Since the very first universal exhibition, which was held in London in 1851, Russia has been a regular participant in world exhibitions, which later received their final name - EXPO.
The assertion of the Russian nation, its independence is inextricably linked with Russia's participation in world and international exhibitions. The Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation were traditional participants in the world universal exhibitions. Strong architectural and exhibition projects of our country helped to create architectural ensembles of exhibitions and often became new pages in the history of architecture.
It was at world exhibitions that for the first time there was a wide acquaintance of the world with original Russian architecture, fine and decorative arts, industrial, agricultural and handicraft items, which significantly contributed to strengthening Russia's prestige abroad. Russia's participation in these exhibitions strengthened trade relations with foreign partners, contributed to the emergence of close cultural ties and joint projects.
The Russian Empire regularly participated in international exhibitions, while pursuing quite traditional goals: to study international experience, present its developments and products, and establish contacts with foreign partners. At the first world exhibitions, Russians erected pavilions stylized as the Moscow Kremlin, treated foreigners to delicious dishes of Russian cuisine and offered to admire Siberian furs and gems.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia began to assert itself as an industrial power. Already at the Paris Exhibition of 1900, in addition to houses and Faberge products, one could see Russian furniture, factory-made chintz and other industrial products, as well as an exposition dedicated to the Trans-Siberian Railway and the first Russian cars.
With the advent of the USSR, expositions for world exhibitions were filled with a new ideology, but did not lose their grandeur, monumentality and solidity.
The Russian Federation has already presented its expositions at several world exhibitions. The constant development of the economy, technology, and industry allows us to maintain a high image of the country on the world stage from year to year, as well as to demonstrate the latest projects and developments in all strategically important and advanced areas.
Some World Exhibitions in which Russia has taken part:
1851 London
1855, Paris
1878, Paris
1900, Paris
1925, Paris
1937, Paris
1939 New York
1958 Brussels
1967 Montreal
1970 Osaka
1975 Okinawa
History of world exhibitions(Rewrite. The source is located below).
May 1, 1851 in the capital of foggy Albion, the city of London, the opening of " Great Exhibition of Industrial Products of All Nations". From that moment began the history of world exhibitions. For the first time at this international forum, they analyzed the results of the Industrial Revolution that had happened by that time in developed countries. Especially for this event, by decree of the British government, a pavilion was built, called the "Crystal Palace". Subsequently, this building became a kind of standard, which was used by the builders of the exhibition pavilions of the following world exhibitions. The excitement around the exhibition was so huge that over six million people visited it during the six months of its work. This allowed the organizers of the forum to get a huge profit. Later, it was with this money that new scientific and educational institutions were opened in England, among which belong the famous and geological museum. With the same funds, a pavilion was built, in which the third World Exhibition was located in 1862.
The exhibits of the Russian section of the exhibition aroused increased interest among the public. Russian craftsmen brought downy shawls, Ural gems, metallurgy products, magnificent brocade, felt boots and much, much more. Russian-made shawls and fabrics were rated unusually highly by both the public and specialists. The jasper vase of the Ekaterinburg factory won the first award of the exhibition. A well-known metallurgist took part in the work of the exhibition - he exhibited a particularly valuable exhibit of the Russian department - damask steel. This weapon was made according to a recipe long lost and restored by him in 1841. In total, the Russian department exhibited 365 exhibits, 130 of which were specially noted, as evidenced by 3 medals of the highest dignity, 60 medals of the second degree, as well as 67 commendable reviews.
The geography of the first world exhibitions coincides with the distribution of major trade and industrial centers of the world. International forums were held in the most industrialized countries and cities. 1851 and 1862 - London, 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 - Paris, 1873 - Vienna, 1876 - Philadelphia, 1893 - Chicago, 1901 - Glasgow, 1904 - St. Louis, 1905 - Liège and so on. In order to demonstrate extraordinary opportunities to the world, the organizers of world exhibitions created unique designs for pavilions (the first world exhibitions were held in only one pavilion), as well as any individual attractions or structures.
An example of such construction is Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton for several decades, which became the standard of exhibition pavilions. For the international exhibition in Vienna, the organizers built rotunda, pavilion, under the largest dome in the world. Built for the Melbourne World's Fair in 1880 Royal Exhibition Pavilion, which is now included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. eiffel tower, erected in Paris for the exhibition of 1889, became its symbol, and Alexandra bridgeIII, built for the World Exhibition of 1900, held in the same city, became the most luxurious bridge over the Seine.
The first international exhibitions were designed to show the countries represented at them. That is why the main exhibits of such forums were not only unique samples of science and technology, but also magnificent jewelry made of gold and precious stones.
A little later they were joined ethnographic expositions and exhibitions of works of art. World exhibitions began to be held at that time.
For the first time such an exhibition of fine arts was held simultaneously with the international industrial forum in 1862, in London. Since that time, fine exhibitions have become an obligatory attribute of all world exhibitions. They presented paintings by famous Russian artists with great success. For example, at the exhibition of 1873, held in Vienna, Savrasov's Rooks Have Arrived, Peter and Alexei Ge, Repin's Barge Haulers, Perov's Fishermen and Hunters at Rest were exhibited. And Picasso's painting at the 1937 exhibition in Paris became the main exhibit of Spain.
Congresses devoted to the most important world problems of that time were held during the work of world exhibitions, starting with the Paris Exhibition of 1878. It was on it that the First Literary Congress adopted an international agreement on copyright and literature. It was on it that the merits of Russian writers in the development of world literature were recognized. Together with Victor Hugo, the congress was headed. On passing at the same time congress on industrial property, topical issues of copyright in the industry were touched upon. The Universal Postal Convention, which brought international postal correspondence under a single standard, was adopted at Second Congress of Communications Workers Congress for the Improvement of the Living Conditions of the Blind Braille was proposed for teaching in schools for the blind. Practically in all congresses of this and other subsequent international exhibitions, Russian specialists took an active part.
Electrotechnical congresses have become important for science. It was at the Third Congress, held as part of the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, that international electrical units were adopted, such as − Ohm, Watt, Joule, Farad, Volt, Henry. At the Fourth Congress, which took place during the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, a new term was approved, which was first mentioned in the report of the Russian researcher K. Persky - "television".
Starting with the international EXPOs, held in 1967 in Montreal and in 1970 in Osaka, the organizers of world exhibitions have ceased to focus on the achievements of individual countries, but have moved on to solving world problems facing people. First of all, such as ecology, urbanization, global warming and so on. Each country participating in the forum, in its exposition, reflects its vision of the problem and how it is solved in this country.
Russia at the world exhibitions EXPO.
Both the Soviet Union and Russia were traditional participants in every international forum. They helped to create architectural ensembles of exhibitions, which often became new pages in the history of architecture.
The Russian exposition at the 1900 exhibition in Paris was designed by the famous architect Ropet (Petrov). The architect who designed the Russian pavilion at the 1901 exhibition in Glasgow received the title
academician of architecture and became an honorary member of the British Royal Institute of Architecture. The highest awards were given to the Soviet pavilions in 1937 in Paris and in 1958 in Brussels. The pavilion of the Soviet Union, built at the world exhibition in 1970 in Osaka, entered the history of world architecture. It had the shape of an unfolded banner and was made in the form of a steel folded structure.
Invariably, the interest of the public in the expositions of our country, represented at world exhibitions, was enormous. And in the Soviet period, the organizers of international exhibitions were extremely interested in the participation of the USSR exhibition, since the highest level of its exposition was a kind of standard for other states.
Source:
http://www. *****/expo_history. php
History of World Expos - World EXPO
The history of world exhibitions begins on May 1, 1851, when the "Great Exhibition of Industrial Products of All Nations". It summed up the results of the Industrial Revolution that took place in developed countries; the exhibition was visited by 6 million people in 6 months, an amount equal to a third of the population of Britain at that time. The exhibition was held in a pavilion specially created for it, called the "Crystal Palace" and which became a model for the exhibition pavilions of many subsequent world exhibitions. The huge popularity of the exhibition gave a huge profit, on which a number of educational and educational institutions were founded in England, among which geological museum and famous London Museum of Science and Natural History. And also, a few years later, the pavilion of the third World Exhibition (1862) was built.
The Russian department of the exhibition presented Ural gems, downy shawls, felt boots, brocade, etc. Fabrics and shawls were highly appreciated by the public and specialists. Gems (a jasper vase from the Ekaterinburg factory) received the first awards of the exhibition. One of the important exhibits of the Russian Department was bulat, whose lost recipe was restored in 1841 by a metallurgist who also participated in the exhibition. Of 365 Russian exhibits 130 received awards: 3 highest medals, 60 medals of the second degree and 67 accolades.
The geography of the first exhibitions coincides with the distribution of trade and industrial centers, taking place in the most industrialized countries:
London 1851 and 1862, Paris 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900, Vienna 1873, Philadelphia 1876, Chicago 1893, Glasgow 1901, St. Louis 1904, Liege 1905 ., etc. As a rule, the organizers used unique designs of pavilions to demonstrate their capabilities (the first exhibitions were held in a single pavilion), and individual buildings or attractions. So, The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton for decades became a model of exhibition pavilions; for the exhibition in Vienna was built Rotunda- pavilion with the largest dome in the world; Royal Exhibition Pavilion international exhibition in Melbourne (1880) included in the list of world cultural heritage of UNESCO; built for the 1889 exhibition Eiffel Tower became a symbol of Paris, and the bridge built for the Paris exhibition of 1900 Alexander III is a city landmark as the most luxurious bridge over the Seine.
The first world exhibitions, as a rule, showed industrial and state power their countries; the main exhibits were record-breaking industrial designs and novelties, as well as luxury items. Soon they were added ethnographic expositions, exhibitions of works of art, and congresses on the most topical issues that time.
An exhibition of fine arts was first held in parallel with an industrial exhibition at the World Expo in London in 1862, since then art has become an indispensable participant in the world exhibition. Thus, the exhibits of the world exhibition in Vienna in 1873 were famous Russian canvases: “Hunters at Rest” and “Fishermen” by Perov, “Barge Haulers” by Repin, “Peter and Alexei” by Ge, “Rooks Have Arrived” by Savrasov. Picasso's painting "Guernica" was a key exhibit of the Spanish pavilion at the exhibition in Paris in 1937.
A powerful congress program began to accompany the World Expos starting with the exhibition in Paris in 1878 - First Literary Congress laid the foundation for the first international agreement on copyright in literature, and also recognized the merits of Russian literature - he was elected co-chairman of the congress, together with Victor Hugo. Passing at the same time congress on industrial property raised copyright issues in the industry, Congress for the Improvement of the Living Conditions of the Blind recommended the Braille system for teaching in schools for the blind, and Second Congress of Communications Workers adopted the Universal Postal Convention (which introduced a single standard for international postal correspondence). Russian scientists participated in many congresses of this and subsequent exhibitions.
Electrotechnical congresses left a noticeable mark in history - for example, the Third Congress in Chicago (World Exhibition of 1893) of the exhibition hosted international electrotechnical units named after their discoverers - Ohm, Amp, Volt, Henry, Farad, Joule, Watt. The Fourth Congress (world expo in Paris, 1900) introduced the word "television", which was heard in the report of the Russian engineer K. Persky.
Post-war exhibitions, starting with exhibitions in Montreal in 1967 and Osaka in 1970, gradually moved away from demonstrating the achievements of individual countries to considering global issues facing humanity - man and the world, man and the sea, man and nature, life in the city, etc. etc. Each participating country forms an exposition that reflects how the general theme of the exhibition is solved in this country.
Russia at the EXPO world exhibitions
Russia and the USSR traditionally participated in the creation of the architectural ensemble of the exhibition strong architectural designs, often becoming a page in the history of architecture.
The Russian pavilion in Paris in 1900 was built according to the design of the famous architect Ropet (Petrov); the pavilion of Russia in Glasgow in 1901 brought the author of the project the title of academician of architecture and honorary member of the British Royal Institute of Architecture; Soviet pavilions at exhibitions in Paris in 1937 and Brussels in 1958 received the highest awards of their exhibitions; The pavilion of the USSR in Osaka in 1970, which has the shape of an unfolded banner made in the form of a steel folded structure, also entered the history of world architecture.
The exposition of our country also aroused special interest of the public. In the Soviet period, it was considered a special success for the organizers to get the participation of the USSR - because the level of its exposure forced other countries to compete for the attention of the public.
The World Expo or WorldExpo is not only the largest international exhibition of the latest scientific and technological achievements, but also the history, traditions and culture of countries around the world. EXPO has been held in different countries since 1851, each exhibition has a separate theme. The first EXPO was held at the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park in London. It was here that the first telephone was introduced.
From June 10 to September 10, 2017 EXPO takes place in Astana.
The main theme of the exhibition is "Energy of the Future".
It reflects the concern of the international community with the problem of energy consumption, which is having an increasing impact on the planet. The main goal of the Exhibition is to call for responsibility, stimulate discussions and generate knowledge so that people learn how to plan and control energy consumption on the planet, minimizing damage to nature.
EXPO-2017 is attended by 115 countries and 22 international organizations. The total area of the exhibition complex is 174 hectares. Of these, 25 hectares are allocated directly to the exhibition area, which includes the National Pavilion of Kazakhstan, international, thematic and corporate pavilions.
The History of the World Universal Exhibitions
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, held in London's Hyde Park from May 1 to October 15, 1851, was a milestone in the history of the Industrial Revolution. Due to the participation of a large number of countries, it was soon called the world. This first world exhibition featured manufactured goods and various crafts, machines, production methods, as well as minerals and fine arts.
The excitement around the exhibition, which was visited by up to 6 million people (a third of the population of Britain), brought the organizers a solid income. The initiative to hold world exhibitions was immediately taken up by the French, who responded to the challenge of the British with the world exhibition of 1855. Since then, such events have been held regularly.
World exhibitions have always been a base for getting acquainted with all kinds of inventions and novelties.
After the war, exhibition organizers began to pay attention not only to advances in technology, but also to the discussion of global issues facing humanity, for example, man and his place in the world, ecology, urbanization, and many others. In accordance with these questions, each time a separate topic is formulated, in accordance with which each country forms its exposition.
Modern EXPOs have become a symbol of industrialization and an open platform for demonstrating all the most significant achievements of the country in various fields. Millions of people visit EXPO every time. The question of the country's participation in the EXPO is taken at the government level. The struggle of the states - contenders for hosting the EXPO is intense and tense, reminiscent of the struggle for the right to host the Olympic Games.
On May 1, 1851, the first World Exhibition "The Great Exhibition of Industrial Products of All Nations" opened in London (the name EXPO appeared later).
For its holding in Hyde Park, a huge Crystal Palace was built. The initiator of the exhibition was Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, and the palace was designed by Joseph Paxton. In 1936, this unique building burned to the ground. The first World Universal Exhibition in London was a huge success, so it was decided to hold a second one. However, the results of the Paris exhibition in 1855 were different - 8 million francs of losses. But this only provoked Prince Albert - he decided to organize a third exhibition, which opened in 1862. Karl Marx worked as a special correspondent for the Vienna newspaper Presse.
The exhibition was visited by 6.2 million people, but from an economic point of view, it was not so successful. This cooled the enthusiasm of the British, but the beginning of a new era was laid - these three exhibitions are considered the founders of the current world EXPO exhibitions.
In 1867, another World Fair was held in Paris, which marked the beginning of the tradition of placing expositions of the participating countries in specially built national pavilions. The results of the Vienna exhibition in 1873 were 7.26 million visitors and 14.86 million Austrian shillings in profit - the profitability was 350%. The World's Fair, held three years later in Philadelphia, has already received 10 million people and brought in $3.3 million in profits.
At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, international scientific congresses and conferences were held for the first time. World Expos have become a symbol of commercial power over the world, so they began to build the most memorable architectural symbols for them. The Eiffel Tower became a monument to the Paris Exhibition of 1889.
In 1900, the World Exhibition in Paris was visited by a record number of spectators in the history of world exhibitions of the past century - 51 million people. Only a few exhibitions of the first wave turned out to be unprofitable, so there were a lot of people who wanted to organize something similar. As a result, starting around 1889, the profitability of official exhibitions began to decline. In 1907, in order to somehow combat such "cloning", the national exhibition committees of European countries united into an international federation, and in 1912 a diplomatic conference was convened in Berlin to prepare the Convention on International Exhibitions. However, the outbreak of World War II prevented it from taking effect. This happened only in 1928. At the same time, the International Exhibitions Bureau was established, whose task was to coordinate the relevant projects. The six sections of the convention stipulated the timing and frequency of exhibitions, as well as
obligations of the inviting and participating countries. For example, the duration of the World Exhibitions could not be less than three weeks and more than six months.
In 1925, at an exhibition in Paris, the sign "Russia" was replaced by "USSR". The catalog of the Soviet exposition was prepared by the poet V. Mayakovsky, who received a silver medal for this. In 1937, the main theme of the World Universal Exhibition in Paris was "Art and Technology in Modern Life." In the pavilion of the USSR, the sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" was presented, which was then installed at the entrance to VDNKh. Opposite the statue stood a Nazi eagle - an intrigue invented by the exhibition management.
The 1939 World's Fair was held in New York. After the closing of the exhibition, a "time capsule" (a cylinder 2 m high and 20 cm in diameter) was walled up, which contained various objects characterizing the life of the United States of those years. "Capsule" should be opened in 5 thousand years - in 6939. In 1958, an exhibition was held in Brussels and was dedicated to the theme "Man and Progress".
EXPO-58 impressed with a completely new way of thinking, primarily in the architecture of the pavilions. The US Pavilion, for example, was built on the principle of a bicycle wheel. The effect was created that the roof with a diameter of 120 m was hanging in the air. But the pavilions, for all their uniqueness, were, in fact, empty. There were almost no news. The reason was discovered by the head of the American delegation: "Private firms are afraid to exhibit novelties, fearing European competitors, and government equipment is mainly military."
In 1967, the World Universal Exhibition, held in Montreal under the motto "Earth and People", was called EXPO. Initially, the exhibition was supposed to be held in Moscow, on an area of 500 hectares in the area of Teply Stan, timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. In 1960, a competition was announced for the development of the master plan for the exhibition, but soon, due to financial problems, the USSR refused to hold it. The exhibition was moved to Canada, and as a result, she received $ 210.7 million in profits (sold 50 million tickets). For the exhibition, several islands were artificially created on the St. Lawrence River. For this, about 30 million cubic meters of rock were filled in and 10 million cubic meters of soil taken from the bottom of the river were washed.
In 1970, the World Exhibition was held for the first time on the Asian continent - in Japan (Osaka). The main architect of the exposition in Osaka was the famous Kenzo Tange, who led the school of Japanese metabolism (denying the completeness of the composition). The pavilions of the exhibition sometimes resembled gigantic crystals, sometimes the unfolded wing of a butterfly, sometimes a bird's feather or the bizarre body of an insect.
The exhibition, held under the motto "Progress and Harmony of Mankind", was visited by a record number of spectators - 65 million people. Until now, the profit of the exhibition remains a record - $ 52 million. At the exhibition, Osaka for the first time showed the possibilities of electronic media. It was from that time that world exhibitions began to turn into shows, amazing the audience with multimedia performances and accesses to the virtual space.
The 1974 exhibition was distinguished by the smallest number of participating countries - 10, and visitors - 5.6 million people. It was held in Spokane (USA) under the motto "For a renewed, fresh environment of tomorrow." The theme of EXPO-75, held on the Japanese island of Okinawa, was "The Sea - as we want to see it." The pinnacle of the exhibition was the city-island Aquapolis - a fragment of the future floating city, created by Japanese engineers.
Japan again became the venue for the 1985 World Specialized Exhibition. The exhibition held in the city of Tsuguba under the motto "House and life - science and technology in the service of man" demonstrated the latest computerized systems. The exhibition became a technical "Disneyland". Everywhere there were robots: playing the guitar according to the notes, drawing in ink a portrait of any visitor. Mechanical beasts climbed the trees in the mechanical park. Japanese technology has outdone itself in this last exhibition of the 20th century.
In 1986, under the motto "The world in motion - the desire of man for achievements in the field of transport and communications", the World Specialized Exhibition was opened in Vancouver (Canada). It was attended by a record number for specialized exhibitions of countries - 54. The theme of the World Specialized Exhibition in Brisbane (Australia, 1988) was "Human Leisure in the Technological Age". To increase the number of visitors, every Australian was asked to send their relatives and friends an invitation signed by the country's prime minister.
In 1992, the World Exhibition in Seville (Spain) was dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. 111 countries became participants of the exhibition. At the specialized exhibition held in 1993 in the city of Daejeon (South Korea), the number of participating countries once again reached another record high - 108.
In 1998, the World Expo in Lisbon was devoted to the theme of the ocean. In support of the exhibition, UNESCO proclaimed 1998 the International Year of the Oceans. On an area of more than 50 hectares there are pavilions of 146 countries, 14 international organizations (UN, UNESCO, Olympic Committee), an aquarium, Vasco de Gama tower with an observation deck, a port, a funicular, many outdoor concert venues and attractions. "EXPO-98" cost the organizers 1 billion 600 million dollars. Russia allocated 3.5 million dollars from the budget for its pavilion.
"EXPO-2000" worked in Hannover from June 1 to October 30, 2000 under the motto "Man - Nature - Technology". The attraction of the exhibition is the "Theme Park", which has become the same feature of the exhibition as the Crystal Palace at the First World Exhibition in London in 1851 or the Eiffel Tower at the exhibition held in Paris in 1889. Eleven expositions of the theme park are devoted to the ways of solving the future of work, healthcare, communication and information of society, the world around and man. In addition - this is also a completely new phenomenon in the history of the World Exhibitions - 770 projects from 120 countries are presented at the EXPO in Hannover, under the motto "Revival of the new world". This is a practical development of the ideas that the future has come and requires a different attitude towards itself.
The exhibition broke all records in terms of the number of participating countries - 173 states. However, the total losses of the exhibition in Hanover amounted to more than 2.4 billion marks (500 million dollars) with 3.4 billion invested. The European Football Championship and the Olympic Games in Sydney fatally coincided with this exhibition, which sharply reduced interest in it. Of the planned 40 million tickets, only 20 million were sold there.
Specialists attribute the losses of the exhibition to the non-participation of the United States. The refusal of the Americans for the first time in 149 years to participate in the world exhibition was motivated by the inability to pay the $40 million requested by the organizing committee for the right to build the pavilion.
Based on materials from rian.ru, .itar-tass.com, en.wikipedia.org
