“Drawing is the honesty of art. The possibility of deception is excluded: either it is “good” or “bad”. .
Salvador Felipe Jacinto was given to Domenech by the Marquis of Pubol(May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), popularly known as Salvador Dali, was born in Figueras (Spain) and became one of the most influential artists of the 20th century.
His image in art is a bright character. Every second of his life was devoted to drawing attention to himself. Any of his works is an explosion of delight and indignation in society. Dali was known as a Surrealist, although much of his work is fundamentally different from most Surrealist artists. This fact allowed Dali without reason to proclaim "Surrealism is I", which became a step for raising surrealism to new heights.
Salvador Dali was a unique artist. surreal paintings of Salvador and eccentric behavior gave Dali incredibly highly skilled craftsmanship in a variety of other disciplines. His art fluctuated from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, from realism to surrealism, from chaos to harmony. Dali was a versatile artist whose art is rich in symbols, many of which were understood only by Salvador and fit his sublime style. To understand Dali as an artist, you need to see more than one piece of his work. Dali never limited himself to painting alone. His demonstrated talent in sculpture and painting also shows the other side of his creative life as an excellent director, screenwriter and actor.
Every work of art Dali, it's a way to tell a different story, and discover a different side of yourself. Dali believed that life itself is a work of art, namely the work that needs to be mastered and conquered every day. For Salvador Dali this was of great importance, which he manifested in art form - from the primitive to the extraordinary artistic Salvadoran heyday in everything.
Having created his own paranoid-critical method, Dali was able to transform a pure image of ideas into an environment of unconscious irrational and impulsive chaos. He described it as "a spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on the critical and systemic objectivity of the associations and interpretations of delusional phenomena." Through his paranoid-critical method Dali the whole world opened up in an infinite number of possibilities.
Paintings by Salvador Dali undoubtedly brought him the greatest fame. With his eccentric character and irrepressible energy, the small Dali irritated loved ones, and sometimes led to anger. Frequent whims and tantrums brought my father Dali in a rage, but the mother, going against her husband, forgave her son for all his antics, even the most unbearable and disgusting, and tried her best to please her beloved son. As a result, the father became a kind of embodiment of evil, and the mother, on the contrary, became a symbol of good.
Already at the age of ten years young Salvador Dali drew his first drawing "" (1914), although his attempts at drawing appeared when he was six years old. This small impressionist landscape was painted by him with oil paints on a wooden board. Already at the age of 14 Dali were without a doubt the greatest ability of the draftsman. Early picture of a fourteen year old Dali « Boat "El Son"” (1919) attracts the eye with its quirkiness. The image is like a picture from a cartoon. A man floats on the sea, holding an oar in his hand. The sail on the boat seems like a huge white fish that is rapidly moving through the water. The drawing looks like it happens in the comics. This is a very original portrait, where some marine themes are visible. Dali that have a recurrence in his career.
In November 1925, the first personal exhibition of works Salvador Dali in the Dalmau Gallery, where 27 paintings and 5 drawings of the great novice genius were presented. The school of painting in which he studied gradually disappointed him, and in 1926 Dali was expelled from the academy for his freethinking.
The desire to capture the world and improve its forms in early works Dali had a profound effect on realism. Soon he came under the influence of new trends in the developing art - Dadaism and Cubism. At this time, his paintings "" (1922) and "" (1927) make it clear that these are his experiments of Cubism with Expressionism. Even then, he still remained true to his early pressing technical connection. " Basket with bread"(1926) - a wonderful example of real feelings and abilities Dali. Here you can see that the artist is not too far from his realistic roots, even when he was close to Surrealism. Having fallen under the spell of this direction, his life changed forever.
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1926. Oil on canvas. |
Having gone through all these stages of the creative desire to study painting, Dali has impeccable technique. This is especially evident in his surrealistic painting "" (1931). "" like a shock wave passed through the entire territory of the artistic community. With this work Dali not only declared himself a true Surrealist, but he also declared himself as one of the contemporaries of art of great magnitude.
The picture gives a feeling of peace. Melting watches become inexplicably soft in this harsh and endless space of sleep, while hard metal attracts ants like sugar. Here time loses all meaning. The mutated creature depicted in the center of the picture seems familiar, and at the same time, alien. Long sexy eyelashes, as if disturbing insects. Imagination Dali, his expressed inner world in the picture, captivates the viewer with crazy fantasies. "The difference between a madman and me," Salvador said, "is that I am not mad." The picture especially shocks the world with unforgettable images of melted clocks.
Drawings and paintings Salvador Dali presented in the most prestigious museums in the world, and some of the best works are in private art collections. In his books " The Secret Life of Salvador Dali" And " Diary of a Genius» secret thoughts and ideas of the artist's consciousness are expressed. He painted not only for his books. A brilliant example of this is the illustration for the play " Macbeth» Shakespeare. Incredibly detailed work of art with monstrously abstruse large-caliber illustrations.
Entire life Dali was unique, especially unique was his union with Elena Dyakonova, ex-wife of Paul Eluard and lover of Max Ernst. This couple felt and understood each other. For Salvador Dali Gala became not only a wife, but also a favorite model, and the divine muse of his inspiration. Gala lived only the life of Salvador, and Salvador admired her.
By 1959 Dali won the title of great artist. His paintings were worth a huge fortune. His admirers and lovers of luxury bought masterpieces for crazy money. Have paintings in your collection Dali considered a great luxury. While Dali and Gala were able to really equip their modest hut in Port Lligat, bought in 1930 from local fishermen into a cozy home.
In the late 60s, a vibrant and passionate relationship between Dali and Galoi fade away. Dali buys Gale his own castle. After breaking up with Gala, Dali never stopped creating.
There is something honest in his draft works, in contrast to painting and graphics. They can't hide mistakes, but they don't have many flaws either. drawing drawings Dali still retained the highest level of draftsman's technique. For example, in " portrait of Mrs. Jack Warner" and in " portrait of Colonel Jack Warner» gentle movements of lines and compositions are visible. These are preliminary ideas for work. Here he sketched handwritten notes of his thoughts at the time of the drawings.
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Canvas natural cotton for paintings and photos, density 380 g/m2 |
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The drawings are more like works of art than drafts. Dali was so brilliant that if you were lucky enough to get his autograph, you can say you got a work of art. Dali was a famous draftsman of his autographs. He wanted to be admired in order to leave behind something stylish and of high quality.
Dali once said: “Drawing is the honesty of art. The possibility of deception is excluded: either it is “good” or “bad”. Dali believed that a real artist should not only be able to draw, but draw well. True talent lies in how well an artist is able to express his thoughts and feelings to the world. Dali spent endless hours working with a pencil sketch, only to soon move on to a brush stroke, creating future masterpieces.
Currently drawings Salvador Dali are of great value in the world art markets, auctions and exhibitions. Many of his drawings cost more than one thousand dollars. As a rule, these drawings are his studies, his initial plans for future works.
Despite his artistic talent, Dali created an extensive collection of sculptures. Some of the larger ones he created stand around the world in places like London (at the foot of the famous Ferris wheel, the London eye), Singapore, and throughout France. Perhaps his most famous surrealist sculpture " Lobster phone”, created by him in 1936 together with the surrealist artist Edward James. Among the sculptor Dali worked most of his life, thereby trying to bring his ideas to the third dimension, and give his paintings more life.
May 11, 1904 at 8 hours 45 minutes in Spain in Catalonia (northeast of Spain), Figueres, little Dali was born. Full name Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech. His parents are Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech. Salvador means "Savior" in Spanish. They named El Salvador in honor of his deceased brother. He died of meningitis a year before Dali was born in 1903. Dali also had a younger sister Anna-Maria, who in the future will be the image of many of his paintings. The parents of little Dali were brought up in different ways. Since from childhood he stood out for his impulsive and eccentric character, his father literally went berserk at his antics. Mom, on the contrary, allowed him absolutely everything. 
I pi got into bed almost until the age of eight - only for the sake of his pleasure. In the house I reigned and commanded. Nothing was impossible for me. My father and mother did not pray for me (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, told by himself)
The desire for creativity in Dali manifested itself from early childhood. From the age of 4, he already begins to draw with zeal, not experienced for a child. At the age of six, Dali attracted the image of Napoleon and identifying himself with him, he felt the need for power. Wearing a masquerade costume of the king, he received great pleasure from his appearance. Well, he painted the first picture when he was 10 years old. It was a small landscape in the impressionistic style, painted with oil paints on a wooden board. Then Salvador began to take drawing lessons from Professor Juan Nunez. Thus, at the age of 14, it was safe to see the talent of Salvador Dali in the incarnation.
When he was almost 15 years old, Dali was expelled from the monastic school for bad behavior. But for him it was not a failure, he passed the exams perfectly and entered the institute. In Spain, schools of secondary education were called institutions. And in 1921 he graduated from the institute with excellent marks.
After he entered the Madrid Art Academy. When Dali was 16 years old, he began to get involved along with painting and literature, began to write. Publishes his essays in a self-made publication "Studio". In general, he leads a fairly active life. He managed to serve a day in prison for participating in student unrest.
Salvador Dali dreamed of creating his own style in painting. In the early 1920s, he admired the work of the Futurists. At the same time, he makes acquaintances with famous poets of that time (Garcia Lorca, Luis Bonuel). The relationship between Dali and Lorca was very close. In 1926, Lorca's poem "Ode to Salvador Dali" was published, and in 1927, Dali designed the scenery and costumes for the production of Lorca's "Mariana Pineda".
In 1921 Dali's mother dies. The father would later marry another woman. For Dali, this looks like a betrayal. Later in his works, he displays the image of a father who wants to destroy his son. This event left its mark on the artist's work.
In 1923, Dali became very interested in the work of Pablo Picasso. At the same time, problems began at the academy. He was suspended from school for a year for misconduct.
In 1925, Dali held his first solo exhibition at the Dalmau Gallery. He submitted 27 paintings and 5 drawings.
In 1926, Dali completely stopped making efforts to study, because. disappointed in the school. And they kicked him out after the incident. He did not agree with the teachers' decision regarding one of the painting teachers, then got up and left the hall. Immediately, a brawl broke out in the hall. Of course, Dali was considered guilty, although he did not even know about what happened, in the end he ends up in prison, though not for long. But soon he returned to the academy. Eventually, his behavior led to his expulsion from the academy for his refusal to take the oral exam. As soon as he finds out that his last question is about Raphael, Dali said: "... I don't know less than three professors put together, and I refuse to answer them, because I am better informed on this issue."
In 1927, Dali went to Italy to get acquainted with the painting of the Renaissance. While he was not yet in the Surrealist group led by André Breton and Max Ernst, he later joined them in 1929. Breton studied Freud's work in depth. He said that by discovering unexpressed thoughts and desires hidden in the subconscious, surrealism could create a new way of life and a way of perceiving it.
In 1928, he leaves for Paris, in search of himself.
In early 1929, Dali tried himself as a director. The first film based on his script by Luis Bonuel was released. The film was called Andalusian Dog. Surprisingly, the film script was written in 6 days! The premiere was sensational, as the film itself was very extravagant. Considered a classic of surrealism. Consisted of a set of frames and scenes. It was a small short film, conceived to hurt the nerves of the bourgeoisie and ridicule the principles of the avant-garde.
In Dali's personal life until 1929 there was nothing bright and significant. Of course, he walked, there were numerous connections with girls, but they never went far. And just in 1929, Dali truly fell in love. HER name was Elena Dyakonova or Gala. Russian by origin, was 10 years older than him. She was married to the writer Paul Eluard, but their relationship was already falling apart. Her fleeting movements, gestures, her expressiveness are like the second New Symphony: it gives out the architectonic contours of a perfect soul, crystallizing in the grace of the body itself, in the fragrance of the skin, in the sparkling sea foam of her life. Expressing the exquisite breath of feelings, plasticity and expressiveness materialize in an impeccable architecture of flesh and blood. .
(The Secret Life of Salvador Dali) 
They met when Dali returned to Cadaqués to work on an exhibition of his paintings. Among the guests of the exhibition was Paul Eluard with his then wife Gala. Gala became Dali's inspiration in many of his works. He painted all kinds of portraits of her, as well as various images based on their relationship and passion. First kiss, - wrote Dali later, - when our teeth collided and our tongues intertwined, was only the beginning of that hunger that made us bite and gnaw each other to the very essence of our being ". Such images often appeared in Dali's subsequent works: chops on the human body, fried eggs, cannibalism - all these images are reminiscent of the young man's violent sexual liberation.
Dali wrote in an absolutely unique style. It seems that he painted images known to everyone: animals, objects. But he assembled them and connected them in a completely unthinkable way. Could connect the body of a woman with a rhinoceros, for example, or a melted watch. Dali himself would call it "the paranoid-critical method".
In 1929, Dali had his first solo exhibition in Paris at the Geman Gallery, after which he began his journey to the pinnacle of fame.
In 1930, Dali's paintings began to bring him fame. Freud's work influenced his work. In his paintings, he reflected the sexual experiences of a person, as well as destruction, death. His masterpieces such as "The Persistence of Memory" were created. Dali also creates numerous models from various objects.
In 1932, the premiere of the second film based on the script by Dali, The Golden Age, took place in London.
Gala divorces her husband in 1934 and marries Dali. This woman was throughout Dali's life his muse, deity.
Between 1936 and 1937, Dali worked on one of his most famous paintings, Metamorphoses of Narcissus, and a book of the same name immediately appeared.
In 1939, Dali had a serious quarrel with his father. The father was unhappy with his son's connection with Gala and forbade Dali to appear in the house.
After the occupation in 1940 from France, Dali moved to the United States in California. There he opens his workshop. There he writes his most famous book, The Secret Life of Salvador Dali. After marrying Gala, Dali leaves the surrealist group, because. his and the group's views begin to diverge. “I don’t give a damn about the gossip that Andre Breton can spread about me, he just doesn’t want to forgive me for the fact that I remain the last and only surrealist, but it’s still necessary that one fine day the whole world, having read these lines , found out how everything really happened." ("The Diary of a Genius").
In 1948, Dali returned to his homeland. Begins to get involved in religious-fiction themes.
In 1953, a large-scale exhibition was held in Rome. He exhibits 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors.
In 1956, Dali began a period when the idea of an Angel was the inspiration for his second work. God for him is an elusive concept and not amenable to any specification. God for him is not a cosmic concept either, because this would impose certain restrictions on him. Dali sees God in a set of conflicting thoughts that cannot be reduced to any structured idea. But Dali did believe in the existence of angels. He spoke of this as follows: “Whatever dreams fall to my lot, they are able to give me pleasure only if they have complete certainty. Therefore, if I already experience such pleasure when approaching angelic images, then I have every reason believe that angels really exist."
Meanwhile, in 1959, since his father no longer wanted to let Dali in, he and Gala settled down to live in Port Lligat. Dali's paintings were already very popular, sold for a lot of money, and he himself was famous. He often communicates with William Tell. Under impressions, he creates such works as "The Riddle of William Tell" and "William Tell".
Basically, Dali worked on several topics: the paranoid-critical method, the Freudian-sexual theme, the theory of modern physics and sometimes religious motives. 
In the 60s, the relationship between Gala and Dali cracked. Gala asked to buy another house in order to move out. After that, their relationship was already only the remnants of a past bright life, but the image of Gala never left Dali and continued to be an inspiration.
In 1973, the "Dali Museum" opens in Figueres, incredible in its content. Until now, he is amazed by the audience with his surreal appearance.
In 1980, Dali began to have health problems. The death of Franco, head of state of Spain, shocked and frightened Dali. Doctors suspect he has Parkinson's disease. Dali's father died from this disease.
Gala died on June 10, 1982. For Dali, this was a terrible blow. He did not participate in the funeral. They say that Dali entered the crypt only a few hours later. "Look, I'm not crying," was all he said. The death of Gala for Dali was a huge blow in his life. What the artist lost with the departure of Gala was known only to him. He walked alone through the rooms of their house, saying something about happiness and the beauty of Gala. He stopped painting, sat for hours in the dining room, where all the shutters were closed.
The last work "Dovetail" was completed in 1983.
In 1983, Dali's health seemed to have risen, he began to go out for a walk. But these changes were short-lived.
On August 30, 1984, a fire broke out in Dali's house. The burns on his body covered 18% of the skin surface.
By February 1985, Dali's health was on the mend again and he even gave interviews to the newspaper.
But in November 1988, Dali was admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis is heart failure. January 23, 1989 Salvador Dali passed away. He was 84 years old.
At his request, the body was embalmed and kept in his museum for a week. Dali was buried in the very center of his own museum under a simple slab without inscriptions. The life of Salvador Dali has always been bright and eventful, he himself was distinguished by his extraordinary and extravagant behavior. He changed unusual costumes, the style of his mustache, constantly praised his talent in written books ("The Diary of a Genius", "Dali According to Dali", "Dali's Golden Book", "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali"). On one occasion he lectured at the London Group Rooms in 1936. It was held as part of the International Surrealist Exhibition. Dali appeared in a deep-sea diver's suit.
Salvador Dali and Pablo Picasso - two great Spaniards - left in the shadow of their world fame many masters of art of the twentieth century. No one has been written about, talked about, argued about as much as about them; no one can compare with them in the number of books, albums, brochures, articles published about the work of these two titans.
It would seem that nothing foreshadowed the appearance of a grandiose talent in the early works of young Salvador, who overshadowed everything that one could imagine with his shocking, explosive, miraculous art. There is no such force that even now could be opposed to his phantasmagoria.
The first retrospective exhibition of Dali's works from the collection of the Salvador Dali Gala Foundation. Figueres" in Moscow, in the halls of the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin for the first time presented his work to the Russian public on such a large scale. It became a holiday, a discovery of the phenomenon of an outstanding master for all admirers, adherents and even recent detractors of "surrealism".
So much has already been written about him that hardly anyone would take the liberty of adding something new to the tens of thousands of pages of already printed texts, but still Dali's work is inexhaustible, it remains a mystery, the mystery of "one" genius. For a sensitive heart and an inquisitive mind, it is an inexhaustible source of fantasy and inspiration. More than once we will ask ourselves the question: what is the phenomenon of his art, fate, personality, and each of us will look for our own answer.
The universal gift of Salvador Dali, the purpose of the talent of the oracle and the skill of the demiurge plunged into confusion, caused delight and anger, instilled hope and disappointment at the same time.
Let us take some liberties in answering the endless number of questions that arise about this Don Quixote of the twentieth century regarding his phenomenon, what is the secret, one of the secrets of Dali's genius. It seems to me that in the life of the great Catalan, the most significant role was played by his Muse - Gala - Elena Dmitrievna Dyakonova (nee). It was to her, an extraordinary Russian woman, that he, by his own admission, owed everything that made him the one and only genius among all other contemporaries. By her appearance in Dali’s life, she, Gala, as her first husband, the poet Paul Eluard, which literally translates from French into Russian means “holiday”, awakened and sharpened in him supersensible intuition, multiplied by complexes, instilled faith in his unique unsurpassedness and messianic purpose. Most likely, she introduced him to the literary heritage of N.V. Gogol and F.M. Dostoevsky, about the subsequent influence of which one can only guess and put forward the most incredible versions. She was destined to become for a genius not only a model, mother, wife and lover, but also his Alter Ego, a full-fledged co-author, as eloquently evidenced by a double signature Gala Dali, appearing in his paintings. Elena Dyakonova developed in him the miraculous gift of a virtuoso draftsman, master of composition and color; perhaps many of the motives, plots and scenarios of his paintings were suggested by her. But this is only an assumption.
The religious spirit and rational, materialistic consciousness coexisted organically in it; he was a unique improviser and prudent pragmatist. With his installations, art objects, stage actions, picturesque and graphic images, Dali did not entertain the audience, but hypnotized it. In his works, he turned the ironic plot into the grotesque. The incomparable colorist and draftsman constantly surprised the audience with irrepressible imagination and virtuosity in the implementation of an always intriguing idea. He did not flatter anyone, with the exception of that Muse, the Madonna, whom he idolized all his life, although in his environment were the most worthy people of the whole era, such as Pablo Picasso, Luis Buñuel, Garcia Lorca, Guillaume Appolinaire, Rene Magritte, Andre Breton ...
The microcosm of Dali's early, small, and sometimes miniature in format works contains an immense, universal abyss of the author's feelings and thoughts, exciting the imagination with many associations. His creations are a brilliant example of an intellectual game of recklessness and, at the same time, deeply thought-out variations and formulas of a special philosophical meaning and scale.
In my opinion, one of the striking characteristic signs of the unsurpassed, filigree professional skill of the artist is for us the opportunity not only mentally, but actually to increase almost to incredible limits both the miniature images of the painter and draftsman, and the smallest details of his fantastic compositions.
Brutality and fragility, outrageousness and humility - this is all he is, a man with a sensitive and tender soul, for whom art was not just a form of absolute self-expression, but also a means of protection from obscurantism and hypocrisy, the omniscient servility of immoral morals and infallible sinners. His apparent audacity knew no bounds, he challenged everything that was alien to him, while remaining a person easily vulnerable. The Spanish temperament helped him fight both with the outside world and with his internal complexes.
The author of these lines was fortunate enough to be the first Russian art critic to write very modest monographic works, one of which was published in 1989, the other in 1992. Solely because of the courage shown by the publishing house "Knowledge" and "Respublika", and thanks to the huge, mass circulation for publications about art, they received fairly wide publicity. One of its joyful results was for me a correspondence acquaintance with Gala's own sister, Lydia Dmitrievna Dyakonova (marriedly Yarolimek). I mention this as a sign of memory and gratitude, and also in connection with the fact that she informed me in her letters about her meetings with Dali and her impressions of him.
I will allow myself to quote verbatim from her little message received from Vienna, where Lidia Dmitrievna lived: “Now there are many articles and brochures full of implausible stories, taking advantage of the fact that he was an unusually strange person and causing the most diverse reactions.” In her memoirs about Dali, Sister Gala noted his modesty, shyness and amazing responsiveness, which he showed in a family setting in relation to a few, but the people closest to his heart. “During our meetings in Paris and in Italy, he could be the sweetest and simplest person.” In these sincere words of not an outsider, as in her other statements, she shared with me her life impressions about the inner world of Salvador Dali, unknown to the majority, closed from prying eyes, which coincided with my speculation about him and his work.
The content of this more than modest dedication to "one genius" does not imply a description of the graphic and pictorial works presented in the Moscow exposition (by the way, in the brilliant design presentation of Boris Messerer). Recently, many translated publications about Dali’s creative heritage have appeared, including books by his closest assistant, who worked with him for many years, the main biographer of the great maestro, Robert Descharnes, as well as the artist’s literary works in excellent translations by Natalia Malinovskaya, which can fully satisfy the interest of a multi-million audience of Russian connoisseurs and art lovers.
The spiritual, philosophical, symbolic meaning of the work of Salvador Dali has a magical appeal, goes beyond the conventional boundaries of a particular time, not only because the world of images created by him is conditioned by the historical scale of artistic thinking, in which the vices and virtues of mankind, good and evil, beauty and ugliness are conjugated, generating an incredible, all-consuming energy of providence. Being a true creator, a genius, he possessed the ability to foresee and anticipate, created his own aesthetics of meanings, revived the art of past eras and became the forerunner of the art of the future. Declaring certain postulates in this text, we will not deceive ourselves in the impeccability of our own feelings and perception of myth and reality, reflecting the contradictory essence of the unknown and the known.
Dali's legacy is enormous, he manifested himself in various epistases of holiness and the fall, in painting, graphics, sculpture, cinema and literature, in decorative art and design, and became a comprehensive dramatic figure in the artistic culture of the twentieth century. His work was, is and will be unpredictable, not subject to formal, dispassionate retelling. What is the secret of the phenomenon of the doctrine of Dali's art - Time will tell.
"Historical surrealism" has become one of the most notable phenomena of the artistic culture of the past century. It captured a pronounced tendency to create a new mythology; he changed and expanded ideas about the possibilities and forms of perception of modern man, had a direct impact on evolutionary transformations in art, anticipated the emergence of the transavant-garde and the latest trends in postmodernism. The official chronology of the movement is limited to 1924-1968: from the opening of the Bureau of Surrealist Research and the publication of Andre Breton's Manifesto of Surrealism to the Prague Spring - in any case, these time limits are defined by Alain and Odette Virmo.
In their encyclopedic study “Masters of World Surrealism”, they wrote: “Surrealism, no doubt, like no other movement, left the deepest mark in the history of the twentieth century. It was absorbed, sometimes involuntarily, by several successive generations, having crossed the line of May 1968, on our entire planet. This is also evidenced by the work of domestic masters of painting, sculpture and graphics, who are by no means epigones, unconditional adherents of surrealism or bearers of its postulates. With regard to many of them, it is generally unjustified to speak of any direct influence of the concepts of "pure mental automatism", "paranoiac-critical doctrines" or other, conditional paraphernalia characteristic of the assessments of this movement. Of course, we find certain echoes with the legacy of Salvador Dali, Marcel Duchamp, Rene Magritte, Paul Delvaux, Victor Brauner, Man Ray, Max Ernst, Juan Miro in the works of a number of Russian artists of the post-war generation, which by no means means their direct connection with the surrealist tradition , but, on the contrary, testifies to the independent nature of such a phenomenon. An example of a special detached parallelism, independent of audience associations and art criticism comparisons, are individual works of our masters such as Alexander Rukavishnikov, Sergey Sharov, Andrey Kostin, Igor Makarevich, Andrey Esionov, Valery Maloletkov, Konstantin Khudyakov. The creativity of each of them is in itself deeply individual and separate from the general, collective tendencies. At the same time, we know many interesting and original authors who continue, asserting their role, to develop surrealist ideas, following well-known principles and canons, which does not detract from the merits of their art. This is Evgeny Shef (Sheffer), now living in Berlin; Viktor Krotov, based in Moscow and Paris; Sergei Chaikun, Sergei Potapov, Oleg Safronov, Alla Bedina, Mikhail Gorshunov, Yuri Yakovenko, Alexander Kalugin.
A predisposition to phantasmagoria, mysteries, buffoonery, the playful basis of creativity allows us to speak about a certain surrealistic vision of the world by Alexander Sitnikov, the mediated perception of reality in the works of Valery Vradiy with other threads connects the artist with this phenomenon in art, as well as Vladimir Lobanov, but in a completely different way. perspective.
In the artistic culture of Russia, one can find many brilliant examples of surrealistic figurative thinking, primarily in literature, in the legacy of N.V. Gogol, M.A. Bulgakov, Daniil Kharms. Perhaps it is here that one should look for the origins, the roots of interpretive pluralism, which was one of the motivating reasons for the emergence of surrealism as a historical phenomenon on Russian soil.
Unlike foreign authors who cultivate various aspects, themes and techniques of "historical surrealism", Russian authors are dominated by other emotional and semantic dominants and associative series. Brutality, aggression - indispensable components of metaphysical, occult imagery in the work of the Western representatives of this movement - have actually been reduced to nothing by our masters. In the works of Russian carriers of surrealistic thinking, other subconscious motivations, sensations and premonitions predominate. Their sacred metapsychosis is associated with a special romantic sensitivity, a special intuitionism. In the work of domestic followers of surrealism, of course, there are dramatic metamorphoses, which are rather a confirmation of sacrifice not in the name, but in spite of the attitudes towards the mutation of spiritual consciousness, towards the destructive pathos of aggressive resistance to everything that exists. We have more sentimentalism, self-flagellation and detachment than instinctive submission of everyone and everything to some super-task.
The game culture, metaphor and grotesqueness of Russian art also bring into the surrealist strategy a taste of failed sensual expectations and desires, a kind of passive, otherworldly contemplation, although not excluding spontaneous demonism and courage.
The French literary critic, semiotician, philosopher J. Derrida argued: "The literal meaning does not exist, its "appearance" is a necessary function - and it should be analyzed as such in a system of differences and metaphors." Of course, to a greater extent these words refer to the study of literary texts, and yet the literary, linguistic, philosophical methodology for studying the material in this case seems to be acceptable for understanding the heritage of surrealist art, the key to interpreting the works created by its founders and followers.
In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the words of Salvador Dali. The great mystifier, myth and reality of art of the 20th century wrote: “...when the Renaissance wanted to imitate Immortal Greece, Raphael came out of it. Ingres wanted to imitate Raphael, from this came Ingres. Cezanne wanted to imitate Poussin - Cezanne turned out. Dali wanted to imitate Meissonier. OUT OF THIS IS DALI. Nothing comes of those who do not want to imitate anything.
And I want to know about it. After Pop Art and Op Art, Art Pompier will appear, but such art will be multiplied by everything that is of value, and by all, even the most insane, experiments in this grandiose tragedy called "Modern Art".
Surrealism, as a new phenomenon of artistic culture, has become a logical continuation of Dadaism, the search for a special metalanguage with which one could find an explanation or give an analysis of another language - the subject. One of the main historical merits of surrealism is that it united outstanding poets and artists, cinematographers and musicians around the declared ideas, who personify the great era of “storm and stress”. These are Tristan Tzara and Antonin Artaud, Philippe Soupault and Andre Breton, Andre Suri and Luis Buñuel, Andre Masson and Alberto Giacometti, Hans Arp and Eric Satie, Yves Tanguy and Pablo Neruda, Francis Picabia and Pablo Picasso, Paul Eluard and Suze Takiguchi, El Salvador Dali and Rene Magritte, Max Ernst and Man Ray, Wilfredo Lahm and Paul Klee, Pavel Chelishchev and Fritz Van den Berghe, whose names are perceived as synonymous with the brightest luminaries in the sky of art of the past century, shining on the horizons of egoistic globalization of their own individualism. We also include our compatriots among them, according to the art criticism classification, however, they were far from surrealistic sermons), such as Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Pavel Filonov. “What is not born internally,” Kandinsky wrote, “is stillborn.” It is this thesis that confirms the viability of surrealism as a timeless phenomenon, since the entire "avant-garde" is nothing more than an intellectual game without rules.
Let us recall Salvador Dali and his works again: time has shown an unfading interest in the personality and work of the Spanish genius in the new millennium. Convincing confirmation was the exhibition of the master's works, which were visited by hundreds of thousands of spectators. Among them is the exposition at the Pushkin Museum named after A.S. Pushkin in Moscow in 2011, the largest retrospective of works by S. Dali at the Center Georges Pompidou in Paris in 2012-2013, the Paris exhibition of 22 street artists from different countries in the Dali Museum in Montmartre in 2014-2015, at which featured little-known works by contemporary artists Fred Kalmets, Jérôme Menage, Arnaud Rabier, Valeria Attinelli and other representatives of street art.
The words of Andre Malraux are true: “We exist to live, art - to come to life” - to come to life in our imagination, subconscious, memory, to be in demand. Just as Dali was inspired by the images created by Bernini, Vermer of Delft, Velasquez, Meissonier, Millet, so the new generations of artists for whom he remains an idol will always admire and be surprised by his fantastic mirages, mysteries, discover in them for themselves and for the world the infinite depth of Genius.
We can say with confidence that people who have not heard of Dali simply do not exist. Some know him by his work, which reflected an entire era in the life of mankind, others by the outrageousness with which he lived and painted.
All the works of Salvador Dali are worth millions these days, and there are always connoisseurs of creativity who are ready to pay the necessary amount for the canvas.
Dali and his childhood
The first thing to say about the great artist is that he is a Spaniard. By the way, Dali was incredibly proud of his nationality and was a true patriot of his country. The family in which he was born largely determined his life path, the features of his position. The mother of the great creator was a deeply religious person, while his father was a convinced atheist. From childhood, Salvador Dali was immersed in an atmosphere of ambiguity, some ambivalence.
The author of paintings, valued in millions, was a rather weak student. A restless character, an uncontrollable desire to express one's own opinion, and a too violent imagination did not allow him to achieve great success in education, however, as an artist, Dali showed himself quite early. Ramon Pichot was the first to notice his ability to draw, who directed the talent of the fourteen-year-old creator in the right direction. So already at the age of fourteen, the young artist presented his work at an exhibition held in Figueres.
Youth
The works of Salvador Dali allowed him to enter the Madrid Academy of Fine Arts, but the young and even then outrageous artist did not stay there for a long time. Being convinced of his exclusivity, he was soon expelled from the academy. Later, in 1926, Dali decided to continue his studies, but was again expelled, already without the right to restoration.
A huge role in the life of the young artist was played by his acquaintance with Luis Bonuel, who later became one of the most famous directors working in the genre of surrealism, and Federico, who went down in history as one of the brightest poets in Spain.
Expelled from the Academy of Arts, the young artist did not hide his own, which allowed him to organize his own exhibition in his youth, which was visited by the great Pablo Picasso.
Muse of Salvador Dali
Of course, any creator needs a muse. For Dali, it was Gala Eluard, who was on
The moment of meeting the great surrealist is married. A deep, all-consuming passion became the impetus for leaving her husband for Gala and for active creativity for Salvador Dali himself. The beloved became for the surrealist not only an inspirer, but also a kind of manager. Thanks to her efforts, the work of Salvador Dali became known in London, New York and Barcelona. The glory of the artist has acquired a completely different scale.
Glory Avalanche
As befits any creative nature, the artist Dali was constantly developing, striving forward, improving and transforming his technique. Of course, this led to significant changes in his life, the smallest of which was the removal from the list of surrealists. However, this did not affect his career in any way. Thousands, and then multimillion-dollar exhibitions gained momentum. The realization of greatness came to the artist after the publication of his autobiography, which sold out in record time.
Most famous works
A person who does not know a single work of Salvador Dali simply does not exist, but few can name at least a few works of the great artist. All over the world, the creations of the outrageous artist are kept like the apple of an eye and are shown to millions of visitors to museums and exhibitions.
Salvador Dali almost always painted the most famous paintings in a certain outburst of feelings, due to a certain emotional outburst. For example, “Self-portrait with a Raphaelian neck” was written after the death of the artist’s mother, which became a real mental trauma for Dali, which he repeatedly admitted.
The Persistence of Memory is one of Dali's most famous works. It is this picture that has several different names that coexist equally in art history circles. In this case, the canvas depicts the place where the artist lived and worked - Port Lligata. Many researchers of creativity claim that the deserted coast reflects in this picture the inner emptiness of the creator himself. Salvador Dali “Time” (as this picture is also called) painted under the impression of the melting of Camembert cheese, from which, perhaps, the key images of the masterpiece appeared. The clock, which takes on completely unthinkable forms on the canvas, symbolizes the human perception of time and memory. The Persistence of Memory is definitely one of the most profound and thoughtful works of Salvador Dali.
Variety of creativity
It's no secret that the paintings of Salvador Dali are very different from each other. A certain period in the artist's life is characterized by one or another manner, style, a certain direction. By the time when the creator publicly declared: "Surrealism is me!" - includes works written from 1929 to 1934. Such paintings as "William Tell", "Evening Ghost", "Bleeding Roses" and many others belong to this period.
The listed works are significantly different from the paintings of the period limited to 1914 and 1926, when Dali Salvador kept his work within certain limits. The early works of the shocking master are characterized by greater uniformity, regularity, greater calmness, and to some extent greater realism. Among these paintings, one can single out “Feast in Figueres”, “Portrait of my father”, written in 1920-1921, “View of Cadaques from Mount Pani”.
Salvador Dali painted the most famous paintings after 1934. Since that time, the artist's method has become "paranoid-critical." In this vein, the creator worked until 1937. Among the paintings written by Dali at this time, the most famous paintings were “The Flexible Structure with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)” and “Atavistic Remains of Rain”
The "paranoid-critical" period was followed by the so-called American. It was at this time that Dali wrote his famous "Dream", "Galarina" and "A dream inspired by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate, a moment before awakening."
The work of Salvador Dali acquires more and more tension over time. The American period is followed by a period of nuclear mysticism. The painting "Sodomic self-satisfaction of an innocent maiden" was written at this time. In the same period, in 1963, the "Ecumenical Council" was written.
Dali calms down
The time from 1963 to 1983 is called the period of "last role" by art historians. The works of these years are calmer than the previous ones. They have a clear geometry, very confident graphics, not smooth, melting, but clear and fairly strict lines prevail. Here you can highlight the famous "Warrior", written in 1982, or "The Appearance of a Face in a Landscape".
Lesser known Dali
Few people know, but Salvador Dali created the most not only on canvas and wood, and not only with the help of paints. The artist's acquaintance with Luis Bonuel not only largely determined the further direction of Dali's work, but was also reflected in the painting "The Andalusian Dog", which at one time shocked the audience. It was this film that became a kind of slap in the face of the bourgeoisie.
Soon the paths of Dali and Bonuel diverged, but their joint work went down in history.
Dali and outrageous
Even the appearance of the artist suggests that this nature is deeply creative, unusual and striving for a new, unknown.
Dali was never distinguished by the desire for a calm, traditional appearance. On the contrary, he was proud of his unusual antics and used them in every way to his advantage. About his own mustache, for example, the artist wrote a book, calling them "antennas for the perception of art."
In an impulse to impress Dali, he decided to spend one of his own meetings in a diving suit, as a result of which he almost suffocated.
Dali Salvador put his creativity above all else. The artist won fame in the most unforeseen, strangest ways that one can even imagine. He bought dollar bills for $2, then sold a book about the stock for a huge amount of money. The artist defended the right of his installations to exist by destroying them and bringing them to the police.
Salvador Dali left behind the most famous paintings in huge numbers. However, as well as memories of his strange, incomprehensible character and worldview.
The article contains paintings by Salvador Dali with titles, as well as the work of Salvador Dali, his path as an artist and how he came to surrealism. Below are links to more complete collections of paintings by Salvador.
Yes, I understand that the paragraph above looks like it will make your eyes bleed, but Google and Yandex have somewhat specific tastes (if you know what I mean) and it went well for them, so I'm scared to change something. Do not be afraid, there is further, though not much, but better.
The work of Salvador Dali.
judgments, actions, paintings by Salvador Dali, everything had a slight touch of madness. This man was not just a surrealist artist, he himself was the embodiment of surrealism.
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However, Dali did not come to surrealism immediately. The work of Salvador Dali It began primarily with a passion for impressionism and the study of the techniques of classical academic painting. The first paintings by Dali were the landscapes of Figueres, where there were still no traces of a surrealistic vision of the world.
The passion for impressionism gradually faded away and Dali began to try his hand at cubism, drawing inspiration from the paintings of Pablo Picasso. Even in some of the surrealist works of the master, elements of cubism can be traced. The work of Salvador Dali was also greatly influenced by the painting of the Renaissance. He said many times that modern artists are nothing compared to the titans of the past (and even earlier, vodka was sweeter and the grass is greener, a familiar song).
First learn to draw and write like the old masters, and only then do what you want - and you will be respected. Salvador Dali
The formation of the actual surrealist style in the paintings of Salvador Dali began at about the same time with the exclusion from the academy and his first exhibition in Barcelona. Only at the end of my life Dali somewhat move away from surrealism and return to more realistic painting.
Despite the tense relationship between Salvador Dali and the actual surrealist crowd of that time, his image became the personification of surrealism and everything surreal in the minds of the masses. Dali's expression "surrealism is me" in the modern world has become true in the eyes of millions. Ask any person on the street who they associate with the word surrealism - almost anyone will answer without hesitation: "Salvador Dali." His name is familiar even to those who do not quite understand the meaning and philosophy of surrealism and those who are not interested in painting. I would say that Dali has become a kind of mainstream in painting, despite the fact that the philosophy of his work is incomprehensible to many.
The Secret of Salvador Dali's Success
Salvador Dali had a rare ability to shock others, he was the hero of the lion's share of secular conversations of his era. Everyone spoke about the artist, from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat. Salvador was perhaps the best actor among artists. Dali could safely be called a PR genius, both black and white. Salvador had a great ability to sell and promote himself as a brand. The paintings of Salvador Dali were the embodiment of an extravagant personality, strange and extravagant, representing an uncontrolled stream of the subconscious and having a peculiar recognizable style.
By the way, the early works of Dali are very similar to the paintings of Yves Tanguy, I would not have distinguished. Who borrowed from whom is not clear, one grandmother said the system claims that Dali borrowed the style from Tanga (but this is inaccurate). So - steal, kill, borrow wisely and success awaits you. However, it is not so important who was the first (and the first was Max Ernst in a similar style - it was he who came up with the idea of carefully writing out schizoid images). It was Salvador, thanks to his artistic skill, who developed and fully embodied the ideas of surrealism.
