The most popular subcultures Examples of modern youth subcultures

Hippie, youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The heyday of the movement came in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, the hippies protested against the puritanical morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism. grunge, a stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of "new wave grunge metal") and a youth subculture that became one of the most notable phenomena of alternative rock in the late 1980s - mid-1990s. The city of Seattle (USA, Washington state) became the birthplace of grunge, the most prominent representatives are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock. emo, the emo subculture can be classified as the latest new style, although it looks very similar to goth and glam rock. Inspired by stripes with long names like "The Day My Dog Went To Town", sickly youths all over the world have opted to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and skintight jeans.
Punk, a youth subculture that arose in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the band Velvet Underground, which he produced, is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer, Lou Reed, is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement closely associated with punk rock.
chik, This style has a resurgence every few years, with the last one still in full swing, Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake are the bright representatives, plaid sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into the pants. rockers, Rockers appeared in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the Continent. Rockers are predominantly from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and “problem” families. Rocker clothes - leather jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair slicked back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket, as a rule, is decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is a motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. A motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of strong sensations. At the same time, technical knowledge and driving skills are highly valued among rockers. gansta, Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This direction originates in hardcore rap. Gangsta rap style had a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as edgy as rappers' crude tales of urban turmoil. Sometimes the texts differed in an accurate reflection of reality, and sometimes they were just comics filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop development from the late 80s to the early 90s. In its infancy, gangsta rap became a source of considerable controversy, as some conservative groups attempted to ban the distribution of these musicians' albums. New Romantic (Glam Rock), a musical movement that originated in the UK in the early 1980s and (as part of the new wave) had a significant impact on the development of the English pop and rock scene. New Romantic emerged as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry social protest, but (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80's Music) "sang glamour". butter dish, an offshoot of the British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. Jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.
Dandy Flapper, Dandy Flapper prevailed among girls. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with varnish and sequins, dresses were the order of the day for girls, for men only a tweed suit with a bowler hat.

youth subculture - this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, lifestyles. Created by youth groups, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve conflicts associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation, on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated, in a general socio-cultural context.

The core of any youth subculture is street style. Slang is one of the main distinguishing features of the subculture. Knowledge of a specific language is a pass to the group.

Entering adolescence, the individual moves away from the family, looking for a new company that allows him to undergo socialization. Official youth organizations group adolescents of the same age, but often claim only "social (public) life", without affecting their personal lives. That is why young people prefer not the official structure, but the youth subculture, where they have the opportunity to realize themselves at the level of social communications in their social environment.

Conflict of youth subcultures

The subculture, to which young people belong mainly, is a certain choice of what clothes to wear, what music to listen to, what values ​​to believe in, and, first of all, which group to belong to. In a big city, young people can choose from any of many such groups. They arise even within national communities.

The huge variety of youth associations entails certain conflicts, which are mainly of a personal nature and result in a confrontation between young people who consider themselves to be members of different subcultural associations.

Any youth subculture has certain rules, sometimes "unwritten" traditions, values, even views on the same situations or incidents in several subcultures can radically differ, and each subculture considers its opinion to be the most correct, accurate and relevant. The main difference between the conflicts of youth subcultures, and the conflicts taking place among adults is that the older generation is able to be more tolerant and correct about outside opinions, or at least only verbally respond to the identification of any obvious contradictions or differences in views (to argue and seek a compromise). Young people, on the other hand, react more temperamentally to such manifestations of “otherness” of someone directly to their social group and try with all their might to change this, but, encountering opposition and unwillingness of the opposite side to obey, they try, again thanks to youthful egocentrism, to solve such a problem with physical force. . It is from such situations that youth conflicts, intergroup clarification of relations, the definition of right, wrong, guilty and injured follow.

The conflict within culture always has a subordinate place, as it destroys the traditional mechanisms of its self-preservation and sustainable development. Here, a conflict of cultural and civilizational foundations of society, represented by different social groups, is also possible. In particular, between different subcultures.

Our society consists of various social groups, differing both in the number of individuals included in it and in the nature of the group orientation.

Football fans

Football fan communities are one of the most common forms of subcultural youth activity, which has a long history. The specificity of this subcultural form lies in the situational nature of identification, which requires a minimum of effort from the participants and does not deeply affect the way of life. The very game on the football field inspires them, but the moments of general emotional relaxation, the opportunity to “break away”, to show their feelings to the fullest (yell, rage) are more significant.

The compensatory purpose of the rampage at the stadium and vandalism after the match is obvious. But the subcultural meaning of football fan communities, of course, does not end there. Young fans get the opportunity in the circle of their peers to model their behavior as a group and at the same time not under pressure from the main social control authorities (parents, school, etc.).

Football fans are a complex organization community. Among the fans of the Brest "Dynamo" there is such a group as the informal organization "Blue-white Devils" - "White-Blue Devils", numbering about 300 people.

The fan movement combines different attitudes and lifestyles. "Devils" are guided by the philosophy of "clean lifestyle". Physically well developed, its participants avoid fights, but protect the “little ones” - the youngest part of the fans, the newcomers.

In a sense, communities of football fans make up for the shortcomings of the social experience of intergroup interaction, including the experience of large-scale confrontation. Recently, such communities, with different teams, are increasingly concluding agreements on "non-aggression" and joint actions against other communities:

Friends: fans of BATE (Borisov), Minsk "Dynamo";

enemies: fans of Dnipro (Mogilev), Gomel, Shakhtar (Salihorsk), Slavia (Mozyr), Belshina (Bobruisk), Vedrich (Rechitsa), Lokomotiv Vitebsk;

neutrality: fans of the Minsk "Torpedo".

Fans can receive personalized cards to purchase tickets for their team's matches at a discount .

Bikers versus motorcyclists

In Russia, mostly wealthy people can imitate Western bikers. Having special motorcycles (in Russia - unaffordable even for the "middle class") and other iconic signs of bikerism, Russian bikers are most often just consumers of a certain cultural assortment. According to expert estimates, most of them are not able to fix even simple breakdowns in a motorcycle; for any reason, they turn to service stations.

Another character is associated with a motorcycle lifestyle. Young people who adhere to it do not have any ideological platform; identification takes place within small communities that do not have a sign system or even a self-name. They adhere to a special lifestyle: these motorcyclists create their own motorcycle: they buy an old motorcycle very cheaply (usually in the village), which they supplement with parts of motorcycles, cars, and various industrial waste thrown into a landfill. Such an updated, original design motorcycle, not capable of developing too high speed, costs about 10 times less than a motorcycle in a store. When the work is done, small groups (friendly companies) ride quite calmly (without violating the rules) on motorcycles on the roads. They do not set any special travel goals - "just go."

This undecided movement is formed among young people from low-income families. The ability to freely ride on hand-made equipment creates the basis for self-affirmation and a creative attitude to life. It should also be borne in mind that in Russia, with its roads, a motorcycle has long become one of the main (along with a bicycle) means of transportation in small towns and villages, much more important and often more prestigious than a car. In this regard, the practice of the aforementioned movement of motorcyclists is very old, not biker at all, while weakly fixing its symbolic space, but, undoubtedly, associated with a special subjective construction of social reality.

Ravers

"Rave" (from the English rave - rave, delirium, incoherent speech, also: rage, roar, howl, rage, speak with enthusiasm) is interpreted in T. Thorn's Dictionary of Modern Slang as "a wild party, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior » The source of the life guidelines of the ravers was the musical style, or, to be more precise, the life style samples of the most popular musicians acting in the charismatic role - the bearers (creators) of the corresponding socio-cultural samples. Breaking away from the source, the rave has acquired international features that are also characteristic of our young followers. Ravers basically borrow the behavior of regulars from nightclubs. According to this model, the ravers' lifestyle is nocturnal. In the appearance of ravers and the style of behavior, the idea of ​​a person's departure from nature is realized. The industrial rhythms characteristic of the musical style of ravers are a kind of alternative to rock music.

hip hop culture

Hip-hop is a "street culture" that has become widespread since the mid-1970s in the United States, and then in many countries of the world as one of the subcultural forms of youth mastering social subjectivity through the creation, development, distribution, and development of four main areas: breakdance, rap, graffiti and djing. As part of the elements of hip-hop culture are also considered streetball(street football) rolling(certain roller skating technique), etc.

With the support of events in the field of hip-hop culture, it is taken into account that, by origin, hip-hop is associated with the disinterested interest of urban youth in self-expression and exploration of the world around them in peculiar subcultural forms. Since the features of hip-hop culture are associated with actions in open areas, in parks, on sports grounds, it has become a kind of alternative to youth gangs of a criminal nature.

Brakedance (eng. Breakdance - "broken dance") - a type of "dance in a circle" associated with hip-hop culture. The words “breaking”, “rocking” (the original name of breakdance), “b-boying” are also used to designate it. It originated in the late 1950s in New York as a phenomenon of youth "street culture" in immigrant neighborhoods. The spread of the new dance style was directly related to the activity of youth groups and the division of the territory of large cities into zones controlled by breakers. The competition of groups gave rise to the complication of the break as a dance and its growing importance as a value among the youth. In this part, breakdancing became a compensatory means of teenagers’ aggressiveness (“dance battles”: one of the leaders of hip-hop, Afrika Bambaataa, suggested that street youth groups “deal not with trunks, but with dances: who danced worse, he lost”).

Rap (or recitative). The meaning of the text in rap is crucial, since it was originally formed as a protest subculture, so rap took slogan forms. In fact, rap can be called melodeclamation. The main thing in rap is the rhythm of words and lyrics. With the skillful selection of sounds in rap, the effect of melody of a simple pronunciation (reading) of texts is achieved. With the seeming simplicity of the approach, it is very difficult to become a master, since reading texts should not be monotonous, but memorable, therefore the correct selection of rhymes, intonations, the principle of alliteration psyfactor.org/rap.htm - _ftn4 is of great importance.

Graffiti (it. graffito - “scribbled”) - a type of art, wall symbolic painting, giving textual information a certain figurative form. In this sense of the term, graffiti is a phenomenon of hip-hop culture. This is a kind of art design direction, which has become widespread among the youth and has become a fact of counterculture, which has grown into a sustainable social and artistic practice.

Initially, the passion for graffiti was formed not only in opposition to social norms, social decency, but also as a competition with “ours”, where it was significant to draw your “tag” in a more prominent, most unexpected place. Developing from the culture of the streets, graffiti has changed in the manner of execution and the technique used. If initially the main tool of the writers were homemade markers, and the shades were given with paints for shoes and stamps, then later aerosols for painting cars appeared, and “tags” became colored everywhere. The peculiarity of the artistic image depended on the firmness of the hand, since the image could not be corrected, and on the selection of atomizers, often stolen from stores.

DJing(the term comes from the English "disk jockey") - a type of creative activity, the main components of which are:

- Mixing(Mixing). This is the name of the process of smooth mixing, combining, mixing, connecting, mixing or transition of one musical composition to another using a DJ console (mixer) and music players. This, in fact, is what the DJ does, trying to ensure the maximum quality of work in order to keep the audience on the dance floor as long as possible.

- scratching(Scratching, from the English word "scratch" - a scratch; is associated with scratching a record with a player's needle). This is the name of the process of creating individual rhythmic sound schemes using a special performance technique using music players and a mixer.

The highest, last and only goal of a DJ is to encourage people to dance. A good DJ is not at all the one who has good records, and not the one who knows how to dock them into a long gut, but the one who is able to control the mood of the dancers, turn on the audience, bring it to a state of ecstasy.

Diggers

Diggers are researchers of underground communications. The dangers of being in underground passages, the closeness of the communities of diggers, the mysteriousness of the underground world, devoid of everyday life - these properties of diggerism determine the internal motives of the interest of a certain part of the youth in such forms of activity. Diggers, as a rule, have no desire to advertise their activities. Representatives of the media are allowed in only a few groups. In many cases, diggers cooperate with the executive branch, local governments, when they discover life-threatening phenomena in underground utilities (subsidence of building foundations, leaks in the water supply system, various environmental violations, etc.). In this aspect, diggers manifest themselves as part of the environmentally oriented youth movements.

Tolkienists

The connection of Tolkienists with a foreign source is obvious - the images of John Ronald Rowell Tolkien's books The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, the plots of which were the basis of role-playing games that gave rise to a kind of social movement. Tolkienists are mostly young people, 13-17 years old, but there are also mastodons among them.

A real Tolkienist differs from all other fantasy lovers in many ways:

· These people are very well aware of their difference from their other fellow citizens, so that for compatriots who are not part of the system (and this is the whole normative society) it is sometimes difficult to understand and infiltrate it;

· Careful attitude to the game, to fantasy literature, up to a philological interest in the study of Elvish languages, a great interest in history, mainly of the early Middle Ages, martial arts, fencing, etc.

Life perception combined with a very humorous assessment of one's own activities (a person is able to argue passionately, with fervor and in all seriousness about the hobbits' genealogies, but after a minute the same hobbits will become the object of his ridicule - in general, that Tolkienist who always takes himself seriously is bad) ;

· For a significant part, symbols of an amazing readiness to believe with a minimum of grounds for faith (belief in magic, etc.) are characteristic. For example, there are those who consider themselves atheists, but do not doubt the existence of elves.

Tolkienists themselves single out in the structure of their hangout several types of people who came here, in accordance with the reasons that led to Tolkienism.

1. Firstly, these are people who, for some reason, have not been able to establish themselves in the big world, or have managed, but they don’t like what they did. They cling to the new world like polar explorers to a radio station, because loss means the final collapse of life. Over time, such people constitute the elite of Tolkienism; they close in their narrow circle, and here religion really grows, but directed inward - therefore, the influx of a new flock is extremely undesirable, because the system is hermetic, fresh blood can destroy it.

2. Another part of the Tolkienists are those who just like to play. Role-playing allows a person to be in the shoes of another, while remaining himself at the same time - and this is an interesting emotional experience. Unlike the theatre, the game provides an almost unlimited opportunity for action. For the most part, such individuals lead a normal "civilian" life, and games are considered as a hobby, a means to take a break from the harsh everyday life.

3. The third category are those who need to experience their otherness. In fact, the Tolkienist with his fancy costumes, swords under his arm, medieval style of behavior really attracts attention. As a rule, such individuals are carried away in parallel with a lot of other things and, in general, do not stay long in Tolkienist society.

Conclusion

Participation in a subculture is a “game of adulthood”, where young people construct some kind of life situations and learn how to behave in them. The only thing worth considering is that subcultures are often influenced by commercial companies that dictate fashion and consumer behavior to them. At the moment, for sociologists, marketers and social psychologists, there is an urgent problem - the replacement of the social model among young people with consumer behavior.

Youth subcultures create their own culture that helps young people adapt to life, takes on some of the functions of socialization of individuals that the family, school, formal youth organizations and the state cannot cope with.

In conclusion, I would like to note the positive consequences of youth subcultures:

The general aggressiveness of showdowns between street gangs decreased, the negative energy of confrontation was realized in a different form;

The youth involved in hip-hop were distracted from drugs and alcohol, since breaking requires sports training;

The situation in the criminal, disadvantaged neighborhoods of large cities in America and Europe, and other regions of the world has noticeably improved;

In its non-commercial forms, the subculture does not require large financial investments from young people;

It makes it possible to organize active leisure for a certain part of the youth, focused on the values ​​of a particular subcultural structure.

Today in the world society there are many different subcultures. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by originality, unusualness, brightness. An informal person tries to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then we will talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• anime people
• Bikers
• vanilla
• Glamor
• Gopnik
• grungers
• graffitiers
• Cyber ​​Goth
• Metalworkers
• New Age (New Age)
• Punks
• Pedovki
• Rastafans
• Ravers
• rockers
• rappers
• Skinheads
• dudes
• straight age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• hackers
• Hippie
• hipsters

Alternatives

In the early 90s, an alternative subculture was formed, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternatives is catchy, they are quite easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they walk around in piercings and wear wide clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the current - bearded long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers is a member of the club. By the stripes on the clothes, they determine which club he is a member of. This is a distinctive sign, thanks to which bikers differ from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own value system, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a “civilized society”.

Gopnik

The gopnik subculture began to exist in the last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of gopniks is a tendency to violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which in terms of complexity of understanding can sometimes be compared with the complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, such movements as emo, goths, rappers, gopniks do not recognize and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks cut their hair short and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of the adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the ready subculture originates from music. Distinctive features of the Goths is the predominance of black clothing, girls go with dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories symbolizing death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of the adherents of this trend is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement spawned a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalworkers

The subculture of metalheads originated in the 1960s and spread throughout almost the entire world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style of Heavy Metal. Metalheads, as a rule, are called fans of heavy rock music and all varieties of metal.

In the image of a representative of the subculture there are leather clothes, images of skulls, a lot of metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, bandanas. Ideology and philosophy, as such, they do not, all beliefs and views are focused entirely on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to take shape as early as 1930 in England. The first punks were people from the poorer areas of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, brawls. The ideology and worldview of punks is reduced to anarchy.

Distinctive features of punks are the Mohawk - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets worn on the naked body, torn T-shirts, a large number of piercings on the face.

dudes

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in defiant clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

The dudes of those times protested against the standard stereotypes of behavior, uniformity in clothing. The subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Stylish men wore tight trousers ("pipes"), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and lots of jewelry. Stilyagi, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The subculture of freaks was formed in the 20th century in North America. Representatives of the current adhere to the main idea - to stand out among the crowd of people around them. For these purposes, not only clothes are used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term "freak" comes from the English word Freak, which means - a strange person. Each follower of the subculture seeks to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent adherents of piercing - they massively pierce all sorts of places for themselves, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture originated in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate movement, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists), they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in the distribution of drugs among young people, ostensibly to expand their consciousness.

Representatives of the hippies wore loose clothes, a large number of baubles on their hands and long hair.

Subculture - these are behavior patterns, life styles, specific values ​​and their symbolic expression of a social group.

Not only age cohorts and special sections of youth, but also professional groups have their own subcultures. Subcultures Doctors, cosmonauts, actors, television men, teachers have it ... The usual teacher words “window”, “hours”, “rusichka”, “prolong” are far from clear to all representatives of other professions. And try to decipher the slang of TV journalists: “brick”, “canned food”, “live”, “ruler”, “parquet” ...

youth subculture – these are behavior patterns, clothing styles, musical preferences, language (slang), specific values ​​and their symbolic expressions, typical for groups of young people (12-25 years old).

Youth subcultures have existed for a long time, at least since the second half of the twentieth century. In our country, they attracted the attention of society and the media in 1980s. In those years, the bearers of such special cultural practices were usually called members of informal youth associations. The most famous examples are hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads.

The main socio-psychological feature of informal youth associations is the symbolization of appearance, lifestyle, behavior, in particular, clothing, speaking style. For example, long hippie hair is not only long hair, but also a symbol of freedom; the English-language layer of hippie slang is an orientation towards Western patterns of behavior; an apartment where informals gather is not just a room, but a flat, where everyone is their own, united by an unpretentious style of everyday life.

Types of subcultures

Alternatives - formed in the first half 90s. It included representatives rappers, metalheads and punks. Of all youth musical directions, they stand out for their friendliness towards representatives of any subcultures. Unlike all musical movements, Alternative combined several styles at once, which made it possible to create a completely separate subculture. Based on the style hard core, were later involved Grunge And Industrial.

Toward the turn of 2000, the new style hit within mainstream and began to spread massively around the world. A huge impetus in the development of its popularity was provided by such groups as: Linkin Park,Korn, Limp Bizkit.

The appearance of Alternatives immediately catches the eye, those. They are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. They wear wide clothes and piercings. This subculture did not have a special ideology, everything rested on a musical experiment that radically changed the development of world music.

anime people- came from japanese anime series, which began to be filmed on a large scale in the twentieth century. Followers and adherents are easy to identify by bright things, symbolism. As a rule, Anime people do not hide this, but on the contrary put it on display. As for ideology and philosophy, within the framework of this subculture, it is completely absent. This movement is well developed in large cities, which cannot be said about settlements with a small number of people.

Of all the existing, modern youth subcultures, this name is the most harmless, not carrying any danger, both for society and for its followers. The main thing that Anime people do is watching Anime in large quantities and discussing it in their circle.

Bikers- the subculture goes far to the roots in about 60-70s It was then that this direction began to take shape. The members of this class are usually men in their 30s who cannot imagine life without the following things: motorcycle, beer and rock music. All these three elements are inextricably linked.

Distinctive features bikers is from other types of subcultures - this motorcycle, long hair, skin, beard and beer belly. As a rule, they travel in groups, it is rare to meet them alone. Every self-respecting biker is a member of the club. You can determine in which one by the stripes on his clothes. This is the main sign of how the representatives of this class distinguish themselves from each other.

From other representatives of various subcultures, they are distinguished by a more or less calm character (relatively), they are the first to not get involved in fights, they live on their own, but if you touch a motorcyclist who is a member of a biker club, nothing good will come of it.

Today, the biker movement has also added scooters. They, as a rule, are ridden only by the younger generation, who do not have the money to buy a good motorcycle. Now they are already accepted into clubs, moreover, there is a separate movement in individual clubs.

Vanilla Girls or Vanillas- this is a new subculture that was born quite recently (compared to all youth subcultures, just a few years ago). Moreover, this direction covered only girls. The main distinguishing feature from other youth movements is carrying a camera all the time, (by and large mirror), in all places. Also, such girls are distinguished by increased emotionality and sensuality. With the help of a camera, Vanillas convey their emotional mood, and this is the only way they can do this.

Glamor - is one of the youngest subcultures of our time. It was formed on the basis club life and secular parties. The most important feature that distinguishes Glamor from other subcultures is unquestioning adherence to the latest fashion trends. You spend a lot of money on your looks. What do glamor people wear? are global brands Adidas and others. Moreover, both a woman and a man can get into this subculture. Each gender has its own dress code.

Gopnik - subculture arose in the last years of the existence of the USSR. In their ideology and behavior, they are extremely close to hooligans. From other youth subcultures, Gopnik stand out prison slang, increased violence and low IQ. The term Gopnik itself originated from the word "GOP stop"- sudden robbery. Attitude towards other subcultures is aggressive, i.e. long hair makes the gopnik aggressive. They are wearing tracksuits and short hair.

Goths- like any modern trend of youth originates from music. In their appearance, they are distinguished by the predominance (monotonous) black in clothes and cosmetics(if we are talking about girls), and also symbols related to death - teeth, crosses, inverted crosses, pentagrams, and so on. Throughout the existence of this Goth subculture, its adherents have not developed their own ideology, which should be followed. The only thing that remains unchanged and eternal among the representatives of this movement is a gloomy look and a predominance of decadence in the mood.

According to established traditions, a favorite place where people who adhere to this subculture gather is cemeteries(urban, rural, suburban, etc.).

Also, after 2000, another, more modern, separated from the Gotha subculture - Cyber ​​Goth.

grungers- one of the oldest subcultures, they arose under the influence of the musical direction grunge, from where they actually stood out as a separate culture in about 1990-1991. Her ancestors group Nirvana who were able to promote not only their style to the masses, but also give rise to a whole generation of their followers. In appearance, the Grangers are easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures, as a rule, they dress like their idol. Kurt Cobain, those. plaid shirt, sneakers and long hair- these three elements completely form the image and image. Moreover, preference is given to worn out clothes. Often, such things are bought in second-hand stores to form an image, style and image.

They are completely harmless to others. The grunge subculture is also distinguished by its conservatism, unwillingness to change its foundations of life, norms, philosophy or value system. As for age, there are no restrictions. Among the grungers you can meet both at the age of 15 (youth), and fully formed and established people (for 25-30 years). As mentioned above, this is the safest and most non-aggressive social movement in our time.

graffitiers - emerged from street art graffiti, at the end 1960s. At that time, this direction was called modern avant-garde. Later from USA graffiti began to spread rapidly throughout the world. As a rule, young people are involved in this movement, i.e. quite rarely you can meet adults with a spray can of paint. Choose different places for graffiti. Graffiti artists willingly draw both on abandoned buildings and on subway cars; it is not uncommon that works by contemporary artists can also be found on the central streets of large cities.

Cyber ​​Goth - is the youngest and most developing subculture. Tentatively, the origins of the birth fall on the 1990th year. The origins themselves were taken precisely from the Gothic movement, but in a short time they were completely reoriented. Like most subcultures, Cyber ​​Goths were formed due to musical trends in particular style. Noise, and Industrial, which was radically different from other existing styles of that period of time.

As the main hairstyles are used: dreadlocks, hair dyed in different colors, not uncommon among representatives of this movement and Iroquois, but with the punk subculture, they have nothing to do. The color range ranges from green to black, but bright ones are predominantly used. Word Cyber, is used for a reason. If you take a closer look at their appearance, you can see microchips, involved as an element of fashion design, i.e. own style.

Since this is the most modern subculture, the passion for computers is considered here by default. 90% of representatives of this informal direction are well versed in today's computer technologies.

Metalworkers- the subculture was formed at the beginning1960s. This direction was bornmusic style metal, or to be more precise, the styleheavy metal. The term metalworkers denotes all adherentsheavy rock musicand all kinds of metal, ranging from classicalHeavy Metal to Thrash Metalother more difficult areas. From this subculture, another one subsequently separated -satanists , which completely separated itself and became an absolutely independent current. Modern metalheads, however, like the founders of the direction, love a free life, living for their own pleasure. In these circles, it is common to drink alcohol and attend heavy rock concerts, as far as drugs are concerned, this is not accepted, although there are individual cases. The main component of this subculture is teenagers, aged 16 to 20 years old, as well as "Old" (old) representatives of this direction, metalheads aged 45 or more often come across.

From the image metal worker the following can be distinguished: leather clothes(mostly black) a lot of metal on the body(chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), big boots, piercing(usually in the left ear), bandanas. From symbolism, often found skulls. Adherents of this direction introduced into use, the most popular informal gesture, called "Goat".

New Age -its essence lies in spiritual self-improvement. Hereread books, and it is considered thathigher intellectual and spiritual level of a person, the higher his status within the given subculture. Differences from ordinary people lie not only in this, it also touched on religion. The standard religions, Islam, Christianity or Buddhism are completely rejected by them. On the basis of world teachings, each member of the New Age creates his own current, interfering with the teachings of mystical vices with the rites of manism, neo-paganism or occult currents.

Punks- how a separate subculture began to form back in 1930, at that time there was no such thing as rock music, but it was then that the lifestyle and appearance of adherents of this direction began to become. The place of occurrence of Panks (homeland) is England. The first punks were people from the poor areas of the city of Wales. Their entertainment was robberies, hooligans, fights, debauchery. At that time, in these circles, the so-called Black Jazz. As for their ideology, almost all ideas and worldviews come down to ordinary anarchy, i.e. the existence of people without laws and state control.

Iroquois- a symbol of the punk movement, leather jackets on the naked body or torn T-shirts, massive facial piercings and neglect of the bath and shower- all these are the hallmarks of this subculture.

At rock concerts, Punks act aggressively, arranging Slam drinking alcohol in large quantities.

Pedovki (or another name for Pendovka) appeared very recently, about 2008 - 2009 year, this term was firmly included in informal hangouts. They call fagots girls(as a rule, youth age up to 20 years, to be more precise, from 12-17 years old- this is the peak of the age at which the wave of this youth movement is brought). In their appearance, demeanor, they try to combine the “positive” aspects of different subcultures, for example ready, emo, punk, and others. In particular, they create an image for themselves glamorous girl, trying to attract as much attention as possible with their appearance. Of all the youth subcultures, they are one of the youngest and most despised.

In appearance, it is easy to distinguish them from representatives of other movements of directions, for example, they wear modern clothes for 12 months a year. skate shoes and clothes from specialized stores (board shops), brands are preferred Fallen. The arms are hung with various cheap bracelets purchased in McDonaldze, Euroset or Svyaznoy, as well as a large abundance icons. Also drawing on your own body, with a black marker, various expressions or “pictures”. Among this movement is actively distributed piercing, and everything that is possible is pierced.

Rastafans- the subculture was formed around 1920s. The culture itself began to spread from African territories, later covering caribbean. ideology is built around cannabis cult(cannabis), excessive consumption of this natural product and listening to songs recorded in the style reggae.

The appearance is very simple, but at the same time very catchy, i.e. ordinary T-shirts and the image or symbolism of hemp, manually linked hats or hoodies, dreadlocks. The color scheme in clothing, paraphernalia and symbols consists of three colors: red, yellow, green. It is not uncommon for different objects to be woven into the hair: balls, thread and so on. Majority Rastamans, wears long dreadlocks emphasizing their attitude to their subculture. The meaning of the Rassman subculture is as follows: smoke marijuana, expand your consciousness, comprehend the meaning of life, do no harm to others, promote reggae to the masses.

Ravers - subculture is an endless night parties at which they perform top djs, and from the speakers comes out electronic dance music. Ravers - party-goers subculture. The source of youth priorities is dance music, and their way of life originates from idols - musicians. "Rave" translates as a mass disco where DJs perform.

rockers- subculture appeared in 1960s year on the territory England. It was originally applied to young people who rode motorcycles.

The image of the rocker subculture is practical, in principle it has survived to this day. They are wearing leather jackets (leather jackets), decorated with various stripes, iron buttons and other paraphernalia. Of all the subcultures, rockers stand out for their kind attitude towards others and the complete absence of aggression towards representatives of other youth trends. The only negative traits of rockers is a strong addiction to drugs, alcohol and nakatina(cigarettes). In our time, this subculture has practically ceased to exist, as other musical directions and subcultures have replaced, such as alternatives And metalworkers.

rappers- the most common of all existing youth areas in Russia. Mass fashion, which came from the United States, is firmly entrenched in our country.

In appearance, it is quite simple to identify Rappers, they are wearing clothes on several sizes larger, i.e. she just hangs. Accepted in rap circles pathos, i.e. the more pretentious a person is, the steeper his surroundings treat him. Modern rap dictates the rules for its followers - the main focus is on sex, violence and toughness.

Among this youth movement is widespread basketball, beatbox, graffiti, break dance and other areas.

Skinheads- are one of the youngest directions. They got their name due to their appearance - bald voice(shaved). Moreover, the first followers did not come from Nazi Germany, as is now accepted. It began to actively emerge in Germany in 1960. Skinheads began to actively spread throughout the globe, by the year 2000, completely capturing the whole world.

Separately, it should be mentioned that, in general, the skinhead subculture is aimed at preservation of the nation, and the modern political system is trying to mix all peoples and nations. This is the main reason why skinheads fight so hard for the purity of the blood of their people. The swastika began to be used after the era Adolf Hitler, as a symbol of the movement of their ideology. In the early 1980s, members of this movement frequently adorned their bodies with swastika tattoos.

dudes- was considered the Soviet movement of the second half 40s – 50s years. At this time, on the busy streets of cities, one could see young people dressed obscenely in defiant clothes. Supporters of the movement of that time were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior and morality.

Subculture dudes- it's kind of protest against standard stereotypes of behavior, uniformity in dress and style. After two decades of alienation of the USSR from the West, in the 1940s, the “window” to the new world was finally opened. Fashion magazines and jazz records began to be brought from Europe, and the first foreign films were shown in cinemas. Therefore, the contrast reflecting the “Western way of life” in films has become a model of behavior for post-war youth.

About where the newfangled word at that time came from "dude" it's hard to understand now. According to one version, it was "born" on the pages of the popular magazine "Crocodile"(1949). In it, the falletonists so called the dressed up dudes "listening to jazz and hanging out in restaurants." A few years later, the word "dandies" came into use and, in fact, became the name of a new youth movement.

The style formed by the 50s was significantly different from the communist ideology. men wore tight pants(famous "pipes"), long double-breasted jackets, brightly colored shirts paired with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses. For girls it was typical: sewn bows and the predominance of a large number of trinkets. Light costumes were complemented by all sorts of accessories (sticks or belts). Particular preference was given to colors in a cage, peas or large stripes.

straight age(sXe) - formed from a subculture Punk, gradually separating as a separate direction over time. Short for straight edge, spelled and sounds like sXe. The ideology of this youth subculture is very simple - an explicit, not hidden call for a healthy lifestyle, the rejection of meat and alcohol, that is, the preservation of one's health, not only physically, but also spiritually. The date of origin (formation) is considered to be 80s.

« Food instead of bombs”, so the followers of straight edge interpreted themselves until 2000, however, after this milestone, their ideals did not change much, except that a different musical preference was given than ordinary punk or hardcore.

From clothes and symbols, they are distinguished from other representatives of various subcultures only Cross (X) or use the shorthand abbreviation ( sXe). Later, the symbolism became the subject of tattoos.

Tolkienists- the direction appeared at about 1960, its idea, it is fully obliged writer D. Tolkien. The first sources were formed in the United States. As a rule, all works and the movement of Tolkienists are scientific and research works, in which the languages ​​of the created fantasy world, the intricacies of writing a series of books and controversial moments in the plots that appeared as they were written are studied. It was from the Tolkienists that a new direction went - roleplayers(role-playing, not to be confused with a sexual term). They completely imitated with their appearance the image of their fantastic character - orcs, elves, hobbits and other inhabitants of the Mediterranean. They completely got used to their image, and sometimes to such an extent that they practically lost touch with the real world.

The main feature that distinguishes them from other subcultures is passion for literature, and this is manifested not only in reading, but also in writing my own books dedicated to the themes of its legendary writer.

Trash models- sees the goal of fighting against glamor. Thus, trash girls, through their appearance, tend to litter the glamorous style that is fashionable today, to create ironic and cruel caricature. In order to stand out from the crowd, the youth of this trend will do everything possible - they will combine absolutely incompatible things: leopard print with cartoon T-shirts, lace and military, checks and stripes, rhinestones and spikes, creepy skulls and cute flowers, as well as butterflies, tiaras , anarchist and satanic symbolism ...

Also widely and universally used tattoos, piercing(including, " tunnels"- wide holes in the ears and not only in them), "snake language". Apart from bright makeup, false eyelashes, painted eyebrows(or their complete absence) the glamorous world of trash models is challenged by uneven asymmetrical hairstyles(ala "I fell off a dump truck..."). At the same time, the desire to surpass the rainbow is clearly expressed in the hair color. Among this trend, both traditional colors (acid pink, purple, yellow, arctic white) or mixed with each other, as well as "raccoon tail" and "exotic raccoon tail" (black and white or any other colored striped hair) are popular. For complete chaos, sometimes added to all this dreadlocks or afro braids.

Their favorite pastime is to take pictures of themselves from a very close distance in order to appear in all their shocking beauty. The main rule of the trash movement is the absence of any rules. They do not drive themselves into the framework of any particular subculture. It's more of a lifestyle.

Freaks(Freak) - a subculture formed in XX century, in the territory North America. Until now, her followers adhere to one main idea - stand out from the crowd of people around. To do this, they use not only clothes, but also use a different behavior and philosophy. The term Freak itself comes from the English word freak, which means - a strange man. Each follower of this direction creates his own image and in no case adheres to social standards.

Often creative people enter this subculture musicians, actors, artists, writers and other representatives of creative professions.

fans(or football fans) - the subculture was formed at the beginning 1930s, after Football became a popular game around the world, the number of followers of this direction has increased exponentially. It so happened that each football club had its own staff of fans who supported their favorite team at games and tournaments. The main feature that distinguishes this subculture from others is minimal idealism - anyone can become a football fan, and no significant effort is required from him.

Fans are especially active after major football matches, when in the nearest areas of the stadium, literally everything is carried. This movement spawned a network beer bars focused specifically on a particular group. Subsequently, they became a kind of headquarters and a gathering place for regular fans.

hackers- is one of the youngest directions of our millennium. As a rule, these are people (young men and persons under 30 years old) who proficient in computers. By their appearance, it is difficult to identify them on the street. Most of them prefer to sit at home at the computer, rather than spend time in the company of their peers on the street or in entertainment venues. First of all, these are the people who can hack programs or entire websites, they can easily bypass any security systems. Do not confuse hacker with programmer. These two directions differ significantly from each other, although they have much in common with each other than it might seem at first glance. It should be said right away that not every programmer, maybe Hacker. As a rule, not all of them reveal their identities. On the net they hide behind fictitious and names called Nicks.

Hippie- a subculture originated in the territory America during 1960s years. In general, it was an integral youth movement of white people. Its main difference was a separate concept of society and social foundations. They were also distinguished peacekeeping position(pacifists), they hated nuclear weapons and any force on people. In parallel with the political context, Hippie made a great contribution to the development minor religions, promoting them to the masses through their movement. Moreover, they have had a huge development in the distribution of drugs among young people, motivating this as an expansion of consciousness. Among the drugs, it was common to use marijuana (cannabis) and LSD, as a rule, this was done for meditation. Appearance subculture The hippie stood out loose clothes, a lot of baubles on her hands and long hair.

Hipsters - the main contingent of adherents of this direction was taken from the audience jazz music. The scope was later expanded to include indie styles, alternative music, films of the genre art house and modern literature. Hipster age ranges from 16-25 years old, mostly they are representatives of the middle class who are looking for new forms and ways of social self-expression.

It is quite easy to recognize such people on the street, they are wearing T-shirts with prints(massively common nowadays) sneakers, notebook, SLR camera,iPhone (or tablet computer).

They are passive to politics, riots, protests or other forms of youth expression. Complete apathy towards the entire social world is an invariable feature of this subculture of the stratum. They like to take a lot of photos, posting them in most cases on social networks, for general viewing. They like to keep online diaries, on such popular blog services as LiveJournal(LJ), Blogs Mail, Twitter.

Emo boys- the most beautiful representatives of the male half harm all adherents of rock. Many girls are attracted to bright tight T-shirts, torn, sloping bangs and black eyeliner. Today it is not uncommon to meet an emo boy on the street with black polished nails. Excessive neatness in clothes and a well-groomed appearance (which is quite rare among ordinary teenagers) attracts the attention of girls. Emo boys just like girls lead a healthy lifestyle. At present, there are many around the world emo bands. Many won the love of their fans not only with the lyrics, but also with the beauty of their voices.

A subculture is a community of people whose beliefs, views on life and behavior are different from those generally accepted or simply hidden from the general public, which distinguishes them from the broader concept of culture, of which they are an offshoot. The youth subculture appeared in science in the mid-1950s. Since traditional societies develop gradually, at a slow pace, relying mainly on the experience of older generations, insofar as the phenomenon of youth culture refers mainly to dynamic societies, and was seen in connection with "technogenic civilization". If earlier culture was not so clearly divided into "adult" and "youth" (regardless of age, everyone sang the same songs, listened to the same music, danced the same dances, etc.), now the "fathers" and "children" have serious differences in value orientations, and in fashion, and in the methods of communication, and even in the way of life in general. As a specific phenomenon, youth culture also arises due to the fact that the physiological acceleration of young people is accompanied by a sharp increase in the duration of their socialization period (sometimes up to 30 years), which is caused by the need to increase the time for education and professional training that meets the requirements of the era. Today, a young man ceases to be a child early (according to his psychophysiological development), but according to his social status, he does not belong to the world of adults for a long time. Adolescence is the time when economic activity and independence have not yet been fully achieved. Psychologically, youth belongs to the world of adults, and sociologically, to the world of adolescence. If in terms of saturation with knowledge a person matures much earlier, then in terms of position in society, the opportunity to say one's word - his maturity is pushed back. "Youth" as a phenomenon and sociological category, born of industrial society, is characterized by psychological maturity in the absence of significant participation in the institutions of adults.

The emergence of youth culture is associated with the uncertainty of the social roles of young people, uncertainty about their own social status. In the ontogenetic aspect, the youth subculture is presented as a phase of development through which everyone must go. Its essence is the search for social status. Through it, the young man "exercises" in the performance of the roles that he will later have to play in the world of adults. The most accessible social platforms for specific activities of young people are leisure, where you can show your own independence: the ability to make decisions and lead, organize and organize. Leisure is not only communication, but also a kind of social game, the lack of skills in such games in youth leads to the fact that a person considers himself free from obligations even in adulthood. In dynamic societies, the family partially or completely loses its function as an instance of socialization of the individual, since the pace of changes in social life gives rise to a historical discrepancy between the older generation and the changed tasks of the new time. With the entry into adolescence, a young man turns away from his family, looking for those social ties that should protect him from a society that is still alien. Between a lost family and a society not yet found, a young man strives to join his own kind. The informal groups formed in this way provide the young person with a certain social status. The price for this, often, is the rejection of individuality and complete submission to the norms, values ​​and interests of the group. These informal groups produce their own subculture, which differs from the culture of adults. It is characterized by internal uniformity and external protest against generally accepted institutions. Due to the presence of their own culture, these groups are marginal in relation to society, and therefore always contain elements of social disorganization, and potentially gravitate toward behavior that deviates from generally recognized norms.

Quite often, everything is limited only by the eccentricity of behavior and violation of the norms of generally accepted morality, interests around sex, "parties", music and drugs. However, the same environment forms a countercultural value orientation, the highest principle of which is the principle of pleasure, enjoyment, which acts as an incentive motive and the goal of all behavior. The entire value network of the youth counterculture is connected with irrationalism, which is dictated by the recognition of the actual human only in the natural, that is, the dissociation of the "human" from the "social" that arose as a result of the "monopoly of the head." The consistent implementation of irrationalism defines hedonism as the leading value orientation of the youth counterculture. Hence the morality of permissiveness, which is the most important and organic element of the counterculture. Since the existence of the counterculture is concentrated on "today", "now", then the hedonistic aspiration is a direct consequence of this.

Subcultures may differ in age, race, ethnicity and/or class, gender. The traits that define a subculture can be aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, or any other, or a combination of them. Subcultures usually arise as an opposition to the values ​​of the broader cultural direction to which they belong, but theorists do not always agree with such an opinion. Fans of a subculture can demonstrate their unity through the use of a different style of clothing or behavior, as well as specific symbols. That is why the study of subcultures usually understands as one of the stages the study of symbolism, regarding clothing, music and other external preferences of fans of the subculture, as well as ways of interpreting the same symbols, only in the dominant culture. If a subculture is characterized by systematic opposition to the dominant culture, then it is defined as a counterculture. Currently, in the youth environment of our country, three leading categories of subculture can be distinguished, the first of which is formed by young people engaged in small business (majors). They are focused on "easy" money making and "beautiful life". They are characterized by business acumen, a fairly well-developed sense of corporatism. They are characterized by moral relativism, as a result of which the activities of such groups are often associated with illegal business and offenses.

The second category is made up of "lubers", "gopniks", etc. They are distinguished by strict discipline and organization, aggressiveness, professing a "cult of physical force", a pronounced criminal orientation, and in many cases - a connection with the criminal world. Their "ideology" is based on primitive socialist ideals tinged with "criminal romance". The basis of the activities of such groups is petty racketeering and speculation. Groups of this kind, as a rule, are well armed, and not only with chains, knives, brass knuckles, but also with firearms. The youth criminogenic associations described above in conditions of political instability pose a significant danger, since they are quite plastic material, and at any moment can become an instrument of activity of political organizations of radical and extremist orientation.

Modern youth, however, consists not only of informals. The third category is made up of the so-called "yuppies" and "non-oyuppies". They come from middle- and low-income families, distinguished by purposefulness, seriousness, pragmatism, independent judgments, assessments and activities. They are focused on ensuring material prosperity in the future and moving up the social and career ladder. Their interests are concentrated in the field of education, as a necessary springboard for successful advancement in life. In the manner of dressing, they are distinguished by a business classic style and accentuated neatness. "Yuppies", as a rule, do not have bad habits, take care of their health, doing prestigious sports. They are characterized by the desire to "make money" and successful careers as businessmen, bank employees, lawyers.

Hippies are a specific subgroup of a subculture that arose in the United States in the early sixties of the twentieth century, which quickly spread throughout the world, and practically disappeared by the mid-seventies. In the original, the hippies were part of a youth movement made up almost entirely of white teenagers and fairly young adults between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five who inherited the cultural rebellion from the bohemians and beatniks. The hippies scorned established notions, criticized middle-class values, and acted as a radical opposition to the use of nuclear weapons, the Vietnam War. They made popular and illuminated aspects of religions other than Judaism and Christianity that were practically unknown at that time. Hippies literally pushed through the sexual revolution; they encouraged the use of psychedelic drugs to expand human consciousness. Hippies created original communes where their values ​​were cultivated.

Punk is a subculture based on the musical passion for punk rock. Since breaking away from the broader rock and roll movement in the mid to late seventies, the punk movement has spread across the globe and developed into a great variety of forms. Any subculture arises only on the ruins of the previous trend, as happened in the seventies with the hippie-punk shift change. The touching, almost airy, hippie ideals were swept away by the unbridled energy of destruction represented by punk. Punk culture is distinguished by its own style of music, ideology and fashion. It has found its reflection in the visual arts, dance, literature and cinema. Punk itself is made up of many smaller subcultures such as street punk, heavy punk, and others. Punk maintains a close relationship with other subcultures such as goth and psychbility; supporters of this movement oppose commercialization, which is one of the main mechanisms of capitalism.