Kinetic speech
communication through sign language.
Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science. L.L. Nelyubin. 2003 .
See what "kinetic speech" is in other dictionaries:
Kinetic speech- Kinetic speech see sign languages... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
KINETIC SPEECH- [from Greek. kinetikos pertaining to movement] communication through sign language (see sign languages) …
kinetic- (Greek kinetikos referring to movement) speech. Hand speech, communication using sign language…
manual speech- Same as kinetic speech... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Same as kinetic speech... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
Corpuscular-kinetic theory of M. V. Lomonosov- The corpuscular-kinetic theory of heat, put forward in the middle of the 18th century by M.V. Lomonosov, is a system of principles and views based on a number of theoretical provisions arising from logical reasoning and mathematical calculations, and ... Wikipedia
sign language- The use of expressive gestures, various body movements as a means of communication (see kinetic speech, manual speech) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Comparative psychology- The subject of S. p. is the behavior of animals. Research in S. items can pursue either one of the two, or both main goals. The first is the discovery of principles and the construction of theories that allow us to control the behavior of animals. These principles and theories can... Psychological Encyclopedia
Kobakhidze, Alexander Grigorievich- (1899?) Georgian and Armenologist, medieval researcher. cargo. lit. Genus. in the city of Batum, in the family of an accountant. OK. FF TiflisGU (1923-27). In the studio worked with cargo for years. manuscripts to the Center. archive of Georgia; external collaborator KIAI, where he studied the cargo. and arm. ... ... Biobibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists - Victims of Political Terror in the Soviet Period
KINEMIC LANGUAGE- [from Greek. kinema movement] a set of expressive gestures, various body movements (with the exception of movements of the speech apparatus) used as a means of communication (see Kinetic speech) ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference
Books
- Milestones of physics of the XX century. Special relativity, general relativity, quantum theory, matter quanta (elementary particles), VI Grigoriev. This book tells about the greatest achievements of physics of the XX century - about the formation and development of the theory of relativity and quantum theory. The physics of the 20th century is often called relativistic and ...
Basic types of speech
Human speech is very diverse and has a variety of forms. However, any form of speech refers to one of the two main types of speech: - oral, - written. Both of these species, of course, have a certain similarity with each other. It lies in the fact that in modern languages, written speech, like oral speech, is sound: the signs of written speech do not express an immediate meaning, but convey the sound composition of words. Thus, for non-hieroglyphic languages, written speech is only a kind of oral presentation. Just as in music a musician who plays notes each time reproduces the same melody practically without change, so a reader, voicing a word or phrase depicted on paper, will reproduce almost the same scale each time.
Colloquial speech
The main initial type of oral speech is speech flowing in the form of a conversation. Such speech is called colloquial, or dialogic (dialog). The main feature of dialogic speech is that it is a speech actively supported by the interlocutor, that is, two people participate in the conversation, using the simplest turns of language and phrases. Conversational speech in psychological terms is the simplest form of speech. It does not require a detailed presentation, since the interlocutor in the process of conversation understands well what is being said, and can mentally complete the phrase uttered by another interlocutor. In a dialogue said in a certain context, one word can replace one or even several phrases.
monologue speech
Monologue speech is a speech uttered by one person, while listeners only perceive the speaker's speech, but do not directly participate in it. Examples of monologue speech (monologue): speech of a public figure, teacher, speaker. Monologic speech is psychologically more complex than dialogic (at least for the speaker). It requires a number of skills: - to present coherently, - to state consistently and intelligibly, - to observe the norms of the language, - to focus on the individual characteristics of the audience, - to focus on the mental state of the listeners, - to control oneself.
Active and passive form of speech
The listener, of course, also makes some effort to understand what is being said to him. Interestingly, when we listen, we repeat the words of the speaker to ourselves. The words and phrases of the speaker still "circulate" in the mind of the listener for some time. At the same time, this does not appear outwardly, although speech activity is present. At the same time, the activity of the listener can be very different: from sluggish and indifferent to convulsively active. Therefore, active and passive forms of speech activity are distinguished. Active speech - spontaneous (coming from within) speaking aloud, a person says what he wants to say. The passive form is a repetition after the interlocutor (usually to oneself, but sometimes this repetition breaks out, as it were, and the person follows the active speaker aloud). In children, the development of active and passive forms of speech does not occur simultaneously. It is believed that the child first learns to understand someone else's speech, simply by listening to the people around him, and then he begins to speak on his own. However, it should be noted that starting from the first weeks of life, the voice characteristics of the child begin to correlate with the voice of the mother, to some extent, already during this period, the child learns to speak actively. Both children and adults differ quite a lot in the degree of development of active and passive forms of speech. Depending on life experience and individual characteristics, some people can understand other people well, but express their own thoughts poorly, other people can do the opposite. Of course, there are people who can both speak badly and listen poorly, and those who both speak well and listen well.
Written speech
Kinetic speech
Speech by movements has been preserved in humans since ancient times. Initially, this was the main and probably the only type of speech. Over time, this type of speech has lost its functions, at present it is used mainly as an emotional and expressive accompaniment, that is, in the form of gestures. Gestures give additional expressiveness to speech, they can set the listener in one way or another. There is, however, a fairly large social group for which kinetic speech is still the main form of speech. Deaf-mute people - those who were born that way or who lost the ability to hear as a result of an illness or accident - actively use sign language in their daily life. At the same time, it should be taken into account that in this case, kinetic speech is much more developed in comparison with the kinetic speech of an ancient person due to a more advanced system of sign signals.
Inner and outer speech
External speech is connected with the process of communication. Inner speech is the core of our thinking and all conscious activity. Both thinking and the rudiments of consciousness are present in animals, but it is inner speech that is a powerful catalyst for both, which gives a person - in comparison with all other animals - simply supernatural abilities. It has already been said above that the listening person, willy-nilly, repeats the words he has heard to himself. Whether it's beautiful poetry or an alcoholic's multi-story mat - what is heard is repeated in the mind of the listener. This mechanism is caused by the need to keep a holistic image of the message at least for a short time. These repetitions (reverberations) are closely related to inner speech. Reverberations are able to quickly "flow" into purely internal speech. Suppose a person was thinking about something else, such as problems at work. Someone nearby exclaimed: "This is terrible!" In the head of the first person, a chain of something like the following may appear: "This is terrible ... Terrible ... But it's really terrible that a new boss will come soon ..." In many ways, inner speech is similar to a dialogue with oneself. With the help of inner speech, you can prove something to yourself, inspire, convince, support, cheer.
Literature
Maklakov A. G. General psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.
Early childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition. Autonomous speech of the child rather quickly (usually within six months) is transformed and disappears. Words that are unusual both in sound and in meaning are replaced by words of “adult” speech. conditions for speech development. The transition to a new level of speech development is possible only under favorable conditions - with full communication between the child and adults. If communication with adults is not enough or, on the contrary, relatives fulfill all the wishes of the child, focusing on his autonomous speech, speech development slows down. There is a delay in speech development in cases where twins grow up, intensively communicating with each other in a common children's language. Stages of speech development. The first stage of speech development falls on the age of one to 1.5 years and is associated with the formation of passive and active speech. passive speech. At an early age, the passive vocabulary grows rapidly - the number of understood words. The speech of an adult, which organizes the actions of a child, is understood by him quite early. By this time, the child begins to understand the instructions of the adult regarding joint actions. Nevertheless, until about 1.5 years old, the child develops only understanding of speech, with a still very slight increase in the active vocabulary. First of all, the child learns the verbal designations of the things around him, then the names of adults, the names of toys, and, finally, parts of the body and face. These are all nouns and are usually acquired during the second year of life. By the age of two, a normally developing child understands the meanings of almost all words related to objects around him. active speech. Active speech is also developing intensively: the active vocabulary is growing, while the number of spoken words is much less than understood. To call things in their own words, the child begins at the age of about one year. By this time, children usually already have ideas about the world around them in the form of images. Under these conditions, in order to start mastering speech, the child remains to associate the images he has with the combinations of sounds uttered by adults in his presence when there are corresponding objects or phenomena in the field of view. Grammar of speech. The first period of speech development, covering the age from 1 to 1.5 years, is characterized by poor development of grammatical structures and the child's use of words mostly unchanged. The second stage of speech development falls on the age of approximately 1.5 to 2.5 years. In the second year of life, the child's active vocabulary increases dramatically. Up to a year and a half, a child on average learns from 30-40 to 100 words and uses them extremely rarely. After a year and a half, there is a sharp jump in the development of speech. By the end of the second year of life, children already know about 300, and by the age of three, 1200-1500 words. At the same stage of speech development, children begin to use sentences in their speech. The child's interest in the world around him grows. The child wants to know, touch, see, hear everything. He is especially interested in the names of objects and phenomena, and every now and then he asks adults the question: “What is this?” Having received an answer, the child independently repeats it, and, as a rule, memorizes the name immediately, without much difficulty remembering and reproducing it. The passive vocabulary of a child at this age does not differ much from the active one, and their ratio at the age of three is approximately 1:1.3.
Offers. At first, the child uses one-word sentences expressing some complete thought. Such words-sentences arise in connection with some specific, visually perceived situation. Then there are sentences consisting of two words, including both the subject and the predicate. The meaning of such two-word sentences is the same: some thought or a complete statement. This is most often the subject and its action (“mother is coming”), the action and the object of the action (“give me a roll”, “I want candy”), or the action and the scene of the action (“the book is there”). At this age, children learn to combine words, combining them into small two- or three-word phrases, and they progress quite quickly from such phrases to complete sentences. The second half of the second year of a child's life is characterized by a transition to active independent speech aimed at controlling the behavior of the people around him and at mastering his own behavior. Grammar of speech. The second period of speech development is the beginning of the intensive formation of the grammatical structure of the sentence. Separate words at this time become parts of the sentence, their endings are coordinated. By the age of three, the child basically uses cases correctly, builds verbose sentences, within which grammatical agreement of all words is ensured. Approximately at the same time, conscious control over the correctness of one's own speech utterance arises. The third stage of speech development corresponds to the age of 3 years. By the age of three, the basic grammatical forms and basic syntactic constructions of the native language are assimilated. Almost all parts of speech, different types of sentences are found in the child’s speech, for example: “Remember how we went to the river, dad and Nyura swam, and where was mom?” "I am my father's and mother's son, all uncles' nephew, grandmother's and grandfather's grandson." “You are big and I am small. When I am long - to the carpet ... to the lamp ... then I will be big. The most important acquisition of a child's speech at the third stage of speech development is that the word acquires objective meaning for him. The child denotes in one word objects that are different in their external properties, but similar in some essential feature or way of acting with them. The first generalizations are connected with the appearance of objective meanings of words. Functions of children's speech. The communicative function of children's speech is associated with the use of speech as a means of communication, controlling the behavior of other people and self-regulation. At the age of one to three years, the child's social circle expands - he can already communicate with the help of speech not only with loved ones, but also with other adults, with children. What does the child say when communicating with adults? Basically, the practical actions of the child or the visual situation in which communication takes place. The child answers the adult's questions and asks questions about what they do together. When a child enters into a conversation with a peer, he does not delve into the content of the other child's remarks, therefore such dialogues are poor, and children do not always answer each other. The semantic function of children's speech is associated with the definition of the meaning of words and the acquisition of generalized meanings by words.
Between one and three years of a child's life, there is a stage of speech development, when polysemantic words appear in the child's speech. Their number is relatively small, from 3 to 7% of a child's vocabulary. Further, the disintegration of polysemantic words occurs, the words in the child's speech acquire stable meanings. At the age of one to 1.5 years in the child's speech, stages of development of verbal generalizations can be distinguished. At the first stage, the child groups objects according to their external, most striking and conspicuous features. At the second stage, generalization occurs according to functional characteristics, that is, according to the role in which objects are used in children's play. The third stage is characterized by the ability to isolate general and stable features of objects that reflect their nature and are independent of the situational, functional use of these objects. Cognitive function of speech. At about three years of age, the child begins to listen carefully to what adults say to each other. He especially likes to listen to stories, fairy tales, poems. At 2-3 years, there is an understanding of the speech-story. It is easier to understand stories relating to the things and phenomena surrounding the child. In order for him to understand a story or a fairy tale, the content of which goes beyond the situation he directly perceives, additional work is needed - adults must specifically teach this. The emergence of the cognitive function of speech determines an important moment in the speech development of the child. It testifies that the child is already able to cognize reality not only directly through the senses, but also in its ideal, conceptual reflection in language. Psychological mechanisms of speech development. How is the child's speech formed from the point of view of the psychological mechanisms of this process? There are three main mechanisms of language acquisition: - imitation, - formation of conditioned reflex associations, - formulation and experimental testing of empirical hypotheses. Imitation affects the formation of all aspects of speech, but especially phonetics and grammar. This mechanism is realized when the child has the first signs of the corresponding ability. But imitation is only the initial stage of speech development. Without the next two stages, it is not able to lead to great success in language acquisition. The function of conditioned reflex conditioning in the production of speech is that the use of various rewards by adults accelerates the development of children's speech. However, it cannot be said that without this speech will not be formed in the child at all. It is known that in children's homes children are deprived of individual attention. Nevertheless, under these conditions, the speech of the child is still formalized by the required time. The formulation and testing of hypotheses as a mechanism for the assimilation of speech is confirmed by the facts of active children's word creation. However, isolated by itself, this mechanism too intellectualizes the process of speech development in young children. Apparently, speech development at an early age is explained by a combination of all three of the considered learning mechanisms.
- SPEECH in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
Hearing a speech of some government official in a dream means that you will quarrel with a friend. If you dream that you are discussing someone ... - SPEECH
A historical form of communication between people through language. There are complex dialectical relationships between R. and language: R. is carried out according to the rules of the language and, ... - SPEECH in Medical terms:
a specifically human form of activity that serves to communicate between people through ... - SPEECH in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, a form of communication (communication) of people through language. Speech communication organizes the joint activities of people, contributes to the knowledge of each other, is an essential factor ... - SPEECH
one of the types of human communicative activity is the use of language tools to communicate with other members of the language community. Speech means... - SPEECH
daily newspaper with supplements, the central organ of the Kadet Party. It was published in St. Petersburg from February 1906 under the actual editorship of P. N. ... - SPEECH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
speech activity, communication mediated by language, one of the types of communicative (see Communication) human activity. R. arose in the team as a means ... - SPEECH NEWSPAPER 1906
big daily political and a literary newspaper published in St. Petersburg. from February 23, 1906 with the close participation of P. N. Milyukov ... - SPEECH NEWSPAPER 1903-4 in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
daily socio-literary magazine published in St. Petersburg. in 1903-4 Ed.-ed. S. S. ... - SPEECH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
formed in the oral cavity and pharynx" due to a change in their shape and shape, and if the vocal apparatus takes part in this, ... - SPEECH in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- SPEECH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
concrete speaking, flowing in time and clothed in sound (including internal pronunciation) or written form. Speech is not only... - SPEECH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -i, pl. speech, -hey, ace. 1. The ability to speak, speaking. Own speech. Difficult r. Distinct r. The gift of speech (the ability to speak, ... - SPEECH
ARTISTIC (poetic speech), aesthetic realization. language features. The specificity of R.H. is in the maximum organization and expressive and semantic significance of each of its elements. Formed in… - SPEECH in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Pospolita (Polish Rzeczpospolita - republic), official. name united Polish-Lithuanian. state-va from the time of the Union of Lublin 1569 to 1795. In 1772-95 in ... - SPEECH in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"SPEECH", daily. newspaper, center organ of the Cadet Party, 1906-17, St. Petersburg (Petrograd). Actual ed.- I.V. Gessen, P.N. Milyukov. Closed after Oct. … - SPEECH in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
one of the types of human communicative activity is the use of language tools to communicate with other members of the language community. Under R. understand ... - KINETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KINETIC ENERGY, mechanical energy. system, depending on the speed of movement of its constituent parts. In the classic mechanics K.e. material point of mass m ... - KINETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KINETIC THEORY OF GAS, explains the non-equilibrium properties of gases (the phenomena of energy, mass, momentum transfer) based on the laws of motion and interaction ... - KINETIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KINETIC TEMPERATURE, a parameter that determines the Maxwell distribution of particles of c.-l. grades (eg, electrons or ions in plasma) in terms of speed. Under conditions of thermal… - SPEECH in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? formed in the oral cavity and pharynx" due to a change in their shape and shape, and if the voice takes part in this ... - SPEECH in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
re "ch, re" chi, re "chi, speech" th, re "chi, speech" m, re "ch, re" chi, re "whose, speech" mi, re "chi, ... - SPEECH in the Dictionary of Epithets:
1. Ability to speak, express one's thoughts; conversation, conversation. About the nature of pronunciation or pronunciation; about the manner of speaking, about the emotional coloring of speech. … - SPEECH in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- concrete speaking, flowing in time and clothed in sound (including internal pronunciation) or written form. R. is understood as ... - SPEECH
1) The activity of a speaker who uses the means of language to communicate with other members of a given language community (speaking) or to refer to himself ... - KINETIC in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(Greek kinetikos - pertaining to movement) speech. Manual speech, communication with the help of language ... - SPEECH in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, well. 1) only units. The ability to speak, to express thoughts in words. Organs of speech. Speech disorder. Own speech. 2) only units. Language … - SPEECH
She is holding… - SPEECH in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
She is not subject to... - SPEECH in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
What keeps... - SPEECH in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
word, sentence, phrase, speech, toast, toast, allocution, diatribe, racea, tirade, philippic, exposition, syllable, style, pen. Speech is empty, honeyed, heartfelt, sweet, ... - SPEECH in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
speech, -i, pl. -And, … - SPEECH in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
speech, -i, pl. -And, … - SPEECH in the Spelling Dictionary:
speech, -i, pl. -And, … - SPEECH in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
the ability to speak, speaking To master speech. Difficult r. Distinct r. The gift of speech (the ability to speak, as well as eloquence). speech sounding language Russian ... - SPEECH in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
speeches, pl. speeches, speeches 1. only units The ability to use the language of words. Speech is one of the signs that distinguish a person from ... - KINETIC ENERGY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the energy of a mechanical system, depending on the speed of movement of its constituent parts. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a material point of mass m moving ... - MOLECULAR-KINETIC THEORY: DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULES IN VELOCITY in Collier's Dictionary:
To the article MOLECULAR-KINETIC THEORY In the middle of the 19th century. there was not only the development of molecular-kinetic theory, but also the formation of thermodynamics. Some concepts... - MOLECULAR-KINETIC THEORY in Collier's Dictionary:
a branch of molecular physics that considers many properties of substances based on the ideas of the rapid chaotic movement of a huge number of atoms and molecules, from ... - APHASIA in the Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms:
(a + Greek phasis - speech). Speech impairment that occurs with local lesions of the cerebral cortex of the dominant hemisphere. Systemic disorder of various ... - NUCLEI ATOMIC FISSION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
atomic fission, the process of splitting an atomic nucleus into several lighter nuclei - "fragments", most often into 2 fragments, ... - Frenkel Yakov Ilyich in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Yakov Ilyich, Soviet theoretical physicist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). After graduating from Petrograd University (1916), he left ... - ACOUSTIC FILTER in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
acoustic, a device for isolating a specific frequency band from a complex sound; is an acoustic analog of an electric filter. The simplest F. a. v... - TEMPERATURE (IN PHYSICS) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Lat. temperatura - proper mixing, proportionality, normal state), a physical quantity that characterizes the state of thermodynamic equilibrium of a macroscopic system. T. is the same for ... - TEMPERATURE (IN ASTROPHYSICS) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
in astrophysics, a parameter that characterizes the physical state of a medium. In astrophysics, the temperature of celestial objects is determined by studying their radiation, based on some ... - ATOMIC COLLISIONS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
atomic, elementary acts of collision of two atomic particles (atoms, molecules, electrons or ions). S. a. divided into elastic and inelastic. At … - STEAM TURBINE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
turbine, primary steam engine with rotational movement of the working body - rotor and continuous working process; serves to convert thermal energy ... - HAMMER in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
impact machine for plastic deformation of metal blanks due to the accumulated kinetic energy of translationally moving parts. M. is one of ... - MOLECULAR PHYSICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
physics, a branch of physics that studies the physical properties of bodies in various states of aggregation based on consideration of their microscopic (molecular) structure. … - QUANTUM MECHANICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
mechanics wave mechanics, a theory that establishes the way of describing and the laws of motion of microparticles (elementary particles, atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei) and their systems ...
A unique phenomenon that only people can fully perceive. With the help of this tool, people think, communicate with each other, express their feelings. In ancient Greece, a person was referred to as a "talking animal", but there is a very significant difference. After all, people do not just build a sound system of signals that convey their feelings and thoughts, but also describe the whole world around them with its help. Types of speech in psychology have a classification and are divided into several groups.
Basic speech forms
The languages that are used all over the world have one basis - it is speech. It is quite versatile and has many forms. But all the main ones in psychology are divided into two groups: 1) oral; 2) written. But they are not something opposite to each other, but are closely intertwined. Their main similarity is the sound system they both rely on. Almost all languages, except hieroglyphic, are considered as a kind of oral transmission. Thus, we can draw an analogy with music. Any performer, looking at the notes, over and over again perceives the melody that the composer wanted to convey, and if there are changes, then they are insignificant. So the reader reproduces the phrase or word that is written on paper, while each time voicing an almost identical scale.
Dialogic or colloquial speech
Each time, speaking, a person uses the original form of speech - oral. in psychology calls it dialogical or colloquial. Its main feature is the active support of the other side, that is, the interlocutor. For its existence, there must be at least two people who communicate using phrases and simple turns of language. From the point of view of psychology, this type of speech is the simplest. A detailed presentation is not required here, since the interlocutors understand each other well in the process of dialogue, and it will not be difficult for them to mentally complete the phrase that the other person said. The types of speech in psychology are very diverse, but the dialogue is different in that everything that is said is clear precisely in the context of this situation. Verbosity is unnecessary here, because each phrase replaces many sentences.
monologue speech
The types of speech in psychology are quite well disclosed, and one of them is monologue. It differs from the conversational one in that only one person directly participates in it. The rest are passive listeners who simply perceive it, but do not take part. Often this type of speech is used by speakers, public figures or teachers. It is believed that a monologue story is much more difficult than a dialogic conversation, because the speaker must have a number of skills. He must coherently and consistently build his narrative, clearly explain difficult points, while everything must be observed. He must also choose exactly those means and methods that will be available to a particular audience, you need to take into account the psychological mood of the listeners. And, most importantly, you need to be able to control yourself in any situation.
Active form of speech
The types of language and speech in psychology are also divided in relation to the one who speaks and the one who perceives. On this basis, passive and active speech are divided. The latter helps a person to express his thoughts, sharing his experiences with others. There are special speech mechanisms that regulate and control active speech. They are located in the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, namely in its frontal part. This is a very important area, because if it is damaged, then a person simply will not be able to talk. In speech therapy, this disorder is called
passive form
Active and passive types of speech in psychology are considered inseparable. It is difficult to talk about them briefly, because this is a very extensive topic. It is believed that the child first masters passive speech. That is, he first tries to understand the people talking around him. To do this, he carefully listens to them and remembers first a small word, and then phrases. This helps him say the first words and develop in this direction. Therefore, passive speech is the one that we perceive. But this name is arbitrary, since many complex processes also take place during listening. We pronounce each word directed at us "to ourselves", we think it over, although there are no external signs of such activity. But even here there are exceptions, because not everyone listens the same way: some catch every word, and someone does not even understand the essence of the conversation. These types of speech in psychology are described as dependent on the individual characteristics of a particular person. Some are excellent at both actively speaking and passively perceiving, for some, these two processes are difficult, while for others, one of them predominates.
Letter
As mentioned above, the main classification of types of speech in psychology divides it into oral and written. The main difference of the second one is that it has a material carrier (paper, computer screen, etc.). Although these are related concepts, there are significant differences between these methods of communication. Written speech is presented in its entirety to the one who perceives it. In oral speech, words are pronounced one after another and the previous word can no longer be somehow perceived, it has already melted into the air. A written story differs from an oral story in that the reader has the opportunity to return to one or another part of the written, jump over several parts and immediately find out the denouement of the action. This gives some advantage to this type of speech. For example, if the person listening is not well versed in the perceived topic, then it will be much better for him to read the necessary data several times in order to delve deeper into them. The letter is also very convenient for someone who puts his thoughts on paper. He can at any time correct what he does not like, build a certain one without repeating himself. Also it can be decorated more beautifully from an aesthetic point of view. But all this requires more effort from the author, he must think over the construction of each phrase, write it correctly, while presenting the idea as accurately as possible, without unnecessary "water". You can conduct a simple experiment that will help you understand the difference between these types of speech in psychology. The scheme of this experiment is very simple. You need to take a voice recorder and record the speech of different people during the day. Then it needs to be written down on paper. Every small mistake that is not perceived by ear will be simply terrifying on paper. Oral speech, in addition to the words themselves, uses many more means that help convey the whole meaning of the said phrase. These include intonation, facial expressions and gestures. And in writing, you need to express everything and not use the above means.
Kinetic speech
At a time when people had not yet learned to speak, kinetic speech was the only means of communication. But now we have saved only small pieces of such a conversation. This is the emotional accompaniment of the language, namely gestures. They give expressiveness to everything said, help the speaker to set the audience in the right way. But even in our time there is a large group of people who use kinetic speech as the main one. These are people who have problems with hearing and speech apparatus, that is, deaf and dumb people. They are divided into those who were born with a pathology, and those who have lost the ability to hear and speak due to an accident or illness. But they all speak sign language, and this is the norm for them. This speech is more developed than that of an ancient person, and the sign system is more advanced.
inner speech
The conscious activity of any person is based on thinking, which, in turn, refers to inner speech. Animals also have the rudiments of thinking and consciousness, but it is inner speech that allows a person to have unprecedented intelligence and abilities that are a mystery to animals. As mentioned above, a person repeats every word he hears in his head, that is, reverberates. And this concept is very closely connected with inner speech, because it can instantly turn into it. The dialogue of a person with himself is actually inner speech. He can prove something to himself and inspire, convince of something, support and cheer up no worse than those around him.
Speech functions
All types of speech in psychology have their functions. A table of the functionality of each of them can more clearly reveal all their facets.
Thus, human speech has many forms, and each of them is simply indispensable for building proper communication.
We can write, read, speak and listen. What are these skills and how do they differ? In psychology, there are two main types of speech and several forms of their manifestation. Read on to find out how it looks in practice and how they differ.
Types of speech
Human speech manifests itself in various forms, but all of them, from a psychological point of view, refer to external and internal forms.
External means oral and written communication.
In the first version, the words can be heard and said, leaving the information in the head and space. The second option implies that the same information will be recorded using hieroglyphs, that is, alphabetic characters - each language has its own.
Oral speech
Depending on the number of people taking part in the communicative act, there are two ways of exchanging information.
Dialogue
A conversation is the most common form of oral speech, which is also called a dialogue (when there are two participants), or a polylogue (when many interlocutors take part).
Conversation is considered the simplest, most natural, and also the most convenient way to find relationships and express your thoughts.
Dialogue Features:
- Conditional brevity, conciseness of remarks;
- Syntactically correct sentences are rare;
- Phrases have an unspoken character;
- Actively used facial expressions, gestures;
- Feedback, exchange of emotions;
- Assessment of the situation "online";
- The use of vocabulary characteristic of everyday style;
- The possibility of an unexpected ending.
Monologue
When a speech comes from only one person and is addressed to him or other silent listeners, it is called a monologue (from the Greek "mono" - one).
This term is used in dramaturgy, literature, linguistics, psychology, acquiring different semantic shades in each of them.
Most often, a monologue can be found while listening to a lecturer, speaker, politician, speaker or actor on the stage of the theater.
Unlike dialogue, a monologue requires the communicator to:
- Coherent presentation of thoughts;
- Logical, intelligibly constructing speech;
- Compliance with literary norms and rules of the language;
- Accounting for the individual characteristics of the audience;
- Constant self-control;
- Thoughtful facial expressions, gestures.
Active and passive perception of the oral form of speech
Psycholinguists (researchers of the mutual influence of language, consciousness and thinking) found out that when we listen, we almost always repeat to ourselves the words spoken by someone. This can be called the “parrot effect”, in which the main types of speech are combined. We succumb to its influence unconsciously.
If the words of the interlocutor resonate in our minds, we take an active position of the listener, spontaneously saying out loud what we want to say right now.
The passive form implies the repetition of the interlocutor's phrases to oneself.
An adult person equally owns both forms. And children first learn to perceive the words of others, and only after that they decide to repeat certain sounds after them. The level of development of these forms depends on individual characteristics, life experience, type of temperament, as well as other factors.
Written speech
The main difference between written speech is the presence of a material carrier. His role was once played by blocks of stone, fixing the hieroglyphs of the first people. Then there was parchment, annals, books, and now information is mostly stored on flash drives or hard drives, and special programs recognize it.
The development of progress gave impetus to overcoming the barrier in communication. Social networks, Viber, Skype, Telegram and other applications make the exchange of information a continuous process. Recent studies have even shown that we spend three times less time on “live” communication than on virtual ones.
Despite the fact that it is psychologically easier to conduct a conversation with signs, it is still a more complex form, since it requires special concentration and the fulfillment of a number of conditions.
Let's do an experiment!
To do this, you need to ask friends to communicate with each other in letters on any common topic (weather, pies or bad roads). When the conversation reaches a climax, you should continue it orally, recording the remarks on the recorder.
In fact, our "lexical deficiencies" appear in both types of speech. But they can be clearly seen only in the external.
Psychological features of the written form of communication:
- Constant concentration;
- Compliance with the rules of spelling, style, and other norms;
- Difficulty in conveying feelings or emotions (in informal correspondence, you can use "smilies");
- The ability to think over proposals or edit already written ones;
- No instant feedback.
inner speech
The basis of our thinking, as well as any action, is inner speech. It is its presence that distinguishes us from animals, which can also think a little or be aware of something. We are all in fact in constant dialogue with our inner "I". Moreover, our consciousness is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to stop the uninterrupted flow of thoughts.
An internal monologue can upset us, cheer us up, convince us, or inspire something. It is characterized by fragmentation, dynamics, fragmentation, understatement.
In most cases, you don’t need to look for a topic for talking with yourself - it appears by itself.
For example, a person, returning from a store, heard someone say: “What a nightmare!”. Immediately, his associative array appears in his head: “What a nightmare! What a nightmare to go back to work tomorrow. They promised a test… We need to prepare well…”
Alternative types of speech: kinetic
A person mastered the ability to transmit information by moving parts of the body even earlier than he learned to scratch out some signs. This is the most ancient way to understand each other. With the advent of words, we have ceased to use gestures as the main means of communication. Most turn to them as an auxiliary opportunity to express their emotions.
Kinetic speech remains the main form of communication for deaf and dumb people. Modern techniques have made the sign system as perfect as possible for conversation, reading special books, and the ability to write down thoughts.
