Everyone has heard the expression "naive Chukchi girl" and jokes about the Chukchi. In our understanding, this is a person far from the achievements of civilization. A symbol of naivete that borders on stupidity, starting any sentence with "however" and preferring vodka to wives. We perceive the Chukchi as a distant northern people who are only interested in deer and walrus meat. Who are the Chukchi really?
Able to take care of themselves
Valdis Kristovskis, a Latvian politician and leader of the Unity party, in an interview with the Latvian newspaper Delfi inadvertently defended the phrase "Latvians are not Chukchi." In response to this insult, the newspaper Diena published the answer of Ooi Milger, a representative of the Louravetlan people (in other words, “Chukchi”). He wrote: “In your opinion, it turns out that the Chukchi are not people. This offended me greatly. The Louravetlans are a people of warriors. Many books have been written about this. I have my father's carbine. Latvians are also a small people who had to fight for survival. Where does such arrogance come from? Here you have "naive" and stupid Chukchi.
Chukchi and all the "others"
The small people of the Chukchi are settled on a vast territory - from the Bering Sea to the Indigirka River, from the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr River. This territory can be compared with Kazakhstan, and a little more than 15 thousand people live on it! (data of the Russian population census in 2010)
The name of the Chukchi is the name of the people "louratvelany" adapted for the Russian people. Chukchi means “rich in reindeer” (chauchu) – this is how reindeer herders introduced themselves to Russian pioneers in the 17th century. “Loutwerans” is translated as “real people”, since in the mythology of the Far North, the Chukchi are the “highest race”, chosen by the gods. In the mythology of the Chukchi, it is explained that the gods created the Evenks, Yakuts, Koryaks and Eskimos exclusively as Russian slaves, so that they would help the Chukchi trade with the Russians.
Ethnic history of the Chukchi. Briefly
The ancestors of the Chukchi settled in Chukotka at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. In such a natural geographic environment, customs, traditions, mythology, language and racial characteristics were formed. The Chukchi have increased thermoregulation, a high level of hemoglobin in the blood, a fast metabolism, because the formation of this Arctic race took place in the conditions of the Far North, otherwise they would not have survived.
Mythology of the Chukchi. world creation
In the mythology of the Chukchi, a raven appears - the creator, the main benefactor. Creator of the earth, sun, rivers, seas, mountains, deer. It was the raven that taught people to live in difficult natural conditions. Since, according to the Chukchi, Arctic animals participated in the creation of the cosmos and stars, the names of the constellations and individual stars are associated with deer and crows. The star of the chapel is a deer bull with a man's sleigh. Two stars near the constellation Eagle - "A female deer with a deer." The Milky Way is a river with sandy waters, with islands - pastures for deer.
The names of the months of the Chukchi calendar reflect the life of the wild deer, its biological rhythms and migration patterns.
The upbringing of children among the Chukchi
In the upbringing of Chukchi children, one can trace a parallel with Indian customs. At the age of 6, the Chukchi begin the harsh upbringing of warrior boys. From this age, boys sleep standing up, with the exception of sleeping on a yaranga. At the same time, adult Chukchi brought up even in a dream - they sneaked up with a red-hot tip of metal or a smoldering stick, so that the boy developed a lightning-fast reaction to any sounds.
Young Chukchi ran after reindeer teams with stones on their feet. From the age of 6, they constantly held a bow and arrows in their hands. Thanks to this eye training, the Chukchi's eyesight remained sharp for many years. By the way, that is why the Chukchi were excellent snipers during the Great Patriotic War. Favorite games are “football” with a reindeer hair ball and wrestling. They fought in special places - either on a walrus skin (very slippery), or on ice.
The rite of passage into adulthood is a test for the viable. On the "exam" they relied on dexterity and attentiveness. For example, a father sent his son on a mission. But the task was not the main thing. The father tracked down his son while he was walking to fulfill it, and waited for the son to lose his vigilance - then he fired an arrow. The task of the young man is to instantly concentrate, react and dodge. Therefore, to pass the exam means to survive. But the arrows were not smeared with poison, so there was a chance of survival after being wounded.
War as a way of life
The attitude towards death among the Chukchi is simple - they are not afraid of it. If one Chukchi asks another to kill him, then the request is easily fulfilled, without a doubt. The Chukchi believe that each of them has 5-6 souls, and there is a whole "universe of ancestors." But in order to get there, you must either die with dignity in battle, or die at the hands of a relative or friend. Your own death or death from old age is a luxury. Therefore, the Chukchi are excellent warriors. They are not afraid of death, they are ferocious, they have a sensitive sense of smell, a lightning-fast reaction, and a sharp eye. If in our culture a medal is awarded for military merit, then the Chukchi put a dot tattoo on the back of their right palm. The more points, the more experienced and fearless warrior.
Chukchi women correspond to severe Chukchi men. They carry a knife with them in order to slaughter their children, parents, and then themselves in case of serious danger.
"Home shamanism"
The Chukchi have the so-called "home shamanism". These are echoes of the ancient religion of the louravetlans, because now almost all Chukchi go to church and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. But they are still "shamanizing".
During the autumn slaughter of cattle, the entire Chukchi family, including children, beats a tambourine. This rite protects deer from diseases and early death. But it is more like a game, like, for example, Sabantuy - the celebration of the end of plowing among the Turkic peoples.
Writer Vladimir Bogoraz, an ethnographer and researcher of the peoples of the Far North, writes that people are cured of terrible diseases and mortal wounds during real shamanistic rites. Real shamans can grind a stone into crumbs in their hands, “sew up” a lacerated wound with their bare hands. The main task of shamans is to heal the sick. To do this, they fall into a trance to "travel between the worlds". In Chukotka, they become shamans if a walrus, deer or wolf saves the Chukchi at the moment of danger - thereby “transferring” ancient magic to the sorcerer.
A remarkable feature of the Chukchi shaman is that he can “gender me” at will. Men, at the behest of the spirits, become women, even get married. Bogoraz suggested that these are echoes of matriarchy.
Chukchi and humor
The Chukchi came up with the saying "laughter makes a man strong." This phrase is considered the life credo of every Chukchi. They are not afraid of death, they kill easily, without feeling heavy. For other people, it is not clear how you can first cry over the death of a loved one, and then laugh? But despondency and longing for the Chukchi is a sign that a person was "captured" by the evil spirit of Kele, and this was condemned. Therefore, the Chukchi are constantly joking, making fun of each other, laughing. From childhood, the Chukchi are taught to be cheerful. It is believed that if a child cries for a long time, then his parents did not raise him well. Girls for marriage are also chosen according to their liking. If a girl is cheerful and has a sense of humor, she is more likely to get married than an eternally sad one, since it is believed that a sad girl is sick, and therefore dissatisfied, because she thinks about illnesses.
Chukchi and jokes
Not only the Chukchi laugh, but they also like to make fun of the Chukchi. The topic of the Chukchi in Russian jokes is one of the most extensive. They joke about the Chukchi since the days of the USSR. Associate Professor of the Center for Typology and Semiotics of the Russian State Humanitarian University Alexandra Arkhipova connects the beginning of the appearance of anecdotes with the film “Head of Chukotka” of the 1960s. There, for the first time, the familiar Chukchi “however” sounded. The image of the Chukchi in jokes is that he does not know Russian well, a wild, gullible person, he constantly reflects. There is also an opinion that we read the measure of our national superiority from the Chukchi. Like, the Chukchi is stupid and naive, but we are not like that. To date, the main theme of jokes has shifted towards the former Chukotka governor Roman Abramovich.
Every nation living far from civilization has traditions and customs that seem at least strange to uninitiated people. Now, in the era of globalization, the identity of small peoples is rapidly eroding, but some centuries-old foundations still remain. For example, the Chukchi have a very extravagant system of marriage and family relations.
The Chukchi - the indigenous people of the Far North - live according to the laws of the levirate. This is a marriage custom that does not allow families that have lost their breadwinner to be left without support and livelihood. The brother or other close relative of the deceased man has the obligation to marry the widow and adopt her children. 
Obviously, the effect of levirate explains the popularity of the tradition of group marriage. Married men agree to unite families in order to provide each other with labor and material support. Of course, the poor Chukchi seek to conclude such an alliance with rich friends and neighbors. 
The ethnographer Vladimir Bogoraz wrote: “When entering into a group marriage, men sleep, without asking, mixed with other people's wives. The exchange of Chukchi wives is usually limited to only one or two friends, however, examples are not uncommon when this kind of close relationship is maintained with many. 
Children born in families in a group marriage relationship are considered siblings. And all members of a large family take care of them. So group marriage is a real salvation for childless couples: a barren man will always be helped to have children by his friend. And the birth of a baby for the Chukchi is always a very joyful event, regardless of who his biological father is.
sabeltiger 14-01-2010 10:29
Life and survival of the Chukchi.
They live in camps in 2-3 houses, which are removed as deer fodder is depleted. In the summer, some go down to the sea. Despite the need for migrations, their dwelling is rather cumbersome and easily transported only thanks to the abundance of deer (the wagon train of the camp reaches 100 sledges). The dwelling of the Chukchi is a large tent of irregular polygonal shape, covered with panels of reindeer skins, with fur outside. Stability against the pressure of the wind is given by stones tied to the pillars and the cover of the hut. The fire is in the middle of the hut and is surrounded by a sleigh with household supplies. The actual dwelling, where the Chukchi eats, drinks and sleeps, consists of a small quadrangular fur tent-canopy, fixed at the back wall of the tent and tightly sealed from the floor. The temperature in this cramped room, heated by the animal warmth of its inhabitants and partly by a fat lamp, is so high that the Chukchi strip naked in it. Chukchi winter clothes are of the usual polar type. It is sewn from the fur of fawns (grown up autumn calf) and for men it consists of a double fur shirt (the lower fur to the body and the upper fur out), the same double trousers, short fur stockings with the same boots and a hat in the form of a female bonnet. Women's clothing is quite peculiar, also double, consisting of one-piece sewn trousers along with a low-cut bodice, pulled together at the waist, with a slit on the chest and extremely wide sleeves, thanks to which the Chukchi women easily free their hands during work. Summer outerwear is robes made of reindeer suede or colorful purchased fabrics, as well as kamlikas made of fine-haired deer skin with various ritual stripes. The baby's costume consists of a reindeer sack with deaf ramifications for the arms and legs. Instead of diapers, a layer of moss with reindeer hair is placed, which absorbs the stool, which is taken out daily through a special valve fastened to the opening of the bag.
Most of the Chukchi jewelry - pendants, bandages, necklaces (in the form of straps with beads and figurines, etc.) - have a religious significance; but there are also real jewelry in the form of metal bracelets, earrings, etc. The embroideries of the deer Chukchi are very rough. The painting of the face with the blood of the murdered victim, with the image of the hereditary-ancestral sign - the totem, also has ritual significance. The most favorite pattern, according to Mr. Bogoraz, is a row of small holes overcast at the edges (English sewing). Often the pattern consists of black and white squares of smooth buckskin cut and sewn together. The original pattern on the quivers and clothes of the Primorye Chukchi is of Eskimo origin; from the Chukchi, he passed to many polar peoples of Asia. Hair dressing is different for men and women. The latter braid two braids on both sides of the head, decorating them with beads and buttons, sometimes releasing the front strands on the forehead (married women). Men cut their hair very smoothly, leaving a wide fringe in front and two tufts of hair in the form of animal ears on the crown of the head. Utensils, tools and weapons are currently used mainly European (metal boilers, teapots, iron knives, guns, etc.), but there are still many remnants of recent primitive culture in the life of the Chukchi: bone shovels, hoes, drills, bone and stone arrows, spearheads, etc., a compound bow of the American type, slings made of knuckles, shells made of leather and iron plates, stone hammers, scrapers, knives, a primitive projectile for making fire by friction, primitive lamps in the form of a round flat a vessel made of soft stone filled with seal fat, etc. Their light sledges, with arched supports instead of spears, adapted only for sitting on them astride, have survived primitive. The sled is harnessed either by a pair of deer (among the reindeer Chukchi), or dogs, following the American model (among the Primorye Chukchi). The food of the Chukchi is mainly meat, boiled and raw (brain, kidney, liver, eyes, tendons). Willingly use and wild roots, stems, leaves, which are boiled together with blood and fat. A peculiar dish is the so-called monyalo - half-digested moss extracted from a large reindeer stomach; various canned food and fresh dishes are prepared from monyal. A semi-liquid stew of monial, blood, fat and finely chopped meat was until very recently the most common type of hot food. The Chukchi are very partial to tobacco, vodka and fly agaric. The Chukchi clan is agnatic, united by a community of fire, consanguinity in the male line, a common totem sign, tribal revenge and religious rites. Marriage is predominantly endogamous, individual, often polygamous (2-3 wives); among a certain circle of relatives and sworn brothers, mutual use of wives is allowed, by agreement; levirate is also common. Kalyma does not exist. Chastity for a girl does not play a role. According to their beliefs, the Chukchi are animists; they personify and deify certain areas and natural phenomena (masters of the forest, water, fire, sun, deer, etc.), many animals (bear, crow), stars, sun and moon, they believe in hosts of evil spirits that cause all earthly disasters, including illness and death, have a number of regular holidays (the autumn holiday of slaughtering deer, the spring holiday of horns, the winter sacrifice to the star Altair, the ancestor of the Chukchi, etc.) and many non-regular ones (feeding the fire, sacrifices after each hunt, commemoration of the dead , votive services, etc.). Each family, in addition, has its own family shrines: hereditary projectiles for obtaining the sacred fire through friction for certain festivities, one for each family member (the lower plank of the projectile represents a figure with the head of the owner of the fire), then bundles of wooden knots of "disasters of misfortunes", wooden images of ancestors and, finally, a family tambourine, since the Chukchi rituals with a tambourine are not the property of only specialist shamans. The latter, having felt their calling, experience a preliminary period of a kind of involuntary temptation, fall into deep thought, wander without food or sleep for whole days until they receive real inspiration. Some are dying from this crisis; some receive a suggestion to change their sex, that is, a man must turn into a woman, and vice versa. The transformed adopt the clothes and way of life of their new sex, even get married, marry, etc. The dead are either burned or wrapped in layers of raw deer meat and left in the field, having previously cut the throat and chest of the deceased and pulled out part of the heart and liver. Previously, the deceased is dressed, fed and fortune-telling over him, forcing him to answer questions. Old people often kill themselves in advance or, at their request, are killed by close relatives.
With the advent of Soviet power, the Chukchi, with the exception of nomadic reindeer herders, moved to modern European-style houses. Schools, hospitals, cultural institutions appeared in settlements. Created writing for the language. The level of literacy of the Chukchi (the ability to write, read) does not differ from the average for the country.
In religious terms, most of the Chukchi by the beginning of the 20th century were baptized in the Russian Orthodox Church, however, among the nomads there are remnants of traditional beliefs (shamanism).
Chukchi carved bone is a type of folk art that has long been common among the Chukchi and Eskimos of the northeastern coast of the Chukchi Peninsula and the Diomede Islands; plastically expressive figurines of animals, people, sculptural groups from a walrus tusk; engraved and relief images on walrus tusks and household items.
Bone carving in Chukotka has a long history. The ancient Bering Sea culture is characterized by animalistic sculpture and household items made of bone and decorated with relief carvings and curvilinear ornamentation. In the next, Punuk period, which lasted approximately until the beginning of the second millennium, the sculpture acquires a geometrized character, the curvilinear ornament is replaced by a strict rectilinear one. In the 19th century, plot engraving on bones appeared, taking its origins in Pegtymel petroglyphs and ritual drawings on wood.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, as a result of the development of trade with American and European merchants and whalers, carved souvenir items appeared, intended for sale. The beginning of the 20th century is characterized by the appearance of walrus tusks with images engraved on them.
In the 1930s, fishing gradually concentrated in Uelen, Naukan and Dezhnev. In 1931, a stationary bone carving workshop was created in Uelen. Its first leader was Vukvutagin (1898-1968), one of the leading craftsmen. In 1932, the Chukotka Integral Union created five bone carving artels in the villages of Chaplino, Sireniki, Naukan, Dezhnev and Uelen.
The figures of walruses, seals, polar bears created in 1920-1930 are static in form, but expressive. But already in the 1930s, sculptures appeared, in which carvers strive to convey characteristic poses, departing from a symbolic, static image. This trend has been expanding in subsequent years. In the 1960s-1980s, sculptural groups dominated Chukchi carving.
Bahadur_Singh 14-01-2010 12:31
Where is the material from?
This touched me about the Chukchi, the guys lived "incendiary" post # 36, and there colleagues gave links to the book.
sabeltiger 14-01-2010 13:09
quote: Where is the material from?
I just typed it in a search engine and found it, unfortunately I deleted the link ..
Vorkutinets 14-01-2010 13:17
ONEMEN (San Tolic) will confirm, and a little later from the scene EVERYTHING AS IS today will tell.
Ustas1978 16-01-2010 23:06
ap, so as not to lose!)))
waiting "from the scene"!
Papa Karla 17-01-2010 01:56
The way of life and way of life of the Chukchi, Evens, Yakuts of the 20-30s of the twentieth century is very well described in the book by S.V. Obruchev "Into Unexplored Lands". http://podorozhnik.nn.ru/literatura/ObrucVNK.zip
kiowa 17-01-2010 16:33
Material origin:
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukotka_carving
Off-top. Well, at least look at the current You on the avatar ...
avkie 17-01-2010 19:29
uh, been there on business trips...
Perhaps, unfortunately, things are not quite right now.
Northern peoples (Yakuts, Evenks) are losing their culture.
old people are dying, and young people - a lot of them are moving to the cities. the ability to make plagues is lost (now they are made from plastic film, cardboard boxes and roofing material, some have switched to army-style canvas tents with an iron stove)
these peoples often drag out a miserable existence in poverty.
how they survive I have no idea
Challenger 17-01-2010 22:21
They survive because survival is in their blood, no matter how trite it sounds. They just know how to survive. But exactly as long as they are not sleepy civilization.
Kapasev 19-01-2010 23:54
They don't even survive at all. You’ll drive a brigade tractor driver into an artel to earn money on a bulldozer. I only know a couple of examples, but after working off the season they returned to the reindeer breeding bosom.
By the way, we started producing venison stew
toKiowa I don't look like this, this beard was grown on a hill in winter especially for the picture and was subsequently shaved off.
Yuripupolos 20-01-2010 15:13
Oh, venison stew...
And in Novosibirsk, no one met this?
sabeltiger 20-01-2010 15:28
the Chukchi lives with his family in the plague, the hearth is in the center, there is a hole in the roof, the frost is below -50 outside. And they sleep there and survive somehow .. There are no hospitals, no phones either.
Challenger 20-01-2010 18:17
Yes, they do not need hospitals and telephones. They are their own doctors. Without us, everyone knows how to survive, what to take from diseases ... They have their own civilization. What is good for us is a little death. And vice versa.
Kapasev 20-01-2010 20:27
When born, the Chukchi did not live in tents, there were and still are in yarangas, but now more in fur tents or a combination of a tent with a yaranga.
A phone is a necessary thing in the sense of listening to music, but for communication, a radio station
Werewolf_Zarin 21-01-2010 17:54
But what about bul bul agly .....
and the Chukchi in the plague is waiting for the heyday, the heyday will come in the summer
further chorus
avkie 21-01-2010 22:05
quote: Originally posted by Kapasev:
Having spawned, the Chukchi did not live in plagues, there were and still are in yarangas
you say it right, but at the time of writing my message I completely forgot this word, it’s spinning in my head, I can’t remember
thanks for reminding me. Chukchi chum is a yaranga.
Udavilov 21-01-2010 22:35
before the Chukchi lived little. 30-40 years old.
Challenger 21-01-2010 23:19
and now, what, have they become more? ..-)
Papa Karla 22-01-2010 01:27
quote: But what about bul bul agly .....Not Bul-Bul Ogly, but Cola Beldy.
Kapasev 23-01-2010 20:25
quote: Originally posted by Challenger:
and now, what, have they become more? ..-)
A little more, however.
And better.
For example, one of the prizes (not the main one) at the laptop race
Kapasev 23-01-2010 20:32
Can you feed so many dogs with red fish?
Challenger 23-01-2010 21:54
and what will a Chukchi woman do with a laptop? I'm very interested.
Kapasev 25-01-2010 12:44
The same as everyone else. Thank Abramovich, there are computer classes in every village.
Crews have generators.
onemen 25-01-2010 17:04
I just saw Temko, I'll be freer, I'll hang photos.
Kapasev 25-01-2010 23:29
"Survivors in Enurmino" photo study
(Poorly dressed Muscovites)
Challenger 25-01-2010 23:46
How does a laptop help the Chukchi survive? If it comes to that...
Kapasev 26-01-2010 02:12
That is, how is "how"? Leisure is immeasurable!
Thanks for the topic. I will download it and in the brigades I will drain it for jerky.
By the end of the summer, the first question on communication will be: "Well, did you survive?"
Please send a photo of a Chukchi guest worker from the capital!
Challenger 26-01-2010 12:49
krysoboy 26-01-2010 21:16
it seems that in the Russian museum in St. Petersburg it is mentioned that in the 16-19 centuries the Chukchi were like the Genghis Khans of the Siberian flood - for 3 years the Chukchi traveled to China or to Rus', bought steel armor, back the same amount - and in this form of a stone age robocop enslaved all local tribes. not at all anecdotal stupid cunning
Kapasev 27-01-2010 12:11
And in Enurmino, the elders decided that drinking is the joy of Rus'
Photo "Nutepelmen -poor, rickety wrecks, unfortunate people, hungry dogs..."
Kapasev 27-01-2010 12:16
In fact, jokes arose when they signed an agreement on visa-free travel for indigenous people. Perhaps directly in the then kilometer line at Am. embassies
Vorkutinets 27-01-2010 09:38
We are waiting for more photos from Onemen and Kapasev.
San Tolic, you start to accustom your brigades to order a little - get the dog out of the yaranga, shake out the bed in the morning and fold it in the corner ...)))
For clarity, here is the European yaranga (North Komi). You will show them.)))
Bahadur_Singh 27-01-2010 22:14
In the 4th picture, a herd of deer impressed, I wonder how many heads there are in the frame.
onemen 27-01-2010 22:19
quote: I wonder how many heads there are in the frame.
To be honest, I don’t remember, but something like 5-7 thousand was in the brigade.
Bahadur_Singh 27-01-2010 22:32
quote: Originally posted by onemen:In order to feed such a horde of deer, you probably need to roam every day, they chew up the whole moss in the district in a day.
onemen 27-01-2010 22:38
No, they roam every 1-1.5 months. Much depends on the place, on the time of year, and much more on what.
Vorkutinets 28-01-2010 12:40
quote: To be honest, I don’t remember, but something like 5-7 thousand was in the brigade.
But on this photo it will be somewhere around 1500-1700.
Kapasev 28-01-2010 04:22
The "special vessel" is called "achulhen". The classic one with a handle is hollowed out of wood, it turns out something like a large ladle. Large and small needs are handled in it in the evening, emptied in the morning.
Yuzhak will end, I'll take a picture
onemen 28-01-2010 09:53
quote: A special vessel" is called "achulhen".
Absolutely right, thanks.
quote:
The deer came out of the valley in several pieces.
Yuripupolos 28-01-2010 19:28
Yuzhak is a blizzard? O_o
journalist 29-01-2010 22:22
The Chukchi have lived for 1000 years without us and will live for as long, if they don’t get drunk of course
onemen 30-01-2010 16:12
quote: Is it hard for you to overwinter at -70 and even with the wind?
Who are you asking?
Vorkutinets 30-01-2010 20:42
quote: Is it hard for you to overwinter at -70 and even with the wind?
Your question is completely incomprehensible. Yes, and there were no such low temperatures in Russia, except at our Vostok station, but this is in Antarctica ...
Lat.(izvinite) strelok 30-01-2010 22:55
quote: Originally posted by Vorkutinets:
And there were no such low temperatures in Russia
It was a long time ago, on TV they said that in Oymyakon it was -72 once ... Breshut?
Bahadur_Singh 30-01-2010 23:14
quote: Originally posted by zhurnalist:And you?
Is it hard for you to overwinter at -70 and even with the wind?
The Chukchi have lived for 1000 years without us and will live for as long, if they don’t get drunk of course
If we are already talking about minus 70, then this has nothing to do with Chukotka, the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere is located in Yakutia.
om_babai 01-02-2010 13:59
quote: But on this photo it will be somewhere around 1500-1700.
I can't open the photo properly, but from what I can see, I would give more. At least two times ... One and a half thousand, it was the average size of the teams in our state farm before the collapse. In a dense pile, they will occupy an area ... well, somewhere around 100x50, even less.
quote: Is it hard for you to overwinter at -70 and even with the wind?
The Chukchi have lived for 1000 years without us and will live for as long, if they don’t get drunk of course
You'll forgive. Weak.
I simply cannot find such conditions anywhere in our hemisphere. You already decide - either the wind, or minus seventy.
By the way - have long been asleep.
onemen 02-02-2010 19:47
quote: By the way - have long been asleep.
Not quite so, there is a generation of the early 90s who did not end up in boarding schools in those troubled times, so they hope for them.
dukat 03-02-2010 10:38
I have not been to Chukotka, but Yamal and Gydan climbed all over. I had a chance to work in expeditions for drilling exploration. I saw what civilization has done with virgin nature. Abandoned oil rigs with piles of rusting metal, ruts from all-terrain vehicles that turn into deep streams over time. because the top layer of moss and soil has been removed, and under it there is permafrost. And this process is already irreversible. The Khanty have already learned how to cook mash. They loved (I don’t know how now) cologne very much. As they told me, it smells delicious. Young people have already served in the army and have also seen .... Mostly old people work, but schoolchildren, who were caught every year on helicopters for training in boarding schools. And their parents hide them. He lived with them in the plague (not for long though) and wore their shoes (ichigi). A very good thing. Lightweight, warm and very comfortable. Prada you have to get used to the plague. You come in from the fresh air.... wow!!! The smell of rotten skins. sweat, fish. Eyes begin to water. And then it seems like nothing! The food is very scarce. Deer meat, fish, goose eggs in the spring ...... and that's it. Teeth are lost very early. There is a lack of vitamins. For flour, cartridges and other provisions they go to trading posts, where they are stripped like sticky. The people are very kind and welcoming. Always help. they will give you water, food and lodging for the night, but they do not tolerate lies and deceit. Yes, and naive! Somehow they came to one camp. We look and above the chum there is a wooden cross. The elder's name was Petya. Sing, we say, what do you have for the cross. He tells us, "However, geologists don't understand anything .... it's an antenna !!! We almost died of laughter. And what .... do you watch TV in the evenings. No, he says the television is broken. And the antenna, purely wooden. But in general they don't need civilization. That's right, it was said. We will only harm with our interference. And what kind of hunting and fishing is there. Pure water and air. The climate is really very severe and their life is not easy. How many years have passed, but I'm unlikely to see nature so untouched by man, I worked there from 85 to 90.
Kapasev 04-02-2010 23:53
It’s not like Dukat in Chukotka: you’ll tear up the tundra in August when you move from Ryveem to Yakan so that you want to write a denunciation of yourself in Zeleny Pis, but the next year you think you’re lost. Only on the clay in the brook are the imprints of the GTT preserved.
"And the Russian leader in the computerization of the population has become Chukotka, where computers are used in 88 families out of a hundred."
See http://www.itartass-sib.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16341-301.html
dukat 05-02-2010 08:29
I have never been to Chukotka, but on Mar-Sale, near the Gulf of Ob, everything is in such scars that I want to cry. In those days when I was there, they only dreamed about computers in Moscow. So, I don’t dare to argue ..... given that I haven’t been to those parts and I think little has changed.
krysoboy 11-02-2010 23:43
uv. numb, why ice without snow? I am from Murmansk, I have never seen such beauty.
onemen 12-02-2010 12:10
quote: why ice without snow?
A strong wind, especially in the spring, again blizzards.
Vorkutinets 12-02-2010 09:39
The photo with ice is awesome! And who brought the bike to yaranga?)))
om_babai 12-02-2010 14:34
quote: bicycle to whom
Either the family still does not have their own corner in the village (which may be for the better ...), or they understand that everything will be communized before they arrive ...
I liked the top photo and where on the ice (good light would be there, and come up with imagination ... wow)
ATS ... My friend on his own comes from us in the winter to Bilibino, through the village. Omolon. In the first version, he cut it in half and welded another piece of the boat, there were 7 rollers on board. Well, diesel, of course, is not native. It has been going on for several years... And this year he has a novelty - 8 skating rinks!!! A 20-foot container is placed on the platform. Chukotka will precipitate when she sees (if she gets there)
Riding sleds .. We called them "Karyats". One to one.
Tents on two poles on the sides. In our forest zone, one was always enough. The extension - the vestibule in front of the entrance was called "dukan", something like a summer kitchen. The Chukchi are more serious, made of skins ...
onemen 12-02-2010 14:59
quote: I liked the top photo and where on the ice (good light would be there, and come up with imagination ... wow)
Dim, because there is not much time, mostly traces in the head, and circumcision of traces, and this is so, "pampering." Again, it's cold, but it blows.
I'll add more photos at the beginning of the week, now on the phone.
journalist 27-03-2010 13:49
And indeed a snowy dawn!
Harsh land, and harsh beauty.
kotowsk 27-03-2010 18:33
if we talk about survival, then the Chukchi survival model was the toughest. the survival of the genus at the expense of individuals.
and as for the military affairs of the Chukchi, that is, a book about this
http://mirknig.com/2007/10/29/voennoe_delo_chukchejj_seredina_xvii__nachalo_xx_v.html
or from depositfile
http://depositfiles.com/ru/files/2173269
even Suvorov fought with them.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
IRKUTSK STATE UNIVERSITY
HISTORY DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
Essay on ethnology
Traditional culture of the Chukchi
Irkutsk, 2007
Introduction
Ancestral home and resettlement of the Chukchi
Main occupations
social order
Life of the Chukchi
Beliefs and rituals
Conclusion
Introduction
Chukchi, (self-name, "real people"). The number in the Russian Federation is 15.1 thousand people, the indigenous population of the Chukotka Aut. districts (11.9 thousand people). They also live in the north of the Koryak Aut. districts (1.5 thousand people) and in the Nizhne-Kolymsky district of Yakutia (1.3 thousand people), they speak the Chukchi language.
The first mention of the Chukchi, in Russian documents - from the 40s of the 17th century, subdivide them into "deer" and "foot". Reindeer herders wandered in the tundra and on the coast of the Arctic Ocean between Alazeya and Kolyma, at Cape Shelagsky and further east to the Bering Strait. Settlements of "pedestrian" Chukchi, sedentary sea hunters, were located together with the Eskimos between Cape Dezhnev and the Gulf of the Cross and further south in the lower reaches of the Anadyr and the Kanchalan River. The number of Chukchi in the late 17th century. was about 8-9 thousand people.
Contacts with the Russians were originally preserved mainly in the lower Kolyma. Attempts to impose yasak on the Lower Kolyma Chukchi, military campaigns against them in the middle of the 17th century did not bring results. Due to military conflicts and a smallpox epidemic, the number of the Lower Kolyma Chukchi decreased sharply, the rest migrated to the east. After the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, the population of Anadyr Ostrog, founded in 1649, began to grow, which
From the end of the 18th century, trade contacts between the Chukchi and the Russians intensified. According to the "Charter on the management of foreigners" of 1822, the Chukchi did not carry duties, they paid yasak voluntarily, receiving gifts for this. The established peaceful relations with the Russians, Koryaks and Yukagirs, the development of pastoral reindeer husbandry, contributed to the further expansion of the territory of the Chukchi to the west. By the 1830s, they penetrated the river. Bolshaya Baranikha, by the 1850s - to the lower Kolyma, by the mid-1860s - in the interfluve of the Kolyma and Indigirka; to the south - the territory of the Koryaks, between Penzhina and Korfa Bay, where they were partially assimilated by the Koryaks. In the east, the assimilation of the Chukchi - the Eskimos - intensified. In the 1850s American whalers joined the trade with the coastal Chukchi. The expansion of the territory inhabited by the Chukchi was accompanied by the final allocation of territorial groups: Kolyma, Anyui, or Maloanyui, Chaun, Omolon, Amguem, or Amguemo-Vonkarem, Kolyuchi-Mechigmen, Onmylen (internal Chukchi), Tuman, or Vilyunei, Olyutor, Bering Sea ( sea Chukchi) and others. In 1897, the number of Chukchi was 11,751 people. Since the end of the 19th century, due to the extermination of the sea animal, the number of coastal Chukchi has fallen sharply, by 1926 it amounted to 30% of all Chukchi. Modern descendants of the coastal Chukchi live in the village of Sirenki, Novo Chaplino, Providence, Nunligran, Enmelen, Yanrakynnot, Inchoun, Lorino, Lavrentiya, Neshkan, Uelen, Enurmino on the eastern coast of Chukotka.
In 1930, the Chukotka National Okrug was formed (since 1977 - an auth. Okrug). The ethnic development of the Chukchi in the 20th century, especially during the consolidation of collective farms and the formation of state farms from the 2nd half of the 50s, is characterized by the consolidation and overcoming of the isolation of individual groups
Ancestral home and resettlement of the Chukchi
The Chukchi were divided into deer - tundra nomadic reindeer herders (the self-name chauchu - "deer man") and coastal - settled hunters of sea animals (the self-name ankalyn - "coastal"), living together with the Eskimos. These groups were connected by kinship and natural exchange. Self-names are widespread according to the place of residence or wandering: uvelelit - "Uelentsy", "chaalyt" - "Chukchi roaming along the Chaun River". These self-names are preserved, even among the inhabitants of modern enlarged settlements. The names of smaller groups within the settlements: tapkaralyt - "living on the spit", gynonralyt - "living in the center", etc. Among the western Chukchi, the self-name chugchit (probably from chauchu) is common.
Initially, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk was considered the ancestral home of the Chukchi, from where they moved north, assimilating part of the Yukagirs and Eskimos. According to modern research, the ancestors of the Chukchi and their kindred Koryaks lived in the inner regions of Chukotka.
Occupying the habitat of the Eskimos, the Chukchi partially assimilated them and borrowed many features of their culture (fat lamps, curtains, the design and shape of tambourines, fishing rites and holidays, pantomime dances, etc.). Long-term interaction with the Eskimos also affected the language and worldview of the indigenous Chukchi. As a result of contacts between the land and sea hunting culture, the Chukchi had an economic division of labor. Yukagir elements also took part in the ethnogenesis of the Chukchi. Contacts with the Yukaghirs became relatively stable at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries, when the Yukaghirs, under the influence of the Evens, moved eastward, into the basin of the Anadyr River. Reindeer husbandry developed among the tundra Chukchi, apparently under the influence of the Koryaks, shortly before the appearance of the Russians.
Main occupations
The main occupation of the tundra Chukchi is nomadic reindeer husbandry, which had a pronounced meat-skin character. They also used riding reindeer in harness. The herds were comparatively large in size, the deer were poorly trained, they grazed without the help of dogs. In winter, the herds were kept in places sheltered from the wind, migrating several times during the winter; in the summer, men went with the herd to the tundra; women, old people and children lived in camps along the banks of rivers or the sea. The deer were not milked, sometimes the shepherds sucked out the milk. Urine was used to lure deer. Deer were castrated by biting the seed canals.
The main occupations of the coastal Chukchi are hunting for sea animals: in winter and spring - for seals and seals, in summer and autumn - for walrus and whale. The seals were hunted alone, crawling up to them, disguised themselves and imitated the movements of the animal. The walrus was hunted in groups, several canoes each. Traditional hunting weapons - a harpoon with a float, a spear, a belt net, from the 2nd floor. 19th century firearms spread, hunting methods became simpler. Sometimes seals were shot at high speed from a sled.
Fishing, except for the Anadyr, Kolyma and Sauna basins, was poorly developed. Fishing was done by men. Fish were caught with a net, milk, nets. In summer - with a canoe, in winter - in the hole. Salmon was harvested for the future.
Before the advent of firearms, wild deer and mountain sheep were hunted, which were subsequently almost completely exterminated. Under the influence of trade with the Russians, the fur trade spread. Until now, hunting for birds with the help of "bol" has been preserved - throwing tools from several ropes with loads that entangled a flying bird. Previously, when hunting birds, they also used darts with a throwing board, loop-traps; eiders were beaten with sticks in the water. Women and children also collected edible plants. To dig out the roots, they used a tool with a tip made of horn, later - iron.
Traditional crafts are fur dressing, weaving bags from fireweed and wild rye fibers for women, bone processing for men. Artistic carving, and engraving on bone and walrus tusk, appliqué made of fur and sealskin, embroidery with deer hair are developed. The Chukchi ornament is characterized by a small geometric pattern. In the 19th century, artisanal associations arose on the east coast to produce walrus ivory carvings for sale. In the 20th century plot engraving on bone and walrus tusk developed (works by Vukvol, Vukvutagin, Gemauge, Khalmo, Ichel, Ettugi, etc.). The workshop in the village of Uelen (founded in 1931) became the center of bone carving art.
In the 2nd floor. 19th century many Chukchi began to be hired on whaling schooners and gold mines.
social order
The social system of the Chukchi, by the beginning of contacts with the Russians, was characterized by the development of a patriarchal community into a neighboring one, the development of property, and differentiation. Deer, dogs, dwellings and canoes were in private ownership, pastures and hunting grounds were in communal ownership. The main social unit of the tundra Ch. was a camp of 3-4 related families; the camps of the poor could unite unrelated families, and their workers lived with their families in the camps of large reindeer herders. Groups of 15-20 camps were connected by mutual assistance. Primorsky Ch. united several families into a canoe community, headed by the owner of the canoe. Among the deer Ch., there were patrilineal related groups (varat), connected by common customs (blood feud, transmission of ritual fire, common signs on the face during sacrifices, etc.). Until the 18th century patriarchal slavery was known. The family in the past is large patriarchal, to the con. 19th century - small patrilocal. According to the traditional wedding ceremony, the bride, accompanied by relatives, came to the groom on her deer. At the yaranga, a deer was slaughtered and the bride, groom and their relatives applied the groom's birth marks on their faces with its blood. The name of the child was usually given 2-3 weeks after birth. There were elements of group marriage ("variable marriage"), work for the bride, the rich - polygamy. Many problems in deer Ch. arose with a disproportion in the sexual structure (there were fewer women than men).
Life of the Chukchi
The main dwelling of the Chukchi is a collapsible cylindrical-conical tent-yaranga made of deer skins for the tundra, and walrus skins for the coastal ones. The arch rested on three poles in the center. Inside, the yaranga was partitioned off with curtains in the form of large deaf fur bags stretched on poles, illuminated and heated by a stone, clay or wooden fat lamp, on which food was also cooked. They sat on skins, tree roots or deer antlers. Dogs were also kept in the yarangas. The Yaranga of the Primorye Chukchi differed from the dwellings of reindeer herders by the absence of a smoke hole. Until the end of the 19th century, the coastal Chukchi retained a semi-dugout, borrowed from the Eskimos (valkaran - "house from the jaws of a whale") - on a frame of whale bones covered with turf and earth. In summer it was entered through a hole in the roof, in winter - through a long corridor. The camps of the nomadic Chukchi consisted of 2-10 yarangas, they were stretched from east to west, the first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the community. The settlements of the coastal Chukchi numbered up to 20 or more yarangas, randomly scattered.
These people live in conditions completely different from ours. It would seem, well, the Chukchi and the Chukchi, what is interesting? No, you didn't guess! This is a very curious and original people. So who are the Chukchi and why are they called that way?
They live mainly in the vastness of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, a small part - in Yakutia and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Initially, there was a certain division, depending on the habitat - there are tundra Chukchi and coastal ones. They even have individual names! The first called themselves chauch", which in translation means "owning deer", and the second - " ramaglyt", or "inhabitants of the coast."
But they differ from each other not only in name. Territorial features directly influenced the way of life. Tundra Chukchi wandered from place to place, hunted wild deer. However, progress did not stand still, and over time they began to master reindeer husbandry. Subsequently, it was it that became the basis of the economy of the northern inhabitants. Although they did not abandon the hunt. When the deer ate all the available food, they moved to a new place. And this is understandable, there are a lot of animals, you have to feed them with something.
For those who lived by the sea, there was nothing left but to earn a living by sea hunting. In winter and spring, the Chukchi hunted seals, because. it is at this time that the females go out on the ice with their cubs. Well, summer and autumn were suitable for hunting whales and walruses. And at the same time, fishing was not particularly developed, although it did take place.
They did not have houses in the form to which we are accustomed. And yet, not much has changed. Of course, those who live in the settlements have water and electricity. But in the tundra everything remained the same as it was many years ago. The traditional dwelling is the yaranga. This is something like a cone or a tent of irregular polygonal shape. The frame was usually constructed of wood, but the coastal Chukchi also used whale bones for this purpose. From above, this design was covered with the skins of walruses or deer.
When someone enters the yaranga, the owner or hostess says "Yetik". This can be perceived as our "hello", but it is translated as "you have come." To which the person who enters usually responds with "Ii", which means consent. Today's reindeer herders, as a rule, put up ordinary gable tents made of tarpaulin. Now they have all-terrain vehicles, and in those days they had to carry all the belongings on themselves.
The Chukchi are a much wiser people than is commonly thought. They know how to navigate in absolutely harsh conditions, when there is only snow and ice around. To do this, they just need to make a hole in the river, determine the direction of the current - and the path is found! In addition, they speak excellent Russian. Among other things, handicrafts are common among them. Beadwork, fur dressing, artistic processing of fangs and bones. And the Chukchi dance, despite all the hardships of life.
So anecdotes are anecdotes, but you should not judge anyone by them. Much more could be written about the family structure of this people, about their religion and way of life. However, the bottom line is that the usual perception of many things in our lives, if you look at it, is deceptive.
