Introduction

Chapter 1. Types of obsolete words in modern Russian

§ 1. Obsolete words

§ 2. Archaisms

§ 3. Historicisms

§ 4. The use of obsolete words in works of art

Chapter 2. Obsolete words in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman"

§ 1. The use of archaisms in the story "The Bronze Horseman"

§ 2. The use of historicisms in the story "The Bronze Horseman"

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

object of our study are obsolete words (archaisms and historicisms).

The purpose of this work– consider the functioning of obsolete words in a literary text.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to perform a number of tasks:

study the theoretical literature on this topic and define the basic concepts;

highlight historicisms and archaisms in a literary text;

determine what varieties of obsolete words the author uses in his work.

Reveal the functions of obsolete words in the analyzed work

Research material served as the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman".

Chapter 1. Types of obsolete words in modern Russian § 1. Obsolete words

The disappearance of words and their individual meanings from the language is a complex phenomenon that occurs slowly and not immediately (and not always) leading to the loss of the word from the vocabulary of the language in general. The loss of a word or one or another of its meanings is the result of a straightforward process: in a number of cases, obsolete words subsequently return again to a long process of archaization of the corresponding linguistic fact, when it is initially made from the phenomenon of an active vocabulary into the property of a passive dictionary and only then is gradually forgotten and completely disappears from the language .

Words fall out of use for various reasons. Many of them are forgotten as soon as some phenomenon or object disappears from life. Naturally, in this case, as a rule, a sharp change in their meaning also occurs (cf. the fate, for example, of such words as decree, soldier, ministry, etc.).

For example, a new life for some of the words denoting military ranks began when new military ranks were introduced in the Red Army. obsolete words soldier, corporal, lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, general, admiral etc. acquired a new meaning and became common words. In 1946, previously obsolete words gained new life minister, ministry in connection with the change in the name of the government of the USSR (the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

Obsolete words, the most common in works of art, are placed in explanatory dictionaries with a mark "outdated."(obsolete). From the words found in the written monuments of the past, scientists compile historical dictionaries, for example, now the “Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11-17 centuries” has begun to appear, edited by S.G. Barkhudarov.

Obsolete words, which together form the outdated vocabulary of the Russian language, represent a complex and multilayered system. The reason for this is their heterogeneity and diversity in terms of: 1) the degree of their obsolescence, 2) the reasons for their archaization, and 3) the possibility and nature of their use.

According to the degree of obsolete, first of all, a group of words are distinguished that are currently completely unknown to ordinary speakers of the modern Russian literary language and therefore incomprehensible without appropriate references. These include:

a) words that have completely disappeared from the language, not currently found in it even as part of derivative words ( locks- puddle, which- argument, prosinets- February, stern- paternal uncle nety- sister's nephew cancer- grave, tomb, etc.);

b) words that are not used in the language as separate words, but are found as the root parts of derivative words: rope - rope, circle - ridicule (to scold) lie - boil, (cook, ravine), beef - livestock (beef, beef), sleeping - skin (burrs), buldyga - bone (bastard), mzhura - darkness, haze (squint), thin - skilled (artist) soon- skin (weed), insidious- blacksmith (deceit), publican- tax collector (ordeal), donate- give (alms), etc.

c) words that have disappeared from the language as separate meaningful units, but are still used as part of phraseological turns: falcon - an old battering ram, a large battering ram (goal like a falcon); zga - road (cf. path; not a zga is visible); stake - a small piece of land (no stake, no yard), etc.

All these words have fallen out of the vocabulary of the language and are now firmly forgotten. All of them have nothing to do with the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language and are not even included in its passive vocabulary. All of them, finally, are facts of previous, in general, distant eras in the development of the Russian language. Unlike obsolete words, they are best called old.

The question arises whether it makes sense to consider such facts when analyzing the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, in which they do not really exist. It turns out there is. And this is explained by the fact that ancient words (or obsolete words of the second degree) are still occasionally used in necessary cases and now, of course, in the form of special verbal inlays, external to the words surrounding them, and usually with the necessary explanations. Thus, in individual speech works, such facts can be found even now, and this is precisely what does not allow us to exclude them from consideration in the analysis of modern vocabulary, despite the fact that they have nothing to do with the latter. Old words (see below for specific cases of their use) are opposed by the degree of obsolescence to a group of obsolete words, which already consists of such lexical units that speakers of modern Russian literary of the language are known, but are part of its passive vocabulary and are used only for certain stylistic purposes.

These are already real units of the language, although they have a limited scope of use and specific properties.

Some of these obsolete words include: verst, konka, vershok, student, policeman, bursa, this (that one), in vain (seeing), iroystvo, barber, tokmo (only), verb (speak), in order (to), coldness (cold), etc.

Naturally, the time of its exit from active use is of great importance in the degree of obsolescence of a particular word and its individual meaning. To a large extent, however, it is also determined by: 1) the place of the given word with the corresponding meaning in the nominative system of the national language, 2) the initial prevalence of the word and the duration of use in the active dictionary, 3) the presence or absence of a clear and direct connection with related words and etc. Often a word that has long been out of active use is still not forgotten by speakers, although it occurs sporadically in their speech, and vice versa, there are cases when a word that has moved into the passive vocabulary of the language relatively recently is forgotten and dropped out of the language.

For example, words hunger, lie, disaster came out of the active vocabulary of written speech (they were not in the spoken language before) more than 100 years ago, but they are still understandable in their basic meanings to speakers of modern Russian. On the contrary, forgotten, completely unknown in their semantics for the vast majority of Russian speakers now are the words ukom(county committee) interruption, that were in active use compared to previously noted hunger, lie, disaster recently.

Since toponymy (names of rivers, lakes, settlements, etc.) and anthroponymy (personal and family names) are the most stable facts in the vocabulary, a lot of what has already left the language as common nouns is preserved in toponymy and anthroponymy as proper names: river Shuya(shuya-left), station Bologoe(bologoe-good, kind, beautiful), Academician L.V. Shcherba(crack-crack, notch), city Gorodets(gorodets-gorodok, with the suffix -ets), city Mytishchi(mytishche-a place where myto was collected), village Scarlet(scarlet-red), cook Smury(gloomy-gloomy, cf. cloudy), etc.

Since the lexical system develops in each of the languages ​​according to its own internal laws inherent only to it, obsolete or even ancient words that have completely left the Russian language can be preserved in other closely related Slavic languages ​​as lexical units of an active vocabulary. Wed words velmi– in Belarusian, fuska - in Polish (Russian luska lives as part of the production luska), Krak - in Bulgarian (cf. Russian production ham), ul - in Czech (in Russian it comes out as a root in the word beehive, street, etc.), bz - in Bulgarian (cf. Russian industrial elderberry), etc.

In addition to the fact that obsolete words are different in their degree of archaism, they differ from each other also in what led them to the composition of obsolete vocabulary (in the broad sense of the word). This difference is the most serious and fundamental.

Most of the words used in modern texts appeared in the Russian language in different eras - from the ancient to the new, but they seem to us to be equally modern, necessary, mastered by the language: eight, time, talk, farm, harvester, our, new, revolution, plane, soviet, phone and others. For example, in the late 19th - early 20th century, before the advent of the tram, there was a city railway with horse traction. This road, as well as the wagon, was called such a road. konka. With the advent of the tram, and then other modes of transport, the need for horse traction disappeared, and the word konka obsolete, and therefore obsolete. Other words are forgotten if new words appear to name that object, sign, action. For example: in the Old Russian language there was a word knock- "fat". Over time, the word began to be used in this sense. fat, originally meaning "food, food", and the word knock ceased to be used, the subject remained, and the word became obsolete.

In addition to words, separate meanings of polysemantic words became obsolete. Yes, the word map has five meanings and two of them are obsolete: 1) "a sheet with a list of foods and drinks in a restaurant" (now this sheet is called "menu"; 2) "postcard".

So, words can go out of active use and go into a passive dictionary (and then disappear altogether) both because the phenomena, objects, things, etc. they call, disappear, and because they, as designations of some phenomena, objects, things, etc. in the process of use in the language can be replaced by other words. In one case, words become unnecessary in the active vocabulary of the speakers because they are designations of disappeared phenomena of reality, in the other case, words go out of active use because they are replaced by other words (with the same meanings), which turn out to be more acceptable for expression. relevant concepts. In the first case, we are dealing with historicisms, in the second - with archaisms.

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words that we use. Old words can be considered a separate group in the vocabulary. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since the language is an integral part of the history of the people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them were of great importance. Old, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. Often they can be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in a high grid

Vladimir the sun feasted,

He gave away his younger daughter

For the brave prince Ruslan."

There is a word "gridnitsa" here. Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, along with his warriors, arranged festivities and feasts.

historicisms

Ancient words and their designation are of various kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are not actively used now for the reason that the concepts they designate have fallen out of use. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they are not completely out of use. Historicisms and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what happened at one time in other epochs in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms designate those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are smart words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of the words we are used to, only they sound different. Archaisms are different. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. There were many such words in the 19th century. This is a club (club), a store (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, museum (museum), assistance (assistance), fisherman (fisherman). Most often we meet lexical archaisms, for example, eye - eye, right hand - right hand, shuytsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to give pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem "Prophet".

Words from Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus' gave a lot to modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which were preserved and in A some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of ​​the origin

For example, old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Hollow-breech is a talker, Ryuma is a crybaby, Tolokon forehead is a fool, Zakhukhrya is a disheveled person.

The meaning of old Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same root in the modern language. We all know the words "jump" and "jump", they mean rapid movement in space. The old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement value was considered "far distance", which was equal to 1.4

Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scholars. The names of the coins that were used in Ancient Rus' are considered ancient. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Rus' and were brought from there, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “reza” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - these are golden coins and silver coins.

Obsolete words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Rus', 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, then a layer of vocabulary appeared, associated with the construction and erection of buildings. Some of the words that appeared then have remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed over all this time.

The basis of the life of Rus' in the 12th century was a fortress, which then had the name "detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which at that time also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old obsolete Russian words are changing. If now there is only one Kremlin, it is the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities and fortresses were built in Rus' from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov resisted. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the chronicle of Tver in 1317. Its synonym is the old word "silicon". Then the Kremlin was built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

Socio-aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Ancient words, which are often discussed in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their work of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating "Boris Godunov" as follows: "I tried to guess the language of that time."

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time, where they were taken from. Most of the old words appear in his work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich”. This, for example, is “you know”, “oh you are a goy”, Ali”. Also, Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are "Dmitry the Pretender", "Voevoda", "Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk".

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Here, the old words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender's visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase "The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster's shoes" is found. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fyodor was hungry. He wanted to be rich."

when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can greatly embellish fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Old words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, should not be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passer-by: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning the neck).

In newspaper speech, too, there is an inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: "The principal of the school welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "greeted" is synonymous with the word "greeted". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their writings and thereby make sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: "Olya ran in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense." Therefore, if you want to use old words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning should be absolutely clear to you.

Obsolete words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that such genres as fantasy and science fiction have gained immense popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in fantasy works, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

Such concepts as "banner" and "finger", the reader can understand. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as "komon" and "nasad". It must be said that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application for historicism and archaism. These are works from the "Slavic fantasy" series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova "Valkyrie", Tatyana Korostyshevskaya "Mother of the Four Winds", Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Far Far Away. Throne War.

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ramen is the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But, it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (stomach - life, guest - merchant,), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, Gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe in order - to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.

Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker and so on.
Most of the obsolete words refer to garments and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote ranks, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Industrial activities such as Konka and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as honey brewing and tinning.

Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include such words as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.

Abie - immediately, since, when.
Aby - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az - the pronoun "I" or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, beeches, lead - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, as, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an old silver coin worth three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) - a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik is a Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - oriental thoroughbred horse, horse: at the wedding - the horse is under saddle, not in harness
Armyak - men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin - Russian measure of length, equal to 0.71 m; a ruler, a bar of this length for measurement.
More - if, if, when.

Grandmother - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, desire, have a tendency.
Bazlanit - roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Barda - thick, leftovers from the distillation of bread wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvee - gratuitous forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, the landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, oil, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allotted part of the land to the peasants and allowed it to be worked. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on a three-day corvee was advisory in nature and in most cases was ignored by the landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basque - a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, handsome, decorated.
Bastion - earth or stone fortification, forming a ledge on the ramparts.
Basurman is a hostile and unfriendly name for a Mohammedan, as well as in general for a non-Christian, a foreigner.
Batalha (battle) - battle, battle.
Bakhar is a talker, eloquent.
Bayat - to talk, chat, talk.
Watch - take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is trouble, ordeal, time.
Steelyard - hand scales with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, worldly rules, decency.
Bela Mozhayskaya - an old Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar "belmes") - you do not understand anything, you do not understand at all.
Berdo - belonging to the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy - a burden, heaviness, burden; an armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Undoubtedly - unquestionably, unquestionably, unceasingly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - strong rope, rope; tow line - the movement of a ship with a tow line, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet - ruby ​​type gemstone
A tag is a stick or board on which signs, notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - whipped cream dough for rolls
Beat with a forehead - bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
Bet - bet to win.
The Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (March 25, according to the old style).
Good - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a bodets, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom - a watchman at a cemetery, a gravedigger, a watchman, a warden of a nursing home, the disabled.
Blockhead - a statue, an idol, a chump.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik - a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word "bort" - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
Bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Brazhnik is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, served for drinking around
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno - food, food, food, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit - a small seine net, which is used to fish together while fording.
Bude - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza is rock salt given to animals.
A mace is a sign of commanding power, also a weapon (mace) or a knob.
Burachok - box, a small box made of birch bark.
Buchenye - from the word "to beat" - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka is a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Vadit - to attract, attract, accustom.
Important - hard, hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan ("on the mound, on the harp") - perhaps from the "worg" - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Barbara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
Wahmister is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchez is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin (November 21, according to the old style).
Suddenly - again, for the second time.
Vedrina - from the word "bucket" - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Bucket - clear, calm weather.
Vezhezhnost - upbringing, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki are pies filled with meat and fish leftovers.
Holy Thursday is the Thursday of the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
The cord is a coarse fabric made from hemp.
Vereya (rope, rope, rope) - a pillar on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Versten - verst.
A skewer is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - a cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Versha - a fishing projectile made of rods.
Vershnik - riding; riding ahead.
Veselko - stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is the reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, rod, whip.
Wet - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected headman.
Wave - wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Drag - from the word "drag", the path on the watershed, along which loads and boats are dragged.
Volosnik - a women's headdress, a net of gold or silver thread with embroidery (often not festive, like a kika, but everyday), a kind of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe-making, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - fortune-teller, fortune-teller, intruder.
Voronets - a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - divination by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina - the family estate of the landowner, passing by inheritance.
Wow - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state due to personal proximity to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has reached a high position due to chance.
Vskuyu - in vain, in vain, in vain.
Vsugon - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
Alien - from outside, not being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.
Vyray (viry, iry) is a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of food.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Guy - oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galloon - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gatki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood in a marshy place. Nagat - lay a gutter.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards under sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth classes according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General - a third-class general rank, under Catherine II, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian Saint George the Victorious; Egory-Veshny (April 23) and Egoriev (Yuriev) day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to perish.
Glazed - sewn from glazet (a kind of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - lower leg, ankle.
Goveino - post (Mrs. goveino - Assumption post, etc.)
Fasting - fasting, abstaining from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Fit - marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
Years gody - years live, from the word "year" - to live.
Golbchik - golbets, a fence in the form of a closet in the hut between the stove and the floor, the stove with steps for climbing the stove and the floor, and with a hole in the underground.
Golden, golden - talking noisily, shouting, scolding.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutchman - chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, golyaks, beggars.
Grief - up.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where the ministers of the church lived.
Throat cap - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown that widens upwards.
Upper room - a room usually located on the top floor of the house.
The upper room is a clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever - a serious illness with high fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of morbid delirium with a high temperature or temporary insanity.
Guest is a guest.
Diploma - a letter; an official document, a decree giving someone the right to something.
Hryvnia - dime; in ancient Rus', the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
A grosh is an old coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Svalbard archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
Bed - a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
A governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses - curd mass, knocked down with sour cream.
Gudok - a three-stringed violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.
Gouge - a loop that fastens the shafts and the arc.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled kalachi.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The housekeeper is the mistress of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden - a room in the landowners' houses, where serf yard girls lived and worked.
Nine - a period of nine days.
Dezha - dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
The actors are actors.
Del - division.
Delenka is a woman who is constantly busy with work, needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga - an old coin worth two pennies or half a penny; money, capital, wealth.
Desnaya, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten to ten times.
Wild - wild.
An officer's diploma is a diploma for an officer's rank.
Dmitriev Saturday is the day of commemoration of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Dna - diseases of internal organs, aching bones, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrokhot - well-wisher, patron.
Suffices - should, should, should, decently.
Sufficient - to be sufficient.
An argument is a denunciation, a denunciation, a complaint.
Satisfy, satisfy - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Dokuka is an annoying request, also a boring, boring business.
Top up - overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Until then until.
The bottom is a plate on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand a file, a debt.
Dor is a rough shingle.
The roads are a very thin oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Dragoon - a warrior of cavalry units, operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsy - thin boards chipped from a tree.
Grass - coarse sand, which is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, shops.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
Druzhka is the wedding manager invited by the groom.
Dubets - a young oak, an oak, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik - oak bark, necessary for various chores, including for tanning leather.
Smoky furs - bags sewn from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smoke - groin.
Drawbar - a single shaft, reinforced to the front axle to turn the wagon, with a pair of harnesses.
The deacikha is the wife of a deacon.
Uncle - a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Evdokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A single child is the only son of his parents.
Go - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Daily - daily, everyday.
Oil - olive oil, which was used in the church service.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Christmas tree - a spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a sneak, a flatterer.
Eltsy - various types of figured cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a sock for pouring liquids.
Epancha - an old long and wide cloak, coverlet.
Jeremiah - the Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch shrub.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Growling on the belly - from the word "roar" - swear, swear.
Estva - food, food.
Essence is food.
Essence is nature.
Yetchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - fetters, chains, shackles.
Affection - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerisms.
Foal - lot.
Lives happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; cattle.
Belly - livestock, prosperity, wealth.
Live - are.
Dwelling - living place, premises.
Fat - good, property; good, happy life.
Zhitnik - rye or barley baked bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvesting, harvesting; streak after squeezed bread.
Zupan - an old semi-caftan.
Grumpy - Grumpy.
Zhalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation

Introduction

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that used to be used very often are now almost inaudible, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more often. Such processes in the language are associated with a change in the life of the society that it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; if society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept stands for.

As mentioned above, changes in the lexical composition of the language occur constantly: some words become obsolete and leave the language, others appear - are borrowed or formed according to existing models. Those words that have gone out of active use are called obsolete; new words that have just appeared in the language are called neologisms.

Historiography. There are many books on this topic, here are just a few of them: "Modern Russian: Lexicology" by M.I. Fomina, Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian language", electronic sources were also used to provide more complete information.

The purpose of the work is to study the use of both obsolete words and neologisms in various styles of speech. The objectives of this work are to study obsolete vocabulary and new words that have different areas of use and what place they occupy in different styles of speech.

Based on the goals and objectives set, the structure of the work consists of an introduction (in which the goals, objectives, historiography and structure of the work are indicated), three chapters (which show the stylistic division, the reasons for the appearance and signs of obsolete words and neologisms, obsolete vocabulary and new words , the so-called neologisms, in various styles of speech), as well as a conclusion (which summarizes the work done).

obsolete words

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar)

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);

stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “not in their style” violates the correctness, purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word "hindrance" belongs to the colloquial style, while the word "exorcise" belongs to the book style.

Also, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),

limited vocabulary.

Common vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals , pronouns, most function words.

The vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to some locality (Dialectisms (from the Greek diblektos "dialect, dialect") are elements of Russian dialects (dialects), phonetic, grammatical, word-formation, lexical features that occur in the stream of normalized Russian literary speech.), profession (Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalism.), Occupation or interests (Jargonisms are words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. For example, there are jargons of schoolchildren , students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc.).

Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages. Those that have not yet gone out of active use, but are already used less frequently than before, are called obsolete (voucher).

Outdated vocabulary, in turn, is divided into historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example: chain mail, corvée, horse-drawn carriage; modern Saturday, Sunday; socialist competition, the Politburo. These words have fallen out of use along with the objects and concepts they designate and have passed into passive vocabulary: we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Historicisms are used in articles on historical topics to denote realities, in articles on current topics - to draw historical parallels, as well as in connection with the actualization of concepts and words in modern speech.

In addition to historicisms, other types of obsolete words are distinguished in our language. We use certain words less and less in speech, replacing them with others, and so they are gradually forgotten. For example, an actor was once called a lyceum, a comedian; they said not a journey, but a voyage, not fingers, but fingers, not a forehead, but a brow. Such obsolete words are called completely modern objects, concepts that are now commonly called differently. New names have replaced the old ones, and they are gradually being forgotten. Obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language are called archaisms.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If historicisms are the names of obsolete objects, then archaisms are obsolete names of quite ordinary objects and concepts that we constantly encounter in life.

There are several types of archaisms:

1) the word can become completely obsolete and completely out of use: cheeks - "cheeks", neck - "neck", right hand - "right hand", shuytsa - "left hand", so that - "to", destruction - "death";

2) one of the meanings of the word may become obsolete, while the rest continue to be used in the modern language: stomach - "life", thief - "state criminal" (False Dmitry II was called "Tushinsky thief"); over the past 10 years, the word give has lost the meaning of "sell", and the word throw away - the meaning of "put on sale";

3) 1-2 sounds and / or place of stress can change in a word: number - number, library - library, mirror - mirror, string - lace;

4) an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by a prefix and / or a suffix (friendship - friendship, restaurant - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman);

5) the word may change individual grammatical forms (cf.: the title of A. S. Pushkin's poem "Gypsies" - the modern form of gypsies) or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class (the words piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in the modern Russian is a masculine word).

As can be seen from the examples, obsolete words differ from each other in terms of the degree of archaism: some are still found in speech, especially among poets, others are known only from the works of writers of the last century, and there are those that are completely forgotten.

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. Knowledge of semantic archaisms helps to correctly understand the language of classical writers. And sometimes their word usage cannot but make us think seriously...

Archaisms should not be neglected either. There are cases when they return to the language, re-integrate into the composition of the active vocabulary. So it was, for example, with the words soldier, officer, ensign, minister, adviser, which received a new life in modern Russian. In the first years of the revolution, they managed to become archaic, but then they returned, having acquired a new meaning.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are necessary for word artists to create the color of antiquity when depicting antiquity.

Decembrist poets, contemporaries and friends of A.S. Pushkin, used Old Slavonic vocabulary to create a civil-patriotic pathos of speech. A great interest in obsolete words was a hallmark of their poetry. The Decembrists were able to single out the layer in the archaic vocabulary that could be adapted to express freedom-loving ideas. High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of obsolete words is noted in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.

Explanatory Dictionary of Old Russian Words A Alatyr - the Center of the Cosmos. Center of the Microcosm (Man). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snowy), tyr<тур>- peak, staff or pillar with a pommel, sacred tree, mountain, “uplifting” Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Constant epithet - “white combustible (hot, sparkling)” - (white - “brilliant”). In Russian texts, there is a golden, golden, smooth, iron stone. Latyr-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and to which it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and meaning of the words are conveyed in epics ... Alkonost - from the ancient Russian saying “alkyon is (a bird)”, from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (the Greek myth about Alcyone, turned into a kingfisher by the gods). It is depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl's head, overshadowed by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds heavenly flowers and an unfolded scroll with a saying about retribution in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the Sirin bird, it was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with its singing. The legends say about the days of alkonost - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and incubates them, sitting on the surface of the water and calming the storms. Alkonost is perceived as a "manifestation of divine providence" and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Basa - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog - stick. Bayat, probayat - speak, say. Pregnancy is a burden, an armful, as much as you can wrap your arms around. Boyars are rich and noble people who are close to the king. Swearing is a battle; Martial field is a battlefield. Brother - brother. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from the blows of the sword, spear. Britous - the Old Believers called so shaved, without a beard Bulat - steel of a special manufacture. Weapons made of this steel were also called damask steel. Butet - get rich, increase wealth. The story is a true story. Bylina is a Russian folk epic (full of grandeur and heroism) song - a legend about heroes. To know - to know. Vereya - a pillar on which the gates were hung. Nativity scene - cave, dungeon. To make a noise - to make a noise. Goldet (halt) \u003d make noise. "Don't go gold!" = don't make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frantic - having lost all sense of proportion. Vityaz - a brave warrior, hero. Lightweight - easy, free, without much work, safe. To endure - to endure, endure, endure. G Garnets - an old measure of loose bodies, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy be (from the word goit - heal, live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - greatness, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today's: "Be healthy! Hello!". Goy be good = be healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish for health, good luck and well-being, a kind word. Options: "Goy este" - be healthy, in the meaning of greeting, wishing the interlocutor health, goodness. "Oh, you" is a greeting, with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Much - knows how, skillful Upper room - so, in the old fashioned way, they called the upper room with large windows. Barn, gumenets - a place where they thresh, and also a barn for storing sheaves. D Just now - recently (until the moment of the conversation) Dushegreka - a warm short jacket or quilted jacket without sleeves, with assemblies at the back. Dereza - thorny shrub, "chepyzhnik". In an ancient fashion - in the old way Dense - "dense forest" - dark, dense, impenetrable; illiterate person Ye Yelan, elanka - a grassy clearing in the forest of Endova - a wide vessel with a spout. Estva - food, food. Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark. A jug is a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Belly - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. Start talking - start talking, fasting. Zastava - a fence of logs, a checkpoint at the entrance And the Eminent - a rich, noble Monk - in the church. “he was tonsured a monk, then he was ordained a deacon...” The hut is a house, a warm room. The name “hut” comes from the word “to heat” (the original version is “source” / from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations /). House = "smoke" from the chimney. K Kalinovy ​​(about fire) - bright, hot. Karga is a crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel) assembled from wooden rivets (planks) tied with metal hoops. Killer whale / killer whale - affectionate appeal. The original meaning is "having beautiful braids" Kichka, kika is an old women's headdress that adorns the appearance and gives it a become. A cage is a closet, a separate room A cage in an old Russian house was called a cold room, and a hut was a warm one. Basement - the lower cold floor of Klyuk's house - a stick with a bent upper end. Knysh - bread baked from wheat flour, which is eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. Kolymaga - an old decorated carriage, in which noble people rode. Kolyada - Christmas grandeur in honor of the owners of the house; for a carol they gave away a gift. A carol is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and on the first day of Christmas time by rural youth. For ancient carols, elements are characteristic - verses and conclusions from the kondachka - without being prepared. Origin (option): the original word - Kondakia (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (a diminutive of "spear"), on which a scroll of parchment was wound. The parchment sheet or scroll, written on both sides, was also called kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church hymns, in the middle of the first millennium - long (hymns, poems), modern - small (in one or two stanzas, as part of the canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they kept miscellaneous good. Kochet, kochetok - a rooster. To be baptized - to be baptized, to overshadow oneself with a cross. "Wake up!" - come to your senses! Kurgan - a high earthen hill, which the ancient Slavs poured over the grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in the hut, a counter, a chest in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutia - steep sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins Krug-amulet - developed from a circular detour of the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a detour was necessary to make sure that there were no dens of predators, or snakes. The idea of ​​a circle served as an image<своего> peace. L Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Fine! other Russian Okay - the word has many meanings depending on intonation. Armor - iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - crown. Matitsa - the average ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, one of these days. Overhead - interest. "It will not be expensive" - ​​inexpensive, beneficial to Namesto - instead. Nareksya - called himself; to name - to give a name, to call. A week is a day when "do not do" - a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Rus', Saturday and Sunday were called - fore-week and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - tax not paid on time or quitrent Nicoli - never. O Frill - a tie at the bast shoes. Abundance - a lot of something. So in Novgorod they called the quitrent bread - a tribute To snuggle up - to regain consciousness, to recover. Oprich, okromya - except. Yell - plow. The rest - the last Octopus - the eighth (eighth) part \u003d 1/8 - "an eighth tea" (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except ("okromya") P Mace - a club with a chained knob. Parun is a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor's clothing. Brocade - silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "especially since ... = especially since ..." Veil - something that covers from all sides (fabric, fog, etc.) Blame - reproach, reproach. Finger - finger. Polati - a plank platform for sleeping, arranged under the ceiling. Spelled is a special kind of wheat. To please - to be zealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village where merchants and artisans lived. Throne - a throne, a special chair on a dais, on which the king sat on solemn occasions. Always - an old, high-style word meaning - always, forever and ever Printed gingerbread - a gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka - pood measure of weight. Pushcha is a protected, impenetrable forest. It is necessary to think - to think, to think, to think over this matter, to discuss something with someone; to think - to understand, to think, to reason about something. Sexual (color) - light yellow Midday - southern P Military - military. Rat is an army. Zealous - zealous, diligent Towel - an embroidered towel. Row - agree, agree. Unbelt - walk without a belt, lose all shame Rivers (verb) - say Repische - garden Rubishche - torn, worn out clothes From the Svetlitsa (Push.) - a bright, clean room. Scythian = skete (original) - from the words "wander", "wandering", therefore, "Scythians-sketes" - "wanderers" ("nomads"? ). A new meaning - the monastic skete "The Good Tablecloth" - the original meaning ... Apple saved Sloboda - a village near the city, a suburb. Nightingale - horses of a yellowish-white color. Sorokovka - a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arab rider. The clothes are right - that is, not bad. Staritsa - an old (or dried up) river bed. Stolbovaya noblewoman - a noblewoman of an old and noble family. Adversary - adversary, enemy. with a gimmick - at times, inadequately. Antimony - painted black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Susek, bin<а>- a place where flour, grain is stored. Sit - food, food. Week - week T Terem - high, with a turret at the top, at home. Tims - shoes made of goat skin. They were highly valued, sold in yufts, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called "morocco" (Persian word) Is it here<тута>, and roofing felts there ... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Allure three crosses - ultra-fast execution of any assignment: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km / h, two - up to 12 km / h, three - the maximum possible. Oatmeal - crushed (unground) oatmeal. To thin - to spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval ... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, stands by Siberia ... F Enamel - enamel in painting metal products and Fita products themselves - the letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words "Fedot", "incense") Foot - an old measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually sleeveless. On the shoulders it is fastened with special fasteners or ties, at the waist it is pulled with a belt. The tunic was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder Ts Tsatra (chatra, chator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. H Chelo - forehead, modern. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. A child is a son or daughter up to 12 years old. Hope - expect, hope. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего> shrub. Chebotar - shoemaker, shoemaker. Chobots - high closed shoes, male and female, boots or shoes with sharp, turned-up toes roan horse - mottled, with white patches on gray (and other, main) wool or a different color mane and tail Chelyad - a servant in the house. Scarlet - red Chelo - a forehead of a person, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, an inlet of a lair by Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Cheta - a pair, two objects or persons Quarter - the fourth part of something Black (clothes) - rough, everyday, working. Chikat - hit Chugunka - railway. Ш Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword blows. Shlyk - jester's hat, cap, cap. Shtof - a glass bottle of 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) Щ Generosity of the soul - generosity. A man with a big heart, showing a noble breadth of soul E Yu Yushka - fish soup or liquid stew. St. George's Day (November 26) - a period specified by law, when in Muscovite Rus' a peasant who settled on the master's land and concluded a "orderly" deal with the owner had the right to leave the owner, having previously fulfilled all his obligations towards him. This was the only time in the year, after the end of the autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could pass from one owner to another. I am Paradise Egg - happiness egg, magic egg. Food - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun Ash stump - meaning: "Of course! Of course!" In this form, the expression - appeared, comparatively, recently Yakhont - other Russian. name some precious stones, more often ruby ​​(dark red corundum), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Permyaks, Zyryans, midday Votyaks - southern Fryazhsky - Italian. "Fryazh" writing - a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to natural painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). the Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. Sorochinin - Arabic languages ​​​​- peoples (general name) Man Chelo - forehead Odesnaya - on the right hand or side of Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shui - left. Shuytsa - left hand. Right hand and Shuytsa - right and left hand, right and left side ("standing on the right and left at the entrance ...") Colors "red sun", "red girl" - beautiful, bright "red corner" - the main red color - a talisman The connection of weaving with Vityer's cosmological motifs and weaving in weaving is presented as a form of modeling the world. If the thread is fate, life path; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing ("Russian letters", before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and "Knot Letter" In folk tales, a knotted tangle-guide is often found, indicating the Way. Unwinding and reading it, a person learned clues - where to go and what to do, read word-images and numbers. Knotted (nodular-linear) Elm was wound, for storage, into ball books (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - "Wrap it around your mustache") and put it away in a box-box (from where the concept "Talk with three box"). Attaching the thread to the mouth (the center of the ball) was considered the beginning of the recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized representation of a two-dimensional projection onto paper of the Knot Binder. Initial letters (capital letters of ancient texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of an ornament of the Knotted Bind. Loop techniques were also used to transmit, store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair). Examples of words and phrases that mention nauzes: "tie a knot in memory", "bonds of friendship / marriage", "intricacies of the plot", "tie up" (stop), union (from souz<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alya) through the whole story." "Features and Cuts" - "bark writing" (a simplified version of the Slavic runes), widely used for everyday records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes are sacred symbols, each of which conveyed a phonetic meaning (the sound of a runic alphabet sign), a meaning-image (for example, the letter "D" meant "good", "well-being"< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical correspondence. To encrypt or shorten the record, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, embedded in a picturesque ornament). A monogram, an alphabetic monogram - a combination into one image of the initial letters of the name and / or surname, usually intertwined and forming a patterned ligature. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one supporting the hut. Community Ordinary objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and no one in particular) things that are important for everyone to the same extent, with common ceremonies. Belief in purity (whole, healthy) and the sanctity of common ritual meals, brotherhood, joint prayers, clubbing. An ordinary object is clean, new, it has the enormous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology Latyr-stone, Alatyr - the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (original singular Growth Point and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost infinite sphere). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics ... Alatyr - Centers of the Cosmos (the Universe) and the Microcosm (Man). Fractal Growth Point, 3D< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Ladder" connecting the worlds), a fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or a stationary Magic Altar. That from which the Existing begins and returns, around which the cycle of Life takes place (axial point). Russian letter A, Greek - "Alpha". The symbol of the Ladder is a prayer rosary (“ladder” = a ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / “lestovka”). In the temple - the Analoy (high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- top, pillar or staff with a triple pommel, fabulous "magic wand", scepter, sacred tree or mountain, trunk of the World Tree, "uplifting" Variants - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar, Alva luminous, hot, sparkling) "- (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts, there is gold, gold (amber?), smooth (polished by the hands of worshipers), iron (if a meteorite or fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a stellar tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-information crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and body of a Human. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. "navel of the Earth" - the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal ("unearthly Jewel"), magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >. Folk tales place it at various points on Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the lakes there. There is information in the open press that Elena and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, passing through Russia, carried with them some kind of old box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Holy Stone of the Grail / Wisdom, in a casket-ark), sent to them by the Mahatma. This casket is not accidentally shown in the famous painting "Portrait of Nicholas Roerich", painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the "Treasure of the World" - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energy rhythm of its Life) - is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the mountains of the Himalayas). The story is amazing, almost unbelievable. More information is available on other websites on the Internet. Holy Grail (Buddha Chalice) - symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastically UFO legends of the middle of the last century, now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (number 211) in Antarctica (located somewhere then near the current South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, from the side of the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German soldiers lived, hid, specialists and civilians who sailed there in submarines). With a high probability, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there by ship a few years earlier) - the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them around the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is securely and carefully hidden there, with numerous traps, to neutralize and go through which, maybe in the not very distant future, people< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >can be done with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of man, immortality (eternal youth) of his<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) - "Mount Meru", with a peak in the head (pineal gland (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and lights - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea - "Alatyr" Rus - a native inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone in fairy tales and epics is found in the form of the phrase: "On the sea on the ocean, on the island on Buyan lies the Alatyr Stone." Spaces of the microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of a concentrically arranged "world" (history, events) most often turns out to be a sea or a river. A pure field is a transitional area between worlds. The second area following the sea is an island (or immediately a stone) or a mountain (or mountains). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by a multitude of various objects, of which stones or trees can have proper names. All of them are usually located on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology is that body of water (in the southern regions, as well as vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to another world . Old Slavonic "ocean", as well as - Okian, Okian, Ocean, Ocean. Kiyan-Sea Sea-Okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It cannot be bypassed. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynsk Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezmian - Aral Sea. Antilocus The Smorodina River is the mythical prototype of all rivers. It acts as a water frontier of the “other world”. On it is a viburnum bridge. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fairy-tale action.