School encyclopedia. Main arts Spectacular arts

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, play and dance - all these are works of various kinds of art.

Art is classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-graphic arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres according to the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk about with you today.

Kinds of art

fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most common types of art. The very first works of painting belong to ancient times, they were found on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco by Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
easel painting- these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external resemblance and reveal the inner world, the essence of a person’s character.

I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sophia Ivanovna Kramskoy"
historical genre(image of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are very often intertwined, because. when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
mythological genre- an illustration of myths and traditions of different peoples.

S. Botticelli "The Birth of Venus"
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

V. Vasnetsov "After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy"
household genre- the image of scenes of everyday, personal life of a person.

A. Venetsianov "On arable land"
Scenery– depiction of nature, environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, etc.

And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - "dead nature") - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment.
Animal genre- image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include, first of all, drawing and engraving, in which the drawing is created mainly with the help of a line on a sheet of paper or with a cutter on a hard material, from which the image is imprinted onto a paper sheet.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a pattern is applied to a flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and imprinted on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main engraving materials are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The processing of the engraving board is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
print- an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The engraving is printed from a board engraved by the artist himself, often he also makes prints. Such works are usually signed, author's copies, considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
book graphics- the design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics - the creation of product labels, brand names, publisher's marks, packaging, advertising publications, letterheads and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising, is included in the design system.
ex libris- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The ex-libris is attached to the inside of the book binding or cover. Bookmarks are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography- type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and an impression from it.
Woodcut- woodcut.

Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching- type of engraving on metal, engraving method and print obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer, displayed in dynamics or in statics. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages, and to carry out unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately conveying their appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved, which embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them "Venuses".

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, there are easel and monumental forms in sculpture. monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. easel sculpture- these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and Crafts

The creators of works of arts and crafts set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but at the same time this thing must have certain artistic qualities. Items of everyday life should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, please the eye with the perfection of forms and colors.
Of course, now many works of arts and crafts have mainly aesthetic value, but this was not always the case.

The main types of arts and crafts

Batik– hand-painted on fabric

Work in the technique of hot batik (using wax)
beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
quilling- the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Art painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic leather processing

Art painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Glass work

Upper half window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photo art

The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Pictures on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to exquisite drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. The comic combines the features of such art forms as literature and fine arts.

Artist Winsor McKay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-Visual Arts

Architecture

Architecture- the art of designing and building buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of separate buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: a single whole is formed from buildings built at different times. An example is Red Square in Moscow.
Architecture makes it possible to judge the technical achievements and artistic styles of different eras. Until our time, the Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, the temples of Ancient Greece and Rome, have survived. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in Saint Petersburg

Literature

In the broad sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be attributed to a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epic, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville). , interlude, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by birth.
epic genus: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
lyric gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyro-epic genus: ballad, poem.
dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music- this is an art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, it is impossible to give one exhaustively precise definition of the concept of "music". This is a special kind of creative activity, including a craft, a profession.
Great visual and stylistic diversity of music.
Classic (or serious)- professional musical compositions born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular- predominantly song and dance music genres.
Non-European (non-European)- the music of those peoples (of the East), whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)- folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of the ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (light)- music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz- performing traditions of American blacks rethought by Europeans, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock- music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- a direction in professional composer creativity in the 20th century.
Alternative- new musical compositions or performances (sound performances, "performances"), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function that it performs: military, church, religious, theatrical, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- this is music played on instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music is symphonic and chamber.
Chamber music- compositions intended for performance in small rooms, for home, "room" music-making. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle states of mind of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata- one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude- a piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French "night") - a genre of a small one-part melodic lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(lat. "introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be a standalone work.

Quartet- a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each type of music, own styles and trends can arise and develop, distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, seriality, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) art forms

Theater

Spectacular art form, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. The art of the theater has long been known: the theater was born from ancient ritual festivals that reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes in allegorical form.

Opera

A type of art in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dances, painting, scenery and costumes are merged into a single whole.

La Scala Theater (Milan)

Stage

A type of art of small forms, mainly of a popular and entertaining direction. Variety includes directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clowning.

Circus

A type of spectacular art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of the performances of the modern circus is a demonstration of tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, tightrope walking,), trained animals.

Cinematography

A type of spectacular art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (decoration), etc.

Ballet

Type of performing arts; performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. A classical ballet performance is based on a certain plot, a dramatic idea. In the XX century. a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which is based on the development inherent in music.

Let us turn to the interpretation of the main object of our study - namely, the spectacle. A spectacle (from the Old Russian zrti, zryu - to see, I see. The verb to see - to see had a participial form with the suffix -l- which gave the noun "spectacle" with the suffix -shch-e-) - that which is perceived with the help of a glance, then what watch (phenomenon, incident, landscape, sports parades or competitions, interactive games). From the same root come the words "vision" and "spectator" - the one who perceives the spectacle.

In the field of art, the term "spectacle" is sometimes used as a synonym for the word "performance" - theatrical, concert and others. More often this word is used as an adjective - "spectacular enterprises", "spectacular arts". However, despite the etymology of the term, not all of its types perceived with the help of vision belong to the performing arts. Painting or sculpture belong to the fine arts. In this classification, the presence of the viewer, who is a full-fledged co-author of spectacular art, becomes decisive.

Spectacular works of art exist only at the moment of their performance, and disappear forever with the end of the performance. A performance, a concert, a circus performance, a theatrical holiday cannot be exactly repeated: the momentary reaction of the audience forms a variety of semantic and emotional shades of each particular performance. Spectacular arts involve active spectator perception, which has a direct impact on the performance. In fact, without the participation of spectators, spectacular art forms are impossible; in this case, we can only talk about a rehearsal (the stage of preparing a spectacle).

Spectacular arts include theater (drama, opera, ballet, puppetry, pantomime), circus, stage, mass and collective theatrical holidays. The only exception to the general rule is the art of cinema and television, where spectacular works are fixed on film and then exist unchanged, regardless of the reactions and perceptions of the audience. However, this exception is quite understandable and natural: these very young types of art arose and exist thanks to the development of modern technologies, which determine not only fundamentally new ways of creating them, but also a fundamentally new type of relationship with the viewer.

The concept itself, and with it the word "spectacle", takes shape only by the 5th century BC; with the development of cities, with the division and specialization of labor, with the rise of the role of the commercial bourgeoisie. From the moment they are set on the “spectacle”, the actions gradually begin to adapt to the requirements of the viewer and become spectacular regardless of everything else. But if spectacle becomes the new main characteristic, then, in any case, the basis of the phenomenon continues to be some kind of action, or what the Greeks called dromena - a participial adjective from the verb draomaj - I act. It was these dromena, surrounded by curious spectators, that turned into theamata, that is, into a spectacle. The main feature of a theatrical spectacle is action: without action there is no theater.

In the broad sense of the word "spectacle" is a specific form of ideological, emotional, aesthetic communication. The range of phenomena that have entertainment is practically inexhaustible: sports competitions and games, public rituals and ceremonies, various kinds of festivities and festive situations. Even this incomplete list gives reason to say:

about artistic spectacles, which include theater, cinema, stage, circus;

about phenomena of a spectacular type, including sports events, exhibitions, shows and demonstrations of the achievements of science and technology, modern fashion, as well as life facts and events that attract attention.

Of course, such a division is very relative, since the analysis of modern reality reveals complex dependencies and connections between these types of spectacles. And, indeed, how strong the bonds of interaction and mutual influence of sport and art have become in figure skating or in the performance of gymnasts: but for us, such a difference is essential from the point of view of understanding that phenomena of a spectacular type are not connected by a single plot, or even a theme, while artistic spectacles are created on the basis of dramatic works (plays, scripts) and must be carefully prepared.

If the spectacles of both types have such common features as efficiency, collectivity, "deployment to the viewer", then only "spectacular arts" have signs of integrity and completeness, syntheticity and imagery. The most important characteristic of the performing arts is the effect of participation, empathy of the viewer with a pre-calculated result and taking into account the dependence of the perception of the spectacle on the convention system of a particular type of art, on the visual ability of the viewer, on the movement of the viewer's attention. In this regard, it should be noted the importance of the director's ability to focus the viewer's attention on what is most important and essential in the spectacle and thereby stimulate and “forcedly direct the viewer's involvement in the action.

Consider several encyclopedic publications in which there is a definition of the term "spectacle".

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. Dahl, published in 1866, "spectacle" is defined as "an incident, event, incident, visible to the eyes, everything that we consider, that we look at carefully." The second meaning of this term is "theatrical performance, theatre".

In the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of F. Brockhaus and I. Efron of 1894, the word “spectacle” has many definitions, one of which sounds like this: “Public spectacles and entertainment include: performances, concerts, balls and masquerades in all theaters, as imperial , and private, in circuses, clubs, gardens and in general in all kinds of public places, exhibitions and bazaars with music, private museums, literary and musical mornings and evenings, live pictures, horse races, races, races, menageries, shooting ranges, carousels, swing. If you delete from this list what is historically outdated, and the rest will be enough. It turns out that the spectacle is everything that we consider, what we look at carefully. Brockhaus and Efron, refusing the theoretical definition of the spectacle, give only an enumeration of spectacular forms. A more detailed description of the holidays was given in the same dictionary published in 1898. The compilers of the dictionary divided holidays into Old Testament, church and folk. The analysis of the Old Testament and church holidays was done by the authors of the dictionary relatively superficially. Revealing the content of folk holidays, they essentially reflected the level of development of the historiography of the problem for that period. The compilers of the dictionary noted that the researchers - their contemporaries - following Grimm, Afanasiev and Potebnya, considered folk holidays to be the experience of half-forgotten pagan ideas, suggesting that the holidays of various saints replaced pagan holidays, and "attributes of the old gods" were transferred to the saints. Brockhaus and Efron did not agree with this point of view. They noted: “This opinion can now be considered greatly shaken. If the Slavic and German Olympuses ever existed, then they, in any case, did not have the fullness and harmony of the state religion of Greece and Rome, with their numerous borrowings from Eastern cults.

The first attempts to scientifically define spectacles appeared at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. No reference publications of a culturological nature were published at that time, however, fundamental encyclopedic works came out of print, reflecting the significant cultural experience of human activity. In particular, one of the most authoritative publications of that time was the Collegiate Dictionary of the Garnet Brothers. The dictionary, reprinted several times, traditionally paid attention to explaining the social and cultural essence of the holiday. It noted: “The holiday is based on the natural desire of the human body to rest after work, connecting with religious feeling, this desire leads to the establishment of holidays, that is, such days of rest, which at the same time are marked by a special worship. The religious moment that enters into the concept of a holiday is different. That holidays are associated with the calendar moments of field work; in accordance with this, the holidays are associated with various deities and myths. Calendar holidays are usually mixed with the cycle of agricultural work, being the most common after the usual weekly days of rest. This article focuses on the fact that as religion developed, it was gradually connected with "naturalistic holidays", and later these included holidays that were of a historical nature.

Considering the history of the emergence of the term "spectacle", it should be noted that in special reference and encyclopedic editions - "Theatrical Encyclopedia" of 1963, "Kinoslovar" of 1966, as well as in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" of 1951, it is absent. In the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 1933, the concept of "spectacle" covered the category associated with the extremely popular games and mass festivities in the 1920s, which, of course, is far from complete. Thus, the definition of the concept of "spectacle" disappeared - and not only from reference publications, but also from theoretical studies.

The first reason for the “disappearance” of the concept of “spectacle” may be related to the insignificant share of spectacles in the structure of leisure. Back in the 18th century, some researchers (for example, Gottgold Ephraim Lessing - the great German thinker, critic, writer) came to this conclusion based on a comparison of the attitudes towards the spectacle of the ancients and their contemporaries. “Why does this difference of tastes come from,” G. Lessing wrote, “if not from the fact that the Greeks were inspired by such strong, so extraordinary feelings during the performances that they could not wait for the moment when they would experience them again. We, on the other hand, get such a poor impression from the theater that we rarely consider visiting it worth spending time and money. We almost all and almost always go to the theater out of curiosity, for the sake of fashion, out of boredom, for the sake of society, we want to see others and show ourselves, and only a few go with a different purpose, and even then rarely. It would seem that G. Lessing draws a line between the century of spectacles that are receding into the past and the century of their degeneration, that is, the 18th century. Perhaps, referring to the eighteenth century, he was right. But it is quite obvious that this statement does not characterize the modern era and belongs to history. Interest in the spectacle, appearing at the end of the 19th century, intensifying at the turn of the century, is growing stronger and expanding throughout the 20th century.

In later encyclopedias and theatrical works, the term "spectacle" appears again. Along with this concept, such terms as “holiday”, “mass spectacle”, “mass holiday”, “mass performance”, “areal theater”, “mass action”, “street theater” are also used as synonyms.

"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegova breaks the concept of "mass action" into: "mass action - by a completely large number of people, characteristic of the mass of people" and "action - in the old days a dramatic work".

In the dictionary "Culture and Culturology" (2003 edition), the definition of the concept of "spectacle" is also missing. But there is a wording of the term "areal theater", which is defined as "various types of theatrical performances in the squares and streets", which in our case is important.

In the book by D.M. Genkin "Mass Holidays" (1975) gives the following definition of the term "mass holiday". Under it, the author means an unusual phenomenon, synthesizing reality and art, artistically shaping this or that real life event.

In the book by Yu.M. Chernyak "Direction of holidays and spectacles" (2004) also has a definition of the term "a mass holiday is a complex of events of various types and spectacular forms of different genres; a multifunctional phenomenon that reflects the era, the life of society and its culture; the most ancient and most effective means of mass communication.

Having studied and analyzed various definitions of the term "mass spectacle", we came to the conclusion that mass spectacle is an area of ​​synthetic art that is constantly developing in many directions, taking place in the open air, in which a large number of people take part, designed for a mass audience. As a rule, it has a festive character and is embodied in theatrical, carnival forms.

For more than a hundred years, specialists have been striving to explore certain aspects of spectacular culture. Scientists, writers, publicists, cultural and art figures throughout this time have made attempts to determine the essence of spectacles as a social and cultural phenomenon, expressed their opinion about the place that holidays have occupied and occupy in the life of the state in the course of its development. Until the end of the 19th century, spectacles, as a rule, were not distinguished as an independent action, but were considered in the context of other similar events - festivities, rituals, traditions, and customs. The holiday is as old as life on earth, and forever young. Old holidays are leaving, new ones are coming to replace them, crowding out or transforming spectacular forms beyond recognition. Time pushes the past away from us, erasing the acuteness of the sensation of what was once experienced in joy or in sorrow. Of course, under certain conditions, it is possible to artificially recreate individual episodes, pictures and actions, the ceremonies of any holiday, and it is possible to decorate both the environment and the participants in the spectacle accordingly. Each specific holiday lives separately only once, and each time it reproduces the experience of the collective "holiday memory" of generations. The cells of this memory store the treasures of spiritual culture, accumulated by age-old wisdom. And we are left with only memories, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, brief information in the press, descriptions of this or that celebration, scattered archival documentation, at best, photographs yellowed from time to time, artistic design projects, engravings and drawings, newsreel fragments: everything that already belongs to history.

Considering the emergence and development of mass spectacles within the framework of large historical epochs, it is impossible not to see, first of all, the social and moral function that mass festivities perform. Since ancient times, folk rituals and performances have had two sides - cult elements and folklore elements. The historical aspect of the spectacle allows us to understand the significance that the spectacle acquired at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. History can explain, on the one hand, the special attention of the public to the spectacle throughout the entire twentieth century, and on the other hand, the close attention paid to the spectacle by researchers of that time. Historical excursions into the history of the spectacle are explained by the desire to emphasize the originality of the functioning of spectacles at the turn of the century, associated with the processes of urbanization. The escalation of spectacles is caused by socio-psychological processes of communication, characteristic of the formation of urban culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Attempts to understand the spectacle have been undertaken since the beginning of the twentieth century, most often within the framework of theater studies. One of the first theater researchers who touched upon important methodological problems in the study of the spectacle was the well-known theater historian, theater critic, journalist, founder of the Crooked Mirror parody theater Alexander Rafailovich Kugel. But his focus on the theater did not allow him to fully understand the nature of the spectacle. A. Kugel opposed the identification of the concepts of "theater" and "spectacle", tried to identify their discrepancies, linking the first exclusively with artistic, and the second - with non-artistic phenomena. Distinguishing these concepts, A. Kugel nevertheless recognizes their certain identity. “Undoubtedly, the theater is also a “spectacle”, but only in the sense that the passions and feelings experienced on the stage are communicated to us not only by the intonations of the voice and speeches of the characters, but also by the movements and facial expressions.” Associating the spectacle exclusively with plastic elements, A. Kugel feels the vulnerability of his definition: after all, the plastic side does not yet provide artistry. This circumstance forces him to single out two meanings in the concept of "spectacle": the spectacle as a form of perception of art and the spectacle as the totality of the visible, which, as visible in general, is only a form of real life. Thus, A. Kugel approaches the separation of artistic and non-artistic spectacles. In the artistic type of spectacle, A. Kugel tries to historically determine its later differentiated forms, including the theater. He believes that the theater has long since passed the era of the spectacle. At the same time, A. Kugel states that the modern theater is constantly trying to be a spectacle. It can be argued that A. Kugel himself did not figure out how the theater differs from the spectacle.

Some time will pass, and Sun. Meyerhold will speak quite seriously about the need to revive the traditions of the farce in the theater, about the revival of its methods on the modern stage. Thus, theater practitioners did not accept A. Kugel's position regarding the spectacle, the theoretician's negative attitude towards it as something secondary, inferior, not deserving of attention.

The problem turned out to be even more complicated in the 1920s, when the question of the spectacular forms of the theater, the influence of sports, variety and circus on theatrical forms again sharply arose. The close attention to the spectacle at the beginning of the 20th century is explained by the fact that it was during this period that problems first arise that continue to worry until now. It is for this period that an increase in interest in the spectacle is characteristic. This fact should be considered as a reaction to the degeneration of traditional culture forms, which were ritual-spectacular forms. The curtailment of traditional game forms was the result of grandiose urbanization processes that had no precedent in history.

The spectacular universe in all its manifestations (mass performances, holidays, sports competitions, circus, theater, variety show, music hall, pop performances, cinema, television) is not limited to artistic culture. Therefore, the primary and most general definition of the spectacle will be any demonstration of human action in space and time, perceived collectively. Such a definition does not yet characterize the spectacle as a “form of perception of art” (A. Kugel), but it allows us to combine all its manifestations into a single system, even if it does not yet have artistic features.

Another definition was proposed by the famous theater figure V. Vsevolodsky-Gerngross. He believed that, on the one hand, the spectacle is any object that is visually perceived, the very "action", and on the other hand, it is a theatrical performance. On this issue, the researcher does not disagree with either W. Dahl or A. Kugel. Deciphering the first definition, which is at the same time the definition of the theatre, he writes: “…under the action (process), in contrast to the ordinary, random actions of a person, we mean an organized complex of human actions, formally expressed either in sounds and movements, or at least would be in one of the elements. It is quite obvious that in such a formulation by V. Vsevolodsky-Gerngross the definition of the spectacle is reduced to its second meaning, that is, to the “totality of the visible”, which does not exhaust this concept, especially if we recall the existence of differentiated spectacular forms representing the “form of perception of art”.

The mass holiday belongs to the category of artistic spectacles. One of the first researchers of the nature and essence of holidays I.M. Snegirev in his work “Russian Folk Holidays and Superstitious Rites” wrote that one of the strongest means to bring people together and one of the sources of knowledge of the life of each people are its holidays. It was he who was the first to theoretically substantiate and formulate the definition of a holiday as “abolition”, freedom from everyday work, combined with fun and joy. A holiday is free time, a ritual, a significant action, an accepted way of performing solemn actions.

Considering the history of the formation of the concept of "spectacle", it is necessary to mention the studies of Western authors A. Banfi and R. DeMarcy, since in addition to the aesthetic approach, they also outline sociological, socio-psychological approaches.

The theory of the Italian researcher A. Banfi should be attributed to attempts to define the spectacle based on its links with society, to determine its social functions and build a typology of spectacles. Firstly, A. Banffy quite rightly connects the spectacle with the collective nature of its perception, moreover, he defines the spectacle through this feature. The spectacle for him is identical to the participation of the collective in the performance. For example, he writes that "collectivity is a spectacle in itself." This judgment testifies that A. Banfi approaches the spectacle as a sociologist and sees in it, first of all, a manifestation of sociality. The classification of the spectacle following these considerations indicates that A. Banfi makes collectivity a condition of the first type of spectacle, referring to it folk holidays, carnival, fair, dances, sports competitions. This type, according to A. Banfi, is a symbol of free “social organicity”. The second type of spectacle is functional in relation to society, woven into it, has utilitarian functions. The second type of spectacle A. Banffy refers to weddings, funerals, confirmations, religious rites, political and military ceremonies.

The third type of spectacle, according to A. Banffy, is already associated with the actual aesthetic forms of the spectacle, when the element of performance, acquiring independence and intrinsic value, is separated from the collective ceremony, and its participants are divided into active and passive. The author discovers the origins of this type of spectacle in Greek tragedy and sees its manifestation in theater and cinema.

Consistently, A. Banfi distinguishes the spectacle as an independent cultural phenomenon that persists, despite the differentiation of artistic culture, “understood in different ways in a religious rite, political ceremony, in an artistic depiction”, and sometimes acquiring “the meaning of a universal spectacular event that transcends the framework of any constitutional schemes, creating a typical aura of sociality around more heterogeneous events. A. Banfi also does not bypass the problem of the social functions of the spectacle, rightly arguing that it is a phenomenon that not only accompanies, but also "regulates social life" .

Thus, A. Banffy's awareness of the sociological approach to the spectacle is in direct proportion to the identification of the very nature of the spectacle. This approach allowed A. Banffy to define the spectacle through collectivity, even to identify these concepts and thus contribute to the study of the spectacle.

Each component of a spectacular action is addressed to the viewer, subordinated to the organization of his attention, his impressions. Speech (word), plasticity (gesture), material environment, dynamic, mechanical effects make up the system of influence deployed on the viewer. That's right: not in front of the viewer, not for the viewer, but on the viewer. This terminological nuance emphasizes the focus of the spectacle, each of its elements on the perception and evaluation of an actively acting collectivity. The concept of "expansion to the viewer" allows us to single out a certain basis for combining spectacles according to the most common feature for them and to approach the definition of the specifics of diverse phenomena of a spectacular type. Finally, the “expansion to the viewer” makes it possible to clarify the concepts of “spectacle”, “entertainment”. The development of spectacular forms of the broadest plan makes it possible, under the concept of "entertainment", to mean a system of expressive-dynamic effects and methods of involving the viewer in an action with a pre-calculated result. It can be assumed that by resorting to the forcible involvement of the viewer in the action, the director aims to increase the stock of "compulsory suggestibility" of the spectacle. Its creator, stimulating the viewer, gives the spectacle itself the necessary impetus to focus on what seems to be the most important and significant. In itself, the stimulation of the audience's attention is quite acceptable. But this function of the spectacle sometimes turns into its opposite, and instead of involving the viewer, there may be a break in the internal links between action and aesthetic experience.

Let us now turn to R. DeMarcy. This researcher is least of all concerned with the classification of spectacular forms and the definition of the boundaries of the spectacle. Including in the spectacle everything that has to do with "audiovisual communications", "means of leisure", R. DeMarcy focuses on the analysis of the most representative of these forms - theater and cinema, although it also concerns pop, variety, operetta, various kinds of shows, advertising. R. DeMarcy logically approaches the isolation of a special plane - the sociology of the spectacle. But when the need arises to analyze the various forms of the spectacle, he retreats, not seeing this as a problem with the theory of the spectacle. As a result, one of the main methodological issues of the sociology of the spectacle, connected with the typology and interaction of spectacles, is not resolved by him, and the unification of various spectacular forms is mechanical.

In the history of the theories of the spectacle, there are known attempts to penetrate into the patterns of interaction between spectacles and the public, using the reconstruction of the historical stages of the functioning of spectacles. Returning to the theater of the past, the outstanding Soviet historian Robert Yuryevich Vipper, in essence, analyzes the various forms of spectacle in which the opposition, characteristic of late theatrical forms, appears in its purest form. Therefore, he always has to use the expressions "theatrical spectacle", "spectacle", which is quite natural, because he talks about rituals, holidays, mass performances (for example, Eskimo tournaments and Roman Saturnalia). Enumerating the social functions of the theater as competitiveness, "inspiring horror," the rise of feelings, distraction, he, in fact, has in mind the social functions of the spectacle.

Pointing to the ability of the spectacle to provoke a competitive element, R. Vipper argues that the theater is able to eliminate all sorts of conflicts and clashes in real life. It sort of transfers real conflicts into an ideal sphere.

The second function of the theatrical spectacle, according to R. Vipper, is to strengthen morality through a demonstration of the retribution of a person who has broken the law. Here R. Whipper has in mind the educational function of the spectacle or the regulation of social behavior. In a society where there is no strong public authority, where violence is not restrained, there is a need for special secret alliances, for example, knightly or Masonic orders and lodges, to some extent fulfilling the role of the court. With the help of theatricalization, such orders can at some time keep members of society in fear and obedience. Over time, these functions are transferred to theatrical performances and cease to be an instrument of punishment.

The third function of the spectacle, according to R. Vipper, is the ability to contribute to what he calls “the rise of feelings”: “... dramatic magic has a special, contagious power if it acts immediately on a mass of people: the state of one is transferred to another, and the enthusiasm of individuals mutually increases . Everywhere among the most uncultured peoples we meet great expressive dances with pantomimes, which serve to arouse strong general feelings. The spectacle can serve not only as a means of resolving conflicts, but also "igniting the audience", that is, to provoke conflicts. This ability of the theater arises as a consequence of its ability to excite the senses.

Highlighting the fourth function associated with a person's need for a change of mood, for laughter and relaxation, which today is called compensatory, R. Wipper writes: “A person cannot endure a continuously painful or shy mood. There is some kind of saving power within us that opens up the possibility of a break, a distraction. Then the person abruptly cuts off, as if turning around to face the enemy who sits in his heart and wears away his life. The best way out for this burst of vivacity is a mockery, a caricature of the very state from which he wants to get rid of. In order to throw off moral oppression, a person laughs at himself. As an example of self-parody, R. Vipper cites the custom of the medieval church, when, after the service, jesters appeared in the temple and parodied the service.

Thus, referring to the origins of the theater, to the initial forms of the spectacle, R. Whipper finds that each of the main social functions is associated with "strong and acute human needs" .

Let us pay attention to the competitive function of the spectacle singled out by R. Wipper - an important aspect of any spectacular communication. In ancient times, the spectacle was not perceived outside of this competition. Moreover, it did not have the emancipation from other social phenomena that it has today. It is known that the theater, for example, existed as part of a spectacular element, a national holiday, within the framework of which it was perceived. The essence of the spectacle consisted in various kinds of competitions, including sports (say, in paired chariots, running, throwing the discus and spears, wrestling, fisticuffs). The theatrical spectacle was also a manifestation, although a special one - stage, but still a competition.

In the modern development of spectacles, we observe a tendency to strengthen their relationship with the viewer, which implies his creative complicity. Such dependence is a prerequisite and condition for the existence and development of spectacles, which largely determines their role in the harmonious development of the individual, in the formation of his creative abilities.

As the analysis of historiography has shown, researchers substantiate the reasons for the emergence of spectacles as a cultural phenomenon in different ways. Many adhere to a simplified approach to the analysis of the cultural aspects of spectacles, believing that spectacles as a cultural phenomenon were the result of people's desire for rest after hard working days, a kind of protection from physical and moral fatigue. One can agree with this statement only partially.

Architecture(Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") - a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy. Architecture does not reproduce reality directly, it is not pictorial, but expressive.

GRAPHIC ARTS

Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Painting- planar fine art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist. Painting is divided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles. - easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres:

Portrait - Landscape - Still life - Historical genre - Domestic genre - - Icon painting - Animalism

Sculpture- spatial - fine art, mastering the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculptures has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

High relief - high relief, - bas-relief - low relief, - counter-relief - incised relief.

By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.

Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes: - monuments, monuments, memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

Arts and Crafts- a type of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.

Literature- a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.

Literature is divided into: Artistic, Educational, Historical, Scientific, Reference

The main genres of literature are:

Lyrics - one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.

Drama is one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech. - Epic - narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes: - Epic - a major work of the epic genre.

Novella is a narrative prose (much less often poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form. - A story (story) is a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, a smaller number of figures, life content and breadth

Story - An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition. - A novel is a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse. - A ballad is a lyric-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.

A poem is a plot literary work of a lyric-epic nature in verse.

The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and constituent parts of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.

Music- (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which musical sounds organized in a certain way serve as a means of embodying artistic images. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.

The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of ​​sacred music is cult. By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:

For genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;

Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.

Choreography(gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - I write) - a type of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Theater- an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

The basis of the theater is dramaturgy. Synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, actor.

Theatrical productions are divided into genres: - Drama; - Tragedy; - Comedy; - Musical, etc.

Theatrical art has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rites, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.

Photo(gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) - art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.

Movie- the art of reproducing on the screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.

Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.

Film genres are also defined: - drama, - tragedy, - science fiction, - comedy, - historical, etc.

Each person understands the meaning of art in different ways: some elevate and exalt, others erupt into the abyss of emotions. A person can do without works of art in everyday life, but emotional hunger needs to know real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It is able to take a person into the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. Below we will consider them.

Plastic or spatial arts

art

This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and feel it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists gave up a calm, well-fed life and burned on the altar of art. The works of the masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse. That's what people are willing to do for the sake of art.

• Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It represents objects depicted with a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
• . The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This is a complex kind that needs to be trained if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on the plane (wood, metal, structures, cardboard, and so on), using one or two color schemes (in some cases, you can use more). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
• Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from solid and plastic materials that have a three-dimensional form. The captured works in the materials are able to convey the life image of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.

constructive art

The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial and objective environment around us while not showing anything. It is divided into two genres:

• . It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to the change of style in different historical periods of life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of three-dimensional structures.
• Design. It is an aesthetic symbol of the modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.

Decorative and applied art

Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art is various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. It is divided into several types:

• ceramics;
• forging;
• glass;
• tapestry;
• clay toy;
• sewing;
• application;
• quilted products;
• artistic processing of leather;
• weaving;
• stained glass and much more.

Temporary arts

The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and picture of the world with the help of sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly manner. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced with the help of musical instruments. (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by hearing. Types of music can be divided according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theatrical. But basically it is divided into two types:

• vocal;
• instrumental.

Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created with the help of words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:

• folklore;
• prose;
• poetry.

Spatio-temporal arts

This is a combination of several art forms, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry, and so on. The theater has its own views and views on the reflection of reality and does this with the help of dramatic action. This is a collective art, expressing one's ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. It consists of several types, such as drama, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.

A type of artistic creativity based on various technical methods for recording and reproducing an image in motion, accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - feature films, documentaries and short films.

Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements, built into a certain work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. It has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, variety and club dance.

Art is a creative process of creating artistic images that reflect the real world in all its diversity. It is divided into separate types in accordance with the specifics of the material embodiment. Different types of art perform, in fact, one noble task - they serve society.

Classification

Modern art history literature offers a certain classification system for the types of creative activity. The most common scheme is the conditional division of art into three groups.

The first group combines spatial types of art that are perceived visually:

• Decorative and applied art.
• Art.
• Architecture.
• Art photography.
• Sculpture.
• Painting.

The second group includes temporary types of art, which have a certain dynamics or are extended in time:

• Fiction.
• Music.

Since temporary art forms can, under certain conditions, move into another category, this must be taken into account. In some cases, literature is synthesized with music (libretto).

The third group includes space-time art forms, which are perceived both visually and by ear:

• Choreography, ballet, musicals.
• Theatrical art.
• Literary works.
• Cinematography.
• Circus genres.

Why separate types of art are needed

The existence of different types of art is explained by the fact that it is impossible to reproduce a comprehensive artistic picture in any particular way. After all, there is bound to be something behind the scenes. A complete picture can be reflected only with the involvement of all the artistic means of culture as a whole.

Spatial arts

One of the most popular creative processes is arts and crafts.

The artistic value of products made from improvised materials is high if the crafts are made by true masters of their craft.

Decorative and applied art is the creation of artistic household items, folklore exclusives from natural materials. The use of wood, clay, stone and bone is accepted. In the manufacture of decorative products, a variety of techniques for processing the material are used.

The process of creating art products for applied purposes is focused on the ethnic characteristics of a country or region. The arts and crafts, as a rule, are dominated by folk crafts representing local customs and traditions. In Russia it is:

• Painting on wood - Gorodets, Khokhloma, Fedoskino, Polkhov-Maidan.
• Wooden carving - Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya, Bogorodskaya.
• Miniature painting - Palekh, Kholuy, Mstera.
• Russian folk ceramics - Gzhel, Skopinsky, Kargopol and Dymkovo toys.
• Lace weaving - Vologda, Mikhailovsky.
• Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky Posad shawls, capes, shawls.
• Artistic metal products - Veliky Ustyug scarlet silver, Zhostovo painting, Rostov enamel.
• Embroidery - Vladimir gold embroidery.
• Carving on white bone - Khotkovskaya, Kholmogory, Tobolsk.

Sculpture is a visual, spatial art that reflects the world in artistic plastic images. The materials used in the creation of sculptures are marble, bronze, stone, wood. Recently, others have been used, such as concrete, steel. As well as plasticized materials. Particularly large sculptures are reinforced with metal rods to avoid breakage.

Sculpture can be of two types: three-dimensional 3D and relief.

Three-dimensional repeats all the specified parameters and can be performed at any scale. Relief sculptures are divided into three types:

• high relief - high relief;
• bas-relief - medium or low relief;
• counter-relief - mortise.

Each type of sculpture has its own classification. It can be monumental, easel or decorative. Monumental is installed on the streets and city squares. And also in places of historical importance. Monumental sculpture includes memorials, monuments. Easel sculptures are museum exhibits. As a rule, they are located indoors. Decorative sculptural images can stand in residential buildings, in garden plots, in gazebos.

Architecture

Architecture appeared long before the birth of Christ and gradually began to acquire artistic characteristics, while remaining a utilitarian structure. Architecture as an art form has spread since the beginning of the 13th century. It was then that architects began to build grandiose Gothic structures in Europe. Gothic and today is considered one of the most interesting styles of historical significance. Architecture as an art form occupies one of the leading places in the list of the world's cultural heritage. At the same time, its artistic value is undeniable.

Plastic spatial arts

In the world of artistic disciplines, there are areas that require classification. These include spatial art forms with signs of plasticity. They are characterized by the possible movement or transformation in a certain space. A masterpiece of architecture is considered plastic if it can be modified, expanded, and radically changed in terms of colors. All this applies only to modern achievements of architecture - historical architectural structures are inviolable. The possibility of artistic transformations of an already finished work of art classifies it into the category of a plastic look. Similar criteria can be applied to other samples of a spatial nature.

Theory and practice

At the same time, signs of plasticity do not necessarily have to be confirmed by the possibility of some changes. For example, the art of painting does not need any adjustment, much less transformation. Artistic canvases already created are finished works. Sculpture
belongs to the plastic arts. Since it can presumably be changed for the better. But this sign is purely theoretical and is used to determine the classification system for art forms. Any genre of artistic spatial creativity, except for photography, can be attributed to plastic types.

Literature

Spatio-temporal art forms are the most popular and in demand in society. Let's consider them in more detail.

Literature is a kind of art in which the main carrier of meaning, as well as a source of creative inspiration, is the artistic word. A writer who is sufficiently proficient in fiction uses his gift to create textual works. Literature as an art form can be divided into two categories:

• artistic;
• historical prose.

Literary genres

• Lyrics are works of art, often in poetic form, reflecting a variety of human experiences, including love ones.
• Drama is literature that describes events in a plot, usually a whole story or individual events from the life of heroes.
• Tragedy is a work written in the dramatic genre, but with a deadly ending.
• An epic is a literary narrative that reveals major historical events, the presentation is possible both in verse and in prose.
• Novella is a genre of small narrative form.
• A novel is a large work, consisting of several parts, containing a description of the life of the main and secondary characters in a certain period.
• The story is a literary genre, less than a novel in terms of volume and number of characters.
• A story is a work of a small form with a description of events that occurred in a short period of time, more common and arbitrary in terms of composition compared to a short story.

Choreography and ballet

Another creative activity in the category of "spatial arts" is choreography. It consists of artistically meaningful postures and movements of the human body, organized in space and time. It is a system worked out for centuries. Dance must be combined with music. In this case, a musical-choreographic image is created.

At all times, dance has been associated with the life of a person, imitating certain events. And on stage, his mission was to show the public the art of ballet. In addition, dances are part of various ceremonies and rituals. This is especially common on the African continent and in Asian countries.

The types of art, examples of which are given in this article, are somehow connected with the global Russian culture and are called upon to bring it to the people.