Extracurricular lesson - literary and poetic techniques. Antithesis as an artistic technique

To the question What are the literary techniques of the author? given by the author clubfoot the best answer is


ALLEGORY

3. ANALOGY

4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS

6. APPLICATION

7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. Litota

9. METAPHOR

10. METONYMY

11. OVERLAY

12. OXYMORON
Correlation by contrast
13. NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
Proof is to the contrary.
14. REFRAIN

15. SYNEGDOCHA

16. CHIASM

17. ELIPSIS

18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and specific way of developing each specific thing.
Source: See examples here http://biblioteka.teatr-obraz.ru/node/4596

Answer from usurer[guru]
Literary devices are phenomena of a very different scale: they relate to a different volume of literature - from a line in a poem to a whole literary movement.
Literary devices listed on Wikipedia:
Allegory‎ Metaphors‎ Rhetorical figures‎ Quotation‎ Euphemisms‎ Auto-epigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrasis Verse graphics Disposition
Sound writing Gaping Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logograph Macaronism Minus device Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
Figured poetry Black humor Aesopian language Epigraph.

Answer from Andrey Pechenkin[newbie]
personification

Answer from Neurologist[newbie]
Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
Literature Grade 8
Tasks.












He says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her cheeks are rosy,
Like the dawn in God's heaven.



Half smile, half cry
Her eyes are like two lies
Covered in mist of failures.
Combination of two mysteries
Half delight, half fright
A fit of insane tenderness,
The anticipation of death torments.
7, 5 points (0.5 points for the correct title of the work, 0.5 points for the correct title of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)
3. What places are associated with the life and creative path of poets and writers? Find matches.
1.B. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhany.
2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye - Lutovinovo.
3.N. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
7.M. Y. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoye.
8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Sinful.
9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Chess.
10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilievka.
11.C. A. Yesenin. 11. Spas - Angle.
5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)
4. Name the authors of the given fragments of works of art
4.1. Oh memory of the heart! You are stronger
Reason of sad memory
And often with its sweetness
You captivate me in a distant country.
4.2. And the crows?
Yes, they are to God!
I'm in my own, not in someone else's forest.
Let them shout, raise the alarm -
I won't die from croaking.
4.3. I hear the songs of the lark,
I hear the trill of the nightingale ...
This is the Russian side
This is my homeland!
4.4. Hello, Russia - my homeland!
How happy I am under your foliage!
And there is no singing

Answer from Ilgiz Fazlyev[newbie]
RECEPTION literary - includes all the means and moves that the poet uses in the "arrangement" (composition) of his work.
For unfolding the material and creating an image, humanity has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods, techniques based on psychological patterns. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and have since been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TROPES (from the Greek. Tropos - turn, direction).
Paths are not recipes, but helpers, developed and tested over the centuries. Here they are:
ALLEGORY
Allegory, the expression of an abstract, abstract concept through specifics.
3. ANALOGY
Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.
4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS
Contrasting opposites.
6. APPLICATION
Enumeration and piling up (homogeneous details, definitions, etc.).
7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. Litota
Understatement (reverse of hyperbole)
9. METAPHOR
Revelation of one phenomenon through another.
10. METONYMY
Establishing connections by adjacency, i.e., association by similar features.
11. OVERLAY
Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.
12. OXYMORON
Correlation by contrast
13. NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
Proof is to the contrary.
14. REFRAIN
Repetition, enhancing the expressiveness or force of impact.
15. SYNEGDOCHA
More instead of less and less instead of more.
16. CHIASM
Normal order in one and flip in the other (gag).
17. ELIPSIS
An artistically expressive omission (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).
18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author's style, taste and specific way of developing each specific thing. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014
Literature Grade 8
Tasks.
1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of the fables of I. A. Krylov according to the given lines.
1.1. "I walk on my hind legs."
1.2. "The Cuckoo praises the Rooster for praising the Cuckoo."
1.3. "When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go smoothly."
1.4. " Deliver us, God, from such judges."
1.5. "A great man is only loud in deeds."
5 points (1 point for each correct answer)
2. Determine the works and their authors according to the given portrait characteristics. Indicate whose portrait this is.
2.1. In holy Rus', our mother,
Do not find, do not find such a beauty:
Walks smoothly - like a swan;
Looks sweet - like a dove;
He says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her cheeks are rosy,
Like the dawn in God's heaven.
2.2. “... the official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, somewhat even blind-sighted, with a slight bald spot on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of his cheeks and a complexion, as they say, hemorrhoids ... "
2.3. (He) "was a man of the most cheerful, most meek disposition, constantly sang in an undertone, looked carelessly in all directions, spoke a little through his nose, smiling, screwing up his light blue eyes, and often took his thin, wedge-shaped beard with his hand."
2.4. “All of him, from head to toe, was covered with hair, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He has long ceased to blow his nose,
he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised that he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most convenient.
2.5. Her eyes are like two clouds
Half smile, half cry
Her eyes are like two lies
Covered in mist of failures.
Combination of two mysteries
Half delight, half fright
A fit of insane tenderness,
The anticipation of death torments.

Answer from Daniel Babkin[newbie]
Not only in literature, but also in oral, colloquial speech, we use various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, imagery and persuasiveness. This is especially facilitated by the use of metaphors - the use of a word in a figurative sense (bow of a boat, eye of a needle, stranglehold, fire of love).
An epithet is a technique similar to a metaphor, but the only difference is that the epithet does not name the subject of artistic display, but a sign of this subject (good fellow, the sun is clear or oh, bitter grief, boredom is boring, mortal!).
Comparison - when one object is characterized through comparison with another, it is usually expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "similar", "as if". (the sun is like a fireball, the rain is like a bucket).
Literary art also includes personification. This is a kind of metaphor that assigns the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals (cunning, like foxes).
Hyperbole (exaggeration) - one of the expressive means of speech, is a meaning with an exaggeration of what is being discussed (darkness-darkness money, never seen each other).
And vice versa, the opposite of hyperbole - litote (simplicity) - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).
The list can be supplemented with sarcasm, irony and humor.
Sarcasm (translated from Greek as “I tear meat”) is an evil irony, a caustic remark or a caustic mockery.
Irony is also a mockery, but softer, when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
Humor is one of the means of expression, meaning "mood", "temper". When the story is told in a comical, allegorical way.

Figures of speech on Wikipedia
Check out the wikipedia article on Figures of Speech

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used figuratively to create artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider the different types of trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) - this is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind Well done, It's clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means of artistic expression" and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques that are also based on a comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison .

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them), or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.

When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. Competent presentation, public speaking - they also need ways to build expressive speech.

For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the speakers of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Going into details, scientists identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.

The means of expressiveness of speech are divided by language level into:

• phonetic;
• lexical;
• syntactic.

The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for amplification.

Anaphora- repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off ...” - a repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used a phonetic anaphora.

And here is an example of a lexical anaphora in Pushkin's poems:

Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.

Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, with words or phrases repeated at the end of lines or sentences.

The use of lexical devices associated with a word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.

Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.

trails

Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Tropes make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and examples of them in literary work are listed below.

Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word an additional emotional coloring, its own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to catch when reading, does the definition give a new connotation to the word? Here is an easy test. Compare: late autumn - golden autumn, early spring - young spring, a quiet breeze - a gentle breeze.

personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "The gloomy rocks looked sternly ...".

Comparison- direct comparison of one object, phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast ...” (Tyutchev).

Metaphor- transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Similarity detection, implicit comparison.

“A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flames of a fire.

Metonymy- renaming. Transfer of property, value from one object to another according to the principle of adjacency. “Which is in felt, let's bet” (Vysotsky). In felts (material) - in a felt hat.

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at the Napoleons” (Pushkin).

Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?”

Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It can relate to size, value, strength, other qualities. Litota, on the contrary, is an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and litotes are much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: "a man with a fingernail."

Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of the allegory is to point to the subtext, to force you to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.

Alogism- deliberate violation of logical connections for the purposes of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.

Grotesque- a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surrealistic description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. On the use of this technique, his story "The Nose" is built. The combination of the absurd with the ordinary makes a special impression when reading this work.

Figures of speech

Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are displayed in the table:

Test "Means of artistic expression"

To test yourself on the assimilation of the material, take a short test.

Read the following passage:

“There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it gnashed its caterpillars, scribbled from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire ...”

What means of artistic expression are used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle,

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides.

A. Pushkin

The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.

Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. Image management requires pictorial techniques. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their image in your speech pattern.

Study expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.

Answer to the test

K. Simonov. The personification of war in a passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically combines them into a generalized image of war. The used methods of expressive language are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic devices, when reading, a revived, rich image of the war is created.

A. Pushkin. There are no conjunctions in the first lines of the poem. In this way, the tension, the saturation of the battle is conveyed. In the phonetic pattern of the scene, the sound "p" in various combinations plays a special role. When reading, a roaring, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.

If answering the test, you could not give the correct answers, do not worry. Just re-read the article.

Literary and poetic techniques

Allegory

Allegory is the expression of abstract concepts through concrete artistic images.

Allegory examples:

The stupid and stubborn are often called the Donkey, the coward - the Hare, the cunning - the Fox.

Alliteration (soundwriting)

Alliteration (sound writing) is the repetition of identical or homogeneous consonants in a verse, giving it a special sound expressiveness (in versification). In this case, the high frequency of these sounds in a relatively small speech area is of great importance.

However, if whole words or word forms are repeated, as a rule, we are not talking about alliteration. Alliteration is characterized by an irregular repetition of sounds, and this is precisely the main feature of this literary device.

Alliteration differs from rhyme primarily in that repetitive sounds are concentrated not at the beginning and end of the line, but absolutely derivatively, albeit with high frequency. The second difference is the fact that, as a rule, consonant sounds are alliterated. The main functions of the literary device of alliteration include onomatopoeia and the subordination of the semantics of words to associations that sounds cause in a person.

Examples of alliteration:

"Where the grove neighs guns neighs."

"Up to a hundred years
grow
us without old age.
Year to year
grow
our cheerfulness.
Praise
hammer and verse,
land of youth.

(V.V. Mayakovsky)

The repetition of words, phrases, or combinations of sounds at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.

For example:

“The winds did not blow in vain,

It was not in vain that the storm was

(S. Yesenin).

Black-eyed girl

Black-maned horse!

(M. Lermontov)

Quite often, anaphora, as a literary device, forms a symbiosis with such a literary device as gradation, that is, an increase in the emotional nature of the words in the text.

For example:

"The cattle dies, the friend dies, the man himself dies."

Antithesis (opposition)

Antithesis (or opposition) is a comparison of words or phrases that are sharply different or opposite in meaning.

The antithesis allows you to make a particularly strong impression on the reader, to convey to him the strong excitement of the author due to the rapid change of concepts that are opposite in meaning, used in the text of the poem. Also, opposite emotions, feelings and experiences of the author or his hero can be used as an object of opposition.

Antithesis examples:

I swear by the first day of creation, I swear by its last day (M. Lermontov).

Who was nothing will become everything.

Antonomasia

Antonomasia is a means of expression in which the author uses a proper name instead of a common noun to figuratively reveal the character's character.

Antonomasia examples:

He is Othello (instead of "He's a big jealous one")

A miser is often called Plyushkin, an empty dreamer - Manilov, a person with excessive ambitions - Napoleon, etc.

apostrophe, appeal

Assonance

Assonance is a special literary device that consists in the repetition of vowel sounds in a particular statement. This is the main difference between assonance and alliteration, where consonants are repeated. There are two slightly different uses of assonance.

1) Assonance is used as an original tool that gives a literary text, especially a poetic one, a special flavor. For example:

At our ears on top,
A little morning lit up the guns
And the forests are blue tops -
The French are right here.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

2) Assonance is widely used to create an inaccurate rhyme. For example, "city-hammer", "princess-incomparable."

One of the textbook examples of the use of both rhyme and assonance in one quatrain is an excerpt from a poetic work by V. Mayakovsky:

I will turn not into Tolstoy, so into a fat one -
Eat, write, from the heat of the bulldozer.
Who has not philosophized over the sea?
Water.

Exclamation

An exclamation can appear anywhere in a poetic work, but, as a rule, the authors use it, intonation highlighting especially emotional moments in the verse. At the same time, the author focuses the reader's attention on the moment that especially excited him, telling him his experiences and feelings.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, value of an object or phenomenon.

Hyperbole example:

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; baobabs to the skies (Mayakovsky).

Inversion

From lat. inversio - permutation.

Changing the traditional order of words in a sentence to give the phrase a more expressive shade, intonation highlighting a word.

Inversion examples:

A lonely sail turns white
In the fog of the blue sea ... (M.Yu. Lermontov)

The traditional order requires a different construction: A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea. But it will no longer be Lermontov and not his great creation.

Another great Russian poet Pushkin considered inversion to be one of the main figures of poetic speech, and often the poet used not only contact, but also remote inversion, when, when rearranging words, other words are wedged between them: “Old man obedient to Perun alone ...”.

Inversion in poetic texts performs an accent or semantic function, a rhythm-forming function for building a poetic text, as well as the function of creating a verbal-figurative picture. In prose works, inversion serves to place logical stresses, to express the author's attitude towards the characters and to convey their emotional state.

Irony is a strong expressive means that has a shade of mockery, sometimes a slight mockery. When using irony, the author uses words with an opposite meaning so that the reader himself guesses the true properties of the described object, object or action.

Pun

Wordplay. A witty expression, a joke, based on the use of words that sound similar, but have different meanings, or different meanings of one word.

Examples of puns in literature:

In a year for three clicks on your forehead,
Give me some boiled spelt.
(A.S. Pushkin)

And the verse that served me before,
Broken string, verse.
(D.D. Minaev)

Spring will drive anyone crazy. Ice - and he moved.
(E.Krotky)

The opposite of hyperbole, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of the size, strength, value of any object, phenomenon.

Lita example:

The horse is being led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a sheepskin coat, big mittens... and he's the size of a fingernail! (Nekrasov)

Metaphor

Metaphor is the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense based on some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison. Metaphor is based on likeness or resemblance.

The transfer of the properties of one object or phenomenon to another according to the principle of their similarity.

Examples of metaphors:

A sea of ​​problems.

Eyes are burning.

Seething desire.

The afternoon was blazing.

Metonymy

Examples of metonymy:

All flags will visit us.

(here flags replace countries).

I ate three bowls.

(here the plate replaces the food).

inversion, apostrophe

Oxymoron

A deliberate combination of contradictory concepts.

Look, she's happy to be sad

So elegantly naked

(A. Akhmatova)

personification

Personification is the transfer of human feelings, thoughts and speech to inanimate objects and phenomena, as well as to animals.

These signs are selected according to the same principle as when using a metaphor. Ultimately, the reader has a special perception of the described object, in which an inanimate object has the image of a living being or is endowed with qualities inherent in living beings.

Impersonation examples:

What, dense forest,

thoughtful
Dark sadness
Fuzzy?

(A.V. Koltsov)

watch out for the wind
Came out of the gate

knocked on the window,
Ran across the roof...

(M.V. Isakovsky)

Parceling

Parceling is a syntactic technique in which a sentence is divided into independent segments and is distinguished in writing as independent sentences.

Parcel example:

“He also went. To the store. Buy cigarettes ”(Shukshin).

paraphrase

A paraphrase is an expression that descriptively conveys the meaning of another expression or word.

Paraphrase examples:

King of beasts (instead of lion)
Mother of Russian rivers (instead of the Volga)

Pleonasm

Verbosity, the use of logically redundant words.

Examples of pleonasm in everyday life:

In the month of May (suffice it to say: in May).

Local aborigine (suffice it to say: aboriginal).

White albino (suffice it to say: albino).

I was there personally (suffice it to say: I was there).

In literature, pleonasm is often used as a stylistic device, a means of expression.

For example:

Sadness-longing.

Sea ocean.

Psychologism

An in-depth image of the mental, emotional experiences of the hero.

A repeated verse or group of verses at the end of a song couplet. When a refrain grows to a full stanza, it is usually called a chorus.

A rhetorical question

A proposal in the form of a question that is not expected to be answered.

Is it new for us to argue with Europe?

Has the Russian lost the habit of victories?

(A.S. Pushkin)

Rhetorical address

An appeal addressed to an abstract concept, an inanimate object, an absent person. A way to enhance the expressiveness of speech, express attitude towards a particular person, object.

Rus! where are you going?

(N.V. Gogol)

Comparisons

Comparison is one of the expressive techniques, in the use of which certain properties that are most characteristic of an object or process are revealed through similar qualities of another object or process. At the same time, such an analogy is carried out so that the object whose properties are used in comparison is better known than the object described by the author. Also, inanimate objects, as a rule, are compared with animate ones, and the abstract or spiritual with the material.

Comparison example:

That my life sang - howled -

Buzzed - like an autumn surf -

And she cried to herself.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

A symbol is an object or word that conditionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon.

The symbol contains a figurative meaning, and in this it is close to a metaphor. However, this closeness is relative. The symbol contains a certain secret, a hint that allows you only to guess what is meant, what the poet wanted to say. The interpretation of a symbol is possible not so much with reason as with intuition and feeling. The images created by symbolist writers have their own characteristics, they have a two-dimensional structure. In the foreground - a certain phenomenon and real details, in the second (hidden) plane - the inner world of the lyrical hero, his visions, memories, pictures born of his imagination.

Character examples:

Dawn, morning - symbols of youth, the beginning of life;

Night is a symbol of death, the end of life;

Snow is a symbol of cold, cold feeling, alienation.

Synecdoche

Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with the name of a part of this object or phenomenon. In short, replacing the name of the whole with the name of a part of this whole.

Synecdoche examples:

Native hearth (instead of "home").

A sail floats (instead of "a sailboat floats").

“... and it was heard until dawn,
how the Frenchman rejoiced ... "(Lermontov)

(here "Frenchman" instead of "French soldiers").

Tautology

Repetition in other words of what has already been said, and therefore does not contain new information.

Examples:

Car tires are tires for a car.

We have united together.

A trope is an expression or a word used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Through the use of tropes, the author gives the described object or process a vivid characteristic that evokes certain associations in the reader and, as a result, a sharper emotional reaction.

Trail types:

Metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony.

Default

Silence - a stylistic device in which the expression of thought remains unfinished, is limited to a hint, the begun speech is interrupted based on the reader's guess; the speaker, as it were, announces that he will not talk about things that do not require a detailed or additional explanation. Quite often, the stylistic effect of silence is that an unexpectedly interrupted speech is complemented by an expressive gesture.

Default examples:

This fable could be explained more -

Yes, so as not to annoy the geese ...

Gain (gradation)

Gradation (or amplification) is a series of homogeneous words or expressions (images, comparisons, metaphors, etc.) that consistently intensify, increase or, conversely, reduce the semantic or emotional significance of the feelings conveyed, the thought expressed or the event described.

An example of ascending gradation:

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry…

(S. Yesenin)

In sweet misty care

Not an hour, not a day, not a year will pass.

(E. Baratynsky)

Descending gradation example:

He promises half the world, And France only for himself.

Euphemism

A word or expression that is neutral in meaning and is used to replace other expressions in conversation that are considered indecent or inappropriate in this case.

Examples:

I go to powder my nose (instead of I go to the toilet).

He was asked to leave the restaurant (he was kicked out instead).

Figurative definition of an object, action, process, event. The epithet is a comparison. Grammatically, an epithet is most often an adjective. However, other parts of speech can also be used, such as numerals, nouns, or verbs.

Examples of epithets:

Velvet skin, crystal ringing.

The repetition of the same word at the end of adjacent segments of speech. The opposite of anaphora, in which words are repeated at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.

“Scallops, all scallops: scalloped cape, scalloped sleeves, scalloped epaulettes…” (N. V. Gogol).

What are artistic techniques for? First of all, in order for the work to correspond to a certain style, which implies a certain imagery, expressiveness and beauty. In addition, the writer is a master of associations, an artist of the word and a great contemplative. Artistic techniques in poetry and prose make the text deeper. Consequently, both the prose writer and the poet are not satisfied with just one layer of language; they are not limited to using only the superficial, basic meaning of the word. In order to be able to penetrate into the depth of thought, into the essence of the image, it is required to use various artistic means.

In addition, the reader must be lured and attracted. For this, various techniques are used that give special interest to the story and some mystery that needs to be unraveled. Artistic means are called differently paths. These are not only integral elements of the overall picture of the world, but also the author's assessment, the background and general tone of the work, as well as many other things that we, when reading another creation, sometimes do not even think about.

The main artistic devices are metaphor, epithet and comparison. Although the epithet is often regarded as a kind of metaphor, we will not go into the wilds of the science of "literary criticism" and traditionally single it out as a separate means.

Epithet

The epithet is the king of description. Not a single landscape, portrait, interior is complete without it. Sometimes a single well-chosen epithet is much more important than a whole paragraph created specifically for clarification. Most often, when talking about it, we mean participles or adjectives that endow this or that artistic image with additional properties and characteristics. An epithet should not be confused with a simple definition.

So, for example, the following words can be proposed to describe the eyes: lively, brown, bottomless, large, made up, crafty. Let's try to divide these adjectives into two groups, namely: objective (natural) properties and subjective (additional) characteristic. We will see that words such as "big", "brown" and "made up" convey their meaning only that anyone can see, because it lies on the surface. In order for us to imagine the appearance of a particular hero, such definitions are very important. However, it is the “bottomless”, “live”, “cunning” eyes that will tell us best of all about his inner essence, character. We begin to guess that before us is an unusual person, prone to various inventions, having a living, moving soul. This is precisely the main property of epithets: to indicate those features that are hidden from us during the initial examination.

Metaphor

Let's move on to another equally important trope - metaphor. a comparison expressed by a noun. The author's task here is to compare phenomena and objects, but very carefully and tactfully, so that the reader cannot guess that we are imposing this object on him. That's right, insinuatingly and naturally, you need to use any artistic techniques. "tears of dew", "fire of dawn", etc. Here, dew is compared with tears, and dawn is compared with fire.

Comparison

The last most important artistic device is a comparison, given directly by using such conjunctions as "as if", "like", "as if", "exactly", "as if". Examples include the following: eyes like life; dew, like tears; tree like an old man. However, it should be noted that the use of an epithet, metaphor or comparison should not only be for the sake of a "red word". There should be no chaos in the text, it should gravitate towards elegance and harmony, therefore, before using this or that trope, you need to clearly understand the purpose for which it is used, what we want to say.

Other, more complex and less common artistic techniques are hyperbole (exaggeration), antithesis (opposition), and inversion (reverse word order).

Antithesis

Such a trope as an antithesis has two varieties: it can be narrow (within one paragraph or sentence) and expanded (placed on several chapters or pages). This technique is often used in the works of Russian classics when it is required to compare two characters. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his story "The Captain's Daughter" compares Pugachev and Grinev, and a little later Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol will create portraits of the famous brothers, Andriy and Ostap, also based on the antithesis. Artistic devices in the novel "Oblomov" also include this trope.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a favorite device of such literary genres as epic, fairy tale and ballad. But it is found not only in them. For example, the hyperbole "he could eat a boar" can be used in any novel, short story, and other work of the realistic tradition.

Inversion

We continue to describe artistic techniques in the works. Inversion, as you might guess, serves to give the work additional emotionality. It is most often observed in poetry, but often this trope is also used in prose. You can say: "This girl was more beautiful than the others." And you can shout out: "This girl was more beautiful than the others!" Immediately there is enthusiasm, and expression, and much more, which can be seen when comparing two statements.

Irony

The next trope, irony, in a different way - a hidden author's mockery, is also used quite often in fiction. Of course, a serious work must be serious, but the subtext hidden in irony sometimes not only demonstrates the wit of the writer, but also forces the reader to take a breath and prepare for the next, more intense scene. In a humorous work, irony is indispensable. The great masters of this are Zoshchenko and Chekhov, who use this trope in their stories.

Sarcasm

Another one is closely connected with this technique - it is no longer just good laughter, it reveals shortcomings and vices, sometimes exaggerates, while irony usually creates a bright atmosphere. In order to have a more complete picture of this trail, you can read several fairy tales by Saltykov-Shchedrin.

personification

The next step is impersonation. It allows us to demonstrate the life of the world around us. There are images such as grumbling winter, dancing snow, singing water. In other words, personification is the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate objects. So, we all know that only a person and an animal can yawn. But in literature, such artistic images as a yawning sky or a yawning door are often found. The first of them can help create a certain mood in the reader, prepare his perception. The second is to emphasize the sleepy atmosphere in this house, perhaps loneliness and boredom.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron is another interesting trick, which is a combination of the incongruous. This is both a righteous lie and an Orthodox devil. Such words, chosen quite unexpectedly, can be used by both science fiction writers and lovers of philosophical treatises. Sometimes only one oxymoron is enough to build a whole work that has both the dualism of being, and an insoluble conflict, and subtle ironic overtones.

Other artistic techniques

Interestingly, the "and, and, and" used in the previous sentence is also one of the artistic means called polyunion. What is it for? First of all, to expand the narrative range and show, for example, that a person has both beauty, and intelligence, and courage, and charm ... And the hero also knows how to fish, and swim, and write books, and build houses ...

Most often, this trope is used in conjunction with another, called This is the case when it is difficult to imagine one without the other.

However, this is not all artistic techniques and means. Let's take a look at the rhetorical questions. They do not require an answer, but at the same time they make readers think. Perhaps everyone knows the most famous of them: "Who is to blame?" and "What to do?".

These are just the basic artistic techniques. In addition to them, one can distinguish parceling (sentence division), synecdoche (when the singular is used instead of the plural), anaphora (similar beginning of sentences), epiphora (repeating their endings), litote (understatement) and hyperbole (on the contrary, exaggeration), periphrase (when some word is replaced by its brief description.All these means can be used both in poetry and in prose.Artistic techniques in a poem and, for example, a story, do not fundamentally differ.