright arguments for a rally speech, accurate information, dates, facts, figures, etc. for a lecture, impeccably polished formulations for a public statement, clear definitions of problems, factors that caused them to appear for a problem speech at a production meeting , and solutions with justifications and calculations.

The main stages of preparing and conducting a public speech are shown in fig. 3.5.

Rice. 3.5. The main stages of preparing and conducting a public speech

The main parts of public speech have the following tasks.

1. Introduction - arouse interest, capture the attention of the audience; establish an atmosphere of mutual understanding and trust; prepare the audience for speech perception.

2. The main part, where the essence is stated, evidence is given, the arguments of opponents are refuted - to provide information; justify your point of view; convince the audience; encourage listeners to take action.

3. Conclusion - summarize what has been said, draw conclusions; increase interest in the subject of speech; consolidate the impression of the speech. The peculiarities of human attention are such that after 15–20 minutes of a speech, it is required to start applying special techniques to attract attention. The highest concentration of attention is during the first and last 30 seconds of the speech, just the time it takes to solve the problems of introduction and conclusion.

The most important stage - the introduction - can be carried out either as a direct invasion of the topic (immediately the title of the report, the formulation of the problem and evidence), or as a contrasting introduction to the topic based on focusing on contradictions, or as a gradual introduction to the topic through the story of an intriguing case, etc. The introduction should not be dragged out, just as one should not resort to apologies and excuses before the public. You should clearly formulate your thoughts, demonstrate competence. The shorter the performance, the more time it takes to prepare and rehearse. In the main part, it is useful to use rhetorical devices to the point: questions, metaphors, comparisons, hyperbole, repetitions, gradations, antitheses, exclamations, etc. The most important thing is not to ask yourself the question “what will I tell them”, but try to solve the problem “ what they will hear."

It is equally important to anticipate the barriers of misunderstanding, the limitations of your audience and eliminate them in advance. Be sure to anticipate the potential barriers of misunderstanding and take action to overcome them.

In the domestic literature on social psychology, the problem of transferring information to a business partner is considered as one of the aspects of the holistic process of communication.

To analyze and predict upcoming business communication, experts in the field of social psychology, such as G. M. Andreeva, Yu. , communicative and interactive.

Perceptual the side of communication is associated with the perception of the partner (perception - perception), the impression of him and allows you to consider the factors influencing this perception, attitude, attitude towards the partner. Within the framework of the perceptual aspect of communication, it is possible to analyze the factors influencing the formation of the first impression and impression during long-term communication, as well as influencing the perception of the context, circumstances and situations of communication, the way the partner presents himself.

The first impression is aimed at identifying such fundamental qualities of a partner as "friend - someone else", "useful - useless", "good - bad" and others that determine the possibility of developing the communication process. Our behavior and the expectation of our partner's behavior depend on the perception of these qualities. These qualities and the subsequent attitude towards the partner are determined by factors:

Superiority (can be manifested in clothing, demeanor, etc.);

Attractiveness (can be manifested in adjusting to our tastes, to our corporate identity);

Attitudes towards us (can be manifested in facial expressions, gestures, the form of addressing us, etc.).

Such factors often distort the impression: having perceived the impact of one of them and having determined on this rather unsteady basis the attitude towards a communication partner, we tend to perceive other manifestations of his personality already through the prism of our hasty conclusions. Often our perception is based on stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes that reflect group or public opinion regarding the quality system of representatives of other groups.

Perception also depends on those motives, goals, intentions that we tend to attribute to others. Causal attribution (or causal attribution) can be misleading and misperceive the partner for a number of reasons that should be recognized. As a rule, we evaluate the actions of others through the prism of our own personality or resort to the opinion of some authority, a referent, which we ourselves most often also choose. Such an egocentric attitude is extremely common (“If I were him…”). A systematic analysis of the cause-and-effect relationships that led to the act, long-term communication, joint activities, understanding the uniqueness of each person and subjectivity in the perception of situations, real self-esteem (“Who am I to judge others?”) Helps to avoid mistakes in the perception of a partner.

The perception of a partner is significantly influenced by the self-feeding factor, which is not always realized, but is practically present in any communication and consists in a realized desire to direct the perception of a partner along a certain path. Types of self-feeding can be very diverse. You can demonstrate your own superiority, you can - attractiveness, etc. In fact, this is an element of manipulation that you need to be able to recognize and separate from the true goals and intentions of the partner, not allowing yourself to be misled. But there is also self-feeding as a factor of professionalism. For example, from a doctor, lawyer, manager, teacher, we expect self-confidence, conviction in the correctness of the decision and the opinion expressed by him.

The communicative side of communication associated with the exchange of information, opinions, experiences, desires, state, etc. We want to convey “this” to the partner and receive the expected response in the form of understanding, approval, change in his opinion, mood, behavior. The success of such a transmission depends on a number of factors related to the characteristics and uniqueness of our personal properties, mental processes.

Knowledge in the field of psychology and the ability to apply it in the practice of business communication is an obvious success factor in the business field. In particular, some recommendations on techniques and methods for improving the effectiveness of communications should be noted. These methods are associated with the phenomena of suggestion (suggestion) and counter-suggestion (protection against suggestion), the presence of well-known barriers to understanding each other by partners and ways to overcome them. We will encounter the same phenomena when considering the problems of preparing and conducting business conversations.

Let us dwell in more detail on the typology and essence of the barriers of misunderstanding. They work automatically, regardless of our will. External barriers are some filters of distrust towards the speaker, for example, a sense of danger, anxiety, cutting off or making it difficult to receive information. In general, trust in the speaker (credit) is a determining factor in suggestion. An internal barrier, for example, a moral one, which does not allow touching on the proposed topic, can also serve as an obstacle to communication.

The lack of authority of the suggestor or the one to whom he refers in the eyes of the perceiver can serve as a barrier to misunderstanding. A person trusts, as a rule, someone who is an authority for him, a representative, and does not trust those who, in his eyes, have no authority. The basis of authority is status, belonging to an authoritative social group, attractiveness, a good attitude towards us (socio-perceptual authority). Simply social authorities include God, a monarch, a charismatic personality of a national scale.

There are barriers of misunderstanding that are associated with the form and methods of presenting information and therefore are also considered in the rhetoric course:

Phonetic barrier (lack of understanding of the language, rejection of the pace of speech, inadequacy of speech and gestures to each other, i.e. mismatch between the verbal and non-verbal components of the communication process);

Semantic barrier (misunderstanding of the meaning, when one of the communicators uses incomprehensible jargon, gives the words their own meaning);

The stylistic barrier is a discrepancy between content and style, the form of presentation, when high style speaks of the ordinary and, conversely, low style speaks of the sublime. Other styles can be distinguished: scientific and ordinary;

Logical barrier (“this is not our logic, and such arguments are unconvincing for us”, “this is female logic”, “this is childish logic”. Explicit or implicit thought of an authoritarian boss: “There are two logics: mine and wrong”);

The barrier of avoidance, when a partner avoids contact, from information: this is how, for example, a heavy smoker reacts to information about the dangers of smoking.

The success of communication depends on the interest of the parties and the ability to anticipate and overcome barriers of misunderstanding, on the ability to manage attention, attracting and maintaining it. If the argument needs to refer to someone's opinion, this person should be one of the authorities for the listener. When preparing a speech, one should take into account the cultural level, vocabulary, profession and age of the listener, predict the logic of his thoughts, use the achievements of the science of rhetoric.

The main thing is the desire to understand the partner, “listen to hear”.

We can make a small addition to what has been said: a distinction is made between directed critical listening and empathic listening, with the former associated with the goal of finding a lead for countersuggestion, and the latter capable of ensuring future cooperation. From your understanding of the purpose of communication, the result of communication depends on the mood.

The third aspect of communication is interactive associated with the interaction of the parties in the process of communication. The process of interaction permeates communication from beginning to end, determines its dynamics and development. The actions chosen by the partners (verbal and non-verbal manifestations, actions, positions taken, reactions) reflect their understanding of the situation and ideas about the correct actions in such a situation. Analysis of the interactive aspect of communication, as well as other aspects, provides extensive information about the partner.

As part of the interactive side of communication, to assess the situation, such a psychological term as “positions of the parties” is used, denoting the status relationship of partners: above - below, the leader - the follower, the pursuer - the victim, etc. The correct definition of the status, position of the communication partner allows you to establish the goals of communication pursued by him, the strategy of behavior, to accurately predict his behavior and take timely measures on his part: either adjust to the partner, or try to change his position if it is unacceptable, or end the communication.

In establishing the positions of communication partners, knowledge of the modern Western method of psychological analysis and behavior correction, called transactional (or transactional) analysis, helps. The founder of the Gestalt therapy method, F. Perls, distinguished such positions of the communicants as “master of the situation – subordinate party”, American psychologists M. James and D. Jongward – “persecutor – victim – assistant”, and the American psychiatrist who is best known among us for numerous translations of his works E. Bern - "parent - adult - child."

Let us consider E. Bern's approach in more detail. Positions in communication are associated with the states of "I" - with a set of relatively independent and isolated emotions, attitudes and patterns of behavior in the inner world of a person. These states are discrete and can manifest themselves in human behavior in the form of a role, as it were, a position. At any moment in time, a person is in one of the states, plays a certain role and behaves in accordance with his idea of ​​the correct behavior in this state. The choice of role and behavior in it is based on specific memories that are significant for a person, even if they are not always aware of it. In table. 3.2 shows the main characteristics of positions in communication according to E. Berne.

Not many people can feel confident performing in front of a large crowd of people, and especially if all these spectators are strangers to you. Most speakers feel embarrassed when they look up and see hundreds of eyes staring back at them. At the very beginning of their speech, a trembling in their voice is already becoming noticeable, which clearly indicates that they are becoming uncomfortable in front of all this audience. The ability to perform in front of a large number of spectators is a very rare gift. Nervousness and excitement very often take precedence over composure and calmness.

If this is very similar to you, then don't worry, many of us have the same problem. We get nervous even when we have to address a group of our own friends, let alone a group of strangers. The best solution to this problem is preparation. Your preparation depends very much on your belief in yourself. Here are some tips to help you make the most of your presentations:

1. Organization: It's a good idea to organize your presentation by dividing it into several parts:

A) Carefully plan the entire presentation process and pay special attention to the most important details, while not forgetting to indicate possible solutions to the problems identified in the presentation;
b) State the main topic of the presentation clearly and clearly;
c) Give a couple of examples related to the main topic of the presentation, proving the relevance of this topic today;
d) Express your point of view with a specific approach to the problem;
e) And at the end of the presentation, you must draw accurate and understandable conclusions;
f) Be sure to allow extra time for questions.

2. Use of presentation visuals: tell and show. Try to find the brightest, most colorful and memorable effects in order to convey your point of view to the audience. For this you can use:

Visual design always serves to complement the information that you intend to convey orally. Relevant paintings, drawings and photographs are sure to end up capturing the attention of your viewers. The following tips will be helpful to you when choosing the visual style for your presentation.

Always try to keep the visuals simple and as relevant as possible to the theme of your presentation.

Make sure that it will be easy for each and every one of your viewers to understand them. Never put everything you have to say into visuals in order to read it later.

Try to keep your audience interested by handing out copies of the most informative and important slides from which the overall message of your presentation will be understood.

3. Talk to the audience in such a way that they are interested in your next word. Try to put yourself in their place and decide for yourself what you would be interested in hearing at this presentation. Try to avoid monotony at all costs. Try to always speak in a sparkling voice.
Even if all presentations are different and each of them has its own specific properties and features that are unique to it, we can give you some general tips that will be valid for any kind of presentation and will undoubtedly bring something special to your presentation.

The entire marketing research project is submitted to the management of the client firm. This presentation will help him understand and accept the written report. At the presentation, the management of the firm can ask any questions they may have. Since the first and last impression of a project is based on the presentation for many managers, its importance cannot be overestimated.

The key to an effective presentation is thorough preparation. The text of the speech or its detailed summary should correspond to the logic of the written report. The presentation must be prepared with the audience in mind. It is necessary to identify stakeholders, participants and just listeners of the project, and also try to find out to what extent they can be affected by the results of the completed project. Before the performance, you should rehearse several times.

Tables and graphs need to be shown in different ways. Boards for writing with chalk or felt-tip pen allow you to carry out the necessary calculations. They are especially useful when answering specific questions. Magnetic and cardboard boards allow you to quickly present the material prepared in advance. Sheets with diagrams turned on the back side, mounted on a stand, are used as blank sheets for writing the necessary information. With the help of projection equipment, you can present simple graphs, as well as complex diagrams, sequentially displaying them on the screen. There are several computer programs for making attractive slides. Colored posters, slides, video recorders, and projectors are especially effective in presenting the results of focus groups and other aspects of field work. You can also use computer projectors connected to personal computers that project a monitor image onto a screen.

During a presentation, it is important to maintain close communication with the audience. The audience should be given the opportunity to ask questions both during and after the presentation. The presentation should be interesting and persuasive, using appropriate stories, cases, real life examples and quotes.

Try to avoid words like: "uh", "you know", "okay". The “tell them” principle is effective for making presentations. It says: tell (tell) your listeners what you intend to tell them; speak to them and tell them what you have already said.

Another useful rule is to follow the KISS them principle, which says: "Keep it simple and open."

When reading a report, gestures should be used. Visual gestures clarify or enhance the oral transmission of information. Expressive (emphatic) gestures are used to emphasize what has been said. Suggestive gestures are symbols of ideas and emotions. Incentive gestures evoke a desired response from the audience for the speaker. The speaker is recommended to change the volume of the voice, timbre and articulation. The presentation should end with a strong ending. To emphasize the importance of the presentation, it should be held in the client's organization with the highest level of leadership.

Elric & Lavidge carried out a research project to determine the relative effectiveness of client firm advertising on television, print, and radio. In addition, the effectiveness of 10 television commercials, radio and print advertisements was evaluated. Given the structure of the project, oral presentation of the report is especially important when communicating the results. In addition to a projector and overhead projector, a VCR (for displaying television commercials), a tape recorder (for presenting radio advertisements), and a whiteboard (for displaying printed advertisements) were used. The presentation was given at one of the corporation's monthly meetings for its senior executives, which included the president of the corporation, all vice presidents, and all assistant vice presidents.

After the presentation to the top managers of the client company, time is given for a detailed review of the report. When reading the report, it is suggested to follow some general rules.

Oral and written speech Styles of speech Types of speech

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Agafonova E.E.

1. Oral and written speech.

2. Speech styles.

3. Types of speech.

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Oral and written speech

Slide 5. “Why does a person need speech?”

Slide 6. "Oral speech."

Slide 7. "Characteristics of oral speech."

Slide 9. "Non-verbal means of communication."

Slide 10. "Please be quiet ...". Assignment to the class.

Slide 11. "How to behave during a conversation."

Slide 12. "Written speech and its varieties."

Slide 13. "Written speech."

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Speech styles

Slide 14. Choice of style of speech.

Slide 15. "Speech styles." (Poem).

Slide 16. Speech styles (reference notes).

Slide 17. Conversational style and its features.

Slide 18. Artistic style.

Slide 20. Artistic style and its features.

Slide 21. Journalistic style.

Slide 22. Journalistic style. Sphere of use, purpose, genres.

Slide 23. Features of the journalistic style.

Slide 24. Officially - business style.

Slide 25. Officially - business style and its features.

Slide 26. Scheme of the scientific style of speech.

Slide 27. Stylistic experiment 1.

Slide 28. Stylistic experiment 2.

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Agafonova E.E.

Types of speech

Slide 28. Types of speech. Narration, description, reasoning.

Slide 29. Types of speech. Narration.

Slide 30. Narration.

Slide 31. Narrative structure.

Slide 32. Description and its structure.

Slide 33. Description objects.

Slide 34. Reasoning and its structure.

Slide 35. Reasoning and its characteristic features.

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Agafonova E.E.

Why does a person need speech?

SPEECH HELPS

• Communicate
• Share thoughts, feelings
• agree on something
• Coordinate your actions.
• Praise, cheer, laugh
• warn, advise
• Stop.

ORAL SPEECH AND ITS VARIETIES

• DIALOGUE
• POLYLOGUE
• MONOLOGUE