Examples from the literature about good and evil. Composition on the topic “The problem of good and evil in literature

Good and evil... Eternal philosophical concepts that disturb the minds of people at all times. Arguing about the difference between these concepts, it can be argued that good, of course, brings pleasant experiences to people close to you. Evil, on the contrary, wants to bring suffering. But, as is often the case, it is difficult to distinguish good from evil. “How can this be,” another layman will ask. It turns out it can. The fact is that good is often embarrassed to say about its motives for an act, and evil - about its own. Good even sometimes disguises itself as a little evil, and evil can do the same. But it trumpets that it is a great good! Why is this happening? Just a kind person, as a rule, is modest, it is a burden for him to listen to gratitude. Here he says, having done a good deed, that it, they say, did not cost him anything at all. Well, what about evil? Oh, this is evil ... It loves to accept words of gratitude, even for non-existent good deeds.

Indeed, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is darkness, where is real good and where is evil. But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and for the taming of evil. You just need to learn to understand the true motives of people's actions and, of course, fight evil.

Russian literature has repeatedly addressed this problem. Valentin Rasputin did not remain indifferent to her. In the story "French Lessons" we see the state of mind of Lydia Mikhailovna, who really wanted to help her student get rid of constant malnutrition. Her good deed was “disguised”: she played with her student for money in “chiku” (the so-called game for money). Yes, it is not ethical, not pedagogical. The principal of the school, having learned about this act of Lidia Mikhailovna, dismisses her from work. But after all, the French teacher played with the student and succumbed to the boy, because she wanted him to buy food for himself with the money he won, not to go hungry and continue to study. This is truly a good deed.

I would like to recall another work in which the problem of good and evil is raised. This is the novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita“. It is here that the author speaks of the inseparability of the existence of good and evil on earth. This is the written truth. In one of the chapters, Matthew Levi calls Woland evil. To which Woland replies: “What would your good do if evil did not exist?” The writer believes that the real evil in people is that they are by nature weak and cowardly. But evil can still be defeated. To do this, it is necessary to approve the principle of justice in society, that is, the exposure of meanness, lies and sycophancy. The standard of goodness in the novel is Yeshua Ha-Nozri, who sees only the good in all people. During interrogation by Pontius Pilate, he talks about how he is ready to bear any suffering for faith and goodness, and also about his intention to expose evil in all its manifestations. The hero does not give up his ideas even in the face of death. “There are no evil people in the world, there are only unhappy people,” he says to Pontius Pilate.

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Essays on topics:

1. What are good and evil? And why does a person today bring others more evil than good? Above these...

Daria Sayapina

The problem of choosing between good and evil is as old as the world, but meanwhile it is still relevant today. Without understanding the essence of good and evil, it is impossible to understand either the essence of our world or the role of each of us in this world. Without this, such concepts as conscience, honor, morality, morality, spirituality, truth, freedom, sinfulness, righteousness, decency, holiness lose all meaning ...

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Biblical traditions say that after the creation of the world and man, suffering and grief, and therefore EVIL did not exist, happiness, prosperity, GOOD reigned everywhere. Where did EVIL come from? Who is the bearer of evil in our life? Can it be eradicated? These philosophical questions are asked by every inhabitant of the planet.

From childhood, we, not yet able to read, listened to fairy tales told by our mother or grandmother, admired the beauty and wisdom of Vasilisa the Beautiful, who, thanks to her intelligence and ingenuity, contributed to the triumph of justice in the fight against Koshchei the Immortal. Even three frivolous pigs were able to resist the evil and insidious destroyer - the wolf. Friendship, mutual assistance, love and GOOD were able to defeat deceit and EVIL.

I grew up and gradually got acquainted with the works of classical literature. And involuntarily the words of folk wisdom came to mind: “he who sows good, good is his fruit; whoever sows evil will reap evil."

Any work of our literature basically contains these two concepts: the majestic Peter I defeats the invader Charles XII (A.S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”), or the charming Oksana inspires Vakula to fearless deeds (N.V. Gogol’s story “The Night Before Christmas” ). And how penetrating in terms of the struggle between good and evil is Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment!

Thinking about this, I came to the conclusion that almost every work contains this problem, and I wanted to plunge into the mystery.

Problematic question: How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?

Purpose of the study:to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?

Object of study: fiction

Subject of study: confrontation between good and evil

Research methods:

Survey,

Analysis,

Comparison,

Classification

Tasks:

1. Collect historical and literary information on the problem of good and evil in Russian literature.
2. Examine a number of works of Russian literature containing the problem of good and evil.
3. Conduct a classification of works in order to determine the winners in the confrontation.
4. Prepare abstract material on the stated topic
5. Develop skills in working with different sources
6. Make a presentation of the project at the Literary Lounge
7. Take part in a school conference

Hypothesis: suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.

Analysis of the sociological survey:

Conclusion: I interviewed 20 people. These are my classmates, school teachers, relatives and neighbors. The survey data show that most people believe that good appeared earlier than evil, that there is more good in the world than evil. However, speaking of the struggle between good and evil, there is a balance.

Social significance of the project:materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature.

Project implementation

ancient legend

Good wizards lived in a distant country. And although people had never seen them, they knew that wizards existed because they often felt their presence and help.

They say that in a magical land the sun always warms, and even in winter flowers of extraordinary beauty grow. They are strewn all around, and there is no such place, wherever they grow, wherever there are bushes with ripe juicy berries. Unusual animals that can talk and fly live in the forests. Goldfish swim in the rivers, and birds sing amazing melodies.

Love and peace reign everywhere. There are no nights in this country. Only - bright sunny days, as well as the mood of its inhabitants. Among the mountains there is a castle in which there are many mirrors. It is through them that wizards learn about people's lives and send them their help.

There is a legend that wizards are the same people, but only able to work miracles. The legend says that those people who never wished harm to others, knew how to love and brought only good to the world, do not die, but move to a magical country, gaining the gift of magic. The queen gives them this gift.

Everything was fine in the country of wizards until black magicians came to their land. A dark fog hung over the country, eclipsing the sun, enveloping the forests and rivers. Having captured the magical land, the magicians first of all broke the mirrors and began to subjugate the magicians to their power, using their gift for their own black purposes.

They wanted to seize the earth with all its countries and cities, destroy all life, creating their own empire. But their strength was not enough. Then they began to look for people with evil thoughts and, like a sponge, they absorbed everything negative that was in the thoughts of a person, thereby replenishing their power and strengthening their power.

Magic was powerless before the magic of destruction and evil. It had no effect on mages. The forces were not equal, and the wizards despaired. Calling their queen, they asked for advice.

In order for the black fog to dissipate, the help of people is needed, - said the queen, - without them we are powerless.

People, - the wizards were surprised. What can they do when they themselves need help?

There is kindness, compassion, love in people. And this is the most powerful weapon against the evil that lives in magicians. They feed on it and turn it against those who bring it. Only in this is their strength, because magicians live according to the law of the boomerang.

The wizards looked at each other.

We do not know such a law.

It has existed for millennia. If you think about the bad, wish someone evil, sooner or later it will return to you like a boomerang and vice versa. Magicians intercept evil thoughts, and when they gather as much as they need to achieve their goal, they will have enough power to destroy people with their own help.

But how to notify people of the danger that threatens them? How to explain that their thoughts can turn against them? After all, the magicians broke all the mirrors. Maybe send someone?

And the queen sent wonderful birds to the world of people so that they would save people from gloomy thoughts with their magical singing, and goldfish appeared in lakes and rivers to delight everyone with their beauty.

But among the people there were those who caught the birds and put them in cages, and sold the goldfish to other countries.

Then the black fog thickened even more over the wizards' castle. And people lost their help.

The magicians laughed: "Soon the whole Earth will be ours, and you will serve us."

"Wizards will never be in the service of evil," said the queen, and waved her wand. All wizards turned into a white cloud. The wind blew, and in the morning people saw a whole sea of ​​cirrus clouds in the sky.

What a beauty! - they said admiringly, and looking at the sky, they thought about how beautiful the world is.

Look, mommy, the clouds are smiling, - the little girl noticed. - How beautiful they are.

The girl waved her hand at them, and at that moment a star fell from the sky.

If you make a wish, it will surely come true, - Mom smiled.

May everyone be happy and happy now.

These words sounded like a spell. The black fog cleared. The wizards returned to their country again, and the magicians, turning into black clouds, flew off into the unknown. Now they are doomed to eternal wandering, because never before has evil been able to defeat good.

The legend is a fiction, but, like in a fairy tale, there is a depth of knowledge in it. Good could never exist without evil.

Probably, with the advent of humanity on Earth, evil appeared second, and only after - good, eradicating this evil. I believe that just as good cannot exist without evil, so evil cannot exist without good. Good and evil are everywhere, and every day we encounter these two manifestations in our daily lives. So Russian writers often reflected the problem of good and evil in their works and always wanted to show people, using the example of their heroes, what evil, self-interest and envy leads to, and, of course, what gives us good.A.A. Fet also spoke about this

Two worlds rule from the ages
Two equal beings:
One embraces a man,
The other is my soul and thought.

And as in a dewdrop, a little noticeable
You will recognize the whole face of the sun,
So merged in the depths of the cherished
You will find the whole universe.

Not deceitful young courage:
Bend over fatal labor -
And the world will reveal its blessings;
But to be not a thought of a deity.

And even in the hour of rest.
Lifting a sweaty brow
Don't be afraid of bitter comparison
And distinguish between good and evil.

But if on the wings of pride
You dare to know like a god
Do not bring into the world of shrines
Your slave anxieties.

Pari is all-seeing and all-powerful,
And from unstained heights
Good and evil, like grave dust,
In the crowds of people will disappear.

Works of fiction, in my opinion, always reflect the reality of life. Life itself is an irreconcilable struggle between good and evil. This is evidenced by the statements of many philosophers, thinkers, writers.

I will start my research with an analysis of CNT products.

Everything is in a fairy tale

There is evil and good in it,

Yes, it just didn't happen.

For evil to triumph over good.

A fairy tale... It seems that the word itself glows and rings. It rings with a silver magical ringing, like a bell of a troika, taking us into the wonderful world of beautiful and dangerous adventures, fantastic wonders. The poet Surikov wrote:

I listen to a fairy tale -

The heart is dying;

And in the pipe angrily

The evil wind sings...

Why does the heart skip a beat? Yes, from fear for the life of fairy-tale heroes, because both the snakes Gorynych and Koschey the Immortal tried to destroy them. Yes, and Baba Yaga Bone Leg is a very insidious person. However, brave, strong heroes are always ready for exploits, fighting against evil and deceit.

Russian folk tale "Ivan - the peasant son and Miracle Yudo"

The problem of good and evil

Good in the fairy tale it is represented in the image of Ivanushka. He is ready to die, but to defeat the enemy. Ivanushka is very smart and resourceful. He is generous and modest, does not tell anyone about his exploits.

“No,” says Ivanushka, “I don’t want to stay at home and wait for you, I’ll go and fight with a miracle!”

“I came to see you, enemy force, to try your fortress ... I came to fight with you to the death, to save good people from you, damned!”

Here comes the evil in this work it is presented in the form of Miracle-Yuda. Miracle Yudo is a monster that tried to destroy all life on earth and remain victorious.

“The news suddenly spread in that kingdom-state: the filthy miracle Yudo is going to attack their land, exterminate all the people, burn all the towns and villages with fire ...

“The miracle Yudo villain ruined everyone, plundered, betrayed a fierce death.”

“Suddenly, the waters were agitated on the river, the eagles screamed on the oaks - a miracle Yudo with nine heads was driving up.”

representatives forces of evil in a fairy tale there are three miraculous wives and a mother, an old snake.

“And I,” says the third, “I will let sleep and slumber on them, and I myself will run ahead and turn into a soft carpet with silk pillows. If the brothers want to lie down, rest, then we will burn them with fire!

Conclusion:

Good has triumphed over evil in this story. Ivanushka defeated Yudo's miracle, and everyone began to live happily ever after.

“In the meantime, Ivan the peasant son got out of the ground, contrived, cut off the fiery finger of the miraculous Yudu and let's chop off his head. He knocked every single one, cut his body into small parts, threw it into the Smorodina River ”

“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "

Russian folk tale "Vasilisa the Beautiful"

The problem of good and evil

“The stepmother takes out the evil on Vasilisa with beatings ..”

good and evil to this tale is presented in the faces of the young princess and her stepmother. People draw a young girl as smart, inquisitive and courageous. She works hard, patiently enduring all the insults that her stepmother and her daughter inflict on her.

“Vasilisa endured everything resignedly ... Vasilisa herself, it used to be, would not eat, and she would leave the most tidbit to the doll ...

"It's me, grandmother, stepmother's daughters sent me for fire to you."

"My mother's blessing helps me,"

But the stepmother is evil character, she tried to get rid of her stepdaughter with her actions. Her envy knew no bounds, and her main actions were - loading Vasilisa with work, as well as the constant resentment of the girl.

“The merchant married a widow, but was deceived and did not find in her a good mother for his Vasilisa ... The stepmother and sisters envied her beauty, tormented her with all kinds of work, so that she would lose weight from labor, and turn black from the wind and sun; there was no life at all!”

Conclusion : Good in this tale prevailed over evil. The stepmother and her daughters turned into coal, and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the king in contentment and happiness.

“Then the tsar took Vasilisa by the white hands, seated him next to him, and there they played a wedding ... She took the old woman Vasilisa to her, and at the end of her life she always carried the doll in her pocket.”

“You have to follow the fire,” both sisters shouted. Go to Baba Yaga ... "

Literary tale A.S. Pushkin"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"

The problem of good and evil

Admiring the richness of fiction, the high moral principles of folk tales, Pushkin enthusiastically exclaims: “What a charm these tales are! Each is a poem!

The magnificent Pushkin tales, in which the genius of the people and the genius of the great Russian poet were combined, appeared in the 1930s. They are not written for children, and in them, as in many other Pushkin's works, bitterness and sadness, mockery and protest, good and evil. They reflected the poet's deep love for the common people, Pushkin's inexhaustible faith in the victory of reason, goodness and justice.

The main opposition in this work runs along the lines of the young princess and her stepmother. The poet draws a young girl as kind, meek, hardworking and defenseless. Her outer beauty matches her inner beauty. The princess has a special tact, grace, femininity. Let us pay attention to the fact that Pushkin helps to understand the character of the princess, resorting only to verbs:

The princess walked around the house,
Removed everything,
Lit a candle to God
Fired up the stove hot
I climbed up on the floor
And quietly subsided ...

It is difficult for her to live in a world where there is evil, envy and deceit. A completely different queen-stepmother appears before us. She is also beautiful, but "angry", and jealous, and envious.

And the queen laugh
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes
And snap your fingers
And spin around,
Looking proudly in the mirror...

"Nothing to do. She is full of black envy ... "

Evil Queen
Threatening her with a slingshot
Decided or not to live,
Or destroy the princess ...

The thought that this beauty is not good without good permeates the whole fairy tale. Many loved the young princess. The question arises, why did they not save her? Yes, because only Prince Elisha loved her truly sincerely and devotedly. Only the true love of Prince Elisha saves the princess, awakening her from a dead sleep.

Conclusion: Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. These Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.

Literature of the 19th century. A.S. Pushkin. The novel "Eugene Onegin"

The problem of good and evil

In this work, Tatyana is the good and bright side. She is a very gentle and pure character. Her soul is open to everyone. In the depths of her soul, Tatyana remained the same Russian woman, ready at any moment to escape from the bustle of the city and go somewhere far away and devote herself to rural life.

Tatyana is that Russian woman who could go to Siberia for her beloved

Tatiana, dear Tatiana...
... I love my dear Tatyana so much! ..
For ... that in sweet simplicity
She knows no lies
And he believes in his chosen dream.
For what... that loves without art,
Obedient to the attraction of feelings,
How trusting she is
What is gifted from heaven
rebellious imagination,
Mind and will alive,
And wayward head
And with a fiery and tender heart.

She is one of those whole poetic natures who can only love once.

Long hearted languor
It pressed her young breast;
The soul was waiting... for someone.

Tatyana could not fall in love with any of the young people around her. But Onegin was immediately noticed and singled out by her:

You just entered, I instantly found out
All numb, blazed
And in her thoughts she said: here he is!

Pushkin sympathizes with Tatyana's love, worries with her.

Tatiana, dear Tatiana!
With you now I shed tears ...

Her love for Onegin is a pure, deep feeling.

Tatyana loves not jokingly
And surrender unconditionally
Love like a sweet child.

Lensky is another bright character. He is a kind and honest person, ready at any moment to give a helping hand to his comrade. This is a very spiritual and poetic young man.A. S. Pushkin talks with mild irony about Lensky, this enthusiastic romantic who
... sang separation and sadness,
And something, and that manna far away.
And also, with some mockery, he speaks of how Lensky wrote:
So he wrote, dark and sluggish
(What we call romanticism,
Although there is no romanticism here
I don't see...).

Romanticism has already passed away, as does Lensky. His death is quite logical, it symbolizes a complete rejection of romantic ideas. Lensky does not develop over time, he is static. Different from those people among whom he is forced to live (and in this he is similar to Onegin), Lensky was only capable of quickly breaking out - and fading away. And even if Onegin had not killed him, most likely, in the future, Lensky would have an ordinary life that would have cooled his ardor and turned him into a simple layman who
Drank, ate, missed, got fat, sickly
And finally in your bed
I would die among the children,
Crying women and doctors.

Such a path, a point of view, is not viable, which Pushkin proves to the reader.
A completely different point of view of Onegin. It is somewhat similar to the author's point of view, and therefore at some point they become friends:
I liked his features
Dreams involuntary devotion ...
They both converge in their attitude to the light, both flee from it.

Onegin is a skeptic and at the same time an intellectual. Onegin does not believe in love, does not believe in happiness, does not believe in anything like that. The years spent in the false world were not in vain for him. After so many years of living in a lie, Eugene cannot truly love. His soul is full of passions. This explains his understanding of Tatyana. But, having received a letter from Tatyana, he shows nobility, because "... he was vividly touched" by inexperience and a sincere feeling of her love: "your sincerity is dear to me." His rebuke to Tatyana is dictated by concern for the young girl:
But he didn't want to cheat.
The trust of an innocent soul.

In his soul there still remained the remnants of conscience, not burned by the fire of passions, surprisingly combined with egoism. Therefore, he says to Tatyana:
Whenever life is around the house
I wanted to limit
That's right, except for you alone
The bride was not looking for another ...
Once upon a time, in his early youth, Onegin probably believed in the possibility of high love for life. But his whole subsequent life, filled with passions, killed this faith - and even the hope of its return:
Dreams and years have no return:
I won't renew my soul...
Here it is - the main tragedy of Onegin: "I will not renew my soul"! Of course, from his point of view, he is right, he acts nobly: not believing in the possibility of love, he refuses it, so as not to deceive the girl, not to put her to shame.

As much as I love you,
Having got used, I will stop loving immediately;
Start crying: your tears
Don't touch my heart
And they'll just piss him off...
Why is Onegin so sure that there can be no other "family happiness"? Because he saw too many similar examples in the light:
What could be worse in the world
Families where the poor wife
Sad for an unworthy husband
And day and evening alone;
Where is the boring husband, knowing her price
(Fate, however, cursing),
Always frowning, silent,
Angry and cold-jealous!

The author gradually moves away from Onegin. When Onegin goes to a duel, frightened by public opinion, and kills Lensky in it, when it turns out that his point of view is not based on solid moral principles, the author completely moves away from his hero. A. S. Pushkin shows us Onegin's point of view, for example, his attitude to the theater:
...to the stage
I looked in great confusion,
Turned away - and yawned

Onegin's attitude to love:
How early could he be hypocritical,
Hold hope, be jealous ... -
it just doesn't have the right to exist.
Onegin, being a “genius” of the science of love, missed the opportunity for happiness for himself, turned out to be incapable of true feeling (at the beginning). When he was able to fall in love, he still did not achieve happiness, it was already too late. This is the true tragedy of Onegin. And his path turns out to be wrong, unreal.

Conclusion:

Kind, pure, sincere Tatyana evokes in us, readers, only tender and noble feelings. Girls want to be like her. We compare our actions with the actions of Tatyana. I so want this girl to be happy, and her love is mutual.

The reader's opinion about Onegin changes at the very moment when he cold-bloodedly takes the life of Lensky. Anger, arrogance drive his act. I can not believe that a young man can be so cruel and treacherous.

A.S. Pushkin loves his heroine, Tatyana, very much, but Onegin is opposite. The closer Pushkin is to Tatyana, the more he moves away from Onegin, who is morally much lower than her. And only when Onegin is capable of a high feeling, when he falls in love with Tatyana, will the critical assessments of A. S. Pushkin disappear.

The image of Onegin opens a gallery of portraits of "superfluous people" in Russian literature. Lermontov's Pechorin, Turgenev's Rudin, Goncharov's Oblomov will appear after him... The fate of these heroes is also "spoiled by the world", by upbringing, and they suffer from the fact that they cannot find a use for themselves, be useful to society. In their characters there is arrogance, and coldness and anger. But this is not only their personal tragedy, it is also the tragedy of the society in which they exist.

The problem of good and evil

The story of the story "The Stationmaster" is colored with sadness and compassion. The irony in the epigraph, in the name of the protagonist: the little powerless man is named after the biblical hero. According to M. Gershenzon's definition, the heroes of the story became victims of "walking morality", some literary models.

“Before I had time to pay off my old coachman, Dunya returned with a samovar. The little coquette noticed at a second glance the impression she made on me; she lowered her big blue eyes; I began to talk to her, she answered me without any timidity, like a girl who has seen the light. I offered her father a glass of punch; I gave Dunya a cup of tea, and the three of us began to talk, as if we had known each other for a century.

“So you knew my Dunya? he began. Who didn't know her? Oh, Dunya, Dunya! What a girl she was! It used to be that whoever passes by, everyone will praise, no one will condemn. The ladies gave her, the one with a handkerchief, the other with earrings. Gentlemen, the travelers stopped on purpose, as if to dine or supper, but in fact only to look at her longer. It used to happen that the master, no matter how angry he was, would calm down in her presence and talk graciously to me. Believe me, sir: couriers, couriers talked to her for half an hour. She kept the house: what to clean, what to cook, she had time for everything. And I, the old fool, do not look enough, it used to be, I do not get enough; did I not love my Dunya, did I not cherish my child; did she not have a life? No, you won’t get rid of trouble; what is destined, that will not pass"

“I see, as now, the owner himself, a man of about fifty, fresh and vigorous, and his long green frock coat with three medals on faded ribbons.”

“A real martyr”, “a trembling caretaker”, “peaceful, helpful people, prone to cohabitation”, “modest in claims to honors”, “not too greedy”).

The fact that Dunya did not leave her parental home with a light heart is evidenced by only one mean phrase: “The coachman ... said that Dunya was crying all the way, although she seemed to be driving according to her own desire”).

Samson Vyrin is waiting for the return of the prodigal daughter, and he is ready to accept and forgive her, but he did not wait, he died. Dunya, according to the model of the parable, allows in the future to return with a dissection to her home, and she returns, but it turns out that there is nowhere to return. Life is simpler and tougher than many old parables. The whole point is in this "wonderful transformation" of Dunya: after all, it only aggravates the miserable position of the caretaker. Yes, Dunya became a rich lady, but her father was not even allowed on the threshold of the capital's house, where Minsky placed Dunya. The poor didn't just stay poor; he was also insulted, his human dignity was trampled on.

“It was exactly Samson Vyrin; but how old he is. While he was about to rewrite my roadmap, I looked at his gray hair, at the deep wrinkles of his long unshaven face, at his hunched back - and could not be surprised how three or four years could turn a vigorous man into a frail old man.

And the family, female, maternal happiness of the daughter, visible to outsiders, only exacerbates the grief of the old father in the eyes of the reader. Why, she, at the end of the story, clearly bends under the weight of belated repentance.

Conclusion: The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappear under the influence of another feeling. Whatever Minsky's feelings toward Duna, in the end he still personifies evil. This evil destroyed the family, this evil made Dunya unhappy, led to the death of Samson Vyrin.

M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"

The problem of good and evil

Exiled in the spring of 1837 to the Caucasus, Lermontov traveled along the Georgian Military Highway. Near the Mtskheta station, near Tiflis, there was once a monastery.
Here the poet met a decrepit old man wandering among the ruins and gravestones. It was a highlander monk. The old man told Lermontov how, as a child, he was taken prisoner by the Russians and given up for education in this monastery. He recalled how he missed his homeland then, how he dreamed of returning home. But gradually he got used to his prison, was drawn into the monotonous monastic life and became a monk. The story of the old man, who in his youth was a novice in the Mtskheta monastery, or in Georgian "mtsyri", answered Lermontov's own thoughts, which he had nurtured for many, many years.

Eight years have passed, and Lermontov embodied his old idea in a poem
"Mtsyri". Home, fatherland, freedom, life, struggle - everything is united in one radiant constellation and fills the reader's soul with a languid longing for a dream. A hymn of high "fiery passion", a hymn to romantic burning - this is what the poem "Mtsyri" is:

I knew only one thought power,

One - but fiery passion…

Undoubtedly, in the poem "Mtsyri" feelings of kindness and mercy are obvious. The monks took and tamed the poor sick boy, they took him out, cured him, surrounded him with attention and care, one might say, gave him life ... And that's all good. However, the monks deprived Mtsyri of the most important thing - freedom, they forbade him to return to his relatives, friends, find them, find them again. ...The monks thought that Mtsyri was ready to give up life, but he only dreamed of life. A long time ago he decided to run away to find his homeland, his relatives and friends:

Find out if the earth is beautiful

Find out for freedom or prison

We will be born into this world.

In the first chapter of the poem, the tragic contradictions between the spiritual strength of the young man and the life circumstances that drove him into the narrow framework of monastic life are especially visible.In the cramped dark church, during the early morning service, there stood a thin, weak boy, not quite awake yet, awakened by a deafening bell ringing from a sweet morning dream. And it seemed to him that the saints looked at him from the walls with a gloomy and mute threat, as the monks looked. And up there, on the latticed window, the sun played:

Oh how I wanted to go there

From the darkness of the cell and prayers,

Into that wonderful world of passions and battles...

I swallowed bitter tears

When I sang the praise

Who on earth is me alone

Instead of a homeland, he gave me a prison...

And so, when the young man has to take a vow, he disappears under the cover of night. He's been away for three days. He is found exhausted and exhausted. "And his end was near; Then a black man came to him." The dying confession begins - eleven chapters, telling about the three days of freedom, containing all the tragedy and all the happiness of his life.

Mtsyri's confession turns into a sermon, an argument with the confessor that voluntary slavery is lower than the "wonderful world of worries and battles" that opens up with freedom. Mtsyri does not repent of his deed, does not speak about the sinfulness of his desires, thoughts and actions. Like a dream, the image of his father and sisters stood before Mtsyri, and he tried to find his way home. For three days he lived and enjoyed the wilderness. He enjoyed everything he was deprived of - harmony, unity, brotherhood. The Georgian girl he met is also a part of freedom and harmony, merged with nature, but he loses his way home. On his way, Mtsyri met a leopard. The young man already felt all the power and joy of freedom, saw the unity of nature, I enter into battle with one of her creations. It was an equal rivalry, where every living being defended the right to do what nature prescribed for him. Mtsyri won, while receiving mortal wounds from the claws of the leopard. Found unconscious. Having come to his senses, Mtsyri is not afraid of death, he is saddened only by the fact that he will be buried in his native land.

Mtsyri, who saw the beauty of life, does not regret the short duration of his stay on earth, he made an attempt to break out of his bonds, his spirit is not broken, free will lives in a dying body. M. Yu. Lermontov with this poem made it clear to us that the aspirations of people are feasible, you just need to passionately desire something and not be afraid to take a decisive step. Many, like the old man who met Lermontov, do not find the strength to make an attempt to regain their freedom.

Conclusion:

Unfortunately, in this work evil wins, because a person died without gaining freedom. Goodness is evident in mercy and compassion for one's neighbor. However, this overly obsessive kindness turns into suffering, grief and, ultimately, death for Mtsyri. One can look for excuses for monks by delving into religious concepts and traditions, but it seems to me that the Christian religion was based on freedom and faith. And Mtsyri believed in his freedom. It turns out that the monks "wanted to do the best, but it turned out as always."

N.A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

The problem of good and evil

Ostrovsky contrasts the spiritualized rich nature of Katerina:

“Why don’t people fly! I say why don't people fly like birds? Sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. When you stand on a mountain, you are drawn to fly. That's how I would run up, raise my hands and fly" -malicious life of a small Volga town, where some "tyrannize", while others meekly obey. The main character of the play, Katerina, is marked by a strong character, she is not used to humiliation and insults and therefore conflicts with her cruel old mother-in-law. In her mother's house, Katerina lived freely and easily. In the House of Kabanovs, she feels like a bird in a cage.

The images of domestic tyrants are shown in the play in a vital and convincing manner. "Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel! In philistinism, sir, you will see nothing but rudeness and bare poverty. And we, sir, will never get out of this bark! Because honest labor will never earn us more daily bread. And whoever has money, sir, he tries to enslave the poor, so that he can make even more money from his free labors. Do you know what your uncle, Savel Prokofich, answered the mayor? The peasants came to the mayor to complain that he would not read any of them by the way. The mayor began to say to him: “Listen,” he says, “Savel Prokofich, you count the peasants well! Every day they come to me with a complaint!” Your uncle patted the mayor on the shoulder and said: “Is it worth it, your honor, to talk about such trifles with me! man, I have thousands of this, so it is; it’s good for me! That's how, sir! And among themselves, sir, how they live! They undermine each other's trade, and not so much out of self-interest, but out of envy. They quarrel with each other; they lure drunken clerks into their tall mansions, such, sir, clerks, that there is no human appearance on him, his human appearance is lost"" - (Kuligin; tradesman, self-taught watchmaker, looking for a perpetuum mobile).

Kabanikha believes that the main thing in the family is not love, but fear.

The boar eats domestic animals in order to kill their will, any ability to resist. She supports
superstitions and prejudices, strictly observes the old customs and practices:

“Why are you standing there, don’t you know the order? order
wife - how to live without you!
A boar is a domineering, proud, wayward woman, accustomed only to unquestioning obedience and humiliation
others:

"Well, well, give orders! So that I can hear what you order her!”
"In the night, in the night"he orders Tikhon.

This is not a woman, but a heartless, cruel executioner. Even at the sight of Katerina's body pulled out of the Volga, she remains icy calm. The boar understands that only fear can keep people in subjection, prolong the reign of petty tyrants. To the words of Tikhon, why should his wife be afraid of him, Kabanikha exclaims in horror:

“Why be afraid! Yes, you're crazy, right? You will not be afraid, and even more so me.
She defends the law, according to which the weak must be afraid of the strong, according to which a person should not have his own will. After
Katerina's confession, she loudly, triumphantly says to Tikhon:

“What, son! Where will the will lead? I told you, so you
did not want to listen. That's what I've been waiting for!"

Everything comes in ignorance, in fear of anything new. Katerina fell in love with Boris - weak-willed and weak. He is much lower in the spiritual qualities of his chosen woman. Sensitive and sincerely pure Katerina cannot live, sinning on the sly: “I don’t know how to deceive, I can’t hide anything.”Katerina's last words before her death are addressed to her beloved: “My friend! My joy! Goodbye!"
Ostrovsky in the play "Thunderstorm" showed the tragic fate of a young woman who dared to have a free feeling and was lonely in her aspiration.

Conclusions:

In this work, evil triumphs over good. It would seem that a young, beautiful couple. No matter what, live in love and happiness. So after all, evil cannot see the happiness of others. Katerina dies, from hopelessness she rushes into the Volga ...She did not want to put up with the reality that kills human dignity, she could not live without moral purity, love and harmony, and therefore got rid of suffering in the only way possible in those circumstances. “... Just as a human being, it is gratifying for us to see Katerina’s deliverance - even through death, if it’s impossible otherwise ... A healthy person breathes a gratifying, fresh life on us, finding in herself the determination to end this rotten life at all costs !..” - says N.A. Dobrolyubov. And therefore, the tragic finale of the drama - Katerina's suicide - is not a defeat, but an affirmation of the strength of a free person, - this is a protest against Kabanov's concepts of morality, "proclaimed under domestic torture, and over the abyss into which the poor woman rushed", this is "a terrible challenge to the tyrannical force ". And in this sense, Katerina's suicide is her victory.

The problem of good and evil

Larisa is a significant name, like any name from Ostrovsky: translated from Greek - gull. Larisa is prone to various types of art, she loves everything beautiful. Women with the name Larisa are charming, smart, neat, always in the spotlight, especially among men. Such is Larisa at Ostrovsky's. Dreamy and artistic, she does not notice the vulgar sides in people, sees them through the eyes of the heroine of the Russian romance and acts in accordance with it. For her, there is only a world of pure passions, selfless love, charm.

This play is a vivid protest against the power of money in society. Larisa is surrounded by people who are ready to either buy or sell. She grows up in an atmosphere of venality - her mother, preoccupied with how to accommodate her daughters, shamelessly takes money from merchants, without thinking about deer and without inspiring any moral principles to her daughter. Merchants Knurov and Vozhevatov initially treat Larisa as a thing. Paratov, adored by her, can afford a feeling, just to have fun. He broke Larisa's life, but did not give up his goal of becoming the owner of the gold mines. Disgraceful person. He did not find it necessary to give up cruel fun. Knurov says about her:“It’s nice to see her alone more often, without interference…" Or: “Larisa was created for luxury…”
His opinion is shared by an old friend of Larisa - Vozhevatov:“The young lady is pretty, plays various instruments, sings, circulation is free, and it pulls. How sensitive!He does not like Larisa and Karandyshev - it is important for him to rise above others due to the "possession" of such an enviable wife as Larisa.

Bargaining for Larisa covers all the male characters of the play. A whole circle of contenders forms around her. But what do they offer her? Knurov and Vozhevatov - content. Karandyshev - the position of an honest married woman and a dull existence. Paratov wants to spend the last days of his bachelor's freedom in style. Larisa is just a strong hobby for him. Who didn't get involved? That is his philosophy.
The main thing for Larisa is love. She completely trusts her chosen one and is ready to follow him to the ends of the world:

« Paratov . Now or never.
Larisa. Let's go.
Paratov . How do you decide to go beyond the Volga?
Larisa . Wherever you please."

In such an unbearable living situation, Larisa still retains spirituality, sincerity, the ability to love.

The deepest disappointment for Larisa is that all people treat her like a thing. "A thing... yes, a thing! They are right, I am a thing, not a person. I am now convinced that I have tested myself ... I am a thing!She wanted something completely different.“I was looking for love and did not find it. They looked at me and look at me as if they were fun. No one ever tried to look into my soul, I did not see sympathy from anyone, I did not hear a warm, heartfelt word. But it's so cold to live ... "
In a fit of desperation, Larisa challenges the world of profit:“Well, if to be a thing, then one consolation is to be expensive, very expensive.”
Larisa herself is not capable of a more decisive step, but Karandyshev's shot is perceived by her as a boon. This is probably the only act committed not by calculation, the only manifestation of a living feeling. Larisa dies with words of forgiveness on her lips:“My dear, what a blessing you have done for me! Pistol here, here on the table! It’s me myself… Oh, what a boon!”

Conclusion:

The work ended sadly and tragically. An amazing girl has good beginnings in herself: she loves her mother, sisters, she is obedient, she is attentive to people, she is noble. And only when she is driven to despair, she protests. There is something of martyrdom in her image.

Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death is the only worthy way out, because only in death will she cease to be a thing. That is why the heroine thanks the killer for the shot.

The problem of good and evil

The main philosophical question of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is the boundaries between good and evil. The writer seeks to define these concepts and show their interaction in society and in the individual. It is difficult to draw a clear line in Raskolnikov's protestbetween good and evil. Raskolnikov is unusually kind and philanthropic: he passionately loves his sister and mother; pities the Marmeladovs and helps them, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmeladov; does not remain indifferent to the fate of the drunk girl on the boulevard. Raskolnikov's dream of a horse slaughtered to death emphasizes the hero's humanism, his protest against evil and violence.

At the same time, he shows extreme selfishness, individualism, cruelty and ruthlessness. Raskolnikov creates an anti-human theory of "two categories of people", which determines in advance who will live and who will die. He owns the justification of the "idea of ​​blood in conscience", when any person can be killed for the sake of higher goals and principles. Raskolnikov, who loves people and suffers for their pain, commits the villainous murder of an old pawnbroker and her sister, meek Lizaveta. Having committed a murder, he tries to establish the absolute moral freedom of a person, which essentially means permissiveness. This leads to the fact that the boundaries of evil cease to exist.

But Raskolnikov commits all the crimes for the sake of good. A paradoxical idea arises: good is laid at the foundation of evil. Good and evil are fighting in the soul of Raskolnikov. Evil, brought to the limit, brings him closer to Svidrigailov, good, brought to self-sacrifice, makes him related to Sonya Marmeladova.

In the novel, Raskolnikov and Sonya are a confrontation between good and evil. Sonya preaches kindness based on Christian humility, Christian love for one's neighbor and for all who suffer.

But even in Sonya's actions, life itself blurs the line between good and evil. She takes a step full of Christian love and kindness towards her neighbor - she sells herself in order not to let her sick stepmother and her children die of hunger. And to herself, her conscience, she causes irreparable harm. And again good is at the root of evil.

The interpenetration of good and evil can also be seen in Svidrigailov's nightmare before suicide. This hero completes the chain of malicious crimes in the novel: rape, murder, child molestation. True, the author does not confirm the fact that these crimes were committed: they are mainly Luzhin's gossip. But it is absolutely known that Svidrigailov arranged for the children of Katerina Ivanovna, helped Sonya Marmeladova. Dostoevsky shows how a complex struggle between good and evil takes place in the soul of this hero. Dostoevsky tries to draw a line between good and evil in the novel. But the human world is too complex and unfair, it blurs the boundaries between these concepts. Therefore, Dostoevsky sees salvation and truth in faith. Christ for him is the highest criterion of morality, the bearer of true goodness on earth. And this is the only thing the writer does not doubt.

Conclusion : on the pages of the novel, good and evil go hand in hand. But, oddly enough, superiority is on the side of evil. Evil in the novel is primarily a social system that creates unbearable living conditions for people, leads to endless suffering, morally corrupts people, and distorts human nature. The writer showed the truth about humiliated people, about anger and cruelty, about social contradictions.

3. Comparison and classification table

Conclusion:

I studied about twenty works of Russian classics. All these works of the program cycle. With the exception of fairy tales, all are examples of Russian realistic prose and lyrics. They fully reflect reality. In each of the studied works of art there is a problem of good and evil. Moreover, good is in constant confrontation with evil. My assumptions that in every work of art of classical literature there is a confrontation between two phenomena of life - good and evil - were confirmed. However, the second hypothesis put forward by me regarding the victory of good over evil turned out to be refuted. In almost all the studied works, evil turned out to be at the peak of fame. The only exceptions are fairy tales. Why? Perhaps because people's dreams of an eternal happy life are embodied in fairy tales. What about reality??? moral values ​​the ability to make choices in life???? be responsible for what you have done

Project outlook:The work made me wonder if there are concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself?

Bibliographic list

1. N.I. Kravtsov History of Russian Literature. Enlightenment M.-1966
2. All works of the school curriculum (in brief) M.-1996.
3. E. Borokhov Encyclopedia of aphorisms M. - 2001
4. History of Russian literature of the 19th century. M. Enlightenment, 1987
5. Russian classical literature comp. D. Ustyuzhanin.

M. - Enlightenment, 1969

1. http://www.my-shop.ru/shop/books/153474.html

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   Slides captions:

   The confrontation between good and evil in the works of Russian literature Author of the project: 10th grade student Daria Sayapina Lugobolotnaya secondary school

   Problematic question How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?

   The goal is to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?

   The tasks are to collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature; to study a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil; to draw up a comparative table; attending a school conference

   My assumptions Let's assume that there would be no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.

   The results of the social poll What came first: good or evil? What is more in the world: good or evil? Who wins in confrontation: good or evil?

   "Vasilisa the beautiful" Good prevailed over evil. The stepmother and her daughters turned into coal, and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness Good is not dashing: it wanders the world quietly (Russian proverb)

   “Ivan the peasant son and the miracle Yudo” “Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it on a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear. Good will not die, but evil will disappear. (Russian proverb)

   "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil. Do good without benefit to yourself, Loving gratitude for it. Maarri

   "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin Kind, pure and sincere Tatiana deserves happiness and mutual love, but the coldness, arrogance of Onegin destroy all her dreams. It is just as dangerous for an evil person to do good as it is for a good person to do evil. Plautus

   “Station master” A.S. Pushkin Dunya’s kindness and sensitivity, which was instilled in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling. Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin. The first step to good - do no evil J.-J. Rousseau

   "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov Obsessive kindness turns into suffering, grief and ultimately death for Mtsyri Goodness is nothing but that which corresponds to the egoism of all people. L. Feuerbach

   "Inspector General" N.V. Gogol An evil thought will harm oneself. (Tuvan proverb) Bribery, embezzlement, gross arbitrariness, hypocrisy, abuse of power - all these are the offspring of evil. The only good thing about comedy is laughter.

   "Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil? There is nowhere to hide from evil in the world. Maarri

   "Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky An amazing girl carries good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death is the only worthy way out, because only then will she cease to be a thing. Almost all evil is done under the false pretense of good. P. Baust

   “Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky The main philosophical question of the novel is the boundaries of good and evil The greatest evil that an enemy can do to us is to accustom our hearts to hatred. F. La Rochefoucauld

   conclusion Works of Russian literature Images that personify goodness Images that personify evil Triumph of good Triumph of evil 19 35 49 3 16 At the heart of all studied works of fiction is the idea of ​​the struggle between good and evil. In the vast majority of works, the winner in this confrontation is evil. The triumph of good is observed only in the works of oral folk art - fairy tales.

   Prospects of the project The work on the project led me to think: are there concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself? The social significance of the project: the materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature

   Literature NIKravtsov History of Russian Literature. Enlightenment M.-1966 All works of the school curriculum (in brief) M.-1996. E. Borokhov Encyclopedia of aphorisms M. - 2001 http://www.my-shop.ru/shop/books/153474.html http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=% http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%C2%AB%D0 %A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0% http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%C2% AB%D0%95%D0%B2%D0% Zuev N. Tatyana and Onegin in the epilogue of the novel // Literature at school. - 1997. - No. 3. Notes on the language of fiction // October. 1952 Russian literature of the 19th century M. Enlightenment - 1987. I.A. Fogelson. Literature teaches. M. Enlightenment, 1990

   Thank you for your help My teacher - Irina Adamovna For help in creating the presentation - Dima Ralnikova

   Thank you for your attention

1. (53 words) The lack of goodness affects people adversely. For example, Akaky Akakievich from Gogol's story "The Overcoat" died because those around him did not show any interest in him. Evil scoundrels robbed him, but the whole city remained indifferent to the trouble, it is in him that the author sees the source of evil, because a good person is never indifferent to the feelings of another.
2. (37 words) In Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen", the main character saves Kai by the power of her kindness, melting his frozen heart. The author used a metaphor: in fact, he wanted to say that the warmth of a loving heart can destroy the coldness of even the most arrogant person.
3. (51 words) Andersen's fairy tale "The Ugly Duckling" reveals the idea of ​​inner beauty, which is expressed precisely in kindness to others. Society rejected the hero, but he did not become embittered and still went to the world with an open heart. It was this quality of his that was rewarded with an external beauty, but worthless in comparison with the charm of the soul, called kindness.
4. (60 words) In Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila", the princess chose only one of the knights - Ruslan - only because he did not wish harm to any of his rivals, he was kind and fair. The heroine did this not only out of the inclination of her soul: she understood that the ruler of the state must, first of all, have kindness in order to teach people to become better by her own example, and not just manage them.
5. (45 words) Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky" also reveals the theme of kindness. Masha Troekurova, showing understanding and gentleness in relation to Vladimir, rejected by everyone, brings him back to life from the darkness of hatred into which circumstances have driven him. The hero responds to kindness with active and devoted love for the daughter of his enemy.
6. (58 words) In Pushkin's story "The Stationmaster" the hero dies from a lack of kindness. His daughter ran away with a hussar and never made herself felt, and her fiancé pushed her father out of the house. The young did not have enough sensitivity for the old man, for whom the whole world consisted in a daughter. This is how kindness, restrained in the heart, can destroy someone whom it did not warm in time.
7. (52 words) In Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona Dvor", the heroine generously gave affection. Out of the kindness of her soul, she only did what she helped others: she raised someone else's daughter, gave her everything she had, and always worked for the sake of other people's success. Her selflessness is a sign of holiness, without which, according to the author, not only the village, but the whole world will not stand.
8. (50 words) In Griboedov's play "Woe from Wit", the theme of kindness is touched upon by the main character. He calls on the Famus society for mercy and compassion for the peasants, who are ruthlessly oppressed by the landowners. His monologue convinces that it is impossible to treat people with condescension, whoever they are, because real nobility is not a title, but a virtue.
9. (55 words) In Pushkin's poem "Eugene Onegin", the protagonist neglected kindness and killed a comrade. From that moment began his real misfortune: nowhere did he find peace. But if he had not drowned out the voice of his heart in himself, his kindness would have found words for a peaceful settlement of the conflict, because it implies a readiness for dialogue and a desire for harmony.
10. (54 words) In Green's work "Scarlet Sails", the heroine was a kind and bright girl. And as if in reward for this, the wizard predicted her a happy fate. It cannot be otherwise: only a kind person believes in a dream more than in a cruel reality. Therefore, kindness attracts those who are ready to make her dreams come true despite the harsh reality.

Real life examples

1. (53 words) The first time I thought about kindness was when I noticed that my sister was stealthily feeding the cat on the street. She saved pocket money to buy him food, cheated herself at dinner to treat her pet, and even in the rain managed to run out to him with a present. Then I realized that kindness makes people sublime and good.
2. (53 words) One dog shocked me with his kindness. She treated cats badly, always barking at them, but one day a kitten wandered into her lair. He barely opened his eyes, apparently, he was left an orphan early. To my surprise, the dog not only did not touch him, but also warmed him up in his booth. So he grew up under her care.
3. (58 words) I can give another example from life. One day I saw my brother and sister walking from school, when suddenly older guys attacked my brother. They did not touch the girl, but she, without hesitation, stood up and began to attack. The guys were embarrassed, moved away, and the brave girl did not even tell anyone about what had happened. I realized that this is true kindness.
4. (58 words) I will give an example of the kindness of our class teacher. She was strict, no one really expected anything good from her. But once, having learned that one of the "unfavorable" girls did not return home, she went at night to look for her alone. Having found her in a dubious company, the woman was not afraid of hooligans and took the girl home. Since then, I have respected her immensely.
5. (49 words) Personally, I felt a desire to do a good deed when I saw a program showing sick children. They needed expensive surgeries, and looking back at my wealthy and happy life, I realized that I could do without ice cream. I transferred a small amount and was happy that I was able to do something really important.
6. (59 words) My father told me about kindness when he once again returned with a bandaged hand. He donated blood. I was very afraid of injections and did not understand his motivation. Then he said that he himself had once been in the hospital after an accident, and his whole native village had donated blood to him. I imagined this willingness to help, uniting completely different people, and realized that kindness is the driving force of humanity.
7. (57 words) I learned about kindness when I first went to the hospital. I was scared and lonely. My sister came to me, I was already huddled under the covers, waiting for injections, but then she smiles and starts just chatting with me. She played all the procedures as if it were an empty formality. Then I realized how important it is, whoever you are, to remain a kind person.
8. (53 words) I think my friend is really kind. Once the boys caught a frog and wanted to blow it up. And then he would scream at us with a good obscenity, how he would snatch it from the main instigator of the prank that no one had time to figure out. He released her, but we got a fair amount of beating. Still, it's worth standing up for goodness.
9. (66 words) From my experience, I remember a situation when a stray cat started up in our barn. I was very sorry for her, but I was afraid to tell my grandmother about her, because she did not like living creatures in the house. So I secretly fed her until I noticed that Granny was doing the same. She explained that she was afraid to take a cat because of my asthma. Since then, I know for sure that I went into it with a soft character.
10. (68 words) I learned about kindness when they put me with one girl. She did not know mathematics, unlike me, and I was terribly proud of it, I did not let me cheat. But chemistry didn’t work for me, but she was the first smart girl in the class. And now, on the decisive test, she sees that I am failing, and ... she lets me write off! Since then, we have been friends, and I realized that kindness is more important than mathematics.
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1. Features of the interaction of good and evil in folk tales.
2. Changing the approach to the relationship of antagonist characters.
3. Differences in the relationship of positive and negative characters.
4. Blurring of boundaries between concepts.

Despite the apparent diversity of artistic images and characters, fundamental categories have always existed and will continue to exist in world literature, the opposition of which, on the one hand, is the main reason for the development of the storyline, and on the other hand, encourages the development of moral criteria in the individual. The vast majority of the heroes of world literature can easily be classified into one of two camps: the defenders of Good and the adherents of Evil. These abstract concepts can be embodied in visible, living images.

The significance of the categories of Good and Evil in culture and human life is undeniable. A clear definition of these concepts allows a person to assert himself in life, evaluating his own and other people's actions from the point of view of proper and improper. Many philosophical and religious systems are based on the concept of opposition between two principles. So is it any wonder that the characters of fairy tales and legends embody opposite traits? However, it should be noted that if the idea of ​​the behavior of heroes embodying the evil inclination changed little over time, then the idea of ​​what the representatives of Good should respond to their actions did not remain unchanged. Let us first consider how victorious heroes acted in fairy tales with their evil opponents.

For example, the fairy tale "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." The evil stepmother, with the help of witchcraft, tries to destroy her stepdaughter, envying her beauty, but all the intrigues of the witch are in vain. Good triumphs. Snow White not only stays alive, but also marries Prince Charming. However, how does the victorious Good deal with the defeated Evil? The ending of the tale seems to be taken from the story of the activities of the Inquisition: “But iron shoes were already placed for her on burning coals, they were brought, holding them with tongs, and placed in front of her. And she had to put her feet in red-hot shoes and dance in them until, at last, she fell dead to the ground.

Such an attitude towards the defeated enemy is characteristic of many fairy tales. But it should be noted right away that the point here is not the increased aggressiveness and cruelty of the Good, but the peculiarities of the understanding of justice in antiquity, because the plots of most fairy tales were formed a very long time ago. “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” is the ancient formula of retribution. Moreover, the heroes, embodying the traits of Good, not only have the right to brutally deal with the defeated enemy, but must do it, because revenge is a duty entrusted to man by the gods.

However, the concept gradually changed under the influence of Christianity. A. S. Pushkin in "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" used a plot almost identical to "Snow White". And in Pushkin's text, the evil stepmother did not escape punishment - but how is it done?

Here longing took her
And the queen died.

The inevitable retribution does not take place as the arbitrariness of mortal conquerors: it is the judgment of God. In Pushkin's fairy tale there is no medieval fanaticism, from the description of which the reader involuntarily shudders; the humanism of the author and the positive characters only emphasizes the greatness of God (even if He is not mentioned directly), supreme justice.

The “longing” that “took” the queen—isn’t it conscience, which the ancient sages called the “Eye of God in man”?

So, in the ancient, pagan understanding, the representatives of Good differ from the representatives of Evil in the way they achieve their goals and the undoubted right to something that their enemies are trying to take away - but not at all in a kinder, more humane attitude towards the defeated enemy.

In the works of writers who have absorbed Christian traditions, the unconditional right of positive heroes to carry out merciless reprisals against those who could not stand the temptation and took the side of Evil is questioned: “And count those who should live, but they are dead. Can you resurrect them? If not, don't rush to condemn anyone to death. For even the wisest are not given to foresee everything ”(D. Tolkien“ The Lord of the Rings ”). “Now he is fallen, but it’s not for us to judge him: who knows, maybe he will still be exalted,” says Frodo, the protagonist of Tolkien’s epic. This work raises the problem of the ambiguity of the Good. So, representatives of the light side can share distrust and even fear, moreover, no matter how wise, brave and kind you are, there is always the possibility that you can lose these virtues and join the camp of villains (perhaps without wanting to do so consciously). ). A similar transformation occurs with the magician Saruman, whose initial mission was to fight Evil, embodied in the face of Sauron. It threatens anyone who wishes to possess the Ring of Omnipotence. However, Tolkien does not even hint at a possible redemption of Sauron. Although Evil is also not monolithic and ambiguous, however, it is to a greater extent an irreversible state.

In the work of writers who continued the tradition of Tolkien, various views are presented on what and which of Tolkien's characters should be considered Good and Evil. Currently, one can find works in which Sauron and his teacher Melkor, a kind of Lucifer of Middle-earth, do not act as negative characters at all. Their struggle with other creators of the World is not so much a conflict of two opposite principles, but the result of misunderstanding, rejection of non-standard decisions of Melkor.

In fantasy, which was formed on the basis of fairy tales and legends, the clear boundaries between Good and Evil are gradually blurring. Everything is relative: Good again is not so humane (as it was in the ancient tradition), but Evil is far from black - rather blackened by enemies. The literature reflects the processes of rethinking the old values, the actual implementation of which is often far from ideal, and the tendency towards an ambiguous understanding of the multifaceted phenomena of being. However, it should be remembered that in the worldview of each person, the categories of Good and Evil should still have a fairly clear structure. Moses, Christ and other great teachers have long said about what to consider as real Evil. Evil is the transgression of the great commandments that should govern human behavior.

The confrontation between good and evil in the works of Russian literature

Project author:

10th grade student

Daria Sayapina

Meadow Swamp High School

problem question

How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?

Target

to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?

Tasks

• collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature

• explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil

• make a comparison table

• prepare abstract material on the stated topic

• develop skills in working with different sources

• make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge

• take part in a school conference

My assumptions

Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.

The results of the social survey

"Vasilisa the Beautiful"

Good prevailed over evil.

Stepmother and her daughters

turned into coal

and Vasilisa began to live

happily ever after

with the prince in contentment

and happiness

"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"

“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin

Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.

"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin

Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.

• The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.

• Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.

"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov

• Obsessive goodness turns around

for Mtsyri suffering,

grief and ultimately death

"Inspector" N.V. Gogol

"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky

Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life.

But how can death be a victory over evil?

"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky

• Amazing girl carries

good beginnings. Unfortunately,

Larisa dies ... and her death -

this is the only worthy way out,

because only then she

cease to be a thing

"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky

The main philosophical question of the novel

- frontiers of good and evil

conclusion

Project prospects

The work on the project led to the idea:

Are there concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself?

Social significance of the project:

materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature