Simple sentence. Types of one-part sentences

Sentences are a fairly complex unit of language, especially since there are many varieties of it that differ in different ways. So, one-part and two-part sentences are opposed by the number of members that make up the basis. A student of grade 8 should carefully study this topic and understand it well.

What is the difference between one-part and two-part sentences

In a two-part sentence, there is a classical grammatical basis, consisting of their subject and predicate, and in a one-part sentence there is only one of the main members.

At the same time, it is impossible to put an equal sign between one-part and incomplete sentences, since the second member is not omitted, the meaning of the syntactic unit is clear even without it. Thus, one-part sentences are complete in their structure.

Types of one-part sentences

Depending on how the main member is expressed, one-component sentences are divided into different types. So, if the main member is the predicate, they can be definitely and indefinitely personal. These types of syntactic units differ in that in definitely personal offer the predicate is in the first or second person, and in vaguely personal- not only in the third person, but also in the plural.

There are also impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is in an impersonal form, can be compound, when the main part is an adverb, or expressed by the word “no” in combination with negative particles not and neither.

Another type of one-part sentence, in which the predicate is the main member, is generalized-personal in which the action applies to any person. And the simplest form of a verb sentence is one in which the infinitive acts as a predicate.

Sentences in which the subject is the only main member are called nominative and are not divided into any types. They usually consist of a single word and do not have propagating constructions. In rare cases, a definition is added to them, but never an addition and a circumstance, since these members of the sentence refer to the predicate.

Many linguists believe that there are no one-part sentences with the main subject-subject, in their opinion nominative sentences are two-part, they just omit the linking verb.

What have we learned?

According to the number of main members that make up the basis, all sentences in Russian are divided into two-part and one-part sentences. And the difference between a one-part and two-part sentence is that in a two-part sentence there is both a subject and a predicate, and in a one-part sentence there is only one, either a subject, or a predicate. If there is only a subject in a one-part sentence, then it is called nominative, and sentences with only a predicate are divided into different types depending on how this predicate is expressed. In any case, a one-part proposal cannot be considered incomplete.

In terms of syntax, a sentence is one of the basic units of a language. It is characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, the predicative stem may consist of one or two main members.

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-component sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the "Syntax" section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatal outcome(V.S. Vysotsky).

Proposals based on only one of the main members are called one-part. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). One-component sentences are very often used in works of art, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to recover: "I". It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

In colloquial speech, simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: - Where are we going? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a stem from the subject).

2. With a predicate in the base:

• personal;
• impersonal.

• But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past verb, plural, indicative).
• And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd l. and plural).
• They would give me a plot of six acres near the car factory(Sholokhov) (verb-predicate in the form of the subjunctive mood of the plural).

Features of generalized personal sentences

Some linguists (V.V. Babaitseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not single out this group of one-component sentences as a separate type, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite and indefinitely personal and differ only in semantic load. In them, the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: Love tops - love roots. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once he lied - he became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-piece personal offer”, examples are of great importance, because. they visually help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and to distinguish between them.

impersonal offer

One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. Noisy in the head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
• A personal verb that has passed into an impersonal form: I have a tingle in my side. It rumbled in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
• Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). Stuffy. It's dreary.
• Infinitive: Don't succumb to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
• The negative word "no" and the negative particle "neither": The sky is clear. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
2. Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
3. Composite noun. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

In one-part sentences, all of the indicated

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb copula in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cold. The nominal part is expressed

In a definite personal offer: Let's join hands friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - predicate simple verb.

In an indefinitely personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominative one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb copula in the present tense. Often, with the nominative, pointing particles are placed next to each other: Here is your ticket, here is your wagon(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, then they are converted into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your car.

One-part and incomplete sentences

Incomplete two-part sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences. In one-part, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete, any member of the sentence can be omitted, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by the verb in the form of the past tense. For example: I thought - and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without the main context, it is impossible to determine whether the verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to be mistaken, it is important to understand: in the form of the past tense, the person of the verb is not determined, which means that this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Of particular difficulty are the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. In order to avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: the circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the sentence " Night in the village- two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night has fallen in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition is consistent with the subject, therefore, the adjective "frosty" characterizes the main member "night".

When learning syntax, it is important to perform training exercises in, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-component sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in the language

In written and oral speech, one-component sentences play a significant role. Such syntactic constructions in a concise and capacious form allow us to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, help to present images or objects. They give the statements dynamism and emotionality, allow you to focus on the right objects or subjects. With the help of one-part sentences, unjustified pronouns can be avoided.

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis. Two-part simple sentence- the main structural and semantic type of a simple sentence, which has the most complete set of differential features. (for review * Differential features of a simple sentence are considered in three main aspects:

The structural aspect of the proposal provides for the selection of the following features:

The nature of the segmentation / non-segmentation of the proposal; - a way of expressing the predicative basis;

Prevalence/non-prevalence; - completeness of the composition (presence of structurally obligatory main members); - the presence of a complication of the proposal.

The semantic aspect of the sentence provides for the selection of the following features:

Function (purpose of the statement) - narrative, interrogative, incentive;

Emotional characteristic (exclamatory, neutral); - the nature of predicative relations (affirmative/negative).

The communicative aspect of the proposal provides for the allocation of the following features:

Actual (theme-rhematic) articulation; - an informative center and a way to update it (see Uch. manual edited by E.I. Dibrova, p. 57).

Main featuretwo-part sentence- the presence of two main members - the subject and the predicate, which denote the subject of speech (subject, carrier of the predicative feature) and its predicative feature ( action, state). For example, the boy is running; The earth is round .

There are limitations in the structure of a two-part sentence:

1) in 2-compound infinitive sentences, the verbs d / b are coordinated in appearance;

2) if the subject is an infinitive, then the full form of the adjective is not used in the nominative part of the predicate. ( Hunting snakes is dangerous );

3) with a predicate, which is expressed by adverbs like in German, the noun is never used as the subject, but the performer. infinitive ( Is it smart to strike Sorokin off the list? ); instead of the infinitive m/b the pronoun is all/ this ( We are serious )

Bipartite. suggestion is a complex object of study.

The lekant, according to the form of the subject, divides sentences into:

- nominative - subject: the position of the subject in this type is occupied by the name of the noun. in I.p., according to the form of the predicate, it is divided into:

a) nominative - verbal ( Holidays are over );

b) nominative - nominal ( Stepasha looked sick ).

- infinitive - subject: the infinitive as a subject goes to 1st place ( Learning is our mission ), according to the form of the predicate, distinguishes:

a) two-infinitive (Lekant calls infinitive - verbal) ( Coming back means admitting your mistakes )

b) infinitive - nominal ( Catch hare hands stupid )

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate). For example, Evening; It's evening. Shakhmatov believes that these sentences are an expression of judgment. This can be seen in his book The Syntax of the Modern Russian Language (August 1941). In the 70s. there is a revision of single-component proposals. Zolotova proposes to study at school as 2 components ( To me Cold ), but Babaitseva and Lekant single out one-part sentences, and this opinion exists to this day.

One-part sentences in terms of structure are complete sentences. They do not miss the second member: the second main member is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence.

Definitely personal

Indefinitely personal

Impersonal

out, here

Gorgeousweather! That'sriver Today hot day.At my brother's exam

I'm in a hurry We hurry hurry up

On the radioannounce announced landing (pl., past tense)

To meunwell (impersonal verb).It's getting light . (impersonal verb).blows come in large numbers No . This doordo not open . Be didn't have to go . It was hot . About the examsreported .

Types of one-part sentences table with examples

Definitely personal

Indefinitely personal

Impersonal

The main member is the subject expressed by the entity in names. case. May be distributed only by agreed and non-agreed definitions; may contain pointing particlesout, here

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd person in singular. and pl. indicative and imperative moods. The subject in such sentences is easily restored by introducing, substituting personal pronouns I, you, we, you

3rd person plural verbs numbers present. or future tense; past time plural

The predicate in impersonal sentences does not and cannot indicate the actor. The predicate is expressed by impersonal verbs, the impersonal form of a personal verb, the words no, it wasn’t (it didn’t turn out. Failed, etc.), the indefinite form of the verb, the indefinite form in combination with the impersonal auxiliary verb; status words; short passive participles in the form of the middle gender with or without the word to be

Gorgeousweather! That'sriver . !!! If there is a circumstance or an addition in the sentence, then some scientists consider such sentences to be two-part incomplete (with an omitted auxiliary verb), while others consider them to be one-part nominal.Today hot day.At my brother's exam

I'm in a hurry home (1st sheet, expressive infl.)We hurry to school (1st sheet expressive incl.)hurry up to school! (2nd l. imperative incl.)

On the radioannounce landing. (3rd l. pl.) On the radio alreadyannounced landing (pl., past tense)

To meunwell (impersonal verb).It's getting light . (impersonal verb).blows breeze. (impersonal form of personal verb).come in large numbers guests. (impersonal form of a personal verb cf. genus, past tense). FriendsNo . This doordo not open . Be bull on a string. To Lake Ivanudidn't have to go . It was hot . About the examsreported .

In which there is both a subject - single or with words dependent on it, and a predicate - also single or with incidental words dependent on it. So, the first composition is the subject, the second composition is the predicate. The syntactic construction of two-part sentences is divided into two main types - nominal and verbal.

Verb and nominal sentences

In sentences related to the verbal form, the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the fully significant verb. Two-part sentences of the verbal type contain in the verb an expressed relation to the subject, as well as all the categories of modality and tense necessary for the sentence. For example: She fell silent. The main members of a two-part sentence are very easily defined here.

The nominal type of the sentence requires a predicate of at least two words. One of them is the linking verb "to be" with all its equivalents conveying the categories of modality and tense. And the nominal part also conveys the meaning of the predicate. For example: She was red(or redhead). He was the manager(or manager). The link can easily be omitted, but the meaning of the sentence will change slightly: She is red. He is a manager. That is, the absence of this copula will convey the present tense of the verb and the indicative mood.

semantic relationships

The grammatical basis of a two-part sentence reveals the types of semantic relations. They may be next.

1. Characterizing type, when the predicate is expressed by qualitative features, states or actions of the subject. For example: The book is the best gift. The cloud is light, snow-white, like a swan's wing.

2. The type of a two-part sentence, showing the relationship of identity between the predicate and the subject. For example: I am Peshkov.

3. A type that reveals relations of being between the predicate and the subject and is made up of a purely existential verb "to be" (even in the zero form) as circumstances of the area of ​​being, the place of being and a noun that directly names the existing object. For example: Somewhere I had this book. Empty pockets. wind in my head.

It is necessary to remember the types of two-part sentences. There are three of them, they are listed above.

Similar categories of agreement

This is the main variety, where two-part sentences have a connection between their main members in a purely formal expression, when they are agreed in the same categories - gender, number, person. This means that the subject is in the nominative case, and the predicate contains conjugated forms of verbs, adjectives, participles. Thus, a two-part sentence can be constructed. Examples: The door creaks. girl having fun. They are going away. We are losing him. The shop is closed.

If there is no agreement, the connection between the predicate and the subject is not formally expressed, it can only appear in a certain word order and intonation. For example: Technique in the hands of a savage - a piece of plastic. Her passion is books. The task of the proletariat is unity. And the rich cry. In such cases, it is possible to discern the main members of a two-part sentence after a long hesitation. It is almost impossible to even confidently attribute these proposals to two-part ones. More examples: Neighbors have a birthday. The robbers were already waiting. Exam tomorrow. All in the garden. This path is impossible.

Definition of two-part

As already mentioned, a two-part sentence is a subject (with or without secondary members) and a predicate (with or without secondary members). The number and quality of secondary members (compositions) of the sentence may be different, it depends on the development of the grammatical structure. For example: The usual winter mood blossomed with May lilacs. Here is the word mood- subject, which includes definitions usual And winter, and the word flourished- predicate with May lilac in composition.

A two-part incomplete sentence does not have all the compositions, however, it does not cease to be two-part, since the absence of a composition is always implied. For example: Your brother wasn't at school? Mom was surprised. "Yes," replied the sister.. In the last sentence, it is easy to guess the composition of the subject, although it is missing.

The structure of two-part sentences

Two-part sentences are opposed to one-part sentences, in which the main member is one, similar either to the subject of a two-part sentence or to the predicate. Thus, considering the ways in which the main members of a two-part sentence are expressed, the nature of the main member of a one-part sentence is also recognized.

The centers organizing the two-part sentence are the subject and the predicate - the predicative core. Relations between them arise, called predicative, which manifest themselves interdependently. The positions of both the main member of the sentence are independent and self-sufficient, that is, they necessarily constitute a predicative minimum. For example: A long, cold and almost snowless winter has come. Here it is quite possible to collapse the proposal to a pure structural core. Winter has come. And that's it. The meaning remains the same. This is a simple two-part sentence.

Subject and sign

The defined and the determiner are always interconnected, so the predicate and the subject are in a formal connection. This is determined by the semantic and grammatical unity that two-part sentences always have. The semantic beginning - the object and its sign - passes through the relationship of the subject and the predicate, since it is impossible to attribute a sign to the object without determining tense and modality. If you define the members separately, the connections are found very easily: the relation to the predicate determines the subject, and the predicate itself also has a connecting relation to the subject and is determined through this. The main members of the sentence help to define each other, because they are tightly connected by meaning.

But these connections are not only mutually directed, but also positionally opposed from a grammatical point of view. The nature and signs of connections directly indicate this. The hierarchy in the relations of the main members is also obligatory: the dominant position of the subject causes the grammatical subordination of the predicate. Otherwise, there will be no agreement, which almost certainly contains a two-part sentence. Matching examples: She dreamed of an old house on top of a hill. The vision was like a living thing before my eyes. Even from the wide chimney on the roof, a transparent strand of haze went up into the sky. These twelve years of her past life have not left her anywhere.

Here the predicates " dreamed", "stood", "left", "gone" are expressed only by verbs in the past tense, which grammatically corresponds to the subjects attached to them: " house", "vision", "strand", "twelve years", which are nouns of all genders - feminine, neuter and masculine, which are consistent with the predicate both in gender and in number.

Rule breaking

Conventions of the usual type are fairly easy to break. An example is two-part sentences, where the subject, which is in the singular, corresponds to the predicate, which has a plural form. And, if he departs from the truth, the desired prosperity will not come. In this case, the predicates back off, it won't come and subject he, prosperity not agreed, but quite common.

Thus, the idea of ​​the dominance of the subject over the subordinate predicate is clearly undermined. Many examples show that the syntactic connection between the centers of predicative relations is fluid and peculiar. Based on the correlation of components, such a relationship is mutually conditioned: juxtaposition, coordination, gravity are important here. More examples: Lunch is ready. Where without a coat? Running is helpful. The blockage has been cleared. It sits in me.

About Lexical Meanings

When the subject is determined by the predicate, it is not always expressed by a word of one lexical meaning, even if the grammatical meaning of objectivity is observed. The subject can define anything: a phenomenon, an animate or not an object, a person, even an abstract concept. For example: The storm has passed. The table always hurts me with its corners. Ivanov wore his last name with pride. Tenderness overwhelmed my hero.

The predicate, when it enters the main with respect to the subject, denotes either an action, or a state, or a property, or a quality, or a quantity. As well as belonging, generic concept and much more. The predicate in Russian is always extremely functional. Examples: Pot, cook! She grew old and he died. Lightning flashed every minute. Before going to sleep, she dreamed sweetly. And three times three she has six! My address is the Soviet Union. Sergiev Posad is a small city. That is, the concept of the main members contains, in addition to grammatical and semantic content. Moreover, the main ones can generally cede their role to minor members. The semantic load can belong to any of them. For example: She walked now with one, then with the other. She returned home not even at night, but in the morning.

conclusions

It is necessary to study two-part sentences carefully, noting the division of members into main and secondary ones according to those features that reveal the dominance of one over the other. Modern syntax and grammar are going through hard times, and here the debatability of the main issues is extremely important. Particular attention should be paid to the difficulties of the characteristics that two-part sentences present, due to the exceptional variety of ways of expressing predicates - it is the morphological expression that is meant. All components are important here, all their functional characteristics, especially for compound predicates - both nominal and verbal.