Prototype Anna Kareninawas eldest daughter Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Maria Hartung. The extraordinary sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin's eldest daughter from other women of that time. The husband of Maria Alexandrovna was Major General Leonid Gartung, the manager of the Imperial Horse Yard. True, Pushkin's daughter, who served as a prototype Tolstoy, didn’t throw herself under any train. She survived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, after receiving gate turn, Tolstoy prepared an unfortunate fate for the heroine written off from her, and when in 1872 in the vicinity Yasnaya Polyana a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under the train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.
Spouse Tolstoy Sofia Andreevna and his son Sergei Lvovich recalled that on that morning when Tolstoy started working on "Anna Karenina", he accidentally looked into Pushkin's volume and read an unfinished passage "Guests were coming to the dacha ...". "That's how to write!" exclaimed Tolstoy. On the evening of the same day, the writer brought his wife a handwritten piece of paper, on which was the now textbook phrase: "Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house." Although in the final edition of the novel she became the second, not the first, giving way to "all happy families", as you know, like a friend on a friend...
By that time, the writer had long nurtured the idea of writing a novel about a sinner rejected by society. Tolstoy finished his work in April 1877. In the same year, it began to be published in the Russky Vestnik magazine in monthly portions - all reading Russia burned with impatience, waiting for the continuation.
Surname Karenin has literary source. Where does the name Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. — Lev Nikolaevich began to study Greek in December 1870 and soon became so familiar with it that he could admire Homer in the original… Once he told me: “Karenon — Homer has a head. From this word I got the surname Karenin.
According to the plot of the novel Anna Karenina Realizing how hard, hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna recalls her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman was run over by a train and was crushed to death. Right here Anna Karenina the thought comes to mind that there is a very simple way out of her situation, which will help her wash away the shame and untie everyone's hands. And at the same time it will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky, Anna Karenin and throws himself under the train.
Could this happen tragic event in fact, in the very place that he describes in his novel Tolstoy? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a class IV station) small town With by the same name 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel took place. "Anna Karenina".
In Tolstoy's novel, the suicide scene is described in this way Anna Karenina: "... she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second car. And exactly at the moment when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back her red bag and, shrugging her head into her shoulders, fell under the car on her hands and with a slight movement, like preparing to get up at once, she knelt down.
In fact, Karenina not I could do it the way I told you about it Tolstoy. A person cannot be under a train by falling into full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: when falling, the figure rests its head against the lining of the car. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that such a woman would do this as Anna Karenina.
Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, the artistic side) scene of suicide, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod railway was one of the main industrial highways: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the reference book of the Moscow province for 1829, there were 6 households in Obiralovka with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod railway station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya street and Rogozhsky shaft. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 sazhens, there were 4 arrows, a passenger and a residential building. Every year, the station was used by 9,000 people, or an average of 25 people a day. The station settlement appeared in 1877, when the novel itself was published. "Anna Karenina". Now there is nothing left of the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka
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The novel begins in 1873. At the beginning of the novel, the reader gets acquainted with the difficult situation in the Oblonskys' house - the owner of the house cheated on his wife, the mother of five children. Stiva Oblonsky has not loved Dolly's wife for a long time, but he sincerely pities her. The owner of the house himself is having lunch in a restaurant with his friend Konstantin Dmitrievich Levin, who came to Moscow to propose to the sister of Oblonsky's wife, Princess Kitty Shcherbatskaya.
But he is not very sure of himself, because he considers himself too ordinary for a girl like Kitty. In addition, Oblonsky tells him that Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is courting Kitty. Kitty herself does not know whom to prefer - she is fine with Levin, but she has some inexplicable feelings for Vronsky. Not knowing that Vronsky is not going to marry her, she refuses Levin, and he returns to the village.
At the station, meeting his mother, who had arrived from St. Petersburg, Vronsky met Anna Arkadyevna Karenina. Their meeting takes place at tragic circumstances- a station guard gets under the train.
Anna came to Moscow from St. Petersburg to persuade Dolly to forgive her husband's betrayal, she succeeds, after which she returns home. Vronsky, fascinated by Anna, also goes to Petersburg.
At home, Anna does not feel happy - her husband Alexei Aleksandrovich Karenin is much older than her, and she only feels respect for him, but not love. Does not save the situation and her attachment to her son Serezha, who is 8 years old. Those signs of attention that Vronsky, who is in love with her, renders to her, take her even more out of her state of peace of mind. In addition, the relationship between Anna and Vronsky is noticed in the light, and Anna's husband unsuccessfully tries to stop the development of relations. A year after they met, Anna becomes Vronsky's mistress. Vronsky persuades her to leave her husband and leave with him, but Anna cannot decide to take this step, despite the fact that she is expecting a child from Vronsky.
During the races, Vronsky falls off his horse; Anna, seeing this, expresses her feelings so openly that Karenin takes her away from the races. At home, a conversation takes place between the spouses, during which Anna expresses to her husband everything that she feels for him. Karenin leaves for Petersburg, leaving Anna at the dacha. In the end, he comes to the decision that the spouses should stay together, and if Anna does not agree with this, he threatens to take her son away from her. This further sets Anna against her husband.
Anna gives birth to a daughter. The birth is difficult and she, thinking that she is dying, asks for forgiveness from her husband and refuses Vronsky, who makes an attempt to shoot himself.
A month passes. Vronsky decides to retire, after which he goes abroad with Anna and his daughter.
Levin, living in the countryside, is trying to carry out reforms that do not always meet with the approval of the peasants. Arriving in Moscow, he meets Kitty again, realizes that he loves her and proposes to her. Kitty agrees, and after the wedding, the newlyweds leave for the village.
Traveling around Italy with Vronsky, Anna is happy. And Vronsky himself does not know what he can do after leaving the army. They return to Petersburg, where Anna realizes that society has rejected her. Vronsky finds himself in the same position, but she does not see this, being occupied only with personal experiences. Gradually, it begins to seem to her that Vronsky no longer treats her with the same love as before. Vronsky tries to dissuade her of this, they leave for Vronsky's estate. But even there, relations remain strained, which Dolly, who has come to visit Anna, feels.
A strong quarrel between Anna and Vronsky leads to the fact that he goes to Petersburg to his mother. Anna follows him to the station, where she recalls the circumstances of their first meeting. It seems to her that she sees a way out of this situation, and she throws herself under the train.
Vronsky returns to the army and goes to war with the Turks. Karenin takes the daughter of Anna and Vronsky to him. Kitty gives birth to Levin's son. And he is in mental turmoil - he is trying to find the meaning of life. And only when he realizes that it is impossible to understand or explain, peace of mind comes to him.
10/2/12, 12:20 p.m.
To the day of memory of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
Anna wasn't in purple...
... On her head, in black hair, her own without admixture, there was a small garland pansies and the same on a black ribbon belt between white lace. Her hair was invisible. They were noticeable only, decorating her, these masterful short ringlets of curly hair, always knocking out at the back of her head and temples. There was a string of pearls on a chiseled strong neck.
L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina"
M.A. Gartung. Artist I.K. Makarov, 1860
.
This portrait of Maria Alexandrovna
was in Yasnaya Polyana with Tolstoy.
After the revolution, she first lived in St. Petersburg, and then moved to Moscow, where she came almost daily to the monument to her father on Tverskoy Boulevard.
Many Muscovites paid attention to the lonely old woman, all in black, sitting for hours near the monument on a bench...
At the end of the difficult and especially hungry year of 1918, Lunacharsky ordered that the daughters of the great poet provide material support. An employee of the People's Commissariat for Social Security came to her to examine the "degree of her need" and<...>People's Commissariat for Social Security, "taking into account the merits of the poet Pushkin to the Russian fiction”, appointed her a pension, but the first pension went to the funeral of the poet’s daughter.
Her grave is located in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery.
/ ZhZL. Maria Pushkina-Hartung/
At the beginning of 1868, Maria Alexandrovna met Leo Tolstoy in the house of General A. Tulubyev in Tula. Their meeting was described by Tolstoy's sister-in-law T. Kuzminskaya:
The front door opened and an unfamiliar lady in a black lace dress entered. Her light gait easily carried her rather full, but straight and graceful figure. I was introduced to her. Lev Nikolayevich was still sitting at the table. I saw him staring at her intently.
- Who is it? he asked, coming up to me.
- Mme Hartung, daughter of the poet Pushkin.
- Yes, - he drawled, - now I understand ... Look at her Arabic curls on the back of her head. Surprisingly thoroughbred.
When they introduced Lev Nikolaevich to Maria Alexandrovna, he sat down at the tea table near her; I do not know their conversation, but I do know that she served him as the type of Anna Karenina, not in character, not in life, but in appearance. He himself admitted it."
Prototype Anna Kareninawas the eldest daughter of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maria Hartung. The extraordinary sophistication of manners, wit, charm and beauty distinguished Pushkin's eldest daughter from other women of that time. The husband of Maria Alexandrovna was Major General Leonid Gartung, the manager of the Imperial Horse Yard. True, Pushkin's daughter, who served as a prototype Tolstoy, didn’t throw herself under any train. She survived Tolstoy by almost a decade and died in Moscow on March 7, 1919 at the age of 86. She met Tolstoy in Tula in 1868, and immediately became the object of his harassment. However, having received a turn from the gate, Tolstoy prepared an unfortunate fate for the heroine written off from her, and when in 1872, in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, a certain Anna Pirogova threw herself under a train because of unhappy love, Tolstoy decided that the hour had struck.
Spouse Tolstoy Sofia Andreevna and his son Sergei Lvovich recalled that on that morning when Tolstoy started working on "Anna Karenina", he accidentally looked into Pushkin's volume and read an unfinished passage "Guests were coming to the dacha ...". "That's how to write!" exclaimed Tolstoy. On the evening of the same day, the writer brought his wife a handwritten piece of paper, on which was the now textbook phrase: "Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house." Although in the final version of the novel she became the second, not the first, giving way to "all happy families", as you know, similar to each other...
By that time, the writer had long nurtured the idea of writing a novel about a sinner rejected by society. Tolstoy finished his work in April 1877. In the same year, it began to be published in the Russky Vestnik magazine in monthly portions - all reading Russia burned with impatience, waiting for the continuation.
The surname Karenin has a literary source. Where does the name Karenin come from? - writes Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy. — Lev Nikolaevich began to study Greek in December 1870 and soon became so familiar with it that he could admire Homer in the original… Once he told me: “Karenon — Homer has a head. From this word I got the surname Karenin.
According to the plot of the novel Anna Karenina Realizing how hard, hopeless her life is, how senseless her cohabitation with her lover Count Vronsky, rushes after Vronsky, hoping to explain and prove something to him. At the station, where she was supposed to board the train to go to the Vronskys, Anna recalls her first meeting with him, also at the station, and how on that distant day some lineman was run over by a train and was crushed to death. Right here Anna Karenina the thought comes to mind that there is a very simple way out of her situation, which will help her wash away the shame and untie everyone's hands. And at the same time it will be a great way to take revenge on Vronsky, Anna Karenin and throws himself under the train.
Could this tragic event actually happen, in the very place that he describes in his novel Tolstoy? Zheleznodorozhnaya station (in 1877 a class IV station) of a small town of the same name 23 kilometers from Moscow (until 1939 - Obiralovka). It was in this place that the terrible tragedy described in the novel took place. "Anna Karenina".
In Tolstoy's novel, the suicide scene is described in this way Anna Karenina: "... she did not take her eyes off the wheels of the passing second car. And exactly at the moment when the middle between the wheels caught up with her, she threw back her red bag and, shrugging her head into her shoulders, fell under the car on her hands and with a slight movement, like preparing to get up at once, she knelt down.
In fact, Karenina not I could do it the way I told you about it Tolstoy. A person cannot be under a train, falling to their full height. In accordance with the trajectory of the fall: when falling, the figure rests its head against the lining of the car. The only way left is to kneel in front of the rails and quickly stick your head under the train. But it is unlikely that such a woman would do this as Anna Karenina.
Despite the dubious (without touching, of course, the artistic side) scene of suicide, the writer nevertheless chose Obiralovka not by chance. The Nizhny Novgorod railway was one of the main industrial highways: heavily loaded freight trains often ran here. The station was one of the largest. In the 19th century, these lands belonged to one of the relatives of Count Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. According to the reference book of the Moscow province for 1829, there were 6 households in Obiralovka with 23 peasant souls. In 1862, a railway line was laid here from the Nizhny Novgorod railway station that existed at that time, which stood at the intersection of Nizhegorodskaya street and Rogozhsky shaft. In Obiralovka itself, the length of sidings and sidings was 584.5 sazhens, there were 4 arrows, a passenger and a residential building. Every year, the station was used by 9,000 people, or an average of 25 people a day. The station settlement appeared in 1877, when the novel itself was published. "Anna Karenina". Now there is nothing left of the former Obiralovka on the current Zhelezka
To the birthday of Leo Tolstoy
Angela Jerich "Anna Karenina"
1. In the original editions of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina", it was entitled "Well Done Baba". And his heroine was drawn both physically, externally, and mentally, internally, unattractive. Her husband looked much prettier.
2. The surname Karenin comes from "karenon" in Greek (in Homer) - "head". The son of Leo Tolstoy wrote about it this way: “Is it not because he gave such a surname to Anna’s husband that Karenin is a head man, that in him reason prevails over the heart, that is, feeling?”
3. The names and surnames of some other heroes have been changed compared to the original ones. So, the name of the heroine was at first Nana (Anastasia), and Vronsky bore the surname Gagin.
4. The idea of the novel. Long before writing Anna Karenina, Tolstoy learned about family drama of her close acquaintances: Maria Alekseevna Sukhotina, the sister of Tolstoy's friend D.A. Dyakov, divorced her husband and remarried. This case was exceptional for those times, and we know that, according to early versions, Anna received a divorce and remarried. A year before Tolstoy started working on Anna Karenina, in 1872, Anna Stepanovna Pirogova threw herself under a train near Yasnaya Polyana, abandoned by her lover, Tolstoy's neighbor A.N. Bibikov. Tolstoy saw a mutilated corpse, and this event made a deep impression on him. Both
family dramas could not but serve as material for Tolstoy's novel.
5. Prototypes of heroes:
Konstantin Levin- the author himself (surname, possibly derived from the name Leo)
Kitty- the wife of the writer and partly K.P. Shcherbatov
Nikolai Levin- Tolstoy's brother Dmitry (his image, drawn in Tolstoy's "Memoirs", largely coincides with the image of Nikolai Levin).
Oblonsky- Moscow governor V.S. Perfilyev and partly D.D. Obolensky (the planted father at Tolstoy's wedding was V.S. Perfilyev, and Levin had Oblonsky).
Anna Karenina- for appearance Anna Tolstoy took advantage of some features of the appearance of Pushkin's daughter M.A. Gartung, whom he once met on a visit to Tula.
A.A. Karenin- perhaps S. M. Sukhotin, with whom his wife divorced;
Vronsky- N.N. Raevsky, the grandson of the illustrious general, the hero of 1812, whose feat Tolstoy described on the pages of War and Peace.
6. In the novel, Anna threw herself under a train at the Obiralovka station near Moscow. AT Soviet time this settlement became a city and was renamed Zheleznodorozhny.
7. In the initial version of the novel, the epigraph looks different: "My Vengeance".
8. In social sciences the so-called "Anna Karenina principle" is used, based on famous aphorism opening the novel: “All happy families similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Everything was mixed up in the Oblonskys' house.
9. The novel has a huge number of adaptations. About 30. For example:
1910 - Germany.
1911 - Russia. Anna Karenina (director and screenwriter Maurice Meter, Moscow)
1914 - Russia. Anna Karenina (director and screenwriter Vladimir Gardin)
1915 - USA.
1918 - Hungary.
1919 - Germany.
1927 - USA. Love (directed by Edmund Goulding). Anna Karenina - Greta Garbo
3 sound cinema:
1935 - USA. Anna Karenina (directed by Clarence Brown). Anna Karenina - Greta Garbo
1937 - Russia. Film-performance (directors Tatyana Lukashevich, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vasily Sakhnovsky)
1948 - UK. Anna Karenina (directed by Julien Duvivier). Anna Karenina - Vivien Leigh
1953 - USSR. Anna Karenina (directed by Tatyana Lukashevich). Anna Karenina - Alla Tarasova
1961 - UK. Anna Karenina (TV). Anna Karenina - Claire Bloom
1967 - USSR. Anna Karenina (directed by Alexander Zarkhi). Anna Karenina - Tatyana Samoilova
1974 - USSR. Anna Karenina (film-ballet). Anna Karenina - Maya Plisetskaya
1985 - 3rd film adaptation in the USA: Anna Karenina / Anna Karenina, Director: Simon Langton.
1997 - 7th film adaptation in the USA: Anna Karenina / Anna Karenina, Director: Bernard Rose
2007 - Russia, director Sergei Solovyov, 5-episode
2012 - UK, directed by Joe Wright
10. In one of the versions of the film adaptation ( american film"Love" (1927) based on "Anna Karenina") there are two different endings - an alternative happy ending about the reunion of Anna and Vronsky after Karenin's death, intended for distribution in the United States, and a traditional tragic one for distribution in Europe.
Do you know any other interesting facts?
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