It was not by chance that I chose the theme of the internal conflict between feeling and reason. Feeling and reason are the two most important forces of the inner world of a person, which very often come into conflict with each other. There are situations when feelings oppose the mind. What happens in such a situation? Undoubtedly, this is very painful, disturbing and extremely unpleasant, as a person rushes about, suffers, loses ground under his feet. His mind says one thing, and his feelings raise a real rebellion and deprive him of peace and harmony. As a result, an internal struggle begins, which often ends very tragically.
A similar internal conflict is described in the work of I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Evgeny Bazarov, the main character, shared the theory of "nihilism" and denied literally everything: poetry, music, art, and even love. But the meeting with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a beautiful, intelligent, unlike other woman, became a decisive event in his life, after which his internal conflict began. Suddenly, he felt a “romantic” in himself, capable of deeply feeling, experiencing and hoping for reciprocity. His nihilistic views failed: it turns out that there is love, there is beauty, there is art. The strong feelings that gripped him begin to fight against rationalistic theory, and life becomes unbearable. The hero cannot continue scientific experiments, engage in medical practice - everything falls out of hand. Yes, when such a discord occurs between feeling and reason, life sometimes becomes impossible, as the harmony that is necessary for happiness is violated, and the internal conflict becomes external: family and friendship ties are broken.
One can also recall the work of F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", in which the rebellion of the feelings of the protagonist is analyzed. Rodion Raskolnikov hatched the "Napoleonic" idea of a strong personality who has the right to break the law and even kill a person. Having tested this rationalistic theory in practice, having killed the old pawnbroker, the hero experiences torments of conscience, the impossibility of communicating with relatives and friends, and practically becomes morally and physically ill. This morbid condition arose from an internal conflict between human feelings and fictional theories.
So, we analyzed situations when feelings oppose reason, and came to the conclusion that it is sometimes harmful to a person. But, on the other hand, it is also a signal that feelings must be listened to, since far-fetched theories can destroy both the person himself and cause irreparable harm, unbearable pain to people around him.
Final essay- this is an exam format that allows you to evaluate several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express one's point of view in writing. In a word, this format makes it possible to assess the student's general knowledge of both the language and subject knowledge.
1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In the 2015-2016 academic year, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (statement) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.
The purpose of the essay is reasoning, a competently and clearly built point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of an oversubject nature.
Topics of the final essay on literature 2016-2017
Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the composition - these are more specific topics.
An open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Mind and Feeling",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.
An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "The Stationmaster"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".
Argumenyou to the topic "Mind and feeling"
The point of view should be argued, in order to properly formulate it, one should involve literary material corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is one of the evaluation criteria. It has the following requirements:
1. Relevant to the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be inscribed in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be communicated through quality writing
5. Be well-designed.
To the topic "Reason and Feeling" one can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility".
Examples of final essays
There are a number of essay templates. They are evaluated according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should reason prevail over feelings?"
What to listen to, to reason or feelings - every person asks such a question. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, and feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when a person should listen more precisely to his advice, a person decides for himself, the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice in one or another favor depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation one should not panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to really learn to distinguish situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or to the second to a greater extent.
Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation both in Russian and in foreign literature. Jane Austen in the novel "Sense and Sensibility" on the example of two sisters reflected this eternal contradiction. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is sensible, but not devoid of feelings, she just knows how to manage them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in anything. The author showed how their characters affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke on her, thanks to her reserved nature, she did not immediately let her lover know what she felt. Mariana, on the other hand, became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to put up with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also his word: engagement with an unloved woman. Marianna, after a serious illness and deceit, grows up and agrees to an engagement with a 37-year-old captain, for whom she does not have romantic feelings, but deeply respects.
A similar choice is made by the characters in A.P. Chekhov "About Love". However, Alekhin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, give up their happiness, which makes their act right in the eyes of society, but deep down in their souls, both heroes are unhappy.
So what is the mind: logic, common sense, or just boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person's life or, on the contrary, provide an invaluable service? There is no unequivocal answer in this dispute, whom to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.
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Direction "Mind and feelings"
An example of an essay on the topic: “Should reason prevail over feelings”?
Should reason take precedence over feelings? In my opinion, there is no single answer to this question. In some situations, you should listen to the voice of reason, and in other situations, on the contrary, you need to act in accordance with feelings. Let's look at a few examples.
So, if a person is possessed by negative feelings, one should curb them, listen to the arguments of reason. For example, A. Mass "Difficult Exam" refers to a girl named Anya Gorchakova, who managed to withstand a difficult test. The heroine dreamed of becoming an actress, she wanted her parents to come to the performance at the children's camp and appreciate her game. She tried very hard, but she was disappointed: on the appointed day, her parents never arrived. Overwhelmed by a sense of desperation, she decided not to go on stage. The reasonable arguments of the teacher helped her cope with her feelings. Anya realized that she should not let her comrades down, she needed to learn to control herself and complete her task, no matter what. And so it happened, she played the best. The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them, listen to the mind, which tells us the right decision.
However, the mind does not always give the right advice. Sometimes it happens that actions dictated by rational arguments lead to negative consequences. Let us turn to A. Likhanov's story "Labyrinth". The father of the protagonist Tolik was passionate about his work. He enjoyed designing machine parts. When he talked about it, his eyes sparkled. But at the same time, he earned little, but he could have moved to the shop and received a higher salary, as his mother-in-law constantly reminded him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to family pressure, the hero sacrificed his feelings for reason: he abandoned his favorite business in favor of earning money. What did it lead to? Tolik's father felt deeply unhappy: “The eyes are sick and as if calling. They call for help, as if a person is scared, as if he was mortally wounded. If earlier he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now it is a deaf longing. This was not the kind of life he dreamed of. The writer shows that decisions that are not always reasonable at first glance are correct, sometimes, listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.
Thus, we can conclude: when deciding whether to act in accordance with reason or feelings, a person must take into account the characteristics of a particular situation.
(375 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should a person live in obedience to feelings?"
Should a person live in obedience to feelings? In my opinion, there is no single answer to this question. In some situations, one should listen to the voice of the heart, and in other situations, on the contrary, one should not succumb to feelings, one should listen to the arguments of reason. Let's look at a few examples.
So, in the story of V. Rasputin "French Lessons" it is said about the teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, who could not remain indifferent to the plight of her student. The boy was starving and, in order to get money for a glass of milk, he gambled. Lidia Mikhailovna tried to invite him to the table and even sent him a parcel with food, but the hero rejected her help. Then she decided to take extreme measures: she herself began to play with him for money. Of course, the voice of reason could not help but tell her that she was violating the ethical standards of the relationship between teacher and student, transgressing the boundaries of what was permitted, that she would be fired for this. But the feeling of compassion prevailed, and Lidia Mikhailovna violated the generally accepted rules of the teacher's behavior in order to help the child. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that “good feelings” are more important than reasonable norms.
However, sometimes it happens that a person is possessed by negative feelings: anger, resentment. Overwhelmed by them, he commits bad deeds, although, of course, he is consciously aware that he is doing evil. The consequences can be tragic. A. Mass's story "The Trap" describes the act of a girl named Valentina. The heroine has a dislike towards his brother's wife Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: dig a hole and disguise it so that Rita, having stepped on it, will fall. The girl cannot but understand that she is doing a bad deed, but her feelings take precedence over reason in her. She carries out her plan, and Rita falls into a prepared trap. Only suddenly it turns out that she was in her fifth month of pregnancy and as a result of a fall she could lose a child. Valentina is horrified by what she has done. She did not want to kill anyone, especially a child! "How can I live on?" she asks and finds no answer. The author leads us to the idea that one should not succumb to the power of negative feelings, because they provoke cruel acts, which later will have to be bitterly regretted.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion: you can obey feelings if they are kind, bright; the negative ones should be curbed, listening to the voice of reason.
(344 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: "The dispute between reason and feeling ..."
The dispute between reason and feeling... This confrontation is eternal. Sometimes the voice of reason turns out to be stronger in us, and sometimes we follow the dictates of feeling. In some situations, there is no right choice. Listening to feelings, a person will sin against moral standards; listening to reason, he will suffer. There may not be a path that would lead to a successful resolution of the situation.
So, in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the author tells about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that she dreamed about it. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, she cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason prevails over her feelings in her, and she refuses Onegin. Above love, the heroine puts moral duty, marital fidelity, but condemns both herself and her lover to suffering. Could the heroes find happiness if she made a different decision? Hardly. A Russian proverb says: “You can’t build your other happiness on misfortune.” The tragedy of the heroine's fate is that the choice between reason and feeling in her situation is a choice without a choice, any decision will only lead to suffering.
Let us turn to the work of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The writer shows what choice one of the heroes, Andriy, faced. On the one hand, he has a feeling of love for a beautiful Polish woman, on the other hand, he is a Cossack, one of those who besieged the city. The beloved understands that he and Andriy cannot be together: “And I know what your duty and covenant is: your name is father, comrades, fatherland, and we are your enemies.” But Andriy's feelings take precedence over all the arguments of reason. He chooses love, in the name of it he is ready to betray his homeland and family: “What is my father, comrades and homeland to me! .. Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, which is dearest to her. My homeland is you! .. And everything that is, I will sell, give, ruin for such a homeland! The writer shows that a wonderful feeling of love can push a person to terrible deeds: we see that Andriy turns weapons against his former comrades, together with the Poles he fights against the Cossacks, including his brother and father. On the other hand, could he leave his beloved to die of hunger in a besieged city, perhaps become a victim of the cruelty of the Cossacks in the event of its capture? We see that in this situation the right choice is hardly possible, any path leads to tragic consequences.
Summing up what has been said, we can conclude that, reflecting on the dispute between reason and feeling, it is impossible to say unequivocally which should win.
(399 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: "A great person can also be thanks to his feelings - not only to his mind." (Theodore Dreiser)
"A great person can also be thanks to his feelings - not only to the mind," - Theodore Dreiser argued. Indeed, not only a scientist or commander can be called great. The greatness of a person can be concluded in bright thoughts, the desire to do good. Such feelings as mercy, compassion, can move us to noble deeds. Listening to the voice of feelings, a person helps people around him, makes the world a better place and becomes cleaner himself. I will try to support my idea with literary examples.
In B. Ekimov's story "The Night of Healing", the author tells about the boy Borka, who comes to his grandmother for the holidays. The old woman often sees wartime nightmares in her dreams, and this makes her scream at night. The mother gives the hero reasonable advice: “She will only start talking in the evening, and you shout:“ Be silent! She stops. We tried". Borka is going to do just that, but the unexpected happens: “the boy’s heart was flooded with pity and pain,” as soon as he heard the groans of his grandmother. He can no longer follow reasonable advice, he is dominated by a feeling of compassion. Borka soothes the grandmother until she falls asleep peacefully. He is willing to do this every night so that healing can come to her. The author wants to convey to us the idea of the need to listen to the voice of the heart, to act in accordance with good feelings.
A. Aleksin tells about the same in the story “In the meantime, somewhere ...” The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. The woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband, and now by her adopted son, makes him neglect the arguments of reason. Serezha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the most terrible misfortune - loneliness. And when his father invites him to go on vacation to the sea, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will be fine. Yes, you can promise to come to her during the winter holidays. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence in him over these considerations. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to hand over a ticket to the sea. The author shows that sometimes actions dictated by a sense of mercy can help a person.
Thus, we come to the conclusion: a big heart, just like a big mind, can lead a person to true greatness. Good deeds and pure thoughts testify to the greatness of the soul.
(390 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “Our mind sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions.” (Chamfort)
“Our mind sometimes brings us no less grief than our passions,” Chamfort argued. And indeed, there is grief from the mind. Making a reasonable decision at first glance, a person can make a mistake. This happens when the mind and heart are not in harmony, when all his feelings protest against the chosen path, when, having acted in accordance with the arguments of the mind, he feels unhappy.
Let's turn to literary examples. A. Aleksin in the story "In the meantime, somewhere ..." talks about a boy named Sergey Emelyanov. The protagonist accidentally learns about the existence of his father's ex-wife and about her misfortune. Once her husband left her, and this was a heavy blow for the woman. But now a much more terrible test awaits her. The adopted son decided to leave her. He found his biological parents and chose them. Shurik does not even want to say goodbye to Nina Georgievna, although she raised him from childhood. When he leaves, he takes all his things. He is guided by seemingly reasonable considerations: he does not want to upset his adoptive mother with goodbye, he believes that his things will only remind her of her grief. He realizes that it is difficult for her, but considers it reasonable to live with her newly found parents. Aleksin emphasizes that with his actions, so deliberate and balanced, Shurik inflicts a cruel blow on the woman who loves him selflessly, causing her inexpressible pain. The writer leads us to the idea that sometimes reasonable actions can cause grief.
A completely different situation is described in A. Likhanov's story "Labyrinth". The father of the protagonist Tolik is passionate about his work. He enjoys designing machine parts. When he talks about it, his eyes sparkle. But at the same time, he earns little, but he can move to the shop and receive a higher salary, as his mother-in-law constantly reminds him of. It would seem that this is a more reasonable decision, because the hero has a family, has a son, and he should not depend on the pension of an elderly woman - mother-in-law. In the end, yielding to the pressure of the family, the hero sacrifices his feelings for reason: he refuses his favorite job in favor of earning money. What does this lead to? Tolik's father feels deeply unhappy: “The eyes are sick and as if calling. They call for help, as if a person is scared, as if he was mortally wounded. If earlier he was possessed by a bright feeling of joy, now it is a deaf longing. This is not the kind of life he dreams of. The writer shows that decisions that are not always reasonable at first glance are correct, sometimes, listening to the voice of reason, we doom ourselves to moral suffering.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that a person, following the advice of reason, will not forget about the voice of feelings.
(398 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “What rules the world - reason or feeling?”
What rules the world - reason or feeling? At first glance, it seems that the mind dominates. He invents, plans, controls. However, man is not only a rational being, but also endowed with feelings. He hates and loves, rejoices and suffers. And it is the feelings that allow him to feel happy or unhappy. Moreover, it is the feelings that make him create, invent, change the world. If there were no feelings, the mind would not create its outstanding creations.
Let us recall the novel by J. London "Martin Eden". The main character studied a lot, became a famous writer. But what prompted him to work on himself day and night, to tirelessly create? The answer is simple: it is the feeling of love. Martin's heart was won by a girl from high society, Ruth Morse. In order to win her favor, to win her heart, Martin tirelessly improves himself, overcomes obstacles, endures need and hunger on the way to writing. It is love that inspires him, helps him find himself and reach the heights. Without this feeling, he would have remained a simple semi-literate sailor, would not have written his outstanding works.
Let's turn to another example. The novel by V. Kaverin "Two Captains" describes how the main character Sanya devoted himself to searching for the missing expedition of Captain Tatarinov. He managed to prove that it was Ivan Lvovich who had the honor of discovering the Northern Land. What prompted Sanya to go to his goal for many years? Cold mind? Not at all. He was driven by a sense of justice, because for many years it was believed that the captain died through his own fault: he "carelessly handled state property." In fact, the true culprit was Nikolai Antonovich, because of which most of the equipment turned out to be unusable. He was in love with the wife of Captain Tatarinov and deliberately doomed him to death. Sanya accidentally found out about this and most of all wanted justice to prevail. It was the sense of justice and love of truth that prompted the hero to relentless search and ultimately led to a historical discovery.
Summing up all that has been said, we can conclude: the world is ruled by feelings. To paraphrase the famous phrase of Turgenev, we can say that only they keep and move life. Feelings induce our mind to create something new, to make discoveries.
(309 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: “Mind and feelings: harmony or confrontation?” (Chamfort)
Reason and feelings: harmony or confrontation? It seems that there is no single answer to this question. Of course, it happens that the mind and feelings coexist in harmony. Moreover, as long as there is this harmony, we do not ask ourselves such questions. It's like air: while it's there, we don't notice it, but if it's not enough... However, there are situations when mind and feelings come into conflict. Probably, every person at least once in his life felt that his "mind and heart are out of tune." An internal struggle arises, and it is difficult to imagine what will prevail: reason or heart.
So, for example, in A. Aleksin's story "In the meantime, somewhere ..." we see the confrontation between reason and feelings. The main character Sergei Emelyanov, having accidentally read a letter addressed to his father, learns about the existence of his ex-wife. The woman asks for help. It would seem that Sergei has nothing to do in her house, and his mind tells him to simply return her letter to her and leave. But sympathy for the grief of this woman, once abandoned by her husband, and now by her adopted son, makes him neglect the arguments of reason. Serezha decides to constantly visit Nina Georgievna, help her in everything, save her from the most terrible misfortune - loneliness. And when his father offers him to go on vacation to the sea, the hero refuses. Yes, of course, a trip to the sea promises to be exciting. Yes, you can write to Nina Georgievna and convince her that she should go to the camp with the guys, where she will be fine. Yes, you can promise to come to her during the winter holidays. All this is quite reasonable. But a sense of compassion and responsibility takes precedence in him over these considerations. After all, he promised Nina Georgievna to be with her and cannot become her new loss. Sergei is going to hand over a ticket to the sea. The author shows that the feeling of compassion wins.
Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The author tells about the fate of Tatyana. In her youth, having fallen in love with Onegin, she, unfortunately, does not find reciprocity. Tatyana carries her love through the years, and finally Onegin is at her feet, he is passionately in love with her. It would seem that she dreamed about it. But Tatyana is married, she is aware of her duty as a wife, she cannot tarnish her honor and the honor of her husband. Reason prevails over her feelings in her, and she refuses Onegin. Above love, the heroine puts moral duty, marital fidelity.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to add that reason and feelings underlie our being. I would like them to balance each other, allow us to live in harmony with ourselves and with the world around us.
(388 words)
Direction "Honor and dishonor"
An example of an essay on the topic: "How do you understand the words" honor "and" dishonor "?
Honor and dishonor ... Probably, many thought about what these words mean. Honor is self-esteem, moral principles that a person is ready to defend in any situation, even at the cost of his own life. At the heart of dishonor is cowardice, weakness of character, which does not allow one to fight for ideals, forcing one to commit vile deeds. Both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.
Many writers have addressed the theme of honor and dishonor. So, in the story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" it is said about two partisans who were taken prisoner. One of them, Sotnikov, courageously endures torture, but does not tell his enemies anything. Knowing that he will be executed in the morning, he prepares to face death with dignity. The writer focuses our attention on the thoughts of the hero: “Sotnikov easily and simply, as something elementary and completely logical in his position, now made the last decision: to take everything upon himself. Tomorrow he will tell the investigator that he went to reconnaissance, had a mission, wounded a policeman in a shootout, that he is a commander of the Red Army and an opponent of fascism, let them shoot him. The rest are not here." It is indicative that before death a partisan thinks not about himself, but about the salvation of others. And although his attempt did not lead to success, he fulfilled his duty to the end. The hero courageously meets death, not for a minute does the thought come to him to beg the enemy for mercy, to become a traitor. The author wants to convey to us the idea that honor and dignity are above the fear of death.
Comrade Sotnikova, Rybak, behaves quite differently. The fear of death took over all his feelings. Sitting in the basement, he only thinks about saving his own life. When the police offered him to become one of them, he was not offended, not indignant, on the contrary, he “felt acutely and joyfully - he would live! There was an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - later. Of course, he does not want to become a traitor: “He did not at all intend to give them partisan secrets, much less join the police, although he understood that it would not be easy to evade her.” He hopes that "he will get out and then he will certainly pay off these bastards ...". An inner voice tells Rybak that he has embarked on the path of dishonor. And then Rybak tries to find a compromise with his conscience: “He went to this game to win his life - is this not enough for the most, even desperate, game? And there it will be visible, if only they would not be killed, tortured during interrogations. If only to break out of this cage, and he will not allow himself anything bad. Is he his enemy? Faced with a choice, he is not ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of honor.
The writer shows the successive stages of Rybak's moral decline. Here he agrees to go over to the side of the enemy and at the same time continues to convince himself that "there is no great fault for him." In his opinion, “he had more opportunities and cheated in order to survive. But he is not a traitor. In any case, he was not going to become a German servant. He kept waiting to seize a convenient moment - maybe now, or maybe a little later, and only they will see him ... "
And now Rybak takes part in the execution of Sotnikov. Bykov emphasizes that even Rybak is trying to find an excuse for this terrible act: “What does he have to do with it? Is it him? He just pulled out this stump. And then by order of the police. And only walking in the ranks of policemen, Rybak finally understands: "There was no longer any way to escape from this ranks." V. Bykov emphasizes that the path of dishonor that Rybak chose is a path to nowhere.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that we, faced with a difficult choice, will not forget about the highest values: honor, duty, courage.
(610 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: "In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed?"
In what situations are the concepts of honor and dishonor revealed? Reflecting on this issue, one cannot but come to the conclusion that both of these concepts are revealed, as a rule, in a situation of moral choice.
Thus, in wartime, a soldier may face death. He can accept death with dignity, remaining faithful to duty and not tarnishing military honor. At the same time, he may try to save his life by embarking on the path of betrayal.
Let us turn to the story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov". We see two partisans captured by the police. One of them, Sotnikov, behaves courageously, endures severe torture, but does not tell the enemy anything. He retains self-respect and, before execution, accepts death with honor. His comrade, Rybak, is trying to escape at all costs. He despised the honor and duty of the defender of the Fatherland and went over to the side of the enemy, became a policeman and even participated in the execution of Sotnikov, personally knocking out a stand from under his feet. We see that it is in the face of mortal danger that the true qualities of people are manifested. Honor here is loyalty to duty, and dishonor is a synonym for cowardice and betrayal.
The concepts of honor and dishonor are revealed not only during the war. The need to pass a test of moral strength may arise before everyone, even a child. To preserve honor means to try to protect one's dignity and pride, to know dishonor means to endure humiliation and bullying, being afraid to fight back.
V. Aksyonov tells about this in the story “Breakfasts of the forty-third year”. The narrator was regularly the victim of stronger classmates who regularly took away from him not only breakfasts, but also any other things they liked: “He took her from me. He took everything - everything that was of interest to Him. And not only for me, but for the whole class.” The hero was not just sorry for the lost, the constant humiliation, the awareness of his own weakness, was unbearable. He decided to stand up for himself, to resist. And although physically he could not defeat the three overage hooligans, but the moral victory was on his side. An attempt to defend not only his breakfast, but also his honor, to overcome his fear became an important milestone in his growing up, the formation of his personality. The writer brings us to the conclusion: one must be able to defend one's honor.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that in any situation we will remember honor and dignity, we will be able to overcome spiritual weakness, we will not allow ourselves to fall morally.
(363 words)
An example of an essay on the topic: "What does it mean to walk the path of honor?"
What does it mean to walk the path of honor? Let us turn to the explanatory dictionary: "Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride." Walking the path of honor means standing up for your moral principles no matter what. The right path can be fraught with the risk of losing something important: work, health, life itself. Following the path of honor, we must overcome fear of other people and difficult circumstances, sometimes sacrifice a lot in order to defend our honor.
Let us turn to the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrei Sokolov, was captured. For carelessly spoken words, they were going to shoot him. He could beg for mercy, humiliate himself before his enemies. Perhaps a weak-minded person would have done just that. But the hero is ready to defend the honor of a soldier in the face of death. On the offer of the commandant Muller to drink for the victory of German weapons, he refuses and agrees to drink only for his own death as a deliverance from torment. Sokolov behaves confidently and calmly, refusing snacks, despite the fact that he was hungry. He explains his behavior in this way: “I wanted to show them, damned, that although I’m dying of hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handouts, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride and that they didn’t turn me into cattle, as didn't try." Sokolov's act aroused respect for him even from the enemy. The German commandant recognized the moral victory of the Soviet soldier and saved his life. The author wants to convey to the reader the idea that even in the face of death, honor and dignity must be preserved.
It is not only a soldier who must follow the path of honor in time of war. Each of us must be ready to defend our dignity in difficult situations. In almost every class there is a tyrant - a student who keeps everyone else in fear. Physically strong and cruel, he delights in torturing the weak. What to do to someone who is constantly faced with humiliation? To endure dishonor or stand up for your own dignity? The answer to these questions is given by A. Likhanov in the story "Clean Pebbles". The writer talks about Mihaska, an elementary school student. He more than once became a victim of Savvatei and his cronies. The hooligan was on duty every morning at the elementary school and robbed the children, taking away everything that he liked. Moreover, he did not miss the opportunity to humiliate his victim: “Sometimes he snatched a textbook or notebook from a bag instead of a bun and threw it into a snowdrift or took it for himself, so that, after moving a few steps later, throw it under his feet and wipe his felt boots about them.” Savvatei specifically “was on duty at this particular school, because in elementary school they study until the fourth grade and the guys are all small.” Mikhaska experienced more than once what humiliation means: once Savvatei took away from him an album with stamps, which belonged to Mikhaska's father and therefore was especially dear to him, another time a hooligan set fire to his new jacket. True to his principle of humiliating the victim, Savvatei ran a “dirty, sweaty paw” over his face. The author shows that Mikhaska could not stand the bullying and decided to fight back against a strong and ruthless opponent, before whom the whole school, even adults, trembled. The hero grabbed a stone and was ready to hit Savvatea, but suddenly he retreated. He retreated because he felt Mihaska's inner strength, his readiness to defend his human dignity to the end. The writer focuses our attention on the fact that it was the determination to defend one's honor that helped Mikhaska win a moral victory.
Walking the path of honor means standing up for others. So, Pyotr Grinev in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" fought a duel with Shvabrin, defending the honor of Masha Mironova. Shvabrin, being rejected, in a conversation with Grinev allowed himself to offend the girl with vile allusions. Grinev could not bear it. As a decent man, he went to the duel and was ready to die, but to defend the honor of the girl.
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that every person will have the courage to choose the path of honor.
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An example of an essay on the topic: "Honor is more precious than life"
In life, situations often arise when we are faced with a choice: to act in accordance with moral rules or to make a deal with conscience, to sacrifice moral principles. It would seem that everyone would have to choose the right path, the path of honor. But it's often not that easy. Especially if the price of the right decision is life. Are we ready to go to death in the name of honor and duty?
Let us turn to the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". The author tells about the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev. The officers had to either swear allegiance to Pugachev, recognizing him as sovereign, or end their lives on the gallows. The author shows what choice his heroes made: Pyotr Grinev, just like the commandant of the fortress and Ivan Ignatievich, showed courage, was ready to die, but not disgrace the honor of the uniform. He found the courage to tell Pugachev to his face that he could not recognize him as sovereign, refused to change the military oath: “No,” I answered with firmness. - I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” With all frankness, Grinev told Pugachev that he might fight against him, fulfilling his officer's duty: “You know, it’s not my will: they tell me to go against you - I’ll go, there’s nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse service when my service is needed? The hero understands that his honesty can cost him his life, but the feeling of long and honor prevails in him over fear. The sincerity and courage of the hero so impressed Pugachev that he saved Grinev's life and let him go.
Sometimes a person is ready to defend, not sparing even his own life, not only his honor, but also the honor of loved ones, family. It is impossible to meekly endure an insult, even if it is inflicted by a person who is higher on the social ladder. Dignity and honor above all.
M.Yu. tells about it. Lermontov in "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov". The guardsman of Tsar Ivan the Terrible liked Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Knowing that she was a married woman, Kiribeevich still allowed himself to solicit her love. The offended woman asks her husband for intercession: “Don’t let me, your faithful wife, / Evil swindlers in reproach!” The author emphasizes that the merchant does not doubt for a second what decision he should make. Of course, he understands what the confrontation with the royal favorite threatens him with, but the honest name of the family is more precious than even life itself: And such an insult cannot be tolerated by the soul
Yes, a brave heart cannot bear it.
How tomorrow will be a fistfight
On the Moscow River in the presence of the Tsar himself,
And then I will go out to the guardsman,
I will fight to the death, to the last strength ...
And indeed, Kalashnikov goes out to fight against Kiribeevich. For him, this is not a fight for fun, this is a fight for honor and dignity, a battle not for life, but for death:
Not to joke, not to make people laugh
I came out to you, son of a fool, -
I went out to a terrible battle, to the last battle!
He knows that the truth is on his side, and he is ready to die for it:
I will stand up for the truth to the last!
Lermontov shows that the merchant defeated Kiribeevich, having washed away the insult with blood. However, fate prepares a new test for him: Ivan the Terrible orders Kalashnikov to be executed for killing his pet. The merchant could justify himself, tell the king why he killed the guardsman, but did not do this. After all, this would mean publicly dishonoring the honest name of his wife. He is ready to go to the block, defending the honor of the family, to accept death with dignity. The writer wants to convey to us the idea that there is nothing more important for a person than his dignity, and you need to protect him, no matter what.
Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: honor is above everything, even life itself.
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An example of an essay on the topic: "To deprive another of the honor means to lose one's own"
What is dishonor? On the one hand, this is a lack of dignity, weakness of character, cowardice, inability to overcome fear of circumstances or people. On the other hand, dishonor is also brought on by a seemingly strong person if he allows himself to defame others, or even simply mock the weaker ones, humiliate the defenseless.
So, in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin, having received a refusal from Masha Mironova, slanders her in revenge, allows himself insulting allusions to her. So, in a conversation with Pyotr Grinev, he claims that it is not necessary to seek Masha's favor with verses, hints at her accessibility: “... if you want Masha Mironova to come to you at dusk, then instead of gentle rhymes, give her a pair of earrings. My blood boiled.
- And why do you think so about her? I asked, holding back my indignation with difficulty.
“Because,” he answered with an infernal grin, “I know from experience her temper and custom.”
Shvabrin, without hesitation, is ready to tarnish the honor of the girl just because she did not reciprocate. The writer leads us to the idea that a person who acts vilely cannot be proud of an unsullied honor.
Another example is A. Likhanov's story "Clean Pebbles". A character named Savvatey keeps the whole school in fear. He takes pleasure in humiliating those who are weaker. The hooligan regularly robs the students, mocks them: “Sometimes he snatched a textbook or notebook out of his bag instead of a bun and threw it into a snowdrift or took it for himself, so that, after stepping back a few steps, he threw it under his feet and wiped his felt boots on them.” His favorite technique was to run a "dirty, sweaty paw" across the victim's face. He constantly humiliates even his "sixes": "Savvatey looked angrily at the guy, took him by the nose and pulled him hard", he "stood next to Sasha, leaning on his head." Encroaching on the honor and dignity of other people, he himself becomes the personification of dishonor.
Summing up what has been said, we can conclude: a person who humiliates dignity or discredits the good name of other people deprives himself of honor, dooms him to contempt on the part of others.
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There are many such books to name, but when literature shows the consequences of this victory, they are most often destructive, and in some cases ridiculous. The theme of reason in literature was largely inspired by the Age of Enlightenment, but not only did not linger, but caused a sharp reaction and a general disappointment in rationalism in particular and in reason as such. Let's give examples.
"Crime and punishment"- the mind suggests that it is rational to kill the old woman, and wins, and we see what came of it.
"Frankenstein"- the mind tells me that it is rational to try to sew an ideal person from pieces of corpses. It didn’t work out very well either. A hundred years later, Wells will raise the same topic in " Island of Doctor Moreau", and with about the same consequences.
"Catch 22"- almost all the absurdist nonsense of the entire book is created solely on the basis of the victory of formal logic over all human instincts.
At our Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in " War and peace"- the mind tells Prince Andrei to wait a year with the wedding, although he has a clear feeling that this is not necessary. Well, that's it.
"House with mezzanine"Chekhov can be interpreted as a contrast between the mind of the cruel Lida and the feelings of the narrator and Missus. Reason wins and destroys the relationship of the latter. In general, Chekhov, of course, mocks sensual natures a lot, but in the end he always justifies them, but he never justifies rational ones.
The victory of rationalism is partly parodied in " Faust Goethe, when Faust hears the sound of spades, and thinks that they are building a dam that will bring great benefits to people - when in fact it is lemurs who are digging his grave.
Enormous volumes were devoted to the chanting of reason in 18th-century poetry, which massively rolled back to the chanting of feelings, and did not come back much.
And so on. Rare examples of a positive assessment of the mind due to their now obvious naivety - almost all eventually spilled over into the section of children's literature, although they were initially taken seriously.
The main crown of the literature of rationalism was in its time " Robinson Crusoe". To appreciate the degree of absurdity of what is happening in the book, it really is worth rereading as an adult: Robinson is actively trying to turn a desert island into an English country club, sends all animals to enclosures, does everything according to a calendar and schedule, and even teaches an island parrot English It is not surprising that the novel served as a torch of colonial enlightenment for a long time. What it all led to - we, again, can see. Only not in a book, but quite in life.
The plot looks just as naive now " coral island", in which a bunch of English schoolchildren thrown onto the island organize a typical English colony there. The notorious " Lord of the Flies where they end up roaming naked through the jungle and the chief rationalist Piggy is stoned to death.
And of course, one cannot help but recall Ayn Rand, whose mind justifies such things as rape (" Atlas Shrugged") and undermining a residential complex ready for occupancy (" The Fountainhead"). But, as Rand tries to convince us, he is right everywhere and around.
Such are the apologists.
This is why it all happens. Feelings are well mistaken, and the mind is mistaken very terribly. Feelings are hermetic and consistent, they just exist, and they are inevitable - and the mind is arrogant and dodgy, it tries to live according to the scheme, and it is physically impossible to live according to the schemes. Therefore, even when the heroes of the literature of the 19th century, in a fit of feelings, do some monstrous garbage, no matter how tragic the consequences of these actions, we still internally feel that they are right. Well, what if they, in fact, shook themselves off, thought it over carefully, and decided not to throw themselves under the train? No, it's just like that. It turns out that this is not so that we act in this way, and not in order to listen to the voice of reason - for those who try, everything turns out to be even worse - but to educate in the reader another set of feelings, perhaps more empathic, capable of resolving the situation in some other way.
