Turkic lands. Ethnic history and culture of the Turkic tribes

Where did the Turks come from?

Huns led by Attila invade Italy . Vcentury n.uh.

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people that has lost its roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set a task for it: to find the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but the issue was not clear.

Our compatriot L. N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He defiantly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that the language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan on the verge of the first and second millennia, which existed for about three hundred years, he cannot but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documented searched all the surroundings. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not investigate the ethnonym. It still will not give anything, - says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.

Kimaki – this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, you get Arabicقماح To amma :X  "wheat". The connection is clear and self-explanatory. Now let's compare the current expression “Tashkent– city ​​of grain. And we did not invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of a part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the wordعطشجي yat ashji "stoker". You can't fire the stove, you can't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as "stone city". But if it is a city of bread, it is necessary to translate its name as a city of stokers, bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a lover of wheat.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only simiya can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards:خبز XBZ means "bake bread" and henceخباز X abba :h “ovennik, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it”.

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that all of it is filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology of its manufacture coincides with the technology of baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabicفخار F X A :R "ceramics" – the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a city of bread and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its karamika for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, the main square of Samarkand

Registan:

The name of the square is explained as a derivative of Persian. R egy - sand. Like, once a river flowed in this place and caused a lot of sand. No, it's from ar. re: G And - "I beg" (راجي ). And for Russian I beg- are. scarf"honor". Roads from different parts of the world converged at this place. And Timur invited merchants, artisans, scientists to his capital, so that they would make the capital of the world out of the city. When the Russians invite, they say PLEASE, and the Arabs sayشرف scarraf"do the honor". Persian word from Ar.راجع re :g andb "returning". If you build a city among the sands and do not follow it, the sand will return. So it was with Samarkand before Timur.

Here we have traced the path of the allegedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they have come a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called "passionate explosion" (Gumilyov). The last explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which came to an end with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Atatürk's problem remains unresolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which makes them look for their roots.

In the heat of passionate excitement, which only theories are not put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that the Russians are in the past the Turks, the same applies, of course, to the Slavs. And the Ukrainians are out of the question. Khokhol is Turkic for "son of the sky".

The leading position in the new movement of pan-Turkism is occupied by the journalist Aji Murad, who literally in a few words tries to show that everything, for example, Russian words, are from Turkic languages. According to the method of juggling with words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics. And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long since learned to distinguish its own from that of others in languages. Even a simple layman in most cases can see this. For example, in the Russian language, no one tries to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as primordially Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated. There are other additional signs as well. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derived words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remained, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

Yes, word crest is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning - "an unruly strand of hair", "a protruding tuft of hair or feathers." And it was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and by nature were and remain stubborn. Who doesn't know this?

This has a parallel in Arabic:لحوح lah O: X  "stubborn, persistent", derived from the verbألح " alah X A "insist". Almost also called the Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, of which Lech Kaczynski is the most stubborn.

But what is most surprising in the works of Aji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic superethnos. Since you really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For a simia, this is not such a difficult task.

Let us turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called in the Christian tradition Shestidnev, for God created the world for six days, and rested on the seventh day. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It's just that someone read the Russian word bottoms (levels) as days (weeks).

Behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco, the silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable. You can read about them in my book "System Languages ​​of the Brain" or "The World Periodic Law". We are only interested in the central couple "Heaven and Earth".

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And below it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. Between them, just what happens is what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. Again the Russian language erupted. Did priests write in Russian in Ancient Egypt? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's go further.

If you put the goddess of the sky on the "priest", you get ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gim". And if you put Eba, the god of the earth, on the sinful earth with your feet, you get the Arabic letter vav ( و ).

و Andג

It is clear that the celestial Yob is China, whose inhabitants do not get tired of pronouncing the name of the producing body in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky Nut, this is India, in which the mountains of the Himalayas.

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is just an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

In fact, the image of a cow belonged to the goddess of Wisdom, Isis. Between her horns is the disk of the sun RA. And then, that under it, under Heaven, was always depicted as a man, sometimes with a snake's head.

This is because the Arabic name for the snake, the root KHUY, is similar to what we write on the fence. Therefore, the Celestial Empire built itself the longest fence. Given that ZUBUR, this is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word ZUBR.

In Russian ZUBR is "BULL", in Arabic it isطور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found inside China, it was its necessary accessory. But for a while, he realized his own importance. After all, you must admit, it is he who should be with the cow in order to kryv ate her, not some kind of person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, tur) to say to the person: shoo, scratch, they say, from here. Since then, a person in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man" comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabicكش ka :w w "to drive away", but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurate conveys the indignation of the tour. Word tour comes from ArabicWith aura "bull", derived from the verbثار With A :R "be angry".

From that moment, when the Russian word kysh sounded, the history of TURKS, bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial. Like on this map:

Photo of a modern tourist map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, Chinese, but blue, like Turkic. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But this is rather late. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What are the palaces!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks seceded from China, the idea of ​​Chinese "under heaven" still remained. Those are the roots. Simia found out that when the bull is sacralized, it always reflects number 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if this happens to a cow, then she becomes the bearer of number three. There is no brighter example of the Indian sacred cow that walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw it both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, our own, anti-Chinese, number among the Turks is 5.

The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this scenario: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific back. "This word means the master in general and is always placed after his own name, for example. Abbas-bek". (Brockhaus). It never occurs to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls call individuals especially respected among themselves bulls.

What is a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic wordألبان alba :n "dairy" . What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? Azerbaijani Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that it could be a coincidence. Yes, strange coincidence. But there is another Albania, the Balkan one. Her capital Tirana. No one understands the name. Why incomprehensible? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" (ثيران ti :p a:n ). And the Arab can be checked.Easily. He looked into the dictionary and made sure that the Arab did not lie.You can't imagine such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is connected with the "Russian bulls", the other - with the "Arab". As if the Turks conspired to show the significance of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simia gives direct and clear answer . First part of Arabicجازر ja : h ep , ya : zer " Reznik", the second part - Rus. BYCHINA.

So, the topic "butchering the carcass of a bull" appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs,Pechenegs and Oghuz linked by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to cutting a bull carcass. Bashkirs from the head, i.e. refers to the front of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic, this concept is broader. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. O tail, i.e. rear end. The carcass of a bull is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The digits of the number are repeated again (2 and Z). Let's keep this in mind.

So, the Turk is a bull. The Creator and genetically tried. The neck, as a rule, among the Turks is short, massive, this gives them the opportunity in the classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French) to easily win prizes. Indeed, in this type of wrestling, the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong "bridge". And this is so that the strength is enough to withstand the pose of the Six. I know, because in my youth I studied, then still "classics". You will come to training and stand in the Eba position. It's called "pumping the bridge".

The sobs are soothing. Tranquility, the repose of the soul in Arabic is calledرضوان reed wa :n . In Arab Egypt, where the ancient mortuary cult has been preserved, and where newspapers are filled with obituaries, you can see this word in every obituary. The second part of the ethnonym MEN comes from Ar.أمان "ama :n , "ame:n"calm".

Dutar- a two-stringed instrument, to the music of which dastans (fairy tales) are sung. Fairy tales also tell the stories of that other world, world number 2. The dutar was scattered by a cultural wave throughout Central Asia, but "dutar is an integral part of the centuries-old musical culture of the Turkmen people. If you listen carefully to the sound of the dutar, you can feel the heat of the hot Turkmen sun, catch the polyphony of mountain rivers and the splashing of the waves of the ancient Caspian. This text is taken from the site سنةWith anat "year"سنة sinat "dream" - N.V.) to reach the condition, soak juices of the earth, - continues Nazarguli. - If you start working with the material immediately, then later it will lead to deformation of the dutar and distortion of the sound. When it comes term(cf. Ar.أجل "A gal "term, end",آجلة "aguila "that world". where is the Russian grave- N.V.), I take out logs, I make blanks out of them ... To make a good dutar, you need, first of all, a good tree. Best fit mulberry". If Tutankhamun had heard these words, he would have rolled over in his grave twice.

Russian word string comes from Arabicوتر vatar "string", "string", derived from Arabicوتر watara "pull on". It’s just that Russians sometimes see the letter vav as Russian s. Hence and fire And shooter. And more and wind'cause he's pulling the sails. And if you read it the other way around, you get zealous. It is these horses that the Turks love, especially the Tajiks. After all, there are two reasons that the strings of the dutar.

But there is one more important thing for us: Turkmen music is different… connection rhythmic. links of even and odd structure: 2 + 3, 3 + 2. (Site "Belkanto.ru) . Do we know the formula for the structure of the Turkic number? Let's translate into words: "bull + cow, cow + bull".

Sing, my dutar, weep and sing about your native side.

In Egypt, the dream of the pharaohs was guarded by a sphinx with the body of a lion. Here is a lioness, the silhouette of whose muzzle can be seen in the outline of the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The lioness is digitized as a five. This is a common Turkic number, which is supported by the administrative division of the country. And this can be seen on the flags of Turkmenistan.

On the Soviet flag, 2 blue lines divided the red field in two. On the modern one, the green field is crossed by a brown carpet with five patterns. Flag Day is celebrated on February 19th. On this day in 2001, the leadership changed the ratio of the sides of the flag, they became 2 to 3. To the rhythms of the dutar? The five stars represent the 5 regions of the country.

In general, the dutar is a descendant of the Turkic bow adapted to territory No. 2. The transition was apparently smooth. According to ancient Arabic sources (mentioned above), in ancient times, the Turkmen had a wedding custom: the groom's friends shot from a bow at his ring. And then the groom himself appointed the place of the first wedding night by throwing an arrow. I don’t know if that custom has been preserved, but the player who plays the dutar from time to time bends it with a special technique, as if showing where this instrument comes from.

There is a disease, a companion of all wars. Tetanus is called, tetanus in Latin.

Tetanus (Tetanus).

Wounded soldier before death.

An acute infectious disease characterized by severe convulsions as a result of damage to the nervous system. The causative agent is tetanus bacillus (Clostridium tetani). Penetration of spores of the pathogen into the wound (with soil, a piece of cloth, wood, etc.), in the presence of dead tissue in it (anaerobic conditions), causes a disease. S. is an ordinary companion of wars. Tonic convulsions cover the muscles of the neck, trunk, abdomen; the head is thrown back, the spine is bent forward - the patient touches the bed only with the back of the head and heels ". (TSB) C.'s bacilli produce a poison similar to strychnine that causes poisoning - tetanine.(Brockhaus).

The Russian name is outwardly motivated by the verb numb . In fact, the name of the disease comes from the addition of the Arabic prefixاست ist "to ask" + in reverse readingنبل obs"arrows", + يقي yak And "defend", literally "to ask for arrows for protection." Hence the stretched bow pose.The Latin name for the deadly disease comes from the Russian word string. (with m. Vashkevich "Dictionary of etymological and hidden meanings". Issue 4).

The work of Nurer Ugurlu "Turkic peoples" is dedicated to the Turkic ethno-linguistic community living today in various regions of the world, whose migration flows in the past were directed to Central Europe, the Far East, and India. The influence of the Turkic peoples was spread from the Danube to the Ganges, from the Adriatic to the East China Sea, and reached Beijing, Delhi, Kabul, Isfahan, Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, the Balkan Peninsula. We discussed the most interesting fragments of the book with its author Nurer Ugurlu.

Khalil Bingel: How can one evaluate the historical past of the Turkic peoples?

Nurer Ugurlu: The book describes the history of numerous Turkic peoples living in Asia, Europe, Africa, which today are represented in various regions of the world. The concept of “people” can be defined as a human community, tribal union (“budun”), or ulus (“ulus”), whose members are connected with each other in terms of tribe and clan by common customs, language and culture. The tribal union is a close cooperation and association of the ancient Turks, formed from various tribes, which were characterized by political dependence. In different sources, this term is used in different meanings. The category “bodun”, which appeared for the first time in the Orkhon writings (VIII century), was used to designate all communities: local and foreign, nomadic and settled. In this regard, if we talk about the concept of "people", then it was used to name the Turkic communities formed from tribes of various sizes - both in relation to the Göktürks and Tobgaches (they invaded China), and for the Oguzes, Karluks, Uighurs, Kirghiz, Tatars. Initially, to define the people's community in the Orkhon writings, such terms as "black-bones people" ("kara kamag" or "kara bodun") or simply "bodun" were also mentioned. Muhammad al-Kashgari (XI century) in the "Collection of Turkic Dialects" noted that the term "budun" originated from the Chikil dialect, and interpreted it as "people" and "nationality". Western scholars have replaced the term "bodun" with the terms "people" and "volk". In the XIV century, in some works written during the period of the Golden Horde and Khorezm, this term is quite rare, and, referred to as "buzun", it is used to denote the concept of "people". In later literature, this term does not occur at all. Tribal unions were separate communities, each of which had separate lands and leaders. The associations were headed by kagans, who, depending on the size of the territories and population, bore such titles as “yabgu” (“yabgu”), “shad” (“şad”), “ilteber” (“ilteber”). Tribal unions, most of which were part of the Turkic Khaganate and were mentioned in the Letters of the Gökturks, once a year sent various gifts to the Khagan and confirmed their dependence on him, during the war, for example, supplying the fighting army with reinforcements. Thanks to the governors sent from the center, the kagans in many respects carefully controlled the tribal unions subordinate to them.

- Where were the first settlements of the Turks?

The Turks are one of the most ancient and permanent peoples in world history. This is a large folk community, the history of which goes back over four thousand years. Its territories of settlement cover Asia, Europe, Africa. The first settlements of the Turkic peoples were, first of all, the plateaus of Central Asia. These are vast territories stretching from the Khingan Mountains in the east to the Caspian Sea and the Volga River in the west, from the Aral-Irtysh watershed in the north to the Hindu Kush mountain system in the south. The plateaus of Central Asia were predominantly spacious steppes. Fertile territories were located from the northern sections of the Caspian and Aral Seas and Lake Balkhash to the Khingan Mountains. Sandy steppes in the south of these territories sometimes ended in deserts. The region of sandy steppes connected the fertile lands stretching from the Altai Mountains from east to west. Historians, considering the territories of Central Asia as the most ancient region of the settlement of the Turks, explore them, highlighting two areas - to the north and south of the Tien Shan. The region south of the Tien Shan is East Turkestan. The north of this territory covers the Altai Mountains, the Dzungarian Plain and the Irtysh River. These territories were inhabited by dynamic, nomadic Turkic communities. Initially, depending on the territory, the Turks were engaged in agriculture, and with significant climatic changes, they switched to cattle breeding. To find pastures for animals, they were forced to roam. This circumstance predetermined the semi-nomadic life of the Turkic peoples.

- What ideas about the "homeland of the Turkic peoples" exist in historical science?

Scholars involved in the study and research of the Turkic history of Claproth and Vamberi, relying on Chinese sources, attributed the foothills of the Altai Mountains to the “homeland of the Turkic peoples”. According to the well-known Turkologist Radlov, this territory covered the region of modern Mongolia to the east of Altai. Based on the similarity of the Turkic and Mongolian languages, Ramstedt assumed that the Turks originated from Mongolia. A well-known expert on Turkic history in Central Asia, Bartold, also attributed the region on the territory of Mongolia to the homeland of the Turkic peoples. Today, these views are outdated, and the territory in question needs to be expanded. Linguistic and archaeological research shows that the homeland of the Turkic peoples stretches west of the Altai Mountains. According to the famous Turkologist Nemeth, the homeland of the Turkic peoples should be sought on the territory of modern Kazakhstan, namely between the Altai and Ural mountains. In the course of archaeological and ethnographic research conducted in the southern regions of Siberia and the region of the Altai Mountains, some results were obtained related to the ancient territories of the settlement of the Turkic peoples. As noted in Kiselev's work "Ancient History of Siberia" (1951), "cave painting" and archaeological finds discovered north of Lake Baikal, at the source of the Lena River and the Semirechye region, reflect the ethnic characteristics of these places, preserved from ancient times. According to historical sources, the first settlements of the Turkic communities were in the region of the Altai Mountains. The Turks, living between the Tien Shan and the Altai mountains, were ranked among the Altai peoples.

- Why were the Turks living in Central Asia forced to migrate?

The Turkic peoples who inhabited the territories of Central Asia were forced to leave these lands due to changes in the geographical and social conditions of life. The Turks founded many independent states in the new territories. It is not known for certain what period the first migration flows of the Turks date from, but it is believed that it covers the beginning of the first millennium BC. As a result of a major migration, the Turks, passing through the south of the Caspian Sea and the Iranian Highlands (some of them remained in Iran), descended into Mesopotamia, and from there invaded Syria, Egypt, Anatolia and the islands of the Aegean Sea. Here, in different periods of history, independent Turkic states were founded: the Seljuk State, the Seljuk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. By the end of the 4th century, the Turks, having passed through the north of the Caspian Sea, migrated from Northeast Asia to Eastern Europe. Over time, they settled in Central Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula and the Danube River Valley. In these territories, Turkic states were also subsequently established. The movement of the Turkic peoples to the east, which began in the 2500s BC, continued for a long time with certain interruptions. The Turks who settled in the modern regions of China - Shaanxi and Gansu - brought their culture and civilization to these lands and for a long time held power in China in their hands. The Shang Dynasty, which founded the Shang State, was destroyed by the Zhou (Chow) Dynasty, descended from a Turkic family (1050-247 BC). Over time, gaining strength, the Zhou dynasty established a political alliance, which is considered the beginning of Chinese history. The Turks who migrated north settled in the fertile pastures of Siberia. However, there is no exact information about when the Yakut and Chuvash Turks came to these territories. The movement of Turkic tribes from Central Asia began in the first centuries of history and continued until the end of the Middle Ages. Some Turks did not leave their homeland at all and lived in the valleys of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya, Ili, Irtysh, Tarim and Shu rivers. Over time, large states were formed on these lands, which demonstrated significant development in the cultural and civilizational sense.

What tribes can be divided into Turkic communities in terms of geography, historical development, features of dialects and adverbs?

In this regard, several Turkic tribes can be distinguished. Muhammad al-Kashgari in the “Collection of Turkic Dialects”, speaking about the Turkic peoples in the 11th century, gives information about such tribes as the Oguzes, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Karluks, Kirghiz, Yagma, Bulgars, Bashkirs, etc. The most numerous of them were tribes Oghuz and Kipchak. After the second half of the 11th century, the Oguzes from the tribes that inhabited the Syr Darya valleys migrated to Western Asia and Anatolia, and the Kipchaks from the Irtysh River basin migrated en masse to the lowlands in the north of the Caspian and Black Seas. Part of the Bulgars descended in the VI century on the territory of modern Bulgaria. Despite multidirectional migration flows, a significant part of the Turkic tribal unions remained in Central Asia. This historical fact is important from the point of view of the formation and current structure of the Turkic communities. The Oghuz tribe became the basis for a large group known as the "Western Turks". The Kipchaks also formed a large community by joining other Turkic peoples who inhabited the territories stretching from the north of the Black Sea to the confluence of the Danube. Consequently, the Kipchaks became the basis for the group known today as the "Eastern European Turks". The third group is formed by the "Eastern Turks" or "Turks of Turkestan", formed as a result of the merger of the Chagatai and Uzbek uluses. This community was formed by other Turkic tribes that remained in Central Asia. It also included groups of Kipchaks who later returned to Turkestan. The fourth group includes the Turks of Siberia and Altai. Various tribes of Western Siberia and Altai are predominantly Turks of Kipchak or Kirghiz origin.

- What is the social organization of the Turkic peoples?

With the unification of families and clans, the tribes of the Turkic peoples were formed. To denote the union of tribes, the concept of "tribal union" ("bodun") was used. The state, created on the basis of the unification of tribal unions, was called "il" ("il"). At the head of the ils was the “khan”. With their unification, "khanates", "kaganates" were created. The equivalent of the term "people" in the ancient Turkic language was the category "kyun" ("kün"). At the head of the state was a kagan, who commanded the troops and led the “kurultai”, who met to discuss state affairs. Historical documents testify that the right to govern and power was granted to the Turkic Khagan by the god Tengri. On the monument erected in honor of Bilge Khan Bogyu, the inscription has been preserved: "I became a kagan, so Tengri ordered." The rights and powers of the kagan among the Turkic peoples were not unlimited. The kagan was considered the head of state. At the same time, the rulers of the tribes and khans acted at their own discretion in their own territories. There was a kind of freedom. The most influential representatives of the nobility participated in the meetings of the "kurultai" when discussing state affairs. Kurultai met twice a year. At the meetings of this body, such important issues as war, peace and trade were discussed, and laws were adopted for the orderly and fair administration of the state. The process of state administration among the Turkic peoples was carried out in accordance with the laws adopted in this way, as well as customs and traditions. The kagan's wife, who was given the title "khatun", assisted the kagan in discussing state affairs. In addition, a council of great servants was created to help the kagan. Usually they bore the title "bey". There were other positions and employees who were given the title of "yabgu", "shad", "tarkhan", "tudun" and "tamgadzhi". When the kagan died, a kurultai met, at which a new ruler was elected - one of the sons of the kagan. As a rule, the authority to manage the kaganate was transferred to the eldest son.

- What Turkic peoples are described in your work?

The book deals with the Turkic peoples that inhabit various regions of the world. They made a permanent and long-term contribution to the history of mankind, therefore, when describing human history, considerable attention is paid to the Turkic peoples. After all, their migration flows flooded the territories of Central Europe, the Far East, and India. One cannot but agree with the statement: “Only linguistics can give the only true definition of the Turkic peoples. A Turk is someone who speaks the Turkic language. Other definitions are not comprehensive enough.”

- How do you define modern Turkic communities?

They can be classified as follows. Volga-Ural region: Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Krymchaks. Region of Central Asia: Karakalpaks, Uighurs. Siberian region: Yakuts, Dolgans, Tuvans, Khakasses, Altaians, Shors, Tofalars. Caucasus region: Balkars, Kumyks, Karachays, Nogais, Avars, Lezgins, Dargins, Laks, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Aguls, individual teips of Chechens, Ingush, Adygs, Abkhazians, Circassians, Abaza, Ossetians, Meskhetian Turks, Kabardians. Western region: Gagauz, Karaites.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

Ethno-speaking group speaking Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the oldest, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. The most ancient people of the Turkic group are the Kirghiz, their language has been preserved almost unchanged. And the first information about the appearance of Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Modern strength

The largest number of modern Turks is. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples, or 70 million people. Next come - 15% or 25 million people. Slightly fewer Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uighurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmens - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , — 3.5 million (2%). The following nationalities make up 1%: Qashqais and - an average of 1.5 million. Others less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachays (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkars (115 thousand), Nogais (110 thousand), Khakasses (75 thousand), Altaians (70 thousand). Most Turks are Muslims.

Ratio of Turkic peoples

Origin of peoples

The first settlement of the Turks was in Northern China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled, so they reached Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• Huns;
• turkuts;
• Karluks;
• Khazars;
• Pechenegs;
• Bulgars;
• Cumans;
• Oghuz Turks.

Very often in the historical annals the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

language group

There are 2 main groups: eastern and western. Each of them has a branch:

• Eastern:
  • Kirghiz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altaians);
  • Uighur (Saryg-Uighurs, Todzhans, Altaians, Khakases, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvans, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgar (Chuvash);
  • Kypchak (Kypchak-Bulgarian: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kypchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachays; Kypchak-Nogai: Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks);
  • Karluk (Ili Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgarian: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oghuz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriot Turks, Turkomans, Qashqais, Urums, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmens, Qajars, Gudars, Teymurtashis, Turkmens, Afshars , Salars, Karapapahi).

The Chuvash speak the Chuvash language. Dialectic of the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. The Kypchak peoples are located in Russia, Siberia, so Russian becomes native here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uighur. Tatars, Kirghiz and Kazakhs achieved independence of their territory and also preserved their traditions. But the Oguzes tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, Salar.

Characteristics of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live on the territory of Russia, retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people who are partially or completely dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. Often, the indigenous people call themselves Sakhas, and their Republic was called Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. The language was acquired a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Native Republic - Tuva.
• Altaians. They preserve their history and culture the most. They inhabit the Republic of Altai.
• Khakasses. Live in the Republic of Khakassia, approximately 52 thousand people. Partially, someone moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. Found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today it is 10 thousand people who have taken refuge in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are bright representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today, the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with a history of Turkic settlement:

• Kirghiz. This is the most ancient settlement of Turkic origin. Let the territory have been vulnerable for a long time, but they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few people settled. But they are very hospitable and generously meet and see off guests who come to their house.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. They are very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are brought up strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbor from bad things.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very insidious and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin are united by a common - history and common origin. Many managed to carry through the years and even in spite of other problems, their traditions. Other representatives are on the verge of extinction. But even this does not prevent getting acquainted with their culture.

Altai language family. As a result, linguistic classification, introduced in the 19th century, in the category of so-called. many peoples are included, to-rye before that they were not included in their composition. so-called. settled in Russia, the CIS, Turkey, China, Iran and other states. The Turks are Azerbaijanis, Altaians, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Karachais, Kirghiz, Kumyks, Nogais, Tatars, Teleuts, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakasses, Chuvashs, Shors, Yakuts, etc. In 1990, the number of Turks was 132.8 million people. According to World. Assembly of the so-called, in the world there are approx. 200 million people belonging to the Turks (2007). Approx. 30 T.S. numbering 12 million 750 thousand people. (2002).

Proto-Turkic are considered (Huns), whose movement to the west is noted in the end. 3 - beginning. 2nd century BC. At the beginning of a.d. Ogur tribes (cf. ) - ancestors - migrated to the west. direction. Proto-Bulgarians. groups as ethnic The community was formed long before the formation of the Turks themselves. tribes (Turkyuts). In the 2nd–4th centuries in the Urals, an unification of the nomadic tribes of the Huns took shape, moving into the middle. 4th c. on Z and laid the foundation , which marked the end of the centuries-old domination of the Iranian language. nomadic tribes of the Scythians, and opened the way to the movement to the 3rd Turkic language. nomads (in the 9th–10th centuries, the Pechenegs and , in the 11th century. ). Turk. tribes, primarily Onogurs-Bulgarians and Savirs (see. ), were part of the Hunnic Federation. In the 5th c. The Turks called the horde that rallied around Prince Amin (Mongolian name meaning wolf). According to the legend, the Altai Turks - tukyu (turkut) - come from the west. Huns. In the 6th c. the Turks formed into a small people who lived in the east. slopes of Altai and Khangai. As a result of several successful wars (since 545), the Turks managed to subjugate all the steppes from Khingan (Northeast China) to Azov. seas. The state of the Turks was called Türk. Khaganate, which in 604 disintegrated into the West. and Vostoch. Turkic Khaganates. From Ser. 6th c. to the 30s 7th c. Bulgarians and Suvars were part of Türk., then West. Turk. kaganate. Bulgarian. the component is present in a number of so-called. Caucasus: Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks. On the ruins of the first Turks. and other associations appeared Kimak, Uigur Khaganates. famous Turk. the Ashina clan was headed by the Khazars. unification of hordes (cf. ), who lived in the Caspian steppes. In the 11th century to Turk. dialects were spoken by many peoples from Marble. sea ​​and slopes of the Carpathians to the Great Wall of China. Ancient so-called. were nomads, they subjugated many farmers. peoples who became their farmers. base. Orkhon-Yenisei runic inscriptions are the most important historical. and cultures. monuments (cf. , ). Turk. communities had a common cult of Tengrikhan - the god of the sky, the sun, a common cult of ancestors, as well as similarities in everyday life, clothing, methods of warfare; collection of information about the ancient Turks. tribes compiled in the 11th century. .

Mongol-Tatars. invasion of Eastern Europe in the 1220s–40s. set in motion masses of nomads. In the Eurasian steppes, the Kypchaks were defeated (the Kypchak steppe of the pre-Mongolian period is known as , it stretched from Altai to the Carpathians); conquered in 1236 . In the beginning. 1240s founded , it included Khorezm, the North. Caucasus, Crimea, Volga. Bulgaria, Urals, West. Siberia. The bulk of the population were Kypchaks, whose language was the state language. In the 1st floor. 15th c. formed late Golden Horde. ethnopolitical associations - Astrakhan., Kazan., Crimea., Siberia. khanates, Nogai Horde; in con. 15 - beginning. 16th centuries educated Kazakh. (in the composition of the Kazakhs historically formed the Senior, Middle, Junior zhuzes) and Uzbek. khanates. Their population consisted of Turkic tribes (Nogai, Kipchaks, Bashkirs, Kazakhs) and peoples (Kazan Tatars, Chuvashs), as well as Finno-Ugric peoples (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi). During the existence of the khanates, the so-called. In particular, significant masses of Chuvash. population migrated to the territory of Bashkiria and to the West. Siberia, where the places were assimilated. Turks (Bashkirs, Siberian Tatars) and Kazan Tatars. migrants. All R. 16th century so-called. The Volga and Ural regions (Chuvash, Tatars, Bashkirs) became part of Rus. states, so-called. Siberia - in the 17th century, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Middle. Asia - in the 18-19 centuries. After construction in the 17th and 18th centuries there was a resettlement of the Chuvash, Tatar-Mishars, Kazan. Tatars and other peoples in the areas of the so-called. .

Unlike language material. and spiritual culture of the ancients. Chuvash (religion, including the pantheon, applied, musical, choreographic creativity, monumental and small forms of sculpture), with the exception of certain elements (for example, similarity. As a result, long interaction with a number of so-called, with their ethnic. In groups (primarily of the Tatar ethnic group), the Chuvash developed similar features that can be traced both in material and in spiritual culture.

Lit .: Bichurin N. Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. T. 1–2. M.–L., 1950; T. 3. M.–L., 1953; Klyashtorny S. G. Ancient Turkic runic monuments as a source on the history of Central Asia. M., 1964; Pletneva S. A. Nomads of the Middle Ages. M., 1982; Gumilyov L. N. Ancient Turks. M., 1993; Kakhovsky V. F. The origin of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2003; Ivanov V.P. Ethnic geography of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2005.

About the Turks.

About the modern Turks, the same Wikipedia speaks somehow quite vaguely: "the Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples who speak Turkic languages." But about the “ancient” Turks, she is much more eloquent: “The ancient Turks are the hegemonic tribe of the Turkic Khaganate, headed by the Ashin clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term tyurkuts (from turk. - turk and mong. -yut - the Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, is often used to designate them. According to the physical type, the ancient Turks (Turkuts) were Mongoloids.

Well, well, let the Mongoloids, but then what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical "Mediterranean" subrace. And the Uighurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone does not understand, all three peoples, according to today's terminology, are Turks.

Pictured below are Chinese Uighurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second one yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, this is not often seen.

Especially for skeptics! There is no longer anyone who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place of finds of mummies is the Xinjiang Uyghur National District of China - and in the photo their direct descendants.

The distribution of haplogroups among the Uighurs.

Note that R1a predominates, having the Asian marker Z93 (14%). Compare with the percentage of haplogroup C, also shown in the diagram. As you can see, C3, typical of the Mongols, is completely absent.

A small addition!

It must be understood that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most common haplogroups, it is found even among the Amazon Indians. A high concentration of C today reaches not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Khazars, Argyn Kazakhs, Australian Aborigines, Polynesians, Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, then the range is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence, sometimes perplexed questions - I, a Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair color, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just marks by which one can judge the ancestors of a person.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Khaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have come down to us.

The kaganate only meant a form of government (the state was ruled by a khan chosen by the people, kaan in a different transcription), and not the name of the country. Today we do not use the word "Democracy" instead of the word "America". Although to whom, if not, such a name suits her (joke). The term "state" in relation to the Turks more befits "Il" or "El", but not the Khaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather trade in it. The inhabitants of Sogdiana (the interfluve of the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I did not make a reservation by writing "my". There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to grow silkworms and produce matter from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the birthplace of silk is China, and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, was 70% written by the Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries*, the remaining thirty were “completed” by the Chinese themselves. Particularly intensive "editing" was in the days of Mao Zedong, the entertainer was still the same. He even has monkeys, from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Only a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Bell took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, in fact, he was engaged in the Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and the compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all Chinese-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activities was the so-called so-called imperial edict of religious tolerance in 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's tutor in science was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amyot. In the 18th century, the Jesuits, led by Regis, participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated 67 European books into Chinese and published in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the design of mechanical clocks, and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same "black aristocracy" (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescentia, Column, Caetani, Chigi, Ludovisi, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospigliosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacts. And don't let the Italian names fool you. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long tradition of the initiates**. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their instructions that later Jewish merchants removed all the gold from Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks ***.

Notes.

* It is the members of aristocrazìa nera who are the true "masters of the world", and not some kind of Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kunas. From Egypt, foreseeing its imminent fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what "nishtyaki" the teaching of the crucified brings with it, most of them move to the Vatican. My good ones, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone does not know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR, before its end.

Here it is worth adding that the tribes of the Ephthalites, also called the White Huns, the Huns-Chionites, and which belonged to Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) were completely conquered by that time by the Ashin Turks (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there is no less demand for it.

Silk for the then world economy meant the same thing as oil today. It can be assumed what kind of pressure was exerted on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, it is worth writing a separate article about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has come down to us in the writings of several authors, I will use the description of Menander Protector. This will allow us to get closer to unraveling who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or still Caucasoids: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Saks, an embassy to Justin arrived for the world. Vasilevs also decided on the council to send an embassy to the Turks, and ordered a certain Zemarch from Cilicia, who at that time was a strategist of the eastern cities, to be equipped in this embassy.

That's how much you need to be sure that "People steal everything" presented to him on a silver platter with the name "official history" in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Turks? We look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (other Persian Sakā, other Greek Σάκαι, lat. Sacae) is the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. e. - first centuries A.D. e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Osset. sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern researchers consider the Saks, along with the Massagets, to be the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Initially, the Saks, apparently, are identical with the Avestan tours; in the Pahlavi sources under Turkic tribes are already understood as Turs. In the Achaemenid inscriptions, "Saks" are called all Scythians.

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is a white deer. Remember Strabo's parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of the bell ringing. This passage describes the rite of purification performed by the Turks for Zemarch: “They dried them (the things of the embassy) on a fire from young sprouts of an incense tree, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, they rang bells and beat tambourines ...” You continue to believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we are going to you ... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery ... I could not resist ...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room there were many wagons, in which there were a lot of silver things, discs and something made of reeds. Also numerous images of quadrupeds made of silver, none of which, in our opinion, is inferior to those that we have. (highlighted by me)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria a fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book "Empieres Of The Silk Road" notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. conquered the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found today - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the region of modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China * to the Vitim River in the north. Clapro claimed that the whole of Central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, Tableaux historiques de L "Asie", 1826)

It should not be considered that it was something unshakable, the Turks, like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, conquered them, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia to that illustrative example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... the magnificent and almost perfect structure that modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital has little in common with the ancient Great Wall built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state ”(Eduard Parker,“ Tatars. History of Origin ”)

Istarkhi called the sakaliba of all fair-haired Turks. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus and a number of Eastern authors called the Hungarians Türks. In all early Arabic geographical writings, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter "Turks". The geographical school of al-Jahayn, starting from Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marvazi, attributed to the Turks the Guzes (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtases, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, Russ.

By the way, the Ashin Turks are considered by the Chinese to be “a branch of the Xiongnu house”. Well, the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-ya-yay ... If not, contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures with the Mongols, I answer ...

And one more addition.

You know, I was always surprised by the fact when people who do not have something, ascribe to themselves the possession of it. A typical example is Sanity. What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can we talk about among “people”, whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves - only basic instincts and other people's “attitudes”. There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing else. I'm not even talking about the presence of mentally ill people in their ranks ... But, here, come on, you are "sane", period. The Jews among them are a separate song, these are on their minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally from all the cracks ... (Who in the subject, I think, guessed - we are talking about a "free artist" and some other "comrades").

It was not by chance that I said about "foreign installations" - all reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of Sanity to the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) were: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Huns is closely connected with the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This can be seen at least from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Huns relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two peoples are identical) or where Xiongnu and Huns collided (if they are different)." (K.A. Foreigners)

I refer everyone who wants to get acquainted with this issue in more detail to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev "Xiongnu and Huns, analysis of theories about the origin of the Xiongnu people of the Chinese chronicles, about the origin of the European Huns and about the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, second revised edition.) I will only cite his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Xiongnu people, who roamed north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes, in all likelihood, also consisted of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state, and especially during its prosperity, various other tribes were included in it, such as: Mongolian, Tunguz, Korean and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (a disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic differences - the southern Xiongnu more submitted to the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern ones better preserved their tribal features), the northern Xiongnu could not maintain independence, and part of them moved to West. According to historical reports that have come down to us, these evicted Xiongnu went through the usual way of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kirghiz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century AD.

III) In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, the Xiongnu or Hunnu Turks clashed with other tribes. First of all, Finnish tribes stood in their way (moreover, it is currently difficult to decide whether the Turks completely disappeared into the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic, equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element thinned out among them, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, mixed in. It is very likely that there was very little in common between the subjects of Mo-de and Attila. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected with and caused by upheavals in the extreme eastern limits of Asia.

And what did these Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (spread, mantle) found in one of the Xiongnu burials in Noin-Ula (31 burial mounds). The ceremony of (presumably) the preparation of the soma drink is embroidered on the canvas. Notice the faces.

If the first two, most likely, can be attributed to the Mediterranean subrace, then a man on a horse ... Meet a similar type today, you would say - a pure "hare".

Of course, the carpet was declared imported. Well... It's quite possible... Professor N.V. Polosmak believes: “The dilapidated fabric, found on the floor of the Xiongnu burial chamber covered with blue clay and brought back to life by the hands of restorers, has a long and difficult history. It was made in one place (in Syria or Palestine), embroidered in another (perhaps in North-Western India), and found in a third (in Mongolia)"

I can assume that the fabric of the carpet could well have been imported, but why is it embroidered in India? Didn't have your own embroiderers? Then what about this.

In the picture, the anthropological material from the burial of the 20th Noin-Ula barrow is a well-preserved enamel covers from seven lower teeth of constant change: the right and left canines, the right and left first premolars, the left first and second molars. Facets of artificial wear were found on the first left premolar - linear traces and shallow cavities. This type of deformation could appear when doing needlework - embroidering or making carpets, when threads (most likely wool) were bitten with teeth.

The teeth belong to a woman of 25-30 years old, Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or the interfluve of the Indus and the Ganges. The assumption that this is a slave does not hold water - the Noin-Ula mounds, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by marks on her teeth. So why was the found carpet hastened to be declared imported? Because the images depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, it is the facts that are of paramount importance - new ones appear - my opinion changes. In the official version of history, the opposite is true - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let us turn again to Wikipedia: “The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic tribe of the Scythians - the Sakami.” Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but scientists (Doctor of History T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read that place above where I speak about the territory of the Turkic state. The presence of a huge country always means the movement of not only material resources, but also people. What is surprising in the fact that a woman born in one place is married thousands of miles from her father's house?

All carpets from the Noin-Ula barrows were made in the same place and approximately at the same time. Their similarity was also pointed out by S. I. Rudenko: “The technique of embroidering drapery-rugs is characterized by the imposition of multi-colored threads of weak twist on the fabric and fixing them on its surface with very thin threads.” A similar technique of embroidery “in attachment” is found in burials already from the 1st century BC. BC e. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why were they declared imported?

But what about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then they have been part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols *, stand at the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not rule out such a possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Is it possible to speak of the Mongols as the conquerors of the universe? Well... It's not even a bad joke...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid at-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks were the most unfortunate. Under the Soviet regime, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1944, which actually banned the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and Turkic scholars unanimously went to "logging". The authorities simply chose to replace the Turks with the Mongols. For what? This is the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question - was Stalin really the sole ruler, or, even if the main one, but still, a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collectively, by a simple majority.

Quite a reasonable question: the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are mistaken, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities were not doing such tricks either - for most of the 20th century, Russia lived with the firm conviction that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, is our Russian bright future. I'm not talking about Christianity anymore. Look at the zeal with which people, having betrayed their own gods, praise others. Continue further?

Above I spoke about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Xiongnu), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred more different names given by others are all one and the same people. As K.A. Foreigners: “won the Xiongnu clan - everything is done by the Xiongnu, the Xian-bi clan defeated - everything is done by the Xian-bi, etc. From this there is a frequent change of names in the history of nomadic peoples.

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasoid population of Altai, Siberia, Kazakhstan mutate into Mongoloids so quickly, over the course of some one and a half thousand years? What was the reason for this? The notorious fly in the ointment (Mongols) in a barrel of honey? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's sum up.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mono-ethnic, it included, in addition to the Turks themselves, a lot of other nationalities, and the national composition changed depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to be related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today are talking - everywhere there were "ours"; The "thinkers", in turn, stomping their feet, squeal - everywhere there are only Mongols. Neither one nor the other is right, Russia is an excellent example of this - are there many, say, Russians in the north of Yakutia? But it's the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cite the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, like, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks - from Georgians and Armenians. You can compare modern Russian and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are they from different countries? Or are there no “national” cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact, these are Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks deleted from our history? There are many reasons, the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than it is commonly thought today...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will surely ask a question:

Why do you need it? Why rewrite history at all? What difference does it make, how it actually happened, it’s not worth changing anything - let it be the way it was, as we are all used to it.

Without a doubt, the “ostrich posture” is very comfortable for the majority - I don’t see anything, I don’t hear anything, I don’t know anything ... It’s easier for a person who fences himself off from reality to endure stress - only reality does not change from this. Psychologists even have the term "hostage effect" ("Stockholm syndrome"), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that occurs between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and / or use (or threat of use) of violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: "Russia has risen from its knees only to get up like cancer." And while we will all be “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” we will again and again be put in a pose known to everyone from the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some kind of retarded Byzantium! The realization of this fact is our only chance to return to its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy survive in an unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians ... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are far more frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. “... Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly hit them and decided the matter in favor of the grand ducal troops” - this is Solovyov about the battle on June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking about the war of 1533 - 1586, describes the composition of the troops Principality of Moscow: "besides the Russians, the princes of the Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and murzas of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peipus."

And it was the Steppe, call it Tartaria or whatever, we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the eloquent Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live badly? Remember: “... And throwing the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and strangled himself. The high priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: It is not permissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having made a meeting, they bought the potter's land with them, for the burial of strangers; Therefore, that land is called “the land of blood” to this day.” (Matthew, ch. 27)

I want to end today's article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other way out for the All-Russian state: either to become what it has been called upon to be from time immemorial (a world force that combines the West with the East), or ignominiously go down the path, because Europe itself we, in the end, will be crushed by their external superiority, and the Asian peoples awakened not by us will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners.

Actually, I considered the article finished, just a friend, having re-read it, asked me to add - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in the comments and in PM, pay attention to the inconsistency of my views with the official version of history, give links to "left" sites like "Anthropogenesis", and sometimes to the opinion of fairly well-known scientists. My good friends, I am familiar with the academic version as well as, and perhaps better than many visitors to KONT, do not bother yourself.

Once, in other words, not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rested on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the universe. I'm not kidding, I'm completely serious. Just now, very briefly, I voiced a version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is "believe". They did not check, but they believed. That, a small group that decided to "check", was waiting for an unenviable fate. Do you think things have changed since then? No, today they no longer lay fires in the squares, today they act much smarter, those who think otherwise are simply declared fools. If the name of Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many "ridiculed" simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about ways to manipulate consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “mockery”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be ridiculed against which they are fighting. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when ridiculing individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With the skillful use of such a technique, it is possible for a specific person to form the image of a “frivolous” person whose statements are not trustworthy. (Psychotechnologies of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you must be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy ... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs "sensible" sheep. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?

Until we meet again, friends!