DIARY meaning
T.F. Efremova New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Explanatory- derivational
diary
Meaning:
daily And To
m.a) Personal records kept from day to day; notebook for such notes.
b) Records of observations, events, etc., kept from day to day while working, traveling, etc.
2) A notebook for recording the lessons given to the student at home and grading.
Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"
DIARY
Meaning:
records of a personal, scientific, public nature, kept day after day. As a literary form, it opens up specific opportunities for depicting the inner world of a character (“Notes of a Madman” by N. V. Gogol) or an author (“Not a Day Without a Line” by Yu. K. Olesha); distributed from con. 18th century (literature of pre-romanticism).
Small academic dictionary of the Russian language
diary
Meaning:
A, m.
Day-to-day recordings of some facts, events, observations, etc. during a trip, expedition or any occupations, activities.
Travel diary. Ship's diary.
A good educator must necessarily keep a diary of his work, in which he writes down individual observations on pupils. Makarenko, Methods of organizing the educational process.
Records of a personal nature, kept from day to day.
Keep a diary.
This is my diary: facts, pictures, thoughts and impressions, which I, tired and sometimes deeply shocked by everything I saw and felt during the day, entered in the evening --- into this tattered expensive little book. Korolenko, In a hungry year.
A book, a journal in which observations, events, etc. are recorded.
A notebook for recording the lessons given to the student and for grading.
Alyosha was left in the care of his older brother, a factory engineer. And my brother didn’t even sign the diary, he didn’t come to school. Izyumsky, Vocation.
1The diary, along with an autobiography, memoirs and notes, is part of memoir literature. This article discusses which features of the diary are genre-forming, necessary, which are auxiliary, which genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how this genre has been transformed in modern literature. The paper also analyzes the development of the diary genre over the past five centuries. The first diaries that have come down to us date back to the 15th century, but these entries cannot be considered a diary in the modern sense of the word, since they are either court records reproducing the events of various diplomatic missions, or travel notes. In the future, the genre becomes more and more intimate, personal, but in modern literature it also undergoes significant changes. Today, the diary is one of the few living literary genres, the interest of writers, researchers and readers in which does not fade away.
diaries
memoir literature
literary criticism
1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, Soviet Encyclopedia, volume 27;
2. Bulletin of history, literature, art, M.: Collection, 2009;
3. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Ed. N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925;
4. Literary encyclopedia of terms and concepts (chief editor A.N. Nikolyukin), M., 2002;
5. Literary encyclopedic dictionary, M., TSB, 1987;
6. New Literary Review, No. 61 (2003), No. 106 (2010);
7. A Critical Edition of John Beadle's A Journal, Or Diary of a Thankful Christian, Taylor & Francis, 1996;
8. British Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of British Diaries Written Between 1442 and 1942, William Matthews, University of California Press, California, 1950;
9. Dutton E.P., Medieval Russia's epics, chronicles and tales, New York, 1974;
10. Jurgensen M., Das Fiktional Ich (Untersuchungen zum Tagebuch) Franckle Verlag Bern und Munchen 1979;
11. Kendall P. M., The art of biography, W W Norton and Company INC, New York, 1965;
12. Latham R., Matthews W., The diary of Samuel Pepys (11 vols.), eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970-1983;
13. Mckay E. The Diary Network in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England, URL: http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/publications/eras/edition-2/mckay.php (accessed 04.11.2014)
14. Spengemann W. C., “The forms of autobiography, Episodes in the History of a Literature Genre”, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1980;
15. Wuthenow R. R., Europäische Tagebücher, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1950;
In view of the large number of different interpretations of the term "diary" in the literary tradition of various countries, as well as the fact that this genre is becoming increasingly popular in the modern world, it is important to consider what a diary is, what features of a diary are genre-forming, necessary, that is, the most significant , which are auxiliary, secondary, what genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how it was transformed in the literature of the late XX - XXI century.
aim research is to consistently identify the features of the diary in a number of other literary genres, as well as an analysis of its development over the past five centuries of existence.
Research material: diaries of authors from various countries (mainly England, Germany, Russia, France) and eras (XV-XXI centuries).
Research methods: cultural-historical, comparative-historical.
The diary as a genre, along with autobiography, memoirs and notes, is part of memoir literature. Despite the fact that the appearance of the diary belongs to a relatively late period, it should be considered in the context of all memoir literature, since the genres have been transformed over time, acquiring new features, while the former formative features have faded into the background. The greatest dawn, distribution of the diary reaches at the end of the 17th century, when a special interest in the personality of the author, his inner world, thoughts, feelings is formed. The diary as a kind of literary genre appears a little later, at the beginning of the 18th century (“Diary for Stella” by J. Swift, “Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy” by L. Stern). It should be noted, however, that the genres preceding the diary, the genres without which the appearance of the diary would have been impossible, by this time exist for a rather long period.
It is important to consider what a diary is, what features of the diary are genre-forming, necessary, that is, the most significant, which are auxiliary, secondary, what genres that historically preceded the diary are associated with it, and how it was transformed in the literature of the late XX - XXI century.
There are many definitions of the diary, in many ways similar, but each of them marks one or another feature characteristic of the genre. We can deduce the following features inherent in the diary, the manifestation of which in one or another extraneous genre will bring the latter closer to the diary. A diary is a text written for oneself, and not for prying eyes, describing what has just happened, an event of both personal and global significance, indicating the dates of creation and with periodic replenishment. That is why, as Anna Zaliznyak notes, diary entries are characterized by “fragmentation, non-linearity, violation of cause-and-effect relationships, intertextuality, autoreflection, a mixture of documentary and artistic, fact and style, fundamental incompleteness and lack of a single plan” .
Thus, different formative features give us the opportunity to compare the diary with several other genres. "Sincerity" in creation, a limited number of readers / listeners allows us to compare the diary with a confession. Dating and connection with a specific time of creation, a kind of "hyper-relevance" - with the chronicles and related genres (travels, walks, travel diaries). The limited number of readers also makes it possible to compare diaries and letters; one can often observe how the thoughts that appear in a diary are also developed in letters to various addressees (for example, L.N. Tolstoy or F. Kafka). The peculiarity of creating diaries gives them fragmentation, a property that is also characteristic of the genre of notes (that is why, for example, Lydia Ginzburg's Notebooks are often called diaries). Anna Zaliznyak also speaks about the coincidence of the genres of the diary and notebooks in the work of the “diary writers”: “everything that the writer writes is part of his professional activity, any entry in the diary is a potential “pre-text”, material from which later "text" is made. Therefore, the writer's diary is actually not much different from "notebooks" (notebooks, in one of the meanings of this term, are a specifically "writer's" genre). And precisely because the writer's diary is always to some extent oriented towards the subsequent "artistic" text, it is not a "real" diary, but a text of a different type. Finally, diaries are a personal experience, which brings the genre closer to autobiography and partly its more ancient variety, hagiographic literature.
In Literature, confession goes a very long way; the genre is named after one of the seven sacraments (along with baptism, chrismation, the Eucharist, marriage, unction and ordination), after the appearance of the book of the same name by St. Augustine, is becoming quite common in literature. Confession is considered "a literary work or part of it, where the narration is in the first person and the narrator lets the reader into the innermost depths of his inner world" .
Early diaries (end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries) are considered by scientists to be closer to the genre of confession. Thus, historian William Haller notes that "for the Puritans, the diary becomes a substitute for confession." At the same time, a confession, unlike a diary, is a genre a priori aimed at subsequent reading. In addition, the diary describes any events and actions that impressed the author, so these are far from always actions that are hidden from society or condemned by it, while confession is a genre that involves repentance for the deed.
Confession is also usually correlated with an autobiography. However, if autobiography is characterized primarily by describing external events, then confession, despite the changes that the genre undergoes over time, describes, first of all, the experiences of the inner world.
An autobiography, along with a diary, is part of memoir literature. However, the "historicity" of what is described, common in diaries and autobiographies, is also their main difference. The genre of the diary implies the duration of the creative process, the creation of the text day by day, the correlation of the event that took place and the record made, which means freshness, “clearness” of perception. The creator of an autobiography, by the very fact of creating such a work, sums up a kind of result of his life, therefore the events described often occur many years before writing.
Another significant difference between a diary and an autobiography is how much their texts are aimed at the reader, that is, they suggest further reading. If in the case of an autobiography the answer to this question is obvious, diaries in this respect cause controversy among researchers.
At the same time, the researchers note that “an autobiography is a review of life, in which the author perceives an autobiography as a kind of training in evaluating his own life. It is as retrospective as possible, while the diary is created as certain events occur.
One of the most important distinguishing features of the diary is the peculiarity of the organization of the test, the indispensable dating, the description of events that have not yet become the past. This way of structuring the narrative makes it possible to correlate the genre of the diary with the chronicles. However, the system-forming factor in the chronicles is time, while in the diaries it is the life and experiences of the author. It is also significant that the chronicles, like diaries, receive an artistic analogue in the Renaissance, starting with Shakespeare's chronicle plays, and up to the works of Dos Passos, in which many researchers capture the features of the chronicles. However, the chronicles do not receive such a wide literary and artistic distribution, since in the early periods of their development they remain a genre “for the elite”, while the development of the diary genre is due to the gradual “democratization” of the genre, as a result of which an increasing number of people became the authors of diaries.
Finally, another genre that is often compared with a diary is letters. They are brought together primarily by a limited number of addressees. In addition, on the pages of diaries and letters, everyday and world problems are given equal attention. At the same time, the total layer of letters of one or another author is a wider and more diverse material for research, since until the middle of the 20th century letters were the only way of correspondence communication, which means that all literate people wrote them in one format or another. According to letters to different addressees of the same author, one can trace both stylistic shades and features of the relationship with one or another addressee.
However, diaries can also be seen as letters to oneself. If the diary belongs to the writer, the reader has the opportunity to trace the "pure" author's style, which sometimes coincides with the style of the works, and sometimes differs.
One of the varieties of the diary genre is travel diaries, daily recording of the incidents of a particular trip. Travel diaries are a fusion of diary genres, since the travel diary is also often very much personal, subjective rather than objective perception of events, and the travel genre. Travel, which, as noted above, is not an artistic genre, has proved to be very productive for the development of fiction. In addition to the already mentioned travel diary, the travel novel, which had developed by the 18th century, was also widely used, combining the features of philosophical, adventurous and psychological novels. In such works, the journey is the “driving force” of the plot (for example, Robinson Crusoe by D. Defoe, 1719).
So, diaries are formed as a genre of memoir literature relatively late. However, this formation takes some time. Today, more than 300 diaries are available to us, collected by researchers in the book "English Diaries". There are also 20 diaries from the 16th century. The reason for such a sharp increase in the number of diaries, firstly, is that there are more literate people (according to the site http://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/literacy-rates from 20% of men and 5% of women in the 16th century to 30% men and 10% women in the 17th century). Secondly - growing individualism, interest in one's own self, determined by the era. Thus, the English scientist Roy Porter connects the growth in the number of people keeping diaries with the growing individualism in the European Communities. Other scholars, such as William Heller, also note the significance of diaries for the Puritans of the early 17th century, when the diary "becomes for them an ersatz of confession"
If we turn to the history of the appearance of diaries, then in world literature diaries date back to Japan, where the first diaries date back to the 11th century. In India, such works of an autobiographical nature date back to the 16th century, and in China to the 12th. At the same time, there is no reason to believe that these works were known and therefore had any influence on the Western world. Therefore, the source of autobiographical and diary entries for Europeans lies in ancient Greece and Rome. However, the modern researcher of the diary has the following difficulty. The diary is a genre until recently handwritten, intimate, and therefore not replicated, existing only in one copy. The diary is subject to destruction from any cataclysm, fire, flood, which means that the preservation of records is a task that is possible only if the significance of this document for a historian, literary critic, etc. is realized.
Interest in diary entries appeared in many countries in different periods. This work began earlier than anything else in England, where already at the beginning of the 19th century William Matthews compiled a bibliography of diary entries created in England, Scotland and Ireland from the 15th to the end of the 17th century. We can also trace the history of the creation of various German-language diary entries from the 16th century. The main layer of diary entries created in Russian belongs to a rather late period, starting from the second half of the 18th century. However, even here the researcher is often disappointed. Many documents were destroyed, many are stored in archives, not always accessible to the general reader.
Thus, the history of the creation of diaries has 5 centuries, from the 16th century to the present. It is interesting to trace the structural and semantic change in the form and content of the diary over this period. As mentioned earlier, speaking of diaries, we are based on rather scarce material. At our disposal today there are several (no more than ten) diaries of the 15th century, about 30 diaries of the 16th century, and, starting from the 17th century, the genre has become increasingly popular, English-language sources already have more than 300 texts, a similar trend can be traced in others. countries. Speaking of texts preceding the 17th century, one should not forget that the modern word "diary" in this period is denoted by various terms. So, along with the usual "Diary" in English sources, the German "Tagebuch" is also less common, and more often the French "Journal" and the Latin "Diurnal". All four words refer to a diary, each referring to the fact that the text is being written on a daily basis. However, these designations can appear in the same text as synonyms. These words are synonymous, however, perhaps they indicate the characteristic features of certain records. Here it is also necessary to mention that the authors themselves attribute to their texts the belonging to the Diary genre, and this definition can often be erroneous.
The diaries of the 15th - 16th centuries that have come down to us cannot be called diaries in the modern sense of the word, since they are based on either court records reproducing the events of various diplomatic missions, or travel notes from travels (Albrecht Dürer's diary "Family Chronicles. Diary from a trip to the Netherlands 1520 - 1521").
By the 17th century, the trend changed somewhat. Diary entries acquire a more “intimate”, personal character, turning from a document of the era into an “imprint” of a person. In addition, the diary, like all literature, is gradually ceasing to be a genre of only the highest social circles. In addition to the fact that the level of literacy in Europe in the 17th century is increasing significantly, paper is gradually becoming more accessible to the "middle class", which causes an increased interest in the genre among more and more people. A typical example here would be the famous diary of Samuel Pipes.
One of the few monuments of diary creativity in Russian also belongs to the 17th century - these are the diaries of Marina Mnishek, as well as a monument of Armenian history, the diary of Zakaria Akulissky, describing trade trips to the east (Iran, Turkey) and European (Italy, France, Holland) countries, their customs, nature, natural disasters experienced by the author in these countries. This diary was kept in the period from 1647 to 1687. However, in these examples the personality of the creator of the text is not affected, even his attitude to the events. Therefore, the book is more likely to belong to the genre of chronicles or travel notes.
The next few centuries are the heyday of the diary genre. During this period, the whole variety of diaries appears. Texts are created both to be read by the reader as soon as they are created (The Diaries of the Goncourt brothers, The Diary of a Writer by Dostoevsky), and, on the contrary, in order to be destroyed (The Diaries of Kafka, The Diary of Soren Kierkegaard in the period from 1840 - 1850), personal diaries are kept by most writers (L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, Lewis Carol, Walter Scott, etc.), politicians (Theodore Roosevelt, Queen Victoria, Nicholas II), actors, musicians, artists (then there are representatives of art who are not directly related to the creation of texts (P.I. Tchaikovsky, Vaclav Nijinsky, Frida Kahlo).It is noteworthy that in the 20th century it seems impossible that a famous political figure did not keep a diary, so fake diaries appear, such like the Diary of Adolf Hitler.This is the period when the above-mentioned gap between the surviving diaries in different countries is significantly reduced (we are talking about European material), the amount of material for the researcher is quite large. During this period, the trend that began in the 17th century continues, when writing diaries gradually ceases to be the prerogative of high society.
However, the increased amount of material displaces the diaries of ordinary people from the field of scientific interest of researchers. If the diaries of the 15th-17th centuries are a material for studying not only and not so much a literary critic, but one of the few sources of information for a historian, sociologist, linguist, then there is a number of other evidence about the later period, so more and more attention of researchers (and therefore readers ) concentrates on the diaries of people who have become famous in a particular field. At the same time, in the 20th century, during the Second World War, one can observe the reverse process, when Anne Frank, Etti Hilsam, Otto Wolf, Nina Lugovskaya become known to the general reader only thanks to their diaries describing their experiences during the war.
The diaries of the 18th - 20th centuries are distinguished from the previous periods by another feature. At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, a new genre appeared in literature; diary entries are so popular that they become an object for imitation of writers, the first art diaries appear. From now on, the creators of private diaries have another resource to follow, artistic diaries.
Since diaries, as mentioned earlier, are an intimate genre, it is still too early to talk about private diaries written in recent years, little has already been published. However, in recent decades, a new type of diary entries has appeared, web diaries, blogs. Everyone can create their own diary-blog, add entries there, determine for themselves who they allow to be their readers. A significant difference between this genre and the diary genre is that it is no longer an intimate genre, since a large number of blog readers is an indicator of its success. In recent years, even a new profession "blogger" has appeared. The new diaries continue the trend of previous centuries towards the maximum democratization of the genre, now any owner of Internet access can blog. Thus, the diary is currently one of the few living literary genres; over time, it undergoes certain changes, but the interest of researchers and readers in the genre does not fade away.
conclusions
A diary is a text written for oneself, and not for prying eyes, describing what has just happened, an event of both personal and global significance, indicating the dates of creation and with periodic replenishment. Various formative features make it possible to consider the diary as an evolution of a number of other genres that are part of memoir literature.
Reviewers:
Kling OA, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Theory of Literature, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow;
Lipgart A.A., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of English Linguistics, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow.
Bibliographic link
Romashkina M.V. DIARY: EVOLUTION OF THE GENRE // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 6.;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=15447 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"
Memoirs(fr. memoires), memories- notes of contemporaries, telling about the events in which the author of the memoirs took part or which are known to him from eyewitnesses. An important feature of the memoirs is the installation on the "documentary" nature of the text, which claims to be the authenticity of the recreated past.
Such genres in literary criticism include the following memoir genres : memoirs (in the narrow sense of the word), notes, notebooks, autobiographies, obituaries, diaries.
Apparently, without referring to this priceless heritage, it is difficult to understand the current state of literature. Therefore, our task is to analyze the historical change in the diary as a genre of memoir literature, to elucidate the stages of the evolution of the genre on the example of the diaries of Russian and foreign authors.
The diary genre is one of the oldest genres in literature, the first information about which goes back to the origins of writing.
Diary as a literary genre
“To learn how to write, you have to write. Therefore, write letters to friends, keep a diary, write memories, they can and should be written as early as possible - not bad even in your youth - about your childhood, for example "(D.S. Likhachev)
The diary is an important and, in a certain sense, famous attribute of school life. But besides the usual diary (as a form of recording student progress), there is a diary as a literary genre, as the oldest form of verbal creativity.
Probably, some of you also keep your personal diaries, recording events from your life. Today I would like to acquaint you with information from the history of the diary tradition, about the construction of the diary, about its intellectual and artistic possibilities. In a word, to help you master the basics of this most popular form of writing.
There are many definitions of a diary. One of them, owned by M.O. Chudakova, precise and clear, seems especially acceptable for school practice: “Diary- a form of narration conducted in the first person in the form of daily notes "(Short literary encyclopedia).
As a rule, diaries begin to be kept in adolescence. Daily entries may include summaries, reflections, notes about books read, newspaper news, or the weather. Often their maintenance is dictated by the desire of the author of diary entries to trace his own spiritual development; the diary also serves as a means of self-education and self-organization.
Diary history
- The development of diary entries began from the 10th century. These are texts of various types of the diary genre: “walking”, travels, travel essays, autobiographical records, which are still difficult to separate from journalism and chronicle narration, for example, Andrey Kurbsky’s essay “The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow ...”.
- 13th to 19th centuries. in Russia, the publication of notebooks and diaries, travel notes ( Gildenstedt I.“Diary of a trip to the Sloboda-Ukrainian province of Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gildenstedt in August and September 1774”; “Notes of Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin on his stay in England, his departure to Russia to join the army, his journey with Tsar Peter Alekseevich to Karlsbad, and his appointment to a congress in Utrecht. 1710-1711-1712"; Vyazemsky P."From an old notebook").
- Since the 20th century Thanks to the use of the fragmentary form of writing by writers, the diary form of narration is becoming widespread in the modern literary process. So, an example of such a diary is Pechorin's diary in M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". In the novel, the diary is not only a way of the author's characterization and a form of self-expression of the hero, but also the subject of the depiction of the human soul. In the novel, the diary genre itself is analyzed. It seems to bifurcate and lose its value-semantic indisputability: the diary introduces us to the complex world of Pechorin, makes us believe in the genuineness of his spiritual movements. The question of the essence of the diary as a genre grows here into a serious social and moral problem. On the one hand, the diary provides an opportunity for unhindered analysis of the environment and self-analysis, and serves to preserve the memory of what happened and what has been changed. But on the other hand, the diary leads to spiritual fragmentation - the hero secretly executes those around him with the word of the diary hidden from them.
So, the diary is, first of all, a device for the psychological image of the hero. Introducing a diary into the text of his novel, Lermontov allows you to see how the complex mental states of the hero are decomposed into elements and thus explained, become clear to the reader. Finally, in a work that uses the diary as a form of fictional narrative, the position of the author is quite sharply separated from the position of the character, so that there can be no question of the personalities of the author and the hero combined.
Entire works are written in the form of a diary. So, N.V. Gogol's "Notes of a Madman" is such a work, when the personal memories and impressions of the author, who knew the life and psychology of St. Petersburg officials, are reflected in the form of a diary.
* Blogs are made up of “posts” (blog post), each containing the date and time of publication, as well as links to pages with photos, comments, and the name of the author. But unlike a household diary, which is a system of entries associated with a specific date, blog entries of different users appear in the news feed and, over time, are replaced by others; the time gaps that actually exist between them cannot be reflected online.
The main difference between the "LJ" diary and the everyday diary is the blog author's attitude to the search for like-minded people, people who share his life position - to communicate with them. The author creates a communicatively literate text that a potential addressee would like to respond to in one way or another.
* Twitter is analogous to a diary.
Regardless of the form in which the diary will be kept, it is necessary to learn how to make thoughtful entries in it.
Basic rules for keeping a diary
1. “Not a day without a line” (Yu. Olesha).
2. Date each entry.
3. Be sincere and honest in your notes.
4. Don't read someone else's diary without permission!
In addition to household, you can conduct reader's diary, indicating in it:
- author and title of the book;
- imprint: place of publication, publisher, year;
- the time of creation of the work, as well as the time referred to in the book;
- it is desirable to indicate the theme of the work;
- outline the content;
- to formulate for themselves the idea of the book;
- write down the overall impression of the book.
MM. Prishvin kept a diary all his life. He was convinced that if all the notes were collected in one volume, the book would be the one for which he was born. According to the estimates of Prishvin's publishers, the manuscripts of his diaries are three times the volume of the author's own literary works. As Prishvin himself wrote, “the form of small diary entries has become more of my form than any other” (1940). And shortly before his death, in 1951, looking back at his life, he admitted: “It probably happened due to my literary naivety (I’m not a writer) that I spent the main forces of my writer on writing my diaries.”
Literary works in the form of a diary(“The Demicotonic Book” in N.S. Leskov’s “Cathedrals”, “Pechorin’s Journal” in M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”, D.A. Furmanov’s “Chapaev”, I.S. Turgenev’s “Diary of a Superfluous Man” , "The Diary of Kostya Ryabtsev" by N. Ognev, "The Village Diary" by E.Ya. Dorosh). ("Robinson Crusoe" Daniel Defoe)
Why do you need a personal diary? What is its use?
Almost each of us has such secrets that we cannot tell even the Saami to our close people. Either we are afraid that we will not be understood and judged, or something else ... But sometimes these very secrets cause very strong emotional experiences, which, having not found a way out, can eventually affect a person's behavior. If you splash out your feelings on paper, this will serve as a kind of psychological relief. And then - the paper will endure everything and certainly will not condemn you for your revelations.
In addition, when we describe a problem that we have been struggling with for more than a day, the presentation of our thoughts sometimes helps to find the right solution. After all, when we write, we willy-nilly have to organize the emotional chaos that is going on inside us, and putting things in order very often helps to find exactly what we are looking for - no matter if it is a thing or a way out of a difficult situation.
You can also write down ideas that you have in your personal diary. Who knows, maybe after a certain period of time this entry, when you re-read it at your leisure, will give you a new impetus to development.
In the diary, you can also reflect in detail the process of working on yourself if, for example, you decide to develop certain traits in yourself, learn new skills, or get rid of an old habit. Such a detailed description will allow you to see your strengths and weaknesses, as if from the outside, as well as how far you have progressed towards your goal.
Some people write in a diary every day at the end of the day, describing what happened, how they felt, and analyzing what happened, what worked or didn't work, and why.
Anyway, keeping a personal diary allows you to be more attentive to yourself, to your inner world, to perceive feelings and emotions more consciously and, over time, to understand the reasons for their occurrence.
A personal diary is an excellent interlocutor who will not interrupt you and will always listen to the end. Although, of course, to conduct it or not is a personal matter for everyone.
The diary is one of the most democratic literary genres. Keeping a diary is available to every literate person, and the benefits it brings are enormous: daily entries, albeit small, in a few lines, teach attention to yourself and others, develop introspection skills, cultivate sincerity, observation, develop a taste for the word, accurate judgment, strict polished phrase.
Let's draw conclusions: the genre of the diary, acquiring various features in the course of evolution, at the present stage is characterized as follows: “The diary is a genre of memoir literature, which is characterized by the form of narration in the first person, conducted in the form of everyday, usually dated, synchronous from the point of view of the reality reflection system, records . The diary is distinguished by the utmost sincerity and trust. All entries in the diary, as a rule, are written for themselves.
D/z: For a week, starting today, every day write down any events from your life, everything that you would like to note in your diary. We'll see what you've got in a week.
Diary of Robinson Crusoe
From that time on, I began to keep my diary, writing down everything that I did during the day. At first, I had no time for notes: I was too overwhelmed with work; besides, I was then depressed by such gloomy thoughts that I was afraid that they would not be reflected in my diary.
But now that I have finally managed to master my anguish, when, having ceased to lull myself with fruitless dreams and hopes, I have taken up the arrangement of my dwelling, put my household in order, made myself a table and a chair, and generally settled myself as comfortably and comfortably as possible, I took up a diary...
Our ship, caught in the open sea by a terrible storm, was wrecked. The entire crew, except me, drowned; I, the unfortunate Robinson Crusoe, was thrown half-dead on the shore of this accursed island, which I called the Isle of Despair.
Until late at night, the most gloomy feelings oppressed me: after all, I was left without food, without housing; I had neither clothes nor weapons; I had nowhere to hide if my enemies attacked me. Salvation was nowhere to be found. I saw only death ahead: either I will be torn to pieces by predatory animals, or savages will kill me, or I will die of starvation.
When night fell, I climbed a tree because I was afraid of animals. I slept soundly all night, even though it was raining.
When I woke up in the morning, I saw that our ship had been refloated by the tide and driven much closer to the shore. This gave me hope that when the wind died down, I would be able to get to the ship and stock up on food and other necessary things. I cheered up a little, although the sadness for the dead comrades did not leave me. I kept thinking that if we had stayed on the ship, we would certainly have been saved. Now, from its wreckage, we could build a longboat, on which we would get out of this dead place.
As soon as the tide began to ebb, I went to the ship. At first I walked along the exposed bottom of the sea, and then I started swimming. All that day the rain did not stop, but the wind died down completely.
Today I noticed that I have very few crackers left. Strict care must be taken. I counted all the bags and decided to eat no more than one cracker a day. It's sad, but there's nothing you can do about it.
Today is the sad anniversary of my arrival on the island. I counted the notches on the post, and it turned out that I have been living here for exactly three hundred and sixty-five days!
Will I ever be lucky enough to break free from this prison?
I recently found that I had very little ink left. I will have to use them more economically: up to now I have kept my notes daily and entered all sorts of little things there, but now I will write down only the outstanding events of my life.
Diary it periodically updated text, consisting of fragments with a specified date for each entry. Usually, this or that work in the form of diary entries belongs to one of the well-known genres (novel, story, reportage), and “diary” only gives it additional specificity. The diary form of entry is characterized by a number of features that can be implemented to a greater or lesser extent in each diary:
- periodicity, regularity of keeping records;
- the connection of records with current, and not with long-past events and moods;
- the spontaneous nature of the recordings (the time between the events and the recording was too short, the consequences have not yet manifested themselves, and the author is not able to assess the degree of significance of what happened);
- literary rawness of records;
- addresslessness or uncertainty of the addressee of many diaries;
- the intimate and therefore sincere, private and honest nature of the recordings.
Outside of fiction, a diary usually gravitates towards either an official document (the "documentary" diary) or a private record (the so-called "everyday" diary). In both cases, the diary satisfies the human need for observation and is determined by the need to record current changes, which is the reason for the emergence of a variety of scientific diaries, protocols, case histories, ship's journals, school diaries, diaries of court duties - chamberfurier ceremonial journals. In ancient literature, since the time of Plato, the so-called hypomnemas have been known - various kinds of protocols of a private and official nature. At the courts of the Eastern and late Hellenistic monarchs, for example, at the headquarters of Alexander the Great, reports were kept on current events - ephemeris (possibly for propaganda purposes; their reliability in modern times is being questioned). Documentary diaries are of significant interest to the historian. In "everyday" diaries, the writer is also an observer, but he watches more for himself, for changes in the circumstances of his private life, his inner world. "Everyday" diaries became widespread in the era of sentimentalism, when interest in private life, and especially in the field of feelings, was very high. "Everyday" diaries can be of significant value if the writer was famous or participated in the political life of the country ("Diary of a member of the State Duma Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich", 1916), communicated with interesting people (E. A. Shtakenshneider "Diary and notes". 1854 -86). Diaries become not only a historical but also an aesthetic value if the writer has a literary talent (The Diary of Maria Bashkirtseva, 1887; The Diary of Anne Frank, 1942-44).
The texts recorded "by the day" are closely related in various respects to a wide range of the most diverse forms of documentary. Like a memoir diaries tell about real events that took place in the past outer and inner life. As in an autobiography, in a diary the writer talks primarily about himself and his immediate environment and is also prone to introspection. As a confession, the diary often speaks of a secret, hidden from prying eyes, but a confession, unlike a diary, memoirs and autobiographies, is sometimes devoid of a chronologically sequential narrative. And in memoirs, and in autobiographies, and in confessions, unlike diaries, the text is carefully built, only the essential is selected from all the information. In this respect, the diary is closer to letters, especially to regular correspondence, where the current is also reported, the material is not selected and the news is recorded "in hot pursuit." The proximity of correspondence and diaries is clearly visible in the "Diary for Stella" (1710-13) by J. Swift and in the "Diary for Eliza" (1767) by L. Stern. The first was written twice a day (although the mail was sent much less often), the letters included questions that were meaningless in ordinary correspondence (“Do you think I should wear a camisole today?”). Reminiscent of the diaries written in the form of letters "The Suffering of Young Werther" (1774) JW Goethe: Werther is little interested in his correspondent Wilhelm, whose answers have almost no effect on the nature of Werther's letters. Diaries and travel literature have something in common: constantly moving, unable to comprehend what is happening, the traveler, like the author of the diary, grasps events on the fly and writes down without separating the important from the accidental. The traveler usually marks the place where the meal was recorded; if the date of the entry is indicated in the journey, then it is already difficult to distinguish it from the diary.
Telling about events in chronological order and fixing any change, regardless of its significance, the diary resembles a chronicle, however, the time of entry in it is indicated more precisely (days, not years), and the range of events covered is limited. The diary reveals a certain affinity with periodicals, which also follow the events, but are intended for public reading, devoid of intimacy. Often creative people call their notebooks a diary. So, the "Diary" of Jules Renard is characterized by artistic images, and only the dates make it possible to read unrelated entries as diary entries. The features of the diary (confessional character, fixation of "little things", introspection, exact date) can be traced in the works of many poets (M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, A. Akhmatova, A.A. Blok). "The Diary of a Writer" by F. M. Dostoevsky becomes a periodical; subscribed to it. At the same time, Dostoevsky does not write about everything that excites him, but only about what, in his opinion, is of public interest. Sometimes the confinement of a diary entry to a certain date, the frequency of entries turns out to be a constructive moment in the narrative. In N.V. Gogol's Notes of a Madman, entirely built in the form of a diary, the count and order of days gradually eludes the writer. But usually the indication of the date is not so important. The meaning of Pechorin's Journal in Lermontov's Hero of Our Time (1840) will change little if all dates are removed.
Inga Mayakovskaya
Reading time: 4 minutes
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Why keep a diary? Keeping a diary helps you understand yourself, your desires and feelings. When a huge amount of thoughts accumulates, which are in disarray, it is better to “splash out” them on paper. In the process of keeping a diary, remembering and describing this or that situation, you begin to analyze your actions, think about whether you did the right thing under these circumstances, draw conclusions.
If these thoughts are for work, then most women write them down briefly - with abstracts and record them in a diary.
Why do you need a personal diary?
For a woman who finds it difficult to keep all the experiences in herself, you just need to keep a personal diary , where you can describe absolutely everything: your thoughts about your colleagues, how you feel about the recently appeared persistent boyfriend, what does not suit you in your husband, thoughts about children and much more.
Yes, of course, you can tell all this to a close friend, but it’s not a fact that the information she received will remain only between you. A personal diary will endure everything and won't tell anyone anything , unless, of course, it will be inaccessible to others. Therefore, it is better to conduct it electronically. , and, of course, set passwords.
Usually a personal diary is started girls still in puberty when the first relationship with the opposite sex occurs. There they describe experiences about first love, as well as relationships with parents and peers. personal diary you can entrust the most intimate thoughts and desires , because he will never give publicity to the secrets of his author.
What is a diary for anyway? What does he give? At the moment of an emotional outburst, you transfer your emotions into a diary (paper or electronic). Then, over time, after reading the lines from the diary, you remember those emotions and feelings, and see the situation from a completely different angle .
The diary takes us back to the past, makes us think about the present and avoids mistakes in the future. .
For example, a pregnant woman keeps a diary and writes down her experiences, feelings and feelings, and then, when her daughter is pregnant, she will share her notes with her.
To see the changes in your thoughts day by day, a diary needs a chronology . Therefore, it is better to put the day, month, year and time with each entry.
What are the benefits of keeping a personal diary?
- The benefits of keeping a diary are obvious. Describing events, remembering the details, you develop your memory. By writing down daily events and then analyzing them, you develop the habit of remembering the details of episodes that you did not pay any attention to before;
- There is an ability to structure your thoughts. And also to choose the right words for certain emotions and feelings that arise when reproducing the described situation;
- In the diary you can write your desires, goals, as well as identify ways to achieve them;
- Reading the events described in the diary will help you understand yourself. in their internal conflicts. It is a kind of psychotherapy;
- By writing in your diary your victories from any sphere of life (business, personal), you you can draw energy in the future rereading the lines. You will remember what you are capable of and the thought will flash through your head: “Yes, I - wow! I can't do that either."
- In the future, it will revive the emotions and memories of long-forgotten events.. Imagine how in 10 - 20 years you will open your diary, and how nice it will be to plunge into the past and remember the pleasant moments of life.
Briefly to the question - why keep a diary? - you can answer like this: to become better, wiser and make fewer mistakes in the future.
